Article(id=1320442332810432628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766073600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-19, revisedDate=1772899200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747584774, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747584774, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747584774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747584774, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442289126752969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='971', pageEnd='1128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747574359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749820502, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=980, endPage=990, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442333041119349, articleId=1320442332810432628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Chronic hypoxia modulates vaccine adjuvant-induced specific immune responses: QML maintains stability while CpG significantly enhances, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

High-altitude chronic hypoxia can alter the immune status, yet the immune regulatory characteristics of various vaccine adjuvants in this environment remain to be fully elucidated. Accordingly, emphasis is placed on evaluating the regulatory effects of chronic hypoxia on specific humoral, cellular, and memory T cell responses elicited by different adjuvants.

Methods

Using ovalbumin (OVA) as the antigen, Th2-biased adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (Alum), Th1-biased adjuvant CpG, and Th1/Th2-balanced adjuvant QML were combined for intramuscular immunization in mice on days 0 and 14. Th1-biased adjuvant CpG, or Th1/Th2-balanced adjuvant QML for intramuscular immunization on day 0 and 14 (n=16). A total of 160 SPF female C57BL/6 mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 16 to 18 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=32): PBS group (sterile PBS), OVA group (5 μg OVA), OVA+Alum group (5 μg OVA and 100 μg Alum), OVA+CpG group (5 μg OVA and 20 μg CpG), and OVA+QML group (5 μg OVA and 50 μL QML). Each group was further divided into normoxia control (n=16, housed in 21% O₂ environment) and chronic hypoxia (n=16, simulated altitude 5 800 m) subgroups. On days 14 and 60 after the last immunization, the serum levels of specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c antibodies were measured by ELISA; enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) was used to detect the numbers of cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A in the splenocytes. On day 14 after the last immunization, flow cytometry was performed to determine the proportions of CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺, CD4⁺IL-4⁺, CD4⁺IL-17A⁺, CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺, and CD8⁺IL-2⁺ cell subsets in the spleen.

Results

Chronic hypoxia significantly inhibited the ability of OVA alone to induce IgG antibodies (P<0.01), and all 3 adjuvants reversed this effect. QML exerted a stable and superior enhancing effect on serum-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c levels compared to CpG (P<0.05). Notably, CpG induced significantly higher levels of total IgG (P<0.01) and IgG1 (P<0.05) in the chronic hypoxia group than in the corresponding normoxia group at days 60 after the final immunization. For cellular immunity, QML stably increased the proportions of CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ and CD4⁺IL-17A⁺ cells, as well as the secretion levels of IFN-γ and IL-4, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In contrast, the T cell regulatory effects of CpG were hypoxia-dependent, with significant enhancement of IFN-γ-secreting cell numbers in the hypoxia group at both short-term (14 d, P<0.01) and long-term (60 d, P<0.05) time points. Analysis of memory T cells showed that all 3 adjuvants maintained CD4⁺Tcm levels under hypoxia. Additionally, CpG increased the proportions of CD8⁺Tcm (P<0.05) and CD8⁺Tem (P<0.01) in the hypoxic group, while Alum only specifically elevated CD4⁺Tem levels under hypoxic conditions (P<0.05).

Conclusion

QML stably induces comprehensive immune responses under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, while CpG exhibits advantages in Th1-type response enhancement and CD8⁺ memory T cell expansion under chronic hypoxia, providing experimental evidence for adjuvant selection in chronic hypoxic environments such as high-altitude regions.

, authors=Miaomiao ZHANG1, 2, Xinyao ZHAO2, 3, Ji ZHU2, Yalan WANG2, Yulun BAI2, Yan DENG2, Yue JIANG2, Wenkang YU2, NASHUNBUHE1, Haibo LI2, authorsList=Miaomiao ZHANG, Xinyao ZHAO, Ji ZHU, Yalan WANG, Yulun BAI, Yan DENG, Yue JIANG, Wenkang YU, NASHUNBUHE, Haibo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=NASHUNBUHE, Haibo LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442334723035266, articleId=1320442332810432628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=慢性缺氧对疫苗佐剂诱导特异性免疫应答的调控:QML维持稳定而CpG显著增强, columnId=1320442291907576524, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

高原慢性缺氧可改变机体免疫状态,但不同疫苗佐剂在该环境下的免疫调控特征尚待明确。据此,重点评估慢性缺氧对不同佐剂激发特异性体液免疫、细胞免疫及记忆T细胞应答的调控效应。

方法

以卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)为抗原,分别联合Th2偏向型佐剂氢氧化铝、Th1偏向型佐剂CpG及Th1/Th2平衡型佐剂QML于第0天和第14天对小鼠进行肌肉注射免疫,将6~8周龄SPF级雌性C57BL/6小鼠(体质量16~18 g)采用随机数字表法分为(n=32):PBS组(无菌PBS)、OVA组(5 μg OVA)、OVA+Alum组(5 μg OVA和100 μg Alum)、OVA+CpG组(5 μg OVA和20 μg CpG)和OVA+QML组(5 μg OVA和50 μL QML);每组分别设置常氧对照组(n=16,饲养于21%O₂环境)和慢性缺氧组(n=16,模拟海拔5 800 m)。分别于末次免疫后14和60 d,ELISA测定小鼠血清中特异性IgG、IgG1和IgG2c抗体水平,酶联免疫斑点(enzyme-linked immunospot assay,ELISpot)检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞中特异性分泌γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)和白介素-17A(interleukin-17A,IL-17A)的细胞数量;末次免疫后14 d,流式细胞术检测脾脏中CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺、CD4⁺IL-4⁺、CD4⁺IL-17A⁺、CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺及CD8⁺IL-2⁺细胞亚群的比例;末次免疫后60 d,流式细胞术检测脾脏中CD4⁺/CD8⁺中央记忆T细胞(central memory T cell,Tcm)与效应记忆T细胞(effector memory T cell,Tem)细胞亚群的比例。

结果

慢性缺氧显著抑制单纯OVA诱导IgG抗体的能力(P<0.01),3种佐剂均能逆转该效应;QML对血清特异性IgG、IgG1及IgG2c的提升效应稳定且优于CpG(P<0.05),CpG在慢性缺氧下末次免疫60 d的总IgG(P<0.01)与IgG1(P<0.05)水平显著高于常氧对应组。QML在两种环境下均稳定提升CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺、CD4⁺IL-17A⁺细胞比例及 IFN-γ、IL-4分泌水平;CpG 的T细胞调控效应具有缺氧依赖性,短期(14 d,P<0.01)及长期(60 d,P<0.05)均显著提升缺氧组IFN-γ分泌细胞数量。3种佐剂均能维持缺氧下CD4⁺Tcm水平,CpG还可提升缺氧组CD8⁺Tcm(P<0.05)与CD8⁺Tem比例(P<0.01),氢氧化铝佐剂仅特异性提升缺氧下CD4⁺Tem(P<0.05)。

结论

QML在常氧与缺氧环境下均能稳定诱导全面的免疫应答,CpG则在慢性缺氧下展现出Th1型应答增强与CD8⁺记忆T细胞扩增的优势,为高原等慢性缺氧环境下疫苗佐剂的选择提供了实验依据。

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李海波,E-mail:
那顺布和,E-mail:
LI Haibo, E-mail:
NASHUNBUHE, E-mail:
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A: OVA-specific total serum IgG level; B: OVA-specific serum IgG1 level; C: OVA-specific serum IgG2c level; D: Ratio of IgG2c to IgG1

, figureFileSmall=pljtljdImqtpQM+kKdBTPA==, figureFileBig=5OL6eRgjfffeqy6OFIjneQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342067261644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Numbers of IFN‑γ‑, IL‑4‑ and IL‑17A‑secreting cells in mouse spleen at day 14 after final immunization (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=6zn3KtkTGT7KdOp/5NMtwg==, figureFileBig=DvgTdzgHmjjupg00OYft9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342163730637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=CN, label=图2, caption=末次免疫后14 d小鼠脾脏中特异性IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-17A分泌细胞数量 (n=3,x¯±s)

A: Number of IFN‑γ‑secreting cells; B: Number of IL‑4‑secreting cells; C: Number of IL‑17A‑secreting cells

, figureFileSmall=6zn3KtkTGT7KdOp/5NMtwg==, figureFileBig=DvgTdzgHmjjupg00OYft9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342239228110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Expression levels of intrinsic factors in the spleen of mice at day 14 after final immunization (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=G7ixsGjBYrsH1Er+TwBVcA==, figureFileBig=aCxATVT0Mi0QjZ8FkzXTYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342314725583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=CN, label=图3, caption=末次免疫后14 d小鼠脾脏中内因子的表达水平 (n=3,x¯±s)

A: Percentage of CD4⁺IFN‑γ⁺ cells; B: Percentage of CD4⁺IL‑17A⁺ cells; C: Percentage of CD4⁺IL‑4⁺ cells; D: Percentage of CD8⁺IFN‑γ⁺ cells; E: Percentage of CD8⁺IL‑2⁺ cells

, figureFileSmall=G7ixsGjBYrsH1Er+TwBVcA==, figureFileBig=aCxATVT0Mi0QjZ8FkzXTYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342390223056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Levels of OVA-specific IgG and its subclasses in mouse serum at day 60 after final immunization (n=5,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=uW+CkddDdXXR8EruwBeTzw==, figureFileBig=q76DFyPOkDPXjltcNOqlAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342457331921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=CN, label=图4, caption=末次免疫后60 d小鼠血清中OVA特异性IgG及其亚型的水平 (n=5,x¯±s)

A: OVA-specific total serum IgG level; B: OVA-specific serum IgG1 level; C: OVA-specific serum IgG2c level; D: Ratio of IgG2c to IgG1

, figureFileSmall=uW+CkddDdXXR8EruwBeTzw==, figureFileBig=q76DFyPOkDPXjltcNOqlAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342537023698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Numbers of IFN‑γ‑ and IL‑17A‑secreting cells in mouse spleen at day 60 after final immunization (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=AHiqnSIFSCxLJ/72jrNRWQ==, figureFileBig=Kno6QzPDLokgpkraLBzHzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342616715475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=CN, label=图5, caption=末次免疫后60 d小鼠脾脏中特异性IFN-γ和IL-17A分泌细胞数量 (n=3,x¯±s)

A: Number of IFN‑γ‑secreting cells; B: Number of IL‑17A‑secreting cells

, figureFileSmall=AHiqnSIFSCxLJ/72jrNRWQ==, figureFileBig=Kno6QzPDLokgpkraLBzHzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342692212948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Percentage of memory T cells in the spleen of mice at day 60 after final immunization (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=b8jasn8BP9RxmlvENdXO6Q==, figureFileBig=f2i4/npfYVNCSbPv4EIH8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442342763516117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442332810432628, language=CN, label=图6, caption=末次免疫后60 d小鼠脾脏中记忆T细胞的水平 (n=3,x¯±s)

A: Percentage of CD4⁺ Tcm cell subsets; B: Percentage of CD4⁺ Tem cell subsets; C: Percentage of CD8⁺ Tcm cell subsets; D: Percentage of CD8⁺ Tem cell subsets

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张苗苗 1, 2 , 赵心瑶 2, 3 , 朱吉 2 , 王亚兰 2 , 白钰伦 2 , 邓炎 2 , 江悦 2 , 余文康 2 , 那顺布和 1 , 李海波 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·专题报道 2026,48(8): 980-990
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·专题报道 2026 , 48 (8) : 980 -990
慢性缺氧对疫苗佐剂诱导特异性免疫应答的调控:QML维持稳定而CpG显著增强
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张苗苗1, 2, 赵心瑶2, 3, 朱吉2, 王亚兰2, 白钰伦2, 邓炎2, 江悦2, 余文康2, 那顺布和1 , 李海波2
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古大学生命科学学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆
  • 3成都医学院生物科学与技术学院,四川 成都
通讯作者:
李海波,E-mail:
那顺布和,E-mail:
LI Haibo, E-mail:
NASHUNBUHE, E-mail:
Chronic hypoxia modulates vaccine adjuvant-induced specific immune responses: QML maintains stability while CpG significantly enhances
Miaomiao ZHANG1, 2, Xinyao ZHAO2, 3, Ji ZHU2, Yalan WANG2, Yulun BAI2, Yan DENG2, Yue JIANG2, Wenkang YU2, NASHUNBUHE1 , Haibo LI2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
  • 2Department of Microbiolgy and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 3School of Biological Science and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512119
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目的

高原慢性缺氧可改变机体免疫状态,但不同疫苗佐剂在该环境下的免疫调控特征尚待明确。据此,重点评估慢性缺氧对不同佐剂激发特异性体液免疫、细胞免疫及记忆T细胞应答的调控效应。

方法

以卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)为抗原,分别联合Th2偏向型佐剂氢氧化铝、Th1偏向型佐剂CpG及Th1/Th2平衡型佐剂QML于第0天和第14天对小鼠进行肌肉注射免疫,将6~8周龄SPF级雌性C57BL/6小鼠(体质量16~18 g)采用随机数字表法分为(n=32):PBS组(无菌PBS)、OVA组(5 μg OVA)、OVA+Alum组(5 μg OVA和100 μg Alum)、OVA+CpG组(5 μg OVA和20 μg CpG)和OVA+QML组(5 μg OVA和50 μL QML);每组分别设置常氧对照组(n=16,饲养于21%O₂环境)和慢性缺氧组(n=16,模拟海拔5 800 m)。分别于末次免疫后14和60 d,ELISA测定小鼠血清中特异性IgG、IgG1和IgG2c抗体水平,酶联免疫斑点(enzyme-linked immunospot assay,ELISpot)检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞中特异性分泌γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)和白介素-17A(interleukin-17A,IL-17A)的细胞数量;末次免疫后14 d,流式细胞术检测脾脏中CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺、CD4⁺IL-4⁺、CD4⁺IL-17A⁺、CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺及CD8⁺IL-2⁺细胞亚群的比例;末次免疫后60 d,流式细胞术检测脾脏中CD4⁺/CD8⁺中央记忆T细胞(central memory T cell,Tcm)与效应记忆T细胞(effector memory T cell,Tem)细胞亚群的比例。

结果

慢性缺氧显著抑制单纯OVA诱导IgG抗体的能力(P<0.01),3种佐剂均能逆转该效应;QML对血清特异性IgG、IgG1及IgG2c的提升效应稳定且优于CpG(P<0.05),CpG在慢性缺氧下末次免疫60 d的总IgG(P<0.01)与IgG1(P<0.05)水平显著高于常氧对应组。QML在两种环境下均稳定提升CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺、CD4⁺IL-17A⁺细胞比例及 IFN-γ、IL-4分泌水平;CpG 的T细胞调控效应具有缺氧依赖性,短期(14 d,P<0.01)及长期(60 d,P<0.05)均显著提升缺氧组IFN-γ分泌细胞数量。3种佐剂均能维持缺氧下CD4⁺Tcm水平,CpG还可提升缺氧组CD8⁺Tcm(P<0.05)与CD8⁺Tem比例(P<0.01),氢氧化铝佐剂仅特异性提升缺氧下CD4⁺Tem(P<0.05)。

结论

QML在常氧与缺氧环境下均能稳定诱导全面的免疫应答,CpG则在慢性缺氧下展现出Th1型应答增强与CD8⁺记忆T细胞扩增的优势,为高原等慢性缺氧环境下疫苗佐剂的选择提供了实验依据。

慢性缺氧  /  常氧  /  疫苗佐剂  /  体液免疫  /  细胞免疫
Objective

High-altitude chronic hypoxia can alter the immune status, yet the immune regulatory characteristics of various vaccine adjuvants in this environment remain to be fully elucidated. Accordingly, emphasis is placed on evaluating the regulatory effects of chronic hypoxia on specific humoral, cellular, and memory T cell responses elicited by different adjuvants.

Methods

Using ovalbumin (OVA) as the antigen, Th2-biased adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (Alum), Th1-biased adjuvant CpG, and Th1/Th2-balanced adjuvant QML were combined for intramuscular immunization in mice on days 0 and 14. Th1-biased adjuvant CpG, or Th1/Th2-balanced adjuvant QML for intramuscular immunization on day 0 and 14 (n=16). A total of 160 SPF female C57BL/6 mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 16 to 18 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=32): PBS group (sterile PBS), OVA group (5 μg OVA), OVA+Alum group (5 μg OVA and 100 μg Alum), OVA+CpG group (5 μg OVA and 20 μg CpG), and OVA+QML group (5 μg OVA and 50 μL QML). Each group was further divided into normoxia control (n=16, housed in 21% O₂ environment) and chronic hypoxia (n=16, simulated altitude 5 800 m) subgroups. On days 14 and 60 after the last immunization, the serum levels of specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c antibodies were measured by ELISA; enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) was used to detect the numbers of cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A in the splenocytes. On day 14 after the last immunization, flow cytometry was performed to determine the proportions of CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺, CD4⁺IL-4⁺, CD4⁺IL-17A⁺, CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺, and CD8⁺IL-2⁺ cell subsets in the spleen.

Results

Chronic hypoxia significantly inhibited the ability of OVA alone to induce IgG antibodies (P<0.01), and all 3 adjuvants reversed this effect. QML exerted a stable and superior enhancing effect on serum-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c levels compared to CpG (P<0.05). Notably, CpG induced significantly higher levels of total IgG (P<0.01) and IgG1 (P<0.05) in the chronic hypoxia group than in the corresponding normoxia group at days 60 after the final immunization. For cellular immunity, QML stably increased the proportions of CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ and CD4⁺IL-17A⁺ cells, as well as the secretion levels of IFN-γ and IL-4, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In contrast, the T cell regulatory effects of CpG were hypoxia-dependent, with significant enhancement of IFN-γ-secreting cell numbers in the hypoxia group at both short-term (14 d, P<0.01) and long-term (60 d, P<0.05) time points. Analysis of memory T cells showed that all 3 adjuvants maintained CD4⁺Tcm levels under hypoxia. Additionally, CpG increased the proportions of CD8⁺Tcm (P<0.05) and CD8⁺Tem (P<0.01) in the hypoxic group, while Alum only specifically elevated CD4⁺Tem levels under hypoxic conditions (P<0.05).

Conclusion

QML stably induces comprehensive immune responses under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, while CpG exhibits advantages in Th1-type response enhancement and CD8⁺ memory T cell expansion under chronic hypoxia, providing experimental evidence for adjuvant selection in chronic hypoxic environments such as high-altitude regions.

chronic hypoxia  /  normoxia  /  vaccine adjuvants  /  humoral immunity  /  cellular immunity
张苗苗, 赵心瑶, 朱吉, 王亚兰, 白钰伦, 邓炎, 江悦, 余文康, 那顺布和, 李海波. 慢性缺氧对疫苗佐剂诱导特异性免疫应答的调控:QML维持稳定而CpG显著增强. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (8) : 980 -990 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512119
Miaomiao ZHANG, Xinyao ZHAO, Ji ZHU, Yalan WANG, Yulun BAI, Yan DENG, Yue JIANG, Wenkang YU, NASHUNBUHE, Haibo LI. Chronic hypoxia modulates vaccine adjuvant-induced specific immune responses: QML maintains stability while CpG significantly enhances[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (8) : 980 -990 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512119
随着我国高原地区经济社会跨越式发展,大量从业人员涌入高原并长期定居,形成了规模日益扩大的移居高原人群。高原特有的低压低氧环境,可能导致移居人群因慢性缺氧出现不同程度的病理生理改变[1]。因此,开展针对移居高原人群健康的系统性研究,具有重要的理论价值与现实意义。
平原地区常见的各类病原体在高原环境中同样存在[2-3],给移居高原人群的健康构成潜在威胁。疫苗作为预防和控制传染病最经济、有效的手段[4],其核心机制是通过激活机体免疫系统产生特异性免疫应答,包括特异性抗体分泌和免疫细胞活化,进而构建长效免疫保护屏障以抵御病原体侵袭[5-7]。然而,当前关于高原慢性缺氧环境是否会显著调控机体对疫苗的免疫应答效果的研究较少[8],且多集中于慢性缺氧对抗体产生等体液免疫应答指标的影响,未针对细胞免疫应答开展系统性评价。此外,疫苗佐剂作为增强和调控免疫应答的核心组分,不同类型佐剂在慢性缺氧条件下的免疫调节作用目前也尚不明确[9]。
本研究通过高原环境模拟舱建立慢性缺氧小鼠模型,以卵清蛋白为抗原,分别联合Th2偏向型佐剂氢氧化铝(目前上市疫苗中应用最广泛的佐剂)[10]、Th1偏向型佐剂CpG及Th1/Th2平衡型佐剂QML对小鼠进行免疫,对比慢性缺氧小鼠与常氧小鼠的免疫应答差异。重点探讨不同佐剂在两种环境下对小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫的调控作用,旨在优化高原环境下疫苗佐剂的选择,为移居高原人群疫苗接种提供理论依据。
160只雌性C57BL/6小鼠(6~8周龄,体质量16~18 g)购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。实验前,小鼠在SPF级动物房适应性饲养7 d,每日更换为灭菌玉米芯颗粒垫料(厚度≥5 cm),所有动物自由摄食饮水,光照周期为12 h明/暗循环。本研究经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(AMUWEC20240092)。所有侵入性操作(如肌肉注射、眼球取血等)均在异氟烷吸入麻醉系统下实施,实验结束后对其实施安乐死(戊巴比妥钠过量注射)。
鸡卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)购自金克隆(北京)生物技术有限公司;氢氧化铝凝胶(简称Alum)购自德国Sigma-Aldrich公司;CpG ODN 1826(简称CpG)购自苏州博奥龙科技有限公司;1,2-二油酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱(1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,DOPC)购自美国TargetMol公司;1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱(1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,DSPC)、胆固醇购自北京迈瑞达科技有限公司;DMG-PEG2000购自大连美仑生物技术有限公司。山羊源多克隆抗小鼠IgG抗体(HRP)、山羊源多克隆抗小鼠IgG1抗体(HRP)、山羊源多克隆抗小鼠IgG2c抗体(HRP)购自英国Abcam公司;酶联免疫斑点(enzyme-linked immunospot assay,ELISpot)Plus小鼠IFN-γ检测试剂盒、ELISpot Plus小鼠IL-17A检测试剂盒、ELISpot Plus小鼠IL-4检测试剂盒购自瑞典Mabtech公司;佛波酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,PMA)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;可溶性单组分TMB底物溶液、红细胞裂解液购自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;可固定活力荧光染色剂700购自美国BD公司;PE标记小鼠CD3抗体、FITC标记小鼠CD4抗体、PerCP/Cy5.5标记小鼠CD8a抗体购自美国Biolegend公司;PE/Cy5.5标记小鼠CD8a抗体购自美国 SouthernBiotech公司;PE/Cy7标记小鼠CD44抗体、APC标记小鼠CD62L抗体、BV 510TM标记小鼠IL-17A抗体、PE/Cy7标记小鼠IL-2抗体、APC标记小鼠IL-4抗体、Zombie YellowTM可固定活力检测试剂盒购自美国Biolegend公司;BV421标记小鼠IFN-γ抗体购自美国BD公司;HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG抗体购自英国Abcam公司;HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG1抗体、HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG2c抗体购自美国Bethyl Laboratories 公司,QS-21购自美国Desert King公司;水平离心机购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;酶标仪购自美国BioTek Instruments公司;流式细胞仪购自美国BD Biosciences公司;生物安全柜购自力康生物医疗科技控股有限公司;细胞培养箱购自香港力新国际有限公司;洗板机购自美国Biotek公司;细胞计数仪购自上海睿钰生物科技有限公司;ELIspot Reader购自德国AID公司。
本研究中QML是依据已上市带状疱疹疫苗(Shingrix)中AS01佐剂的配方自制的脂质体佐剂。将DOPC、DSPC、胆固醇和DMG-PEG 2000按1.0∶1.0∶1.0∶0.5的质量比溶于氯仿-甲醇混合溶剂(氯仿与甲醇的体积比为5∶3),加入50 μg MPLA后涡旋10 min至完全溶解,随后将该溶液转移至25 mL圆底烧瓶中,于50 ℃水浴条件下旋转蒸发去除溶剂,使脂质在瓶壁形成薄膜;取下烧瓶后,置于37 ℃恒温真空干燥箱中干燥过夜以彻底去除残留有机溶剂,再将QS-21配制成浓度为1 mg/mL的生理盐水溶液作为水合介质,于50 ℃水浴超声使脂质薄膜脱落,之后将水合溶液转移至1.5 mL EP管,以110 W功率进行探头超声(工作4 s、间歇6 s,总时长5 min),即得到QML。将QML用纯水按1:100的体积比进行稀释,通过动态光散射(dynamic light scattering,DLS)测定其粒径和电位,达到动物实验的要求。
将SPF级C57BL/6小鼠置于模拟海拔5 800 m的高原环境模拟舱,进行为期30 d的低压缺氧暴露,以构建慢性缺氧模型,实验操作在陆军军医大学高原军事医学系进行。具体操作如下:动物入舱后,舱体以5 m/s的速率升压,约20 min达到海拔5 800 m高度,此时模拟舱内湿度为58.7%、压力为53.8 kPa、CO₂浓度为0.65%、氧分压为11.2 kPa;在减压周期内,湿度、压力、CO₂浓度及氧分压等指标基本保持稳定。舱室环境温度控制在24~26 ℃,相对湿度维持在(50±5)%,并保持12 h/12 h的昼夜节律。
SPF级雌性C57BL/6小鼠采用随机数字表法分为(n=32):PBS组、OVA组、OVA+Alum组、OVA+CpG组和OVA+QML组;每组分别设置常氧对照组(n=16,饲养于21%O₂环境)和慢性缺氧组(n=16,模拟海拔5 800 m环境)。于建模后第0天和第14天对每只小鼠进行双后肢肌肉注射免疫,注射部位为双侧股四头肌(每侧50 μL,共100 μL),其中PBS组注射无菌PBS,OVA组注射5 μg OVA,OVA+Alum组注射5 μg OVA和100 μg Alum,OVA+CpG组注射5 μg OVA和20 μg CpG,OVA+QML组注射5 μg OVA和50 μL QML。
分别于末次免疫后第14天和第60天,小鼠经异氟烷气体麻醉后进行眼眶采血,取血后室温静置2 h,以3 000 r/min离心5 min后,分离并收集血清存放于-80 ℃。OVA抗原以100 μL/孔(2 μg/mL)包被96孔板,4 ℃过夜。次日用PBST按以下参数洗板:洗4次、每次300 μL、震5 s、吸2.5 s,加250 μL/孔封闭液37 ℃封闭2 h,封闭后同法洗板。将免疫后小鼠血清稀释后加入孔板内,按照1∶2的体积比进行倍比稀释,37 ℃孵育1 h后洗板。HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG、IgG1、IgG2c经1∶10 000稀释后以100 μL/孔加入,37 ℃孵育40 min,洗板后加50 μL TMB显色10 min,加50 μL终止液终止反应。通过酶标仪测定吸光度[OD(450)]值,以阴性孔OD值2.1倍为判断值,计算样本抗体滴度。
分别于末次免疫后第14天和第60天,摘取并分离小鼠脾脏,制备单细胞悬液。取出ELISpot板经无菌PBS清洗后,每孔加入200 μL RPMI 1640培养基,37 ℃孵育30 min。弃去培养基后进行以下处理:无刺激孔[加入50 μL脾细胞悬液(2×107 /mL)及150 μL RPMI 1640培养基]、抗原刺激孔[加入100 μL OVA溶液(40 μg/mL)、50 μL脾细胞悬液(2×107 /mL)及50 μL RPMI 1640培养基]、阳性孔[添加50 μL脾细胞悬液(2×107/mL)、150 μL RPMI 1640培养基及2 μL PMA]、阴性孔:[仅加200 μL RPMI 1640培养基]。37 ℃孵育48 h后弃培养基,250 μL/孔PBS溶液洗涤5次,100 μL/孔加入检测Anti-mouse IFN-γ、Anti-mouse IL-17A抗体,室温下孵育2 h; PBS溶液洗涤5次,加入100 μL/孔链霉亲和素-辣根过氧化物酶(用抗体稀释液按1∶1 000体积比稀释),于室温下孵育1 h。PBS溶液洗涤5次,100 μL/孔加入TMB显色液,当出现明显斑点时,纯水终止。晾干后,将其置于读板机中进行斑点计数并采集图片,以抗原刺激孔减去对应无刺激孔斑点数差值,表示脾脏中特异性分泌IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-17A的细胞数量。
将末次免疫后14 d的小鼠脾淋巴细胞以2×10⁶个/孔铺于96孔U底板,经OVA(20 μg/mL)刺激18 h后用高尔基体阻断剂处理6 h。配制含1%胎牛血清的1×PBS染色缓冲液(4 ℃备用),孔板离心弃上清后,用FACS缓冲液稀释的可固定活力荧光染色剂700于4 ℃避光进行细胞死活染色,洗涤离心后加入PE标记小鼠CD3抗体、FITC标记小鼠CD4抗体、PE/Cy5.5标记小鼠CD8a抗体进行表面染色30 min。再次洗涤离心后,用BD Cytofix/CytopermTM试剂盒4 ℃固定通透30 min,随后加入BV 510TM标记小鼠IL-17A抗体、BV421标记小鼠IFN-γ抗体、PE/Cy7 标记小鼠IL-2抗体、APC标记小鼠IL-4抗体等内因子抗体染色,经固定通透洗液洗涤后,用PBS重悬细胞并转移至流式管,上机检测。
将小鼠脾淋巴细胞悬液(即1.2.5中末次免疫后60 d分离的脾淋巴细胞样本)经1 500 r/min离心5 min,弃上清后用200 μL FACS封闭液重悬,4 ℃避光封闭30 min。经FACS缓冲液洗涤离心,加入500倍稀释的Zombie NIR™死活染料,4 ℃避光染色30 min,洗涤后加入100倍稀释的PE标记小鼠CD3抗体、FITC标记小鼠CD4抗体、PerCP/Cy5.5标记小鼠CD8a抗体、PE/Cy7标记小鼠CD44抗体、APC标记小鼠CD62L抗体,4 ℃避光孵育30 min。再次洗涤离心,用100 μL固定液重悬并4 ℃避光固定30 min,洗涤后加入200 μL PBS重悬,流式细胞仪检测前经70 μm细胞筛网过滤,随后上机分析。以CD3⁺ CD4⁺/CD8⁺细胞为父群,进一步通过CD44和CD62L表达定义Tcm(CD44⁺CD62L⁺)与Tem(CD44⁺CD62L⁻)。
本研究采用GraphPad Prism 9.5 进行统计,实验数据以x¯±s形式呈现。通过双因素方差分析进行差异显著性分析,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
血清中特异性IgG抗体的定量检测是评估疫苗诱导体液免疫应答水平的关键指标。如图1A所示,在常氧对照中,相比OVA组,联用Alum和QML后的总IgG抗体水平均显著提升(P=0.007 9,P<0.000 1)。在慢性缺氧条件下OVA组小鼠血清中特异性总IgG抗体水平显著低于其常氧对应组(P<0.000 1);进一步对比发现,各佐剂组在常氧对照组与慢性缺氧组间的总IgG水平均无显著差异。鉴于IgG1和IgG2c抗体的水平可分别间接反映Th2型和Th1型免疫应答情况,进一步对比发现,在常氧和慢性缺氧条件下,各佐剂组的IgG1水平均显著高于OVA组,且OVA+QML组的IgG1水平显著高于其常氧对应组(P=0.012 2,图1B)。同时,两种环境下,CpG和QML均能显著提升抗原特异性IgG2c抗体水平,而Alum无此能力(图1C)。从IgG2c与IgG1的比值来看,CpG与QML佐剂组的该比值在常氧和缺氧环境下均接近1(图1D),表明慢性缺氧不会改变Th反应的偏向性。综上,以上3种佐剂均可有效逆转慢性缺氧对OVA诱导的体液免疫应答的抑制,而慢性缺氧不会影响联用佐剂后特异性IgG抗体及其亚型的水平。
为了明确常氧与慢性缺氧下不同佐剂诱导T细胞应答的差异,采用ELIspot检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞中抗原特异性IFN-γ、IL-4及IL-17A分泌细胞的数量(分别反映Th1、Th2和Th17应答水平)。常氧对照组中,仅QML可显著增加抗原特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞的数量(P=0.009 8);而慢性缺氧组中QML和CpG可提升该细胞数量(P=0.087 8,P<0.000 1),且 CpG 组显著高于其常氧对应组(P<0.0001,图2A)。此外,慢性缺氧可降低OVA组 IL-4分泌细胞数量,而QML能显著逆转该抑制趋势;对于Alum佐剂,慢性缺氧可提升该组IL-4分泌细胞的数量,但无统计学差异,且要高于OVA组(图2B)。IL-17A检测结果显示,常氧对照组的3种佐剂均未能显著增加其分泌细胞数量;而慢性缺氧组中,CpG与QML可显著提升该细胞水平(P=0.001 3,P=0.002 0),且CpG组显著高于其常氧对照组(P=0.0041,图2C)。综上,不同佐剂对T细胞细胞因子分泌的调控具有环境依赖性,QML在两种环境下均能稳定诱导抗原特异性 IFN-γ、IL-4分泌,而CpG的免疫调控效应(促进 IFN-γ、IL-17A分泌)在慢性缺氧条件下更显著,且二者均能改善缺氧相关的T细胞应答抑制。
为了进一步系统评估T细胞应答特征,采用流式细胞术检测脾脏中 CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺、CD4⁺IL-4⁺、CD4⁺IL-17A⁺、CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺及 CD8⁺IL-2⁺细胞亚群的比例。如图3A、B所示,相较于常氧和缺氧OVA组,QML处理显著提升了CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺(P=0.001 1,P=0.011 8)及CD4⁺IL-17A⁺(P<0.000 1,P<0.000 1)细胞亚群比例;慢性缺氧下,CpG可显著提高CD4⁺IL-4⁺细胞亚群比例(P<0.000 1,图3C);对于CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺细胞亚群,QML在慢性缺氧条件下与OVA+Alum组相比,其比例显著提升(P=0.004,图3D),而常氧下该效应不显著。此外,慢性缺氧对各组 CD8⁺IL-2⁺细胞比例均无显著影响(图3E)。综上,佐剂QML和CpG可通过调控特定T细胞亚群比例增强T细胞免疫应答,且QML的调控效应在常氧与慢性缺氧下均稳定,而CpG的部分效应具有缺氧依赖性。
为评价慢性缺氧对不同佐剂诱导长期体液免疫应答的影响,本研究检测了小鼠末次免疫后60 d血清中抗原特异性IgG抗体及其亚型水平。在常氧与慢性缺氧下,3种佐剂均能显著提升抗原特异性总IgG及IgG1水平;其中CpG组在慢性缺氧下的总IgG与IgG1抗体水平显著高于其常氧对应组(P=0.001,P=0.031 8),但整体仍低于铝佐剂与QML组(图4A、B)。与短期抗体应答特征一致,CpG与QML在两种环境下均能显著提升IgG2c抗体水平(P<0.000 1),且QML的提升效应显著优于CpG组(P<0.000 1,图4C)。进一步分析IgG2c/IgG1比值发现,相较于传统铝佐剂(偏向Th2应答),CpG与QML在两种环境下均能诱导免疫应答向Th1型偏移,且该偏移趋势在两种环境中无显著差异(图4D)。综上,3种佐剂均能诱导长期体液免疫记忆,其中QML对总IgG、IgG1及IgG2c的提升效应稳定且优于CpG,CpG则表现出慢性缺氧下总IgG/IgG1的特异性增强;同时二者均能有效诱导长期Th1 型免疫偏移。
疫苗长期T细胞应答对于维持持续免疫保护、抵御病原体再次感染及预防感染复发至关重要,是评估疫苗免疫持久性的核心指标。本研究采用ELISpot检测小鼠末次免疫后60 d脾淋巴细胞中抗原特异性IFN-γ、IL-17A分泌细胞数量,以量化长期 T 细胞应答水平。如图5所示,慢性缺氧下,CpG组的抗原特异性 IFN-γ分泌细胞数量最多且显著高于其常氧对应组(P<0.000 1,图5A);进一步分析 IL-17A 分泌细胞数量发现,与常氧相比,慢性缺氧可显著降低铝佐剂组的特异性IL-17A分泌细胞水平(P<0.000 1),却能提升QML组的该细胞数量(P=0.001 2),且在慢性缺氧下,QML 辅助抗原诱导的 IL-17A 分泌细胞水平要显著高于Alum和CpG(P=0.007 6,P=0.001 2,图5B)。综上,不同佐剂诱导的长期 T 细胞应答受慢性缺氧影响存在差异:CpG 在慢性缺氧下可增强 IFN-γ介导的Th1型长期应答,QML则能在慢性缺氧下维持甚至提升IL-17A相关免疫应答,二者均展现出优于铝佐剂的长期免疫调控适应性。
为明确慢性缺氧对佐剂诱导记忆 T 细胞应答的影响,通过流式细胞术检测小鼠末次免疫后60 d脾脏中 CD4⁺/CD8⁺ Tcm(CD4⁺/CD8⁺CD44⁺CD62L⁺)与 Tem(CD4⁺/CD8⁺CD44⁺CD62L⁻)细胞亚群比例(Tcm与Tem分别介导长期记忆维持与快速再次应答)。慢性缺氧可显著降低OVA组CD4⁺Tcm比例(P=0.004 4),而3种佐剂均能有效逆转该抑制趋势(图6A);对于 CD4⁺Tem,慢性缺氧可显著提升铝佐剂组水平(P=0.003 6),QML则仅在常氧对照组中显著升高 CD4⁺Tem(P<0.000 1,图6B)与CD8⁺Tem比例(P<0.000 1,图6D),慢性缺氧条件下该效应消失;在CD8⁺记忆细胞亚群中,慢性缺氧可显著提升各组CD8⁺Tcm比例(P<0.000 1,图6C);CD8⁺Tem方面,慢性缺氧显著升高CpG组水平(P=0.001),却显著降低QML组水平(P<0.000 1,图6D)。综上,3种佐剂均能维持缺氧环境下CD4⁺Tcm的稳定水平,为长期免疫记忆奠定基础;在慢性缺氧条件下,CpG和铝佐剂可分别增强 CD8⁺Tem和CD4⁺Tem应答,QML 则更适用于常氧环境下的Tem诱导。
缺氧作为高原等特殊场景的关键环境因素,可能通过改变免疫细胞活化以及细胞因子网络等方式影响疫苗免疫效果[11],但具体影响方式尚不清楚。本研究系统地探究了铝佐剂、CpG 及 QML 在常氧与慢性缺氧条件下对疫苗免疫应答的差异化调控特征,尝试揭示不同佐剂诱导短期/长期体液免疫、T细胞应答及记忆T细胞分化的环境依赖性特征,为移居高原人群疫苗佐剂的选择提供新的视角,进而为提升高原特殊环境下人群的疫苗保护效果与公共卫生防护水平奠定了基础。
血清 IgG 作为保护机体抵御病原体感染的关键体液免疫效应分子,通过中和毒力、调理吞噬等机制发挥作用,其水平直接影响疫苗的保护效力[12-13]。本研究中,在短期免疫反应方面,OVA在慢性缺氧下诱导的总IgG水平显著降低,而3种佐剂均能有效逆转该抑制效应,且在两种环境中无显著差异,提示佐剂可能通过激活固有免疫信号通路,弥补缺氧对B细胞活化的抑制作用[14-16]。
CpG作为TLR9激动剂,可通过MyD88通路激活树突状细胞分泌IL-12,促进Th1分化[17-18];QML则可能通过调控DCs的抗原呈递效率,同时维持Th1/Th2应答平衡[19-20]。在本研究中,QML短期内能诱导Th1型免疫偏移(IgG2c/IgG1比值升高),且该偏移不受缺氧影响。铝佐剂虽能提升短期抗体水平,但在两种环境下仍以Th2应答为主,提示其在需Th1型保护的病原体(如结核分枝杆菌、病毒)疫苗中存在局限性[14-20],而QML更适用于诱导全面的免疫应答。
T 细胞应答作为机体清除胞内病原体以及建立长期免疫记忆的核心效应机制[21-22],通过CD4⁺T细胞调控免疫应答方向、CD8⁺ T细胞裂解感染靶细胞、记忆T细胞快速启动二次免疫等途径发挥作用[23-24],其亚群平衡及记忆细胞数量直接影响疫苗对病原体的清除效率与免疫保护持久性[25]。本研究中,QML具有环境适应性优势,短期内可在两种环境下稳定提升CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺、CD4⁺IL-17A⁺细胞比例及IFN-γ、IL-4分泌水平;相比之下,CpG的T细胞调控效应具有显著缺氧依赖性:CpG可显著提升短期内IFN-γ、IL-17A分泌细胞数量及CD4⁺IL-4⁺细胞比例。
长期应答方面,CpG在慢性缺氧下表现出更好的抗体提升效果,具体表现在总IgG与IgG1水平显著高于常氧对应组;QML对总IgG、IgG1及IgG2c的提升效应更稳定且整体优于CpG;而铝佐剂仍以Th2应答为主,与短期一致。在T细胞应答方面,QML仍能维持长期IL-17A相关应答,且在缺氧下IL-17A分泌细胞水平最高;CpG组IFN-γ分泌细胞数量也显著高于常氧组。
Tcm与Tem作为长期免疫记忆的核心载体,其分化平衡直接影响疫苗的保护持久性[26-27]。本研究发现,慢性缺氧可显著降低OVA组CD4⁺Tcm比例,而3种佐剂均能逆转该趋势,可能为长期免疫记忆奠定基础[28]。但不同佐剂对记忆T细胞亚群的调控存在显著差异:CpG在慢性缺氧条件下可增强 CD8⁺Tem应答,CD8⁺T细胞作为抗胞内病原体感染的关键效应细胞[29-30],其记忆亚群的扩增提示CpG可能适用于缺氧环境下胞内病原体疫苗的研发;QML仅在常氧下显著提升Tem比例,缺氧下该效应消失;铝佐剂仅特异性提升缺氧环境中CD4⁺Tem比例,缺乏对CD8⁺记忆细胞的调控能力,其长期保护效果可能受限。
IgG2c抗体水平以及IFN-γ分泌细胞数量可反应Th1型免疫应答水平,而IgG1抗体水平以及IL-4分泌细胞数量代表Th2型免疫应答水平[31]。本研究中,虽然CpG对免疫应答的影响与QML存在相似之处,但也有显著的不同。CpG在两种环境下对IgG2c抗体水平提升的幅度要明显高于IgG1,而QML对以上两者提升的幅度相近;CpG显著提升了IFN-γ分泌细胞的数量,且在慢性缺氧条件下更为显著,而QML在常氧和慢性缺氧条件下均提升了IFN-γ和IL-4分泌细胞的数量,这与CpG作为Th1偏向型佐剂及QML作为Th1/Th2平衡型佐剂相一致。Alum佐剂在两种环境下,主要提升血清IgG1抗体水平以及IL-4分泌细胞数量,符合Th2型应答特征。此外,在慢性缺氧条件下,CpG诱导IFN-γ、IL-17A细胞因子分泌的能力以及Alum佐剂诱导IL-4分泌的能力均强于常氧组。可见,慢性缺氧不会影响佐剂免疫应答的偏向性,但部分佐剂的偏向性会更加突出。
综上所述,本研究表明QML在常氧与缺氧环境下均能稳定诱导全面的免疫应答,CpG则在慢性缺氧下展现出Th1型应答增加与CD8⁺记忆细胞扩增的优势。未来研究中,相关工作将进一步解析缺氧通路与佐剂信号通路的交互作用机制,利用攻毒保护实验明确慢性缺氧对疫苗保护效力的影响,为高原地区疫苗佐剂的选择与优化提供理论依据。

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2026年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512119
  • 接收时间:2025-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-08
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    1内蒙古大学生命科学学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆
    3成都医学院生物科学与技术学院,四川 成都

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