Article(id=1320442291928543560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766073600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-19, revisedDate=1772899200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747575027, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747575027, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747575027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747575027, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442289126752969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='971', pageEnd='1128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747574359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749820502, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=991, endPage=1002, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442292138258761, articleId=1320442291928543560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Lipid nanoparticles as adjuvants for recombinant protein vaccine protect against Helicobacter pylori infection by enhancing Th1/Th17 responses, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is prevalent worldwide and represents a risk factor for various chronic inflammatory and neoplastic gastric diseases. In recent years, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have demonstrated broad application prospects in vaccine adjuvant research owing to their favorable delivery capacity and immunomodulatory potential. Preparation of LNPs and evaluation of their immunoenhancing effects as adjuvants for a Helicobacter pylori recombinant protein vaccine, as well as their protective efficacy against H. pylori infection.

Methods

LNPs were prepared using microfluidic technology, with morphology examined by transmission electron microscopy and particle size and polydispersity index characterized by dynamic light scattering. The activating effects of LNPs on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were evaluated in vitro. For in vivo experiments, female BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 17 to 20 g) were randomly divided into (n=10): PBS group, UreB/NapA group, and LNP-H+UreB/NapA group. Mice were immunized by intramuscular injection on days 0, 14, and 28. Serum specific antibody titers were measured by ELISA at day 14 after the final immunization, and IFN-γ and IL-17A secretion in mouse spleens was detected by ELISpot. Mice were challenged with H. pylori to establish an infection model. At 4 weeks post-infection, H. pylori colonization in gastric tissue was quantified by probe-based real-time PCR, and adhesion inhibition ability of immunized mice against H. pylori was evaluated through in vitro AGS cell adhesion assay.

Results

The prepared LNPs exhibited uniform morphology, with mean particle size of 100 to 120 nm and polydispersity index of 0.1 to 0.2. LNPs promoted the phagocytosis of antigens by BMDCs and significantly increase the expression levels of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40 on BMDC surfaces (P<0.001), indicating potential to promote BMDC maturation. LNPs also significantly enhanced the secretions of IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatants of BMDCs (P<0.0001). When combined with UreB and NapA, LNPs remarkably elevated the serum titers of specific total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a (P<0.05), and promoted the secretions of specific IFN-γ and IL-17A by splenic lymphocytes (P<0.05), suggesting that LNPs strengthen specific T-cell immune responses. Furthermore, LNPs reduced the colonization of H. pylori in mouse gastric tissues and significantly inhibited the adhesion to gastric mucosal epithelial cells.

Conclusion

LNPs can serve as an effective adjuvant for H. pylori recombinant protein vaccines, effectively enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses and conferring protective effects against H. pylori infection.

, authors=Ji ZHU1, Yalan WANG1, Yan DENG1, Wenkang YU1, Yue JIANG1, Miaomiao ZHANG2, Haibo LI1, authorsList=Ji ZHU, Yalan WANG, Yan DENG, Wenkang YU, Yue JIANG, Miaomiao ZHANG, Haibo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haibo LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442296307396954, articleId=1320442291928543560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=脂质纳米颗粒作为重组蛋白疫苗佐剂通过增强Th1/Th17应答保护幽门螺杆菌感染, columnId=1320442291907576524, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)感染在全球范围内普遍存在,是诱发多种胃部慢性炎症及肿瘤性疾病的危险因素。近年来,脂质纳米颗粒因其良好的递送能力和免疫调节潜力,在疫苗佐剂研究中显示出广阔应用前景。因此,本研究拟制备脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle,LNP),并评价其作为幽门螺杆菌重组蛋白疫苗佐剂的免疫增强作用及其对幽门螺杆菌感染的保护效果。

方法

使用微流控技术制备LNP,利用透射电镜观察LNP形态以及动态光散射仪表征其粒径、平均分散系数及Zeta电位。体外实验评价LNP对树突状细胞(bone marrow derived dendritic cells,BMDCs)的激活作用。将6~8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠(体质量17~20 g)按简单随机抽样法分为(n=10):PBS组、UreB/NapA组和LNP-H+UreB/NapA组;在第0、14和28天肌肉注射免疫小鼠,ELISA检测末次免疫后14 d小鼠血清中特异性抗体滴度,ELISpot检测小鼠脾脏中IFN-γ和IL-17A的分泌情况;使用幽门螺杆菌对小鼠进行攻毒,构建感染模型,感染4周后,通过探针法Real-Time PCR检测小鼠胃组织中幽门螺杆菌的定植量,通过体外AGS黏附实验评价免疫后小鼠对幽门螺杆菌的黏附抑制能力。

结果

制备的LNP形态均一,平均粒径为100~120 nm,平均分散系数为0.1~0.2。LNP可促进BMDCs对抗原的吞噬,并显著提高BMDCs表面共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86的表达水平(P<0.001),具有促进BMDCs成熟的潜力;LNP显著提高BMDCs培养上清中IL-6和IL-1β的表达量(P<0.000 1)。LNP与UreB和NapA联用后,显著提升血清中特异性总IgG、IgG1及IgG2a的滴度(P<0.05),并促进脾淋巴细胞中特异性IFN-γ和IL-17A的分泌(P<0.05),提示LNP可增强特异性T细胞免疫应答;降低幽门螺杆菌在小鼠胃组织中的定植量,并显著减少其对胃黏膜上皮细胞的黏附。

结论

LNP可作为幽门螺杆菌重组蛋白疫苗佐剂,能有效增强体液免疫与细胞免疫应答,对幽门螺杆菌感染具有一定的保护作用。

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李海波,E-mail:
LI Haibo, E-mail:
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Front Immunol, 2021, 12: 654872., articleTitle=dmLT adjuvant enhances cytokine responses to T cell stimuli, whole cell vaccine antigens and lipopolysaccharide in both adults and infants, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320442296642941275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442296655524188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, companyId=1320442296642941275, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442296680690013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, companyId=1320442296642941275, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学) 药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320442296751993182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442296764576095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, companyId=1320442296751993182, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442296772964704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, companyId=1320442296751993182, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2内蒙古大学生命科学学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320442299067249034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Preparation and characterization of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with different lipid contents, figureFileSmall=sXG8RxwNOv0iKtOHT9/jrw==, figureFileBig=suhwHumWNbf61qdeam4SUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442300623335819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同脂质含量LNP的制备及表征

A: Schematic diagram of the LNP preparation process; B: Transmission electron microscopy images of LNPs; C: Average particle size distribution of LNPs; D: Zeta potentials of LNPs formulated with different lipid contents; E: Average polydispersity index (PDI) of LNPs with different lipid contents

, figureFileSmall=sXG8RxwNOv0iKtOHT9/jrw==, figureFileBig=suhwHumWNbf61qdeam4SUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442300879188364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Flow cytometric analysis of costimulatory molecule expression on BMDCs and the gating strategy, figureFileSmall=NbPcQNsUqlnOyJbb08saeA==, figureFileBig=ycmyoQvTnf8W6d2uigzXKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442300958880141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图2, caption=流式细胞术检测BMDCs共刺激分子的表达水平及圈门策略

A: Representative flow cytometry plots showing CD40+ CD11c+ cells in BMDCs and percentages; B: Representative flow cytometry plots showing CD80+ CD11c+ cells in BMDCs and percentages; C: Representative flow cytometry plots showing CD80+ CD11c+ cells in BMDCs and percentages; D: Gating strategy for flow cytometric analysis of costimulatory molecule expression on BMDCs

, figureFileSmall=NbPcQNsUqlnOyJbb08saeA==, figureFileBig=ycmyoQvTnf8W6d2uigzXKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301030183310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Levels of IL-6 (A) and IL-1β (B) in the supernatants of LNP-stimulated BMDCs determined by ELISA, figureFileSmall=t9wnbfWnlciyzL3efOpdwA==, figureFileBig=2dwXZyNuwRV43z4Gvswgog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301097292175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ELISA检测LNP刺激后BMDCs培养上清中IL-6 (A)和IL-1β(B)的含量, figureFileSmall=t9wnbfWnlciyzL3efOpdwA==, figureFileBig=2dwXZyNuwRV43z4Gvswgog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301172789648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Antigens phagocytosis by BMDCs under a laser confocal microscope, figureFileSmall=fIYChK3ZJCrtJ6k+WyQcZQ==, figureFileBig=FxKvSC7kjixMmWn0O1JAwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301248287121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图4, caption=激光共聚焦显微镜观察BMDCs对抗原的吞噬能力, figureFileSmall=fIYChK3ZJCrtJ6k+WyQcZQ==, figureFileBig=FxKvSC7kjixMmWn0O1JAwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301319590290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Body weight changes during immunization and specific antibody levels in serum and mucosal sites at day 14 after the final immunization, figureFileSmall=raWBdmK0MKrHZvygIGbf4g==, figureFileBig=MAd6vqDCiYag5WbcQ1Q6NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301386699155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图5, caption=免疫期间小鼠体质量变化及末次免疫后第14天血清及黏膜部位特异性抗体水平

A: Schematic illustration of the immunization schedule; B: Body weight changes in mice during the immunization period; C to E: Serum IgG (C), IgG1 (D) and IgG2a (E) titers at day 14 after the final immunization; F: Ratio of serum IgG2a/IgG1; G and H: Levels of sIgA in stomach homogenates (G) and small intestinal lavage fluids (H) at day 14 after the final immunization (OD450)

, figureFileSmall=raWBdmK0MKrHZvygIGbf4g==, figureFileBig=MAd6vqDCiYag5WbcQ1Q6NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301466390932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=ELISpot analysis of IFN-γ-secreting cells in mouse spleens at day14 after the final immunization, figureFileSmall=5t5b9vjh6wHDA8iJLcZSVA==, figureFileBig=eDczt6hVvPqB2bP4g6yHcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301537694101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图6, caption=ELISpot检测末次免疫后14 d小鼠脾脏中特异性IFN-γ分泌细胞的数量

A: Number of IFN-γ-secreting cells specific to UreB; B: Representative ELISPOT images showing UreB-specific IFN-γ spots in different groups; C: Number of IFN-γ-secreting cells specific to NapA; D: Representative ELISPOT images of NapA-specific IFN-γ spots

, figureFileSmall=5t5b9vjh6wHDA8iJLcZSVA==, figureFileBig=eDczt6hVvPqB2bP4g6yHcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301608997270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=ELISpot analysis of IL-17A-secreting cells in mouse spleens at day14 after the final immunization, figureFileSmall=ujcC1GeijL4dL/Tq4rzjNA==, figureFileBig=mf9fp2tjAa9Xt1q0Gz65lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301671911831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图7, caption=ELISpot检测末次免疫后14 d小鼠脾脏中特异性IL-17A分泌细胞的数量

A: Number of IL-17A-secreting cells specific to UreB; B: Representative ELISPOT images showing UreB-specific IL-17A spots in different groups; C: Number of IL-17A-secreting cells specific to NapA; D: Representative ELISPOT images of NapA-specific IL-17A spots

, figureFileSmall=ujcC1GeijL4dL/Tq4rzjNA==, figureFileBig=mf9fp2tjAa9Xt1q0Gz65lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301739020696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=H. pylori colonization in mouse stomach tissues and inhibition of adhesion to AGS cells in vitro by real-time PCR analysis, figureFileSmall=MKVcoclZvISV8iTxtTOKgA==, figureFileBig=YfMJNr5WC2bG7cidJLOHqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442301818712473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442291928543560, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Real-Time PCR检测小鼠胃内幽门螺杆菌定植量和体外AGS黏附抑制

A: Bacterial load of H. pylori in mouse gastric tissues; B: Inhibition of H. pylori adhesion by serum; C: Inhibition of H. pylori adhesion by stomach homogenates

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脂质纳米颗粒作为重组蛋白疫苗佐剂通过增强Th1/Th17应答保护幽门螺杆菌感染
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朱吉 1 , 王亚兰 1 , 邓炎 1 , 余文康 1 , 江悦 1 , 张苗苗 2 , 李海波 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·专题报道 2026,48(8): 991-1002
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·专题报道 2026 , 48 (8) : 991 -1002
脂质纳米颗粒作为重组蛋白疫苗佐剂通过增强Th1/Th17应答保护幽门螺杆菌感染
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朱吉1, 王亚兰1, 邓炎1, 余文康1, 江悦1, 张苗苗2, 李海波1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学) 药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆
  • 2内蒙古大学生命科学学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
通讯作者:
李海波,E-mail:
LI Haibo, E-mail:
Lipid nanoparticles as adjuvants for recombinant protein vaccine protect against Helicobacter pylori infection by enhancing Th1/Th17 responses
Ji ZHU1, Yalan WANG1, Yan DENG1, Wenkang YU1, Yue JIANG1, Miaomiao ZHANG2, Haibo LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 2School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512118
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目的

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)感染在全球范围内普遍存在,是诱发多种胃部慢性炎症及肿瘤性疾病的危险因素。近年来,脂质纳米颗粒因其良好的递送能力和免疫调节潜力,在疫苗佐剂研究中显示出广阔应用前景。因此,本研究拟制备脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle,LNP),并评价其作为幽门螺杆菌重组蛋白疫苗佐剂的免疫增强作用及其对幽门螺杆菌感染的保护效果。

方法

使用微流控技术制备LNP,利用透射电镜观察LNP形态以及动态光散射仪表征其粒径、平均分散系数及Zeta电位。体外实验评价LNP对树突状细胞(bone marrow derived dendritic cells,BMDCs)的激活作用。将6~8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠(体质量17~20 g)按简单随机抽样法分为(n=10):PBS组、UreB/NapA组和LNP-H+UreB/NapA组;在第0、14和28天肌肉注射免疫小鼠,ELISA检测末次免疫后14 d小鼠血清中特异性抗体滴度,ELISpot检测小鼠脾脏中IFN-γ和IL-17A的分泌情况;使用幽门螺杆菌对小鼠进行攻毒,构建感染模型,感染4周后,通过探针法Real-Time PCR检测小鼠胃组织中幽门螺杆菌的定植量,通过体外AGS黏附实验评价免疫后小鼠对幽门螺杆菌的黏附抑制能力。

结果

制备的LNP形态均一,平均粒径为100~120 nm,平均分散系数为0.1~0.2。LNP可促进BMDCs对抗原的吞噬,并显著提高BMDCs表面共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86的表达水平(P<0.001),具有促进BMDCs成熟的潜力;LNP显著提高BMDCs培养上清中IL-6和IL-1β的表达量(P<0.000 1)。LNP与UreB和NapA联用后,显著提升血清中特异性总IgG、IgG1及IgG2a的滴度(P<0.05),并促进脾淋巴细胞中特异性IFN-γ和IL-17A的分泌(P<0.05),提示LNP可增强特异性T细胞免疫应答;降低幽门螺杆菌在小鼠胃组织中的定植量,并显著减少其对胃黏膜上皮细胞的黏附。

结论

LNP可作为幽门螺杆菌重组蛋白疫苗佐剂,能有效增强体液免疫与细胞免疫应答,对幽门螺杆菌感染具有一定的保护作用。

幽门螺杆菌  /  疫苗佐剂  /  脂质纳米颗粒
Objective

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is prevalent worldwide and represents a risk factor for various chronic inflammatory and neoplastic gastric diseases. In recent years, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have demonstrated broad application prospects in vaccine adjuvant research owing to their favorable delivery capacity and immunomodulatory potential. Preparation of LNPs and evaluation of their immunoenhancing effects as adjuvants for a Helicobacter pylori recombinant protein vaccine, as well as their protective efficacy against H. pylori infection.

Methods

LNPs were prepared using microfluidic technology, with morphology examined by transmission electron microscopy and particle size and polydispersity index characterized by dynamic light scattering. The activating effects of LNPs on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were evaluated in vitro. For in vivo experiments, female BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 17 to 20 g) were randomly divided into (n=10): PBS group, UreB/NapA group, and LNP-H+UreB/NapA group. Mice were immunized by intramuscular injection on days 0, 14, and 28. Serum specific antibody titers were measured by ELISA at day 14 after the final immunization, and IFN-γ and IL-17A secretion in mouse spleens was detected by ELISpot. Mice were challenged with H. pylori to establish an infection model. At 4 weeks post-infection, H. pylori colonization in gastric tissue was quantified by probe-based real-time PCR, and adhesion inhibition ability of immunized mice against H. pylori was evaluated through in vitro AGS cell adhesion assay.

Results

The prepared LNPs exhibited uniform morphology, with mean particle size of 100 to 120 nm and polydispersity index of 0.1 to 0.2. LNPs promoted the phagocytosis of antigens by BMDCs and significantly increase the expression levels of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40 on BMDC surfaces (P<0.001), indicating potential to promote BMDC maturation. LNPs also significantly enhanced the secretions of IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatants of BMDCs (P<0.0001). When combined with UreB and NapA, LNPs remarkably elevated the serum titers of specific total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a (P<0.05), and promoted the secretions of specific IFN-γ and IL-17A by splenic lymphocytes (P<0.05), suggesting that LNPs strengthen specific T-cell immune responses. Furthermore, LNPs reduced the colonization of H. pylori in mouse gastric tissues and significantly inhibited the adhesion to gastric mucosal epithelial cells.

Conclusion

LNPs can serve as an effective adjuvant for H. pylori recombinant protein vaccines, effectively enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses and conferring protective effects against H. pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori  /  vaccine adjuvant  /  lipid nanoparticle
朱吉, 王亚兰, 邓炎, 余文康, 江悦, 张苗苗, 李海波. 脂质纳米颗粒作为重组蛋白疫苗佐剂通过增强Th1/Th17应答保护幽门螺杆菌感染. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (8) : 991 -1002 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512118
Ji ZHU, Yalan WANG, Yan DENG, Wenkang YU, Yue JIANG, Miaomiao ZHANG, Haibo LI. Lipid nanoparticles as adjuvants for recombinant protein vaccine protect against Helicobacter pylori infection by enhancing Th1/Th17 responses[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (8) : 991 -1002 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512118
幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)是一种革兰氏阴性微需氧细菌,全球感染率超过50%,中国感染率约为44.2%,世界卫生组织已将幽门螺杆菌列为Ⅰ类致癌因子[1]。目前,抗生素联合疗法是治疗幽门螺杆菌感染的主要手段,但耐药性问题日益严峻,导致疗效下降且复发率高[2],研发有效疫苗成为控制感染的关键策略。
疫苗研发的核心在于抗原的选择。幽门螺杆菌的尿素酶B亚基(urease B subunit,UreB)是尿素酶的活性亚单位,占菌体蛋白的5%~10%,在各菌株中高度保守,通过水解尿素产生氨,以中和胃酸,是细菌在胃内定植的必需毒力因子[3-4],因而成为幽门螺杆菌疫苗研究广泛使用的抗原。而另一重要抗原,中性粒细胞激活蛋白(neutrophil activating protein A subunit,NapA)则通过激活中性粒细胞介导炎症反应,具有强Th1型细胞免疫佐剂功能[5-6]。多抗原联合策略能通过靶向不同致病机制而产生协同保护效应,提高疫苗效力[7]。
脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle,LNP)作为mRNA疫苗的递送载体已成功应用于临床,且LNP本身具有佐剂作用,可通过靶向淋巴组织增强抗原递送效率[8],与血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)、SARS-CoV-2刺突蛋白等联用可有效激活特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫应答[9-12]。基于上述背景,本研究以LNP为佐剂,重组UreB和NapA作为抗原,通过肌肉注射免疫小鼠,系统评价其诱导的免疫应答效应和保护效果;初步探索共免疫应答保护机制,为新型幽门螺杆菌疫苗的研发提供基础。
SPF级雌性Balb/c小鼠,6~8周龄,体质量17~20 g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,所有小鼠饲养于本教研室SPF级动物房,环境温度(22±3)℃,相对湿度(55±5)%,自由摄食与饮水。幽门螺杆菌悉尼株(sydney strain 1, SS1;CagA+VacA+)和AGS细胞系均为本课题组自存。所有动物实验方案已获得陆军军医大学动物伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20232986)。动物饲养、操作、护理及安乐死等过程均严格遵循实验动物伦理与相关质量控制规范。为减少动物疼痛与折磨采取相应措施,实验过程中,所有操作在温和或麻醉下进行,实验期间每日观察动物精神状态、体质量及行为学变化,记录有不良事件。当动物体出现质量下降超过20%、严重精神萎靡、无法正常进食饮水等情况时,及时实施安乐死,以最大限度减少动物痛苦。
二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱(1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,DSPC)、DMG-PEG2000、SM-102和胆固醇均购自上海艾伟拓公司,酶联免疫吸附板购自美国Corning公司;IL-6、IL-1β酶联免疫吸附试剂盒、酶联免疫斑点(enzyme-linked immunospot assay,ELISpot)检测增强试剂盒、小鼠IFN-γ、IL-17A(ALP)试剂盒、L/D-AF700、重组小鼠IL-4和重组小鼠GM-CSF均购自北京达科为生物技术股份有限公司;Triton X-100 和DAPI均购自北京白鲨易科技有限公司;Cy5标记的OVA购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;山羊抗小鼠IgG1、IgG2a和IgA购自英国Abcam公司;RPMI-1640培养基购自美国GIBICO公司;FITC标记抗小鼠CD11c抗体、PerCp标记抗小鼠CD86抗体、PE标记抗小鼠CD40抗体和BV421标记抗小鼠CD80抗体均购自美国BioLegend公司,引物和探针均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成;微流控设备(NWDPS)购自苏州纳微科技股份有限公司;全波长酶标仪购自美国Bio-Rad 公司;ELISpot读板机购自德国艾迪AID公司。所用仪器由陆军军医大学药学与检验医学系国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心及大学中心实验室提供。
使用微流控将PBS溶液与含有4种脂质的乙醇溶液,按照体积比为3∶1混合,乙醇溶液中SM-102、胆固醇、DSPC、DMG-PEG2000的摩尔比为50.0∶38.5∶10.0∶1.5,在不改变摩尔比的条件下调节总脂质质量,制备脂质含量不同的LNP,即LNP-L(含0.3 mg SM-102、0.06 mg DSPC、0.231 mg胆固醇、0.009 mg DMG-PEG2000)、LNP-M(含0.4 mg SM-102、0.08 mg DSPC、0.308 mg胆固醇、0.012 mg DMG-PEG2000)、LNP-H(含0.5 mg SM-102、0.1 mg DSPC、0.385 mg胆固醇、0.015 mg DMG-PEG2000)。调节流速为12 mL/min,流速比3∶1,控制混合过程,收集流出液并在4 ℃下于PBS缓冲液中透析12 h以去除乙醇,得到LNP混悬液。使用动态光散射仪(dynamic light scattering,DLS)在25 ℃下测定LNP的粒径、Zeta电位和平均分散系数。
将LNP样品在PBS中以体积比1∶20进行稀释,取5 μL的LNP样品于载网上,静置样品1 min,让LNP自然沉降于载网的碳膜表面,用滤纸轻轻沿着载网边缘,吸除多余的液体,在载网表面滴加5 μL浓度为2%的磷钨酸溶液,沉降30 s,室温下通风干燥10 min,将载网放入样品持有器中,调节放大倍数,开始观察LNP的形态和尺寸。
将健康雌性Balb/c小鼠脱颈处死后取股骨和胫骨,使用PBS冲洗获取骨髓细胞,红细胞裂解后重悬于完全RPMI‑1640培养基,接种于24孔板中。加入GM‑CSF(20 ng/mL)和IL-4(10 ng/mL)诱导分化,在37 ℃、5%CO₂条件下培养6 d,每2 d更换一次含有诱导因子的培养基,诱导完成后收集悬浮和半贴壁细胞作为BMDCs。
收集BMDCs培养上清,使用ELISA试剂盒按操作说明检测IL-6、IL-1β水平。主要步骤如下:将梯度稀释的标准品及细胞培养上清分别加入预包被抗体的酶标板中,37 ℃孵育1 h;弃去液体并使用洗涤液洗板3次;依次加入生物素化检测抗体及HRP标记的链霉亲和素,分别孵育30 min和15 min后进行洗板;加入TMB底物避光显色15 min,随后加入终止液终止反应。
调整BMDCs浓度为1×10⁵个/mL,接种于激光共聚焦专用培养皿中,于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中孵育12 h使细胞贴壁。实验分为Cy5-OVA组和Cy5-OVA+LNP-H组,其中Cy5-OVA组每孔加入终浓度为10 μg/mL的Cy5标记的OVA抗原,Cy5-OVA+LNP-H组加入终浓度为10 μg/mL的Cy5标记OVA抗原及终浓度为20 μg/mL的LNP,每组设置3个复孔。继续孵育6 h后,弃去培养液,用预冷的PBS轻柔洗涤细胞3次以去除未被吞噬的游离抗原。随后室温固定15 min,PBS洗涤3次。用0.1%Triton X-100通透细胞膜10 min,PBS洗涤后,使用DAPI对细胞核进行染色,室温避光孵育5 min,再次用PBS洗涤3次。最后在激光共聚焦显微镜下随机选择视野进行观察,激发波长设为Cy5(633 nm)和DAPI(405 nm),在随机视野内采集图像。
收集培养好的BMDCs,调整细胞浓度为1×106个/mL,以1 mL/孔加入到24孔板中。将1.3.1中制备的3种LNP分别稀释100、200、400倍后,以相同体积20 μL/孔分别加入到对应孔中,PBS作为空白对照,各组设置3个复孔,37 ℃、5%CO2环境下培养孵育24 h。收集细胞,在冰上用L/D-AF700染色15 min,洗涤,然后用FITC标记抗小鼠CD11c抗体、PerCp标记抗小鼠CD86抗体、PE标记抗小鼠CD40抗体和BV421标记抗小鼠CD80抗体染色30 min,洗涤后,使用PBS重悬,利用流式细胞仪检测CD40+CD11c+、CD80+CD11c+和CD86+CD11c+的细胞比率。
将30只SPF级雌性Balb/c小鼠按简单随机抽样法分为(n=10):PBS组、UreB/NapA组和LNP-H+UreB/NapA组。于第0天、14天、28天对各组小鼠进行免疫,其中PBS组小鼠每只肌肉注射100 μL PBS缓冲液,UreB/NapA组小鼠每只肌肉注射含20 μg UreB蛋白和20 μg NapA蛋白的100 μL PBS溶液,LNP-H+UreB/NapA组小鼠每只肌肉注射含20 μg UreB蛋白、20 μg NapA蛋白的100 μL LNP-H混合液。免疫期间,对小鼠进行称量,记录免疫过程中小鼠体质量变化,密切观察其精神状态、注射部位炎症反应、饮食及活动情况,以进行初步安全性评价。末次免疫后14 d,麻醉后摘除眼球进行取血,分离血清用于抗体滴度测定;随后处死小鼠,无菌摘取脾脏,用于ELISpot检测IFN-γ和IL-17A的分泌情况。
ELISA板以每孔200 μL体积包被终浓度为 2 μg/mL的UreB或NapA抗原,4 ℃孵育过夜。将1.3.7中免疫后的小鼠血清用PBS以体积比1∶4 000进行起始稀释,随后向包被有UreB和NapA抗原的ELISA板中每孔加入100 μL稀释后的血清,进行倍比稀释,37 ℃孵育1 h;弃去孔内液体,用PBST洗涤3次,每次3 min,拍干后以100 μL每孔加入HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG(1∶5 000)、IgG1(1∶10 000)或IgG2a(1∶10 000)二抗。37 ℃孵育40 min;再次洗涤后,每孔加入100 μL TMB显色液,室温避光反应15 min,随后加入50 μL终止液终止反应,使用酶标仪在450 nm波长处测定各孔的吸光度值[OD(450)]。以OD值大于阴性对照组均值2.1倍的最高血清稀释度作为抗体滴度,比较不同免疫组间抗体水平的差异。
无菌分离1.3.7中免疫后小鼠脾脏,研磨并通过70 μm细胞筛过滤制备单细胞悬液,经红细胞裂解液处理后,用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基重悬细胞,调整细胞浓度至2×10⁶个/mL。将细胞分为UreB刺激组与NapA刺激组,以每孔100 μL加至ELISpot板中,在抗原刺激孔中分别加入终浓度为20 μg/mL的对应蛋白溶液,同时设置阳性对照(PMA+离子霉素刺激)和阴性对照(仅培养基),置于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中孵育48 h。培养结束后,弃去孔内液体,用PBST洗涤5次,拍干后加入生物素标记的检测抗体,室温孵育2 h;洗涤后加入链霉亲和素-碱性磷酸酶复合物,37 ℃孵育1 h;再次洗涤后,加入BCIP/NBT显色液避光显色15~20 min,待斑点清晰后用去离子水终止反应,晾干后使用ELISpot读板机计数斑点形成细胞(spot-forming cell,SFC),以每10⁶个脾细胞中SFC的数量(SFC/10⁶个脾细胞)反映特异性细胞因子分泌细胞的水平。
末次免疫后14 d,通过灌胃对小鼠进行幽门螺杆菌攻毒以建立感染模型。取传代培养24 h后的CagA+VacA+菌液,使用PBS将菌液浓度调整至1×107 CFU/mL混匀备用,以每只小鼠0.4 mL(4×106 CFU)对其进行灌胃攻毒。
幽门螺杆菌感染4周后,脱颈处死所有感染小鼠,无菌条件下摘取胃组织,用预冷的PBS缓冲液冲洗干净后,置于含有1 mL PBS试剂的匀浆管中,匀浆机研磨至匀浆状态。按照细菌基因组提取试剂说明书提取胃组织总DNA。HP 16S rRNA基因的正向引物序列为 5′-TTTGTTAGAGAGAATGACG GTATCTAAC-3′,反向引物序列为5′-CATAGGATT TCACACCTGACTGACTATC-3′。TaqMan探针序列为5′-FAM-CGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGT-TAMRA-3′。以HP 16S rRNA基因为靶基因,提取的DNA溶液为模板进行Real-Time PCR检测。标准曲线在每次实验时同步制备,取培养计数为1×109 CFU/mL的HP悬液,提取基因组DNA作为模板,按10倍梯度稀释制备系列标准品,建立Ct值与细菌量CFU之间的标准曲线。通过Bio-Rad CFX manager软件计算小鼠胃组织中HP定植量, 以CFU/小鼠胃组织表示。
将AGS细胞以每孔2×105个细胞的密度接种于24孔板中,培养至细胞融合度为80%~90%。将幽门螺杆菌在DMEM/F12培养基中稀释到108 CFU/mL,血清以1∶100稀释,胃匀浆液以1∶10稀释,然后在4 ℃下不做处理或用血清或胃匀浆预处理1 h。AGS细胞与预处理后的细菌悬液在37 ℃条件下孵育1 h(MOI=100),用PBS洗涤3次以去除未结合的细菌,收集细胞并提取总DNA。最后采用Real-Time PCR检测AGS细胞上的细菌量,结果以HP的相对拷贝数表示。
采用GraphPad Prism 10 软件进行统计学分析,在进行参数检验前,使用方差同质性检验和F检验评估方差齐性,各组数据满足方差齐性假设。实验结果以x¯±s表示,两组数据间采用非配对t检验,多组数据间采用单因素方差分析,事后两两比较采用Tukey’s多重比较检验,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。
使用微流控技术(图1A),通过调控流速比与总流速等技术参数,制备了不同脂质含量的LNP。使用透射电镜观察LNP的形态,结果如图1B所示,LNP呈现大小均一的球形。为系统评价所制备LNP的物理特征,采用DLS对其粒径分布、表面电荷及分散均一性进行表征。结果表明,LNP的平均粒径为100~120 nm (图1C),Zeta电位为-4~-2 mv(图1D),平均分散系数(PDI)维持在0.1~0.2 (图1E)。上述结果表明,所制备的LNP符合纳米递送系统的基本要求。
使用不同脂质含量的LNP分别刺激BMDCs 24 h后,通过流式细胞术检测BMDCs表面共刺激分子CD40、CD80和CD86的表达水平。与PBS对照组相比,所有LNP处理组显著上调了BMDCs中CD40、CD80及CD86的表达(图2,P<0.001),提示LNP能有效诱导BMDCs成熟。为了探究LNP刺激后BMDCs分泌细胞因子的水平,使用ELISA检测了BMDCs培养上清液中细胞因子IL-1β和IL-6的含量。所有LNP刺激组中IL-1β的分泌量较PBS组均显著增加(图3,P<0.001),提示LNP具有启动适应性免疫反应的能力,同时,IL-6作为T细胞极化的重要调节因子,经所有LNP处理后其表达水平也显著提升,提示LNP具备促进T细胞极化的潜力(图3A、B)。上述结果表明,LNP不仅能有效促进BMDCs的成熟,还能诱导其分泌与先天免疫和适应性免疫连接相关的细胞因子。鉴于LNP-H能有效促进BMDCs成熟并诱导细胞因子分泌,且效果优于其他制剂,因此后续实验均选用该浓度的LNP制剂。
将Cy5标记的OVA与LNP-H物理混合后,与BMDCs共孵育6 h。通过共聚焦显微镜观察细胞对抗原的吞噬情况,如图4所示,与单独Cy5-OVA处理组相比,Cy5-OVA与LNP-H混合处理组的细胞在视野内可见更多绿色荧光标记的抗原信号,且荧光信号已定位至细胞内部,表明抗原已被BMDCs摄取,提示LNP-H能够显著促进BMDCs对抗原的吞噬。抗原吞噬能力增强可为后续的抗原加工提呈和启动特异性T细胞免疫应答的提供基础。
于第0天、14天及28天对小鼠进行肌肉注射免疫(图5A),免疫期间各组小鼠体质量随时间增长,实验组与PBS对照组之间无显著差异(图5B),且未见小鼠有精神萎靡、毛发炸立等不良反应,注射局部未观察到红肿、硬结等明显炎症表现,提示所构建的LNP制剂安全性良好。
在完成三次肌肉注射免疫后,ELISA检测各组小鼠血清中抗原特异性总IgG抗体水平。LNP-H+UreB/NapA免疫组小鼠的特异性IgG抗体水平显著高于UreB/NapA组(图5C,P<0.001),表明LNP-H能够显著增强抗原特异性体液免疫应答。鉴于IgG1和IgG2a是 Th2和Th1型细胞应答的标志。因此进一步检测了IgG2a和IgG1的抗体水平。如图(5D~E)所示,与UreB/NapA组相比LNP-H+UreB/NapA组小鼠血清中抗原特异性IgG1和IgG2a的表达水平均显著提升(P<0.001),且IgG2a与IgG1的比值显著高于UreB/NapA组(图5F),提示LNP-H能够诱导机体产生Th1偏向型免疫应答,具有体液免疫激活的潜力,然而,在黏膜部位未检测到显著的sIgA应答(图5G~H)。综上所述,LNP-H可显著增强UreB及NapA特异性系统体液免疫应答。
为进一步明确LNP-H对细胞免疫应答的促进作用,使用ELISpot检测经抗原刺激后脾淋巴细胞中特异性分泌IFN-γ和IL-17A的细胞数量。与UreB/NapA组相比,联用LNP-H可显著提升脾淋巴细胞中分泌特异性IFN-γ和IL-17A的特异性分泌细胞的数量(图6、7,P<0.05)。IFN-γ的增强主要反映了Th1型细胞免疫应答的激活,IL-17A水平的提升则提示Th17型免疫反应的有效诱导。表明LNP-H能够有效激活抗原特异性Th1和Th17型免疫应答。
为探究LNP-H+UreB/NapA对幽门螺杆菌感染的保护作用,于末次免疫后第14天通过灌胃接种细菌建立感染模型,感染4周后,检测小鼠胃内的细菌定植量。如图8A所示,虽然LNP-H联用小鼠胃内幽门螺杆菌定植量与PBS组相比无显著差异,但平均定植量下降了0.5个Log值,而UreB/NapA组无此趋势。为了初步探索疫苗抵御幽门螺杆菌感染的机制,通过体外黏附实验,检测血清和胃匀浆液抑制幽门螺杆菌对AGS的黏附作用。联用LNP-H免疫后小鼠血清可显著抑制细菌黏附(图8B,P=0.001),但胃匀浆液的抑制作用在各组间未见明显差异(图8C)。以上结果提示,尽管该疫苗能够诱导机体产生系统性的抗体反应和T细胞免疫应答,但未能在胃黏膜局部诱导有效抗体,这可能是其体内保护效果有限的关键因素。
DCs作为高效的专职抗原提呈细胞,在连接天然免疫与适应性免疫反应中发挥着关键作用[13]。成熟DCs通过上调CD40、CD80等共刺激分子的表达,为T细胞活化提供必要的第2信号,是DCs成熟的重要标志[14]。此外,抗原摄取作为DCs抗原提呈过程的起始步骤,直接决定了后续免疫应答的强度[15-16]。本研究中,LNP能够显著增强BMDCs对抗原的吞噬,提升共刺激分子的表达水平,且IL-6和IL-1β等细胞因子的分泌显著增多,表明LNP不仅能够促进BMDCs对抗原的摄取,还能诱导BMDCs成熟,增强其抗原提呈能力,为启动强效的适应性免疫应答提供基础。
有效抵抗幽门螺杆菌感染需要多重免疫应答的参与,包括体液免疫和细胞免疫应答[17]。抗原进入体内后,通过激活B细胞增殖分化为浆细胞产生特异性抗体,并且诱导特异性T细胞活化,协同发挥多重抗菌效应[18-19]。本研究中,联用LNP-H不仅产生了更高滴度的总IgG抗体,且IgG2a与IgG1抗体水平比值显著升高,IFN-γ分泌显著增加,表明LNP-H能够诱导Th1型免疫应答,同时,IL-17A分泌细胞数量也显著增加,表明Th17型免疫应答也被有效诱导,即LNP-H诱导了Th1/Th17混合型免疫应答。Th1和Th17应答对于保护幽门螺杆菌感染至关重要,其中,Th1细胞通过分泌IFN-γ激活巨噬细胞的杀菌活性[20-21],并促进CD8+T细胞分化为细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,发挥细胞杀伤效应[22]。与此同时,Th17细胞产生IL-17、IL-22等促炎性细胞因子,能够有效招募中性粒细胞至感染部位,增强胃黏膜屏障功能[23-24]。
现有研究表明,除了系统性免疫应答之外,胃黏膜局部免疫应答对保护幽门螺杆菌感染也至关重要,二者协同可以提供更有效的免疫保护[25-26],但通常注射途径无法有效诱导黏膜免疫应答[27-28],铝佐剂主要诱导Th2型免疫应答,虽能产生抗体反应但激活细胞免疫有限[29],也无法诱导黏膜免疫应答;CpG ODN能够有效激活Th1型免疫应答,但诱导Th17型免疫和黏膜免疫应答能力较弱[30],两种佐剂肌肉注射对幽门螺杆菌感染的保护作用均不理想[31]。本研究中,LNP-H虽然能同时激活Th1和Th17系统性免疫应答,但在胃黏膜部位也未检测到sIgA水平的升高。LNP-H佐剂组小鼠胃内细菌定植量虽呈现下降趋势,但无显著差异,可能与其未能在胃局部激活特异性黏膜免疫应答有关。在幽门螺杆菌AGS黏附测定中,LNP-H免疫组小鼠血清可以有效抑制幽门螺杆菌对AGS的黏附,但胃匀浆液未能表现出黏附抑制效应,进一步说明体内细菌定植量未显著下降可能与胃局部黏膜免疫应答不足有关。
综上,LNP可作为幽门螺杆菌重组蛋白疫苗佐剂,能有效增强体液免疫与细胞免疫应答,但对幽门螺杆菌感染的保护效果有待提升。未来,本研究将在LNP-H中整合能够诱导黏膜免疫反应的佐剂成分,如霍乱毒素B亚基、双突变体2热不稳定性肠毒素[32-33]等,期望增强该疫苗对幽门螺杆菌感染的保护作用。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512118
  • 接收时间:2025-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-08
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学) 药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆
    2内蒙古大学生命科学学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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