Article(id=1320442308361826749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766073600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-19, revisedDate=1773158400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747578944, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1777478400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747578944, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747578944, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747578944, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320442289126752969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='8', pageStart='971', pageEnd='1128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777478400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747574359, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749820502, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451710187844160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320442289126752969, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1014, endPage=1025, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320442309783695806, articleId=1320442308361826749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Induction of Th2/Th17 responses: immunoprotective mechanisms of a hepatitis B core antigen-based multi-epitope vaccine against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is a clinically prevalent opportunistic pathogen, with escalating antimicrobial resistance posing substantial challenges. Current vaccine strategies are constrained by the complexity of serotype diversity and the weak immunogenicity of candidate antigens, hindering effective protection. The construction of a multiepitope vaccine against K. pneumoniae, designated HBc-KpEpi, based on hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) virus-like particles, aims to overcome the weak immunogenicity of epitope peptides and to validate its ability to induce specific immune responses and protective efficacy.

Methods

After the multi-epitope vaccine HBc-KpEpi was expressed and purified, its purity and self-assembly status were characterized by SDS-PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. Its safety was evaluated using cytotoxicity assay, hemolysis assay, and detection of serum biochemical indicators. Female BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 18 to 20 g) were randomly divided into the following groups: PBS control group, KpEpi group, and HBc-KpEpi group(n=10). Each group received intranasal immunization with PBS, KpEpi, or HBc-KpEpi (30 μg/mouse) on days 0, 14, and 21, respectively. In 7 d after the final immunization, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose (6×106 CFU) or a sublethal dose (5×105 CFU) of the clinical strain YBQ via intratracheal instillation. Detection indicators included survival rate and changes in body weight, bacterial colonization in lung tissue, serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β), lung histopathological changes, titers of serum specific antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), and proportions of splenic CD4⁺ T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17). Meanwhile, the ability of the vaccine to induce the differentiation and maturation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was evaluated through in vitro experiments.

Results

The HBc-KpEpi protein was successfully prepared with high purity and self-assembled into regular particles. The survival rates in the HBc-KpEpi group were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (P<0.05). The bacterial colonization in lung tissue was significantly lower in the HBc-KpEpi group than that of the PBS and KpEpi groups (P<0.01). The HBc-KpEpi group exhibited significantly lower IL-6 level than the PBS group (P<0.000 1), with the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β showing downward trends. Lung histopathology showed that the alveolar structure remained relatively intact with markedly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the HBc-KpEpi group. After immunization, high titers of specific IgG antibodies were induced in the HBc-KpEpi group, with IgG1 as predominant subtype. Flow cytometry detection showed that the proportions of Th2 and Th17 cells in CD4⁺ T cells were significantly higher in the HBc-KpEpi group than in the KpEpi group (P<0.05) . In vitro experiments indicated that HBc-KpEpi significantly promoted the expression of MHC-Ⅱ, CD40, CD80, and CD86 on the surface of BMDCs (P<0.000 1)

Conclusion

The HBc-KpEpi vaccine significantly enhances the immunogenicity of epitope peptides, inducing cellular immune responses dominated by Th2 and Th17 as well as high titers of specific antibodies, and effectively reduce bacterial load, alleviate inflammatory damage, and improve the survival rate of mice.

, authors=Dengjia LIU1, 2, Zhifu CHEN2, Yue YUAN2, Yuanda TANG2, Xiaoyu LI2, Ying YU1, Jinyong ZHANG2, Quanming ZOU2, authorsList=Dengjia LIU, Zhifu CHEN, Yue YUAN, Yuanda TANG, Xiaoyu LI, Ying YU, Jinyong ZHANG, Quanming ZOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinyong ZHANG, Quanming ZOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320442311230730699, articleId=1320442308361826749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=诱导Th2/Th17应答:基于乙型肝炎核心蛋白构建的多表位疫苗抗肺炎克雷伯菌感染的免疫保护机制, columnId=1320442291907576524, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

肺炎克雷伯菌是临床常见的条件致病菌,其耐药性问题日益严峻。现有疫苗策略受限于血清型多样性复杂及候选抗原免疫原性弱等瓶颈,难以实现有效保护。构建基于乙型肝炎核心蛋白(hepatitis B core antigen, HBc)病毒样颗粒的肺炎克雷伯菌多表位疫苗HBc-KpEpi,旨在克服表位肽免疫原性弱的缺陷,并验证其诱导特异性免疫应答及保护效力。

方法

表达并纯化肺炎克雷伯菌多表位疫苗HBc-KpEpi后,分别利用SDS-PAGE、凝胶过滤色谱及透射电镜对其纯度与自组装状态进行表征;通过细胞毒性实验、溶血实验及血清生化指标检测评估其安全性。雌性BALB/c小鼠(6~8周龄,体质量18~20 g)按随机数字表法分为:PBS对照组、KpEpi组和HBc-KpEpi组(n=10),分别于第0、14、21天用PBS、KpEpi和HBc-KpEpi进行滴鼻免疫(抗原含量30 μg/只);末次免疫后7 d,以致死剂量(6×10⁶ CFU)或亚致死剂量(5×10⁵ CFU)YBQ菌株气管滴注攻毒,检测生存率与体质量变化、肺组织细菌定植量、血清炎症因子(IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β)水平、肺组织病理学改变、血清特异性抗体(IgG、IgG1、IgG2a)滴度、脾脏CD4⁺ T细胞亚群(Th1、Th2、Th17)比例。通过细胞实验评价疫苗诱导小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cell,BDMC)分化成熟的能力。

结果

成功制备出高纯度且能自组装成规则颗粒的HBc-KpEpi蛋白。HBc-KpEpi组小鼠生存率显著高于PBS组(P<0.05);肺组织细菌定植量显著低于PBS组与KpEpi组(P<0.01);IL-6水平显著低于PBS组(P<0.000 1),TNF-α与IL-1β水平亦呈下调趋势;肺泡结构相对完整,炎性细胞浸润明显减少;免疫后诱导出高滴度特异性IgG抗体,且以IgG1亚型为主;CD4⁺ T细胞中Th2与Th17细胞比例显著高于KpEpi组(P<0.05)。体外实验表明,HBc-KpEpi可显著促进BMDC表面MHC-II、CD40、CD80和CD86的表达(P<0.000 1)。

结论

HBc-KpEpi疫苗能显著增强表位肽的免疫原性,诱导以Th2和Th17为主的细胞免疫应答及高滴度特异性抗体,有效降低细菌负荷、缓解炎症损伤并提高小鼠生存率。

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章金勇,E-mail:
邹全明,E-mail:
ZHANG Jinyong, E-mail:
ZOU Quanming, E-mail:
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World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(9): 1349-1353., articleTitle=Efficacy of the vaccination in inflammatory bowel disease, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320442311453028812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442311461417421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, companyId=1320442311453028812, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442311469806030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, companyId=1320442311453028812, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆理工大学药学院,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320442311532720591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442311541109200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, companyId=1320442311532720591, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunobiological Products, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320442311545303505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, companyId=1320442311532720591, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320442315601195523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Schematic illustration of hepatitis B core (HBc) protein structure, multi-epitope vaccine design and epitope sequence alignment, figureFileSmall=4xCZ04aJ7K+/XIP0WdYi8g==, figureFileBig=uY7wGpi+fFMrZqKslDFOZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442315685081604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HBc蛋白结构、多表位疫苗设计示意图及表位序列比对

A: Structure of the HBc monomer and its assembled 60‑mer; B: Molecular design of the multiepitope vaccine antigen HBc‑KpEp; C: Sequence alignment of the epitope peptides across different Klebsiella pneumoniae(Kp) strains

, figureFileSmall=4xCZ04aJ7K+/XIP0WdYi8g==, figureFileBig=uY7wGpi+fFMrZqKslDFOZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442315886408197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=In vitro characterization and biosafety evaluation of HBc-KpEpi, figureFileSmall=vxaM6nvGtMn7rAqBl68R3A==, figureFileBig=Dcp8ZQkmZyY43zce7QEfXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442315953517062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HBc-KpEpi的体外表征与生物安全性评价

A: Double-restriction enzyme digestion verification of the recombinant plasmid pGEX-6p-1-HBc-KpEpi with BamHⅠ and XhoⅠ; B: SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified HBc-KpEpi protein; C: Size-exclusion chromatography analysis of the HBc-KpEpi protein; D: Transmission electron microscopic images of the HBc-KpEpi protein; E: Cell viability assay of BMDCs using CCK-8 assay; F: Hemolysis assay with varying concentrations of HBc-KpEpi; G: Serum biochemical parameter analysis from mice immunized with HBc-KpEpi, KpEpi or PBS

, figureFileSmall=vxaM6nvGtMn7rAqBl68R3A==, figureFileBig=Dcp8ZQkmZyY43zce7QEfXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442316045791751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Vaccination with HBc-KpEpi confers significant protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae lung infection in a murine model, figureFileSmall=b015NnItpdR8JjwZWMAJ0w==, figureFileBig=aRjM+MTlc8W+LB6ZwH2f6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442316112900616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=CN, label=图3, caption=HBc-KpEpi免疫在肺炎克雷伯菌肺部感染小鼠模型中发挥的作用

A and B: Monitor survival(A) and body weight(B) changes for 7 d a: P<0.001, in Comparison with HBc-KpEpi; C: Determine bacterial load in lung tissue 48 h after infection; D: Measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations by ELISA; E: Lung sections from immunized and challenged mice by HE staining for morphological assessment

, figureFileSmall=b015NnItpdR8JjwZWMAJ0w==, figureFileBig=aRjM+MTlc8W+LB6ZwH2f6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442316175815177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Humoral immune response induced by HBc-KpEpi immunization, figureFileSmall=22bu4SA+7TQQl7aNbpNGSQ==, figureFileBig=4ZTeK0O4uiPfg7OgH27BpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320442316230341130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320442308361826749, language=CN, label=图4, caption=HBc-KpEpi免疫诱导的体液免疫应答

A and B: Total anti-KpEpi IgG endpoint titers and the titers of specific antibody isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) by ELISA; C to E: Antibody titers against the specific epitope peptides FepA396–423 (C), OmpA148-165 (D), and OmpW144–163 (E) quantified in the serum samples from immunized mice

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诱导Th2/Th17应答:基于乙型肝炎核心蛋白构建的多表位疫苗抗肺炎克雷伯菌感染的免疫保护机制
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刘登佳 1, 2 , 陈致富 2 , 袁月 2 , 唐元达 2 , 李孝玉 2 , 余瑛 1 , 章金勇 2 , 邹全明 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·专题报道 2026,48(8): 1014-1025
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·专题报道 2026 , 48 (8) : 1014 -1025
诱导Th2/Th17应答:基于乙型肝炎核心蛋白构建的多表位疫苗抗肺炎克雷伯菌感染的免疫保护机制
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刘登佳1, 2, 陈致富2, 袁月2, 唐元达2, 李孝玉2, 余瑛1, 章金勇2 , 邹全明2
作者信息
  • 1重庆理工大学药学院,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆
通讯作者:
章金勇,E-mail:
邹全明,E-mail:
ZHANG Jinyong, E-mail:
ZOU Quanming, E-mail:
Induction of Th2/Th17 responses: immunoprotective mechanisms of a hepatitis B core antigen-based multi-epitope vaccine against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection
Dengjia LIU1, 2, Zhifu CHEN2, Yue YUAN2, Yuanda TANG2, Xiaoyu LI2, Ying YU1, Jinyong ZHANG2 , Quanming ZOU2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing
  • 2Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center of Immunobiological Products, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512111
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目的

肺炎克雷伯菌是临床常见的条件致病菌,其耐药性问题日益严峻。现有疫苗策略受限于血清型多样性复杂及候选抗原免疫原性弱等瓶颈,难以实现有效保护。构建基于乙型肝炎核心蛋白(hepatitis B core antigen, HBc)病毒样颗粒的肺炎克雷伯菌多表位疫苗HBc-KpEpi,旨在克服表位肽免疫原性弱的缺陷,并验证其诱导特异性免疫应答及保护效力。

方法

表达并纯化肺炎克雷伯菌多表位疫苗HBc-KpEpi后,分别利用SDS-PAGE、凝胶过滤色谱及透射电镜对其纯度与自组装状态进行表征;通过细胞毒性实验、溶血实验及血清生化指标检测评估其安全性。雌性BALB/c小鼠(6~8周龄,体质量18~20 g)按随机数字表法分为:PBS对照组、KpEpi组和HBc-KpEpi组(n=10),分别于第0、14、21天用PBS、KpEpi和HBc-KpEpi进行滴鼻免疫(抗原含量30 μg/只);末次免疫后7 d,以致死剂量(6×10⁶ CFU)或亚致死剂量(5×10⁵ CFU)YBQ菌株气管滴注攻毒,检测生存率与体质量变化、肺组织细菌定植量、血清炎症因子(IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β)水平、肺组织病理学改变、血清特异性抗体(IgG、IgG1、IgG2a)滴度、脾脏CD4⁺ T细胞亚群(Th1、Th2、Th17)比例。通过细胞实验评价疫苗诱导小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cell,BDMC)分化成熟的能力。

结果

成功制备出高纯度且能自组装成规则颗粒的HBc-KpEpi蛋白。HBc-KpEpi组小鼠生存率显著高于PBS组(P<0.05);肺组织细菌定植量显著低于PBS组与KpEpi组(P<0.01);IL-6水平显著低于PBS组(P<0.000 1),TNF-α与IL-1β水平亦呈下调趋势;肺泡结构相对完整,炎性细胞浸润明显减少;免疫后诱导出高滴度特异性IgG抗体,且以IgG1亚型为主;CD4⁺ T细胞中Th2与Th17细胞比例显著高于KpEpi组(P<0.05)。体外实验表明,HBc-KpEpi可显著促进BMDC表面MHC-II、CD40、CD80和CD86的表达(P<0.000 1)。

结论

HBc-KpEpi疫苗能显著增强表位肽的免疫原性,诱导以Th2和Th17为主的细胞免疫应答及高滴度特异性抗体,有效降低细菌负荷、缓解炎症损伤并提高小鼠生存率。

肺炎克雷伯菌  /  疫苗  /  免疫原性  /  保护效果
Objective

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is a clinically prevalent opportunistic pathogen, with escalating antimicrobial resistance posing substantial challenges. Current vaccine strategies are constrained by the complexity of serotype diversity and the weak immunogenicity of candidate antigens, hindering effective protection. The construction of a multiepitope vaccine against K. pneumoniae, designated HBc-KpEpi, based on hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) virus-like particles, aims to overcome the weak immunogenicity of epitope peptides and to validate its ability to induce specific immune responses and protective efficacy.

Methods

After the multi-epitope vaccine HBc-KpEpi was expressed and purified, its purity and self-assembly status were characterized by SDS-PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. Its safety was evaluated using cytotoxicity assay, hemolysis assay, and detection of serum biochemical indicators. Female BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 18 to 20 g) were randomly divided into the following groups: PBS control group, KpEpi group, and HBc-KpEpi group(n=10). Each group received intranasal immunization with PBS, KpEpi, or HBc-KpEpi (30 μg/mouse) on days 0, 14, and 21, respectively. In 7 d after the final immunization, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose (6×106 CFU) or a sublethal dose (5×105 CFU) of the clinical strain YBQ via intratracheal instillation. Detection indicators included survival rate and changes in body weight, bacterial colonization in lung tissue, serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β), lung histopathological changes, titers of serum specific antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), and proportions of splenic CD4⁺ T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17). Meanwhile, the ability of the vaccine to induce the differentiation and maturation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was evaluated through in vitro experiments.

Results

The HBc-KpEpi protein was successfully prepared with high purity and self-assembled into regular particles. The survival rates in the HBc-KpEpi group were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (P<0.05). The bacterial colonization in lung tissue was significantly lower in the HBc-KpEpi group than that of the PBS and KpEpi groups (P<0.01). The HBc-KpEpi group exhibited significantly lower IL-6 level than the PBS group (P<0.000 1), with the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β showing downward trends. Lung histopathology showed that the alveolar structure remained relatively intact with markedly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the HBc-KpEpi group. After immunization, high titers of specific IgG antibodies were induced in the HBc-KpEpi group, with IgG1 as predominant subtype. Flow cytometry detection showed that the proportions of Th2 and Th17 cells in CD4⁺ T cells were significantly higher in the HBc-KpEpi group than in the KpEpi group (P<0.05) . In vitro experiments indicated that HBc-KpEpi significantly promoted the expression of MHC-Ⅱ, CD40, CD80, and CD86 on the surface of BMDCs (P<0.000 1)

Conclusion

The HBc-KpEpi vaccine significantly enhances the immunogenicity of epitope peptides, inducing cellular immune responses dominated by Th2 and Th17 as well as high titers of specific antibodies, and effectively reduce bacterial load, alleviate inflammatory damage, and improve the survival rate of mice.

Klebsiella pneumoniae  /  vaccine  /  immunogenicity  /  protective efficacy
刘登佳, 陈致富, 袁月, 唐元达, 李孝玉, 余瑛, 章金勇, 邹全明. 诱导Th2/Th17应答:基于乙型肝炎核心蛋白构建的多表位疫苗抗肺炎克雷伯菌感染的免疫保护机制. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1014 -1025 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512111
Dengjia LIU, Zhifu CHEN, Yue YUAN, Yuanda TANG, Xiaoyu LI, Ying YU, Jinyong ZHANG, Quanming ZOU. Induction of Th2/Th17 responses: immunoprotective mechanisms of a hepatitis B core antigen-based multi-epitope vaccine against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (8) : 1014 -1025 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512111
肺炎克雷伯菌是一种革兰阴性条件致病菌,常定植于人体呼吸道和肠道黏膜,在免疫功能正常个体中多为无症状携带,但在免疫力低下或存在基础疾病的人群中可转化为致病状态,引起获得性肺炎、血流感染、尿路感染、腹腔感染及软组织感染等全身或局部感染性疾病 [1]。近年来,随着碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)、高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌(Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae,hvKP)甚至高毒高耐肺炎克雷伯菌(Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae,CR-hvKP)变异株的出现,临床抗感染治疗面临日益严峻的挑战 [2, 3]。鉴于目前临床可用抗菌药物选择极为有限,开发安全、有效的预防性疫苗已成为应对肺炎克雷伯菌感染的迫切需求,也是当前感染性疾病防控研究的热点方向之一 [4]。
自20世纪70年代以来,多种类型的肺炎克雷伯菌候选疫苗相继问世;尽管基于荚膜多糖、脂多糖和外膜蛋白的候选疫苗在动物模型中显示出良好的保护潜力,但目前尚无商业化疫苗获批上市 [5]。荚膜多糖疫苗面临血清型繁多(>100种)且交叉保护力弱的难题;研究表明,需包含24种血清型的荚膜多糖方能覆盖70%的临床菌株,这在一定程度上增加了疫苗研发的难度 [6]。脂多糖虽然仅有8种血清型,但存在残留毒力等潜在风险;目前已有一款脂多糖疫苗进入I期临床研究,但未见后续研究进展报道 [7]。相比之下,外膜蛋白在细菌生理及与宿主互作中扮演关键角色,且序列相对保守,有望克服血清型多样性带来的限制,被视为极具吸引力的疫苗抗原,已成为肺炎克雷伯菌疫苗研究的重要方向 [8]。然而,外膜蛋白通常具有典型的β-桶状结构,疏水性强,制备难度较大 [9]。
表位疫苗通过聚焦抗原的关键免疫优势区域,有望提供精准高效的免疫保护[10]。课题组前期从肺炎克雷伯菌5种外膜蛋白(OmpA、OmpK36、FepA、OmpK17、OmpW)中鉴定出22个胞外表位肽;这些位于细菌表面的环状结构被认为是与宿主互作的关键区域,可能含有免疫优势表位。利用感染恢复期小鼠血清进行筛选,鉴定出3个具有较强免疫反应性的B细胞表位肽:FepA396-423、OmpA148-165和OmpW144-163 [11]。然而,单独的表位肽分子量小、免疫原性弱,难以直接用于疫苗制备 [12]。病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particle, VLP)具有规则的重复结构,能够多价展示抗原,并可高效地被抗原提呈细胞识别和加工,从而激发强烈的体液和细胞免疫应答 [13]。本研究拟采用已被证实能有效展示外源表位并显著增强其免疫原性的乙型肝炎核心抗原(hepatitis B core antigen,HBc)作为VLP的骨架蛋白,将上述3个表位串联后展示于HBc表面,制备疫苗并对其免疫原性和保护效果进行评价[14]。
6~8周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。本研究涉及的动物实验经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20250119)。动物饲养在标准化的SPF实验室,实验中采用异氟烷麻醉小鼠后进行操作以减少动物疼痛,实验结束后通过CO₂吸入法实施安乐死。肺炎克雷伯菌临床菌株YBQ由陆军军医大学药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室于-80 ℃保存。该菌株分离自肺炎患者痰标本,已进行全基因组测序,基因分型证实其为K20荚膜血清型,携带高毒力质粒相关基因(包括rmpA、rmpA2及siderophore基因簇),属于典型的高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌 [15]。该菌对氨苄西林耐药,但对碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感。
胰蛋白胨(OXOID,LP0042B)、酵母提取物(OXOID,LP0021B)、琼脂粉(上海生工生物,A505255-0250);氨苄青霉素钠(BBI,A610028-0025);质粒提取试剂盒(Omega,D6943-02);限制性内切酶Xho I(TaKaRa,1094A)、BamH I(TaKaRa,1010A); IPTG(Sigma-Aldrich);GST亲和层析填料(Cytiva);PreScission Protease(Cytiva);SDS-PAGE凝胶试剂盒(达科为,8012011);胎牛血清白蛋白(Solarbio,A8020);RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco);胎牛血清(Gibco);重组小鼠GM-CSF、IL-4(PeproTech);CCK-8试剂盒(同仁化学研究所);红细胞裂解液(天根生化); IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α ELISA检测试剂盒(Thermo Fisher Scientific,88-7013A/88-7064/88-7324);HRP标记羊抗鼠IgG、IgG1、IgG2a(ADI,40126/40127;Proteintech,SA00012-1/2);流式抗体:CD3、CD4、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-17A、CD11c、MHC II、CD80、CD40、CD86(BioLegend);氢氧化铝佐剂(InvivoGen,vac-alu-250)。
平流式净化工作台(SW-CJ-2FD,苏州净化);恒温振荡摇床(ZHWY-2102,上海智城);恒温培养箱(Thermo Fisher Scientific);高速冷冻离心机(H12R,上海卢湘仪);超声细胞破碎仪(Vibra cell,Sonics);蛋白电泳仪(PowerPacTM Basic,Bio-Rad);化学发光成像系统(ChemiDoc XRS+,Bio-Rad);ÄKTA pure蛋白纯化系统(Cytiva);酶标仪(SPECTRA MAX 190,MD);洗板机(405LS,BioTek);流式细胞仪(FACS Canto II,BD);CO2细胞培养箱(香港力新);生物安全柜(香港力新);超微量核酸蛋白检测仪(ND-One,Thermo Fisher Scientific);恒温金属浴(CHB-100,杭州博日);pH计(Mettler Toledo);高压灭菌器(ZEALWAY);小动物麻醉机(瑞沃德);组织匀浆器(天根生化);细胞计数仪(德京科技);脱色摇床(TS-100,海门其林贝尔)。
取0.2 μL合成后的pGEX-6p-1-HBc-KpEpi质粒转化E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,过夜培养后挑取单克隆菌落至Amp(100 μg/mL)抗性液体LB培养基,培养至对数生长期后加入终浓度为0.2 mmol/L的IPTG诱导过夜。收集菌体后用PBS重悬,利用超声破碎仪破菌并离心收集上清。上清与GST填料常温结合4 h,用PBS清洗填料后用适量PreScission Protease 4 ℃酶切过夜。收集酶切液进行SDS-PAGE验证。同时将洗脱液用超滤管浓缩至2 mg/mL,通过HiLoad® 16/600 Superdex® 200 pg分子筛层析柱分析HBc-KpEpi聚体形成情况,通过冷冻电镜观察蛋白的粒径大小。
使用CO₂吸入法对BALB/c小鼠实施安乐死,随后将其浸泡于75%酒精中进行体表消毒;无菌条件下分离小鼠股骨,用无菌PBS溶液冲洗骨髓腔以收集骨髓细胞,将细胞悬液离心(500×g,5 min,4 ℃),并通过红细胞裂解液处理去除红细胞,获得纯化的骨髓细胞。将该骨髓细胞接种至含10%FBS、10 ng/mL IL-4及20 ng/mL GM-CSF的RPMI 1640培养基中,常规培养6 d,收集未成熟BMDC用于后续检测。
体外培养和扩增小鼠BMDC,并以每孔1×10⁴个细胞的密度接种于96孔板中。待细胞贴壁后,设置空白对照组(含培养基)、阳性对照组(10%DMSO)和实验组(含50 μg/mL HBc-KpEpi或KpEpi蛋白)。将细胞在37 ℃、5%CO₂下继续培养24 h。培养结束后,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液,避光孵育2~4 h。使用酶标仪测定各孔的吸光度[OD(450)]值。细胞存活率按以下公式计算:细胞存活率=[(OD实验组-OD空白组)/(OD对照组-OD空白组)] ×100%。实验独立重复3次。
使用EDTA抗凝管无菌采集小鼠血液,将红细胞沉淀用生理盐水洗涤3次后稀释,配制成2%的红细胞悬液。向悬液中分别加入不同浓度的HBc-KpEpi(15、30、75、150和300 μg/mL),于37 ℃孵育2 h。以纯化水和PBS分别作为阳性和阴性对照。孵育结束后,将样品在4 000 r/min下离心15 min,吸取100 μL上清液加入96孔细胞培养板中,使用酶标仪测定OD(450)值。
通过滴鼻滴注的方式用正常免疫剂量HBc-KpEpi蛋白免疫小鼠3次,在末次免疫后7 d眼球取血,在4 ℃下以8 000 r/min离心10 min,分离上层血清。将血清送至湖北百奥斯生物科技有限公司,测定谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、尿素(urea,UREA)的含量。
取肺炎克雷伯菌临床菌株YBQ,在LB培养基中培养至对数生长期,使用PBS调整菌液浓度至致死剂量(6×10⁶ CFU)或亚致死剂量(5×10⁵ CFU)。采用异氟烷麻醉小鼠后,经气管插管向小鼠肺部滴注20 μL菌液。
将30只Balb/c小鼠按随机数字表法分为3组(n=10),分别以总体积为30 μL的HBc-KpEpi或KpEpi于第0、14、21天进行滴鼻免疫,抗原含量为30 μg,阴性对照小鼠用等体积的PBS免疫。于第13、20、27天采集小鼠尾静脉血样,获得血清后检测特异性IgG抗体及其亚型。末次免疫后7 d采用致死剂量的肺炎克雷伯菌临床菌株YBQ(6×106 CFU)通过气管滴注的方式攻毒,持续7 天监测各组小鼠死亡数和体质量变化。同时,疫苗免疫后第7天采用亚致死剂量的YBQ菌株(5×105 CFU)感染小鼠,评估细菌定植、肺组织病理学和炎症因子水平。
亚致死感染48 h后,异氟烷麻醉后取各组小鼠肺组织。加入1 mL PBS匀浆后按不同梯度进行稀释,每个样品每个稀释度吸取5 μL,在13 cm×13 cm的固体LB培养基上流淌成线,37 °C倒置培养过夜。14~16 h后计数菌落。不同稀释度样品的菌落计数乘以稀释倍数后取平均值,作为各组小鼠的肺组织细菌定植量。
亚致死感染48 h后,取各组小鼠的肺组织,加入1 mL PBS匀浆后1 000×g离心后收集上清,在预冷无菌的PBS中按1∶10体积比进行梯度稀释,随后依据IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α检测试剂盒说明书测定样品中的炎症因子水平。
亚致死感染48 h后,取各组小鼠的肺组织置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中,于4 °C固定24 h,送至湖北百奥斯生物科技有限公司制作HE染色切片。于光学显微镜下观察切片病理变化,并采集200倍视野下的图片。
用包被液将KpEpi、FepA396-423、OmpA148-165和OmpW144-163稀释至5 μg/mL,以100 μL/孔加入96孔酶标板,4 °C包被过夜。次日进行ELISA操作,一抗为PBST倍比稀释的免疫小鼠血清,二抗为PBST以1∶250稀释的山羊抗小鼠IgG-HRP、IgG1-HRP及IgG2a-HRP。反应结束后于450 nm处检测吸光度[A(450)]值。以待测样本(S)与阴性对照(N)的比值S/N≥2.1作为阳性结果的判断标准。
末次免疫1周后无菌分离各组小鼠脾脏并制备单细胞悬液。将细胞分为实验孔和阳性对照孔,分别加入重组KpEpi蛋白(终浓度10 μg/mL)和PBS,于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中刺激6 h。使用APC-Cy7标记的大鼠抗小鼠CD3抗体和FITC标记的大鼠抗小鼠CD4抗体。经固定破膜后,应用PE标记的大鼠抗小鼠IFN-γ抗体、PerCP-Cy5.5标记的大鼠抗小鼠IL-4抗体以及BV421标记的大鼠抗小鼠IL-17A抗体。通过流式细胞术分析CD4⁺ T细胞中Th1 (IFN-γ⁺)、Th2 (IL-4⁺)和Th17 (IL-17A⁺)亚群的比例。使用BD FACS Canto II流式细胞仪进行检测,并采用FlowJo软件分析数据。
使用25 μg/mL的KpEpi或HBc-KpEpi处理未成熟的BMDC。用PBS洗涤后,对细胞进行表面染色与活力鉴定,所用抗体及染料如下:FITC标记的仓鼠抗小鼠CD11c、BV510标记的仓鼠抗小鼠MHC II、BV421标记的仓鼠抗小鼠CD80、APC标记的仓鼠抗小鼠CD40、PerCP-Cy5.5标记的仓鼠抗小鼠CD86,以及Fixable Viability Stain 700。染色完成后,使用BD FACS Canto II流式细胞仪进行检测,并采用FlowJo软件分析数据。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析,实验数据以x¯±s表示。两组间比较采用非配对t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,数据经检验满足方差齐性及正态分布假设,组间两两比较采用Tukey多重比较检验。生存率分析采用Log-rank (Mantel-Cox)检验进行多组比较。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
如图1所示,3个表位按照FepA396-423、OmpA148-165和OmpW144-163的顺序串联,并在两两之间加入柔性Linker,得到的多肽即为KpEpi,由金斯瑞生物科技股份有限公司合成。HBc单体依赖氨基酸间的疏水作用、氢键等分子力,在溶液中可自组装形成高度有序的60聚体。通过对HBc的结构进行分析,发现其91和92位氨基酸所在的Loop区暴露在结构外侧,可作为外源抗原的插入位点(图1A)。本研究中,以HBc为框架,在KpEpi两端加上柔性Linker(GTSGSGSGG、GSGSGSTG)后插入HBc的91和92位氨基酸之间,获得HBc-KpEpi,相应的氨基酸序列如图1B所示。将HBc-KpEpi的DNA编码序列按照大肠杆菌密码子偏嗜性优化后插入到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1的BamH1和Xho1酶切位点之间,构建重组质粒pGEX-6p-1-HBc-KpEpi,并由武汉金开瑞生物工程有限公司合成,合成后的质粒通过双酶切和测序进行鉴定。同时,从PubMed数据库中收集了不同荚膜多糖(K)和脂多糖(O)血清型的肺炎克雷伯菌的FepA、OmpA和OmpW蛋白序列,采用clusterW(https://www.genome.jp/tools-bin/clustalw)进行了序列比对。发现在3个表位肽所包含的序列中,只有FepA396-423有一个氨基酸的突变,其它2个表位肽完全保守(图1C),表明本文所选的3个表位肽序列具有高度的保守性,为疫苗交叉保护奠定了基础。
取合成的pGEX-6p-1-HBc-KpEpi质粒,采用BamH1和Xho1进行双酶切鉴定,质粒酶切后在5 000 bp和750 bp处出现2条条带(图2A),后者为目的蛋白的序列,与预期值744 bp接近。进一步的测序证实质粒中的编码序列与预期结果完全一致,证实重组质粒构建成功。对目的蛋白进行表达纯化后,SDS-PAGE结果显示HBc-KpEpi单一清晰条带,分子量约为29 kDa(图2B),与理论值相符。凝胶过滤色谱呈现单一且对称的洗脱峰,表明蛋白纯度高、均一性良好(图2C)。透射电子显微镜图像显示,蛋白颗粒形态规则、分散均匀,提示其结构完整性(图2D)。在安全性评价中,以BMDC为模型的CCK-8实验表明,10%DMSO阳性对照组细胞毒性明显,而HBc-KpEpi无细胞毒性(图2E)。溶血实验显示,各浓度HBc-KpEpi处理组的溶血率均维持在极低水平,与PBS对照组无显著差异(图2F),证明其血液相容性良好。此外,血清生化指标检测发现,各处理组间的UREA、ALT、AST及肌酐Cr水平均差异无统计学意义(图2G),表明该蛋白对肝肾功能未产生不良影响。以上结果表明HBc-KpEpi具备预期的结构和良好的生物安全性。
免疫小鼠攻毒后,生存率与体质量监测结果显示:PBS免疫组小鼠感染后4 d左右生存率趋近于0且体质量急剧下降,KpEpi组生存优势有限、体质量持续降低,而HBc-KpEpi组感染后8 d仍维持较高生存率,体质量初期波动后逐渐回升稳定(图3A、B),体现出显著生存保护作用。细菌载量检测表明,与PBS组相比,KpEpi组细菌定植量无显著差异,HBc-KpEpi组细菌定植量显著降低(P<0.01,图3C),可有效减少体内细菌负荷。血清细胞因子检测显示,与PBS和KpEpi组相比,HBc-KpEpi组IL-6水平显著下调(P<0.000 1),TNF-α和IL-1β水平也不同程度降低(图3D),能有效调控过度炎症反应、平衡免疫应答。肺部HE染色切片观察发现,HBc-KpEpi组肺组织形态更接近正常,肺泡结构相对完整、炎性细胞浸润显著减少,可减轻感染导致的组织病理损伤(图3E)。以上结果证实HBc-KpEpi通过提升小鼠生存能力、抑制细菌定植,调控炎症细胞因子平衡,改善组织病理损伤,展现出显著免疫保护效应。
末次免疫后KpEpi特异性抗体滴度监测显示,PBS和KpEpi组未检测到抗体,说明KpEpi免疫原性低下,而HBc-KpEpi组抗体滴度达到1∶16 000以上(图4A),展现出强效体液免疫应答能力,表明BBC与KpEpi结合后显著增强了后者的免疫原性。抗体亚型检测表明,HBc-KpEpi免疫后产生了高水平的IgG1抗体,IgG2抗体水平略低(图4B),提示其诱导以Th2为主导的体液免疫应答。表位特异性抗体滴度检测结果显示HBc-KpEpi免疫组均能诱导产生针对各个表位的高滴度特异性抗体(图4C~E),说明HBc-KpEpi中的3个表位肽均具有良好的免疫原性。以上结果证实,HBc-KpEpi免疫接种能有效诱导机体产生强效且兼具抗原表位特异性的全面体液免疫应答。
疫苗免疫后分离各组小鼠脾细胞,采用抗原刺激后流式检测各T细胞亚群细胞比例。结果显示:与PBS组和KpEpi组相比,虽然HBc-KpEpi组IFN-γ分泌细胞比例有上升趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(图5A),提示HBc-KpEpi对Th1型免疫的激活作用有限。与PBS和KpEpi组相比,HBc-KpEpi组IL-4分泌细胞比例显著上升(P<0.05),提示其可有效诱导CD4⁺T细胞向Th2型极化,与图5B中IgG1抗体占优结果相互印证。各组间IL-17A分泌细胞占比检测结果与IL-4分泌细胞一致,提示HBc-KpEpi能促进CD4⁺T细胞向Th17型极化,助力炎症调控与组织修复(图5C)。以上结果证实,HBc-KpEpi主要促进Th2、Th17型免疫应答,在疫苗发挥的免疫保护中发挥了重要作用。
树突状细胞经PBS、KpEpi或HBc-KpEpi分别处理10 h后,通过流式细胞术分析其表面分子表达水平。HBc-KpEpi组MHC II和CD40的表达水平均显著高于KpEpi和PBS组 (P<0.000 1,图6A、B),提示HBc-KpEpi增强了BMDC的抗原提呈能力。共刺激分子CD80和CD86在HBc-KpEpi组的表达率显著高于KpEpi和PBS组(P<0.000 1,图6C、D)。此外,HBc-KpEpi组中CD80、CD86双阳性BMDC的比例约为KpEpi和PBS组的2倍(P<0.0001,图6E)。这些结果表明HBc-KpEpi能有效的促进BMDC的分化和成熟,是诱导机体免疫应答的关键。
本研究通过分子设计、动物实验与免疫学评价,系统验证了基于HBc载体构建的多表位疫苗HBc-KpEpi在抗肺炎克雷伯菌感染中的免疫保护效果,并初步阐明了其潜在机制。结果表明,HBc-KpEpi不仅在结构上实现了抗原的高效展示与自组装,还在体内、外模型中表现出良好的生物安全性、显著的抗感染效力以及多层次的免疫调控功能。
HBc-KpEpi含有的3个表位肽来自3种不同的抗原。其中,FepA是负责血红素摄取的关键膜蛋白,针对其表位的抗体可阻断细菌铁源获取,限制其在宿主体内的生长 [16];OmpW参与维持外膜结构并可能介导环境适应,其特异性抗体有助于增强血清杀菌活性;OmpA则与宿主细胞黏附、免疫逃逸及上皮屏障穿透密切相关,阻断该蛋白可有效抑制细菌定植与侵袭 [17]。这些抗原在既往研究中已被证实为具有保护潜力的疫苗靶点。从抗原特异性来看,HBc-KpEpi不仅能诱导针对KpEpi整体蛋白的抗体,还能诱导针对单个表位肽的特异性抗体。因此,HBc-KpEpi所引发的抗体应答有望从多个致病环节协同阻断感染,凸显其高效抗感染潜力。
本研究充分利用了HBc可以自主装为60聚体的优势,在其表面展示抗原KpEpi,有效解决了KpEpi递呈效率低、免疫原性弱的关键问题。从结构上看,HBc形成的60聚体具备高度对称的空间结构,可显著增强抗原递呈细胞的识别效率,多价抗原展示模式还能强化B细胞受体的交联激活信号,高效激活体液免疫应答[18]。同时,在抗原插入位点的选择上,并未将抗原直接连接于HBc的N端或者C端,而是通过结构分析将其插入到HBc表面的Loop区,既保证了抗原充分暴露,又避免了对HBc结构和自组装活性的影响。此外,本研究采用的“多表位-VLP”策略不仅克服了多糖疫苗的血清型限制,还能增强对不同抗原(如黏附、铁摄取)的免疫应答,在免疫应答的广度与强度上均体现出显著优势。
肺部感染是临床上肺炎克雷伯菌最常见的感染类型 [19],本研究建立了肺炎克雷伯菌小鼠肺部感染模型,直接证实了HBc-KpEpi的体内保护作用。细菌感染后的炎症因子风暴是导致组织损伤和患者死亡的重要因素 [20],肺泡灌洗液炎症因子检测发现HBc-KpEpi免疫组促炎因子水平显著下调,证实其可通过调控免疫应答优化炎症反应强度。进一步分析发现,HBc‑KpEpi组细菌载量的显著降低与其诱导的高滴度特异性抗体呈现正相关性,提示以抗体为主导的体液免疫应答在早期细菌清除中发挥了核心作用。此外,虽然本研究采用的3个表位肽是通过感染小鼠血清筛选获得,理论上含有B细胞表位,但实验结果显示,HBc-KpEpi可显著增强Th2与Th17应答,提示表位肽中可能同时含有T细胞表位。IL-4作为Th2型免疫的关键因子,可促进B细胞分化为浆细胞并分泌IgG1抗体,为体液免疫应答提供重要支持 [21];IL-17A能招募中性粒细胞等吞噬细胞清除病原体,还可参与黏膜免疫屏障的修复与强化 [22],与HBc-KpEpi组小鼠肺部组织损伤改善的结果一致。
综上,本研究系统探究了HBc-KpEpi的生物学特性与免疫调控潜力,证实HBc-KpEpi在分子设计上具创新性、生物安全性上具可靠性、免疫调控上具多维度协同效应,为抗感染免疫制剂开发提供了新的候选分子与研究思路。面向临床转化,仍需关注以下方向:①为在人体中诱导更强且均衡的免疫应答,需系统评估抗原与不同佐剂配伍的效果 [23];②本研究采用滴鼻免疫以激发呼吸道黏膜免疫,未来需系统比较不同给药途径对全身性与黏膜免疫应答的影响[24];③针对免疫力低下等特殊人群,需探索增加免疫剂次或采用异源初免‑加强策略等方案[25],以增强疫苗保护效果。

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2026年第48卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512111
  • 接收时间:2025-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-11
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    1重庆理工大学药学院,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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