Article(id=1320435746524217743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=1768147200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746014480, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746014480, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746014480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746014480, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435745685360670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='251', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746014281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749703323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=272, endPage=282, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435746859762064, articleId=1320435746524217743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Spatial profiling of gastric cancer reveals distinct transcriptional meta-programs driving immunosuppressive microenvironment, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To systematically characterize tumor microenvironmental features and spatial cellular interactomes associated with distinct transcriptional meta-program (MP) in gastric cancer, and explore their clinical implications.

Methods

We integrated 2 gastric cancer single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets to identify malignant cell-derived transcriptional MP. The prognostic value was validated in 3 independent bulk transcriptomic cohorts: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), GSE15459, and GSE66229. Using scRNA-seq, we dissected MP-specific shifts in microenvironmental cell composition and inferred dominant ligand-receptor interactions. Spatial transcriptomics confirmed the co-localization of implicated cell subsets and signaling pairs. Survival analyses were used to access the associations between key cellular signatures/interaction signatures and patient outcomes.

Results

Four MP from MP1 to MP4 were identified in malignant cells. High expression of MP2 and MP4 significantly correlated with worse overall survival (P<0.05). In MP2-high tumors, SPP1⁺ macrophages were enriched and predicted to interact with T3 neutrophils via the SPP1-CD44 ligand-receptor pair, with spatial co-localization validated. Both SPP1⁺ macrophage signature (P=0.007) and SPP1-CD44 interaction signature (P=0.008) predicted adverse prognosis. In MP4-high tumors, myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast (myCAF) were expanded and showed interaction with exhausted CD8⁺ T cells through the COL6A family-ITGB1 signaling axis, which was also spatially validated. The myCAF signature (P=0.001) and COL6A family-ITGB1 interaction signature (P<0.001) correlated with poorer survival.

Conclusion

MP2 and MP4 delineate 2 distinct immunosuppressive spatial niches in gastric cancer: SPP1⁺ macrophage-T3 neutrophil and myCAF-exhausted CD8⁺ T cell. These niches likely drive tumor progression via SPP1-CD44 and COL6A family-ITGB1 axes, respectively, providing potential targets for precision immunotherapy.

, authors=Ziyi PENG1, Yongchao ZHANG1, Zhenkun LIU1, 2, Junyu XIANG1, Xianfeng LI1, Qiu QIU3, Bin WANG1, authorsList=Ziyi PENG, Yongchao ZHANG, Zhenkun LIU, Junyu XIANG, Xianfeng LI, Qiu QIU, Bin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiu QIU, Bin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435749846106526, articleId=1320435746524217743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=胃癌异质性转录元程序相关的微环境空间互作单元及临床意义分析, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

系统揭示胃癌不同转录元程序(meta-program, MP)的肿瘤微环境特征及其空间互作单元,探讨其潜在临床意义。

方法

整合分析2个胃癌单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing, scRNA-seq)数据集,鉴定恶性细胞转录MP。在胃癌转录组[癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA)]或芯片队列(GSE15459、GSE66229)中验证MP的预后价值。利用scRNA-seq解析在不同MP背景下微环境中特征性细胞亚群的组成差异,推断关键的配体-受体对话机制。结合空间转录组验证上述细胞亚群和配体-受体的共定位。在上述转录组/芯片队列中评估关键细胞特征基因集及互作分子的表达水平与患者总生存期的关系。

结果

在胃癌恶性细胞中,鉴定出4类转录元程序(MP1~MP4),其中MP2和MP4的高表达与患者不良预后显著相关(P<0.05)。在MP2高表达样本中,SPP1⁺巨噬细胞显著富集,且该细胞与T3中性粒细胞通过SPP1-CD44配体-受体对进行细胞互作,空间转录组进一步证实二者在组织中存在共定位。SPP1⁺巨噬细胞特征(P=0.007)及SPP1-CD44联合特征(P=0.008)均与患者不良预后显著相关。在MP4高表达样本中,肌成纤维细胞(myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast, myCAF)显著富集,其与耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞经由COL6A家族-ITGB1信号轴相互作用,空间转录组进一步证实二者在组织中存在共定位。myCAF特征(P=0.001)及COL6A家族-ITGB1联合特征(P<0.001)均与患者不良预后显著相关。

结论

在胃癌中MP2和MP4分别关联于SPP1⁺巨噬细胞-T3中性粒细胞和myCAF-耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞这两个免疫抑制性空间互作单元,二者可能分别通过SPP1-CD44和COL6A家族-ITGB1信号轴驱动胃癌进展,为精准免疫治疗提供了潜在靶点。

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王斌,E-mail:
邱秋,E-mail:
WANG Bin, E-mail:
QIU Qiu, E-mail:
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A:Workflow diagram of gastric cancer scRNA-seq data processing; B:Jaccard similarity heatmap of 35 robust NMF programs; C:Functional enrichment significance of all MP;D:Jaccard similarity heatmap between identified MP (rows) and published MP (columns)

, figureFileSmall=MDK9CQ7ed/jo06FyYbM6Zg==, figureFileBig=7DxOVlWNyxksF7gkwuC79A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435754929603032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Prognostic analysis of transcriptional MP2 and MP4 in gastric cancer cohorts, figureFileSmall=Cy2UxUFPO8QYc8/Q5oqk3g==, figureFileBig=JEBbyennmZtJazgV0yfBkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755059626457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=CN, label=图2, caption=转录MP2和MP4在多个胃癌队列中的预后分析

A: Heatmap of hazard ratios for overall survival and associated P-values in gastric cancer cohorts(TCGA, GSE66229 and GSE15459); B: Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival by MP2 and MP4 expression (High vs Low) in the GSE15459 cohort; C: Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival and disease-free survival by MP2 and MP4 expression (High vs Low) in TCGA cohort

, figureFileSmall=Cy2UxUFPO8QYc8/Q5oqk3g==, figureFileBig=JEBbyennmZtJazgV0yfBkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755135123930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Spatial co-enrichment of SPP1⁺ macrophages and T3-neutrophils in the MP2-dominant gastric cancer microenvironment, figureFileSmall=IzfedaiP93XNtn5iS1O30A==, figureFileBig=JIZh1yHFXgTkegMlHceF/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755202232795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SPP1⁺巨噬细胞与T3中性粒细胞在MP2主导的胃癌微环境中的空间共富集

A:Bar plot of TME cell subset proportions in MP2-High vs MP2-Low gastric cancer; B:Bar plot of myeloid subset proportions in MP2-High vs MP2-Low gastric cancer; C:Ligand-receptor interaction network centered on SPP1⁺ macrophages; D:Spatial transcriptomic analysis of gastric cancer features: HE staining, MP2 tumor score map, SPP1⁺ macrophage score map, T3-neutrophil score map; E:Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival by SPP1⁺ macrophage signature score in the GSE15459 and TCGA cohorts

, figureFileSmall=IzfedaiP93XNtn5iS1O30A==, figureFileBig=JIZh1yHFXgTkegMlHceF/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755273535964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Regulatory mechanism of SPP1⁺ macrophages on T3 neutrophils via the SPP1-CD44 axis in MP2-dominant gastric cancer microenvironment, figureFileSmall=t0XEER09aQHa4b9mSv0/DQ==, figureFileBig=+HQ8uzWzQRL64QdN7DVe9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755349033437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SPP1⁺巨噬细胞通过SPP1-CD44轴调控T3中性粒细胞在MP2主导胃癌微环境中的可能机制

A: Interaction modes from SPP1⁺ macrophages to T3 neutrophils; B: Secretory signals from SPP1⁺ macrophages to T3 neutrophils; C: Dot plot of key ligand-receptor pairs from SPP1⁺ macrophages to T3 neutrophils; D: Spatial co-expression of SPP1 (macrophages) and CD44 (T3 neutrophils) in spatial transcriptomics; E: Kaplan-Meier survival curves by SPP1-CD44 co-expression signature in GSE15459 and TCGA cohorts

, figureFileSmall=t0XEER09aQHa4b9mSv0/DQ==, figureFileBig=+HQ8uzWzQRL64QdN7DVe9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755411947998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Spatial co-enrichment of myCAF and exhausted CD8⁺ T cells in the MP4-dominant gastric cancer microenvironment, figureFileSmall=YBm5Id1wOeb5uQL/sGWvmg==, figureFileBig=KsOFTTnkgvtSGt/y07AodQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755474862559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=CN, label=图5, caption=myCAF与耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞在MP4主导的胃癌微环境中的空间共富集

A:Bar plot of TME cell subset proportions in MP4-High vs MP4-Low gastric cancer; B:Bar plot of CAF subset proportions in MP4-High vs MP4-Low gastric cancer; C:Cell-cell communication network of myCAF as signal senders; D:Spatial transcriptomic analysis of gastric cancer: HE staining, MP4 tumor score map, myCAF score map, exhausted CD8⁺ T cell score map; E:Kaplan-Meier survival curves of overall survival stratified by myCAF signature score in the GSE15459 and TCGA cohorts

, figureFileSmall=YBm5Id1wOeb5uQL/sGWvmg==, figureFileBig=KsOFTTnkgvtSGt/y07AodQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755533582816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Cell interaction mediated by the COL6A family-ITGB1 axis mediates crosstalk between myCAF and exhausted CD8+ T cells in the MP4-dominant gastric cancer microenvironment, figureFileSmall=ii53lrg/obdgVINT6Tk9yg==, figureFileBig=w9jVv7hJtfdAeNLhkWpC1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435755600691681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435746524217743, language=CN, label=图6, caption=在MP4主导的胃癌微环境中COL6A family-ITGB1轴介导的细胞互作

A: Interaction modes from myCAF to exhausted CD8⁺ T cells; B: Secretory molecules from myCAF to exhausted CD8⁺ T cells; C: Dot plot of key ligand-receptor pairs from myCAF to exhausted CD8⁺ T cells; D: Spatial co-expression of COL6A family(myCAF) and ITGB1 (exhausted CD8⁺ T Cells) in spatial transcriptomics; E: Kaplan-Meier survival curves by COL6A family-ITGB1 co-expression in the GSE15459 and TCGA-STAD cohorts. STAD: Stomach adenocarcinoma

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胃癌异质性转录元程序相关的微环境空间互作单元及临床意义分析
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彭紫依 1 , 张永超 1 , 刘振昆 1, 2 , 向俊宇 1 , 李先锋 1 , 邱秋 3 , 王斌 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(3): 272-282
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (3) : 272 -282
胃癌异质性转录元程序相关的微环境空间互作单元及临床意义分析
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彭紫依1, 张永超1, 刘振昆1, 2, 向俊宇1, 李先锋1, 邱秋3 , 王斌1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院细胞生物学教研室,重庆
  • 3重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆
通讯作者:
王斌,E-mail:
邱秋,E-mail:
WANG Bin, E-mail:
QIU Qiu, E-mail:
Spatial profiling of gastric cancer reveals distinct transcriptional meta-programs driving immunosuppressive microenvironment
Ziyi PENG1, Yongchao ZHANG1, Zhenkun LIU1, 2, Junyu XIANG1, Xianfeng LI1, Qiu QIU3 , Bin WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention and Treatment of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 2Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University(Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 3Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Hechuan People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512013
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目的

系统揭示胃癌不同转录元程序(meta-program, MP)的肿瘤微环境特征及其空间互作单元,探讨其潜在临床意义。

方法

整合分析2个胃癌单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing, scRNA-seq)数据集,鉴定恶性细胞转录MP。在胃癌转录组[癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA)]或芯片队列(GSE15459、GSE66229)中验证MP的预后价值。利用scRNA-seq解析在不同MP背景下微环境中特征性细胞亚群的组成差异,推断关键的配体-受体对话机制。结合空间转录组验证上述细胞亚群和配体-受体的共定位。在上述转录组/芯片队列中评估关键细胞特征基因集及互作分子的表达水平与患者总生存期的关系。

结果

在胃癌恶性细胞中,鉴定出4类转录元程序(MP1~MP4),其中MP2和MP4的高表达与患者不良预后显著相关(P<0.05)。在MP2高表达样本中,SPP1⁺巨噬细胞显著富集,且该细胞与T3中性粒细胞通过SPP1-CD44配体-受体对进行细胞互作,空间转录组进一步证实二者在组织中存在共定位。SPP1⁺巨噬细胞特征(P=0.007)及SPP1-CD44联合特征(P=0.008)均与患者不良预后显著相关。在MP4高表达样本中,肌成纤维细胞(myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast, myCAF)显著富集,其与耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞经由COL6A家族-ITGB1信号轴相互作用,空间转录组进一步证实二者在组织中存在共定位。myCAF特征(P=0.001)及COL6A家族-ITGB1联合特征(P<0.001)均与患者不良预后显著相关。

结论

在胃癌中MP2和MP4分别关联于SPP1⁺巨噬细胞-T3中性粒细胞和myCAF-耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞这两个免疫抑制性空间互作单元,二者可能分别通过SPP1-CD44和COL6A家族-ITGB1信号轴驱动胃癌进展,为精准免疫治疗提供了潜在靶点。

胃癌  /  肿瘤异质性  /  单细胞转录组学  /  肿瘤微环境  /  空间转录组学
Objective

To systematically characterize tumor microenvironmental features and spatial cellular interactomes associated with distinct transcriptional meta-program (MP) in gastric cancer, and explore their clinical implications.

Methods

We integrated 2 gastric cancer single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets to identify malignant cell-derived transcriptional MP. The prognostic value was validated in 3 independent bulk transcriptomic cohorts: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), GSE15459, and GSE66229. Using scRNA-seq, we dissected MP-specific shifts in microenvironmental cell composition and inferred dominant ligand-receptor interactions. Spatial transcriptomics confirmed the co-localization of implicated cell subsets and signaling pairs. Survival analyses were used to access the associations between key cellular signatures/interaction signatures and patient outcomes.

Results

Four MP from MP1 to MP4 were identified in malignant cells. High expression of MP2 and MP4 significantly correlated with worse overall survival (P<0.05). In MP2-high tumors, SPP1⁺ macrophages were enriched and predicted to interact with T3 neutrophils via the SPP1-CD44 ligand-receptor pair, with spatial co-localization validated. Both SPP1⁺ macrophage signature (P=0.007) and SPP1-CD44 interaction signature (P=0.008) predicted adverse prognosis. In MP4-high tumors, myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast (myCAF) were expanded and showed interaction with exhausted CD8⁺ T cells through the COL6A family-ITGB1 signaling axis, which was also spatially validated. The myCAF signature (P=0.001) and COL6A family-ITGB1 interaction signature (P<0.001) correlated with poorer survival.

Conclusion

MP2 and MP4 delineate 2 distinct immunosuppressive spatial niches in gastric cancer: SPP1⁺ macrophage-T3 neutrophil and myCAF-exhausted CD8⁺ T cell. These niches likely drive tumor progression via SPP1-CD44 and COL6A family-ITGB1 axes, respectively, providing potential targets for precision immunotherapy.

gastric cancer  /  tumor heterogeneity  /  single-cell transcriptomics  /  tumor microenvironment  /  spatial transcriptomics
彭紫依, 张永超, 刘振昆, 向俊宇, 李先锋, 邱秋, 王斌. 胃癌异质性转录元程序相关的微环境空间互作单元及临床意义分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (3) : 272 -282 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512013
Ziyi PENG, Yongchao ZHANG, Zhenkun LIU, Junyu XIANG, Xianfeng LI, Qiu QIU, Bin WANG. Spatial profiling of gastric cancer reveals distinct transcriptional meta-programs driving immunosuppressive microenvironment[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (3) : 272 -282 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512013
胃癌是世界上第五大常见癌症,同时也是导致癌症相关死亡的第三大原因,而我国胃癌新发病例接近全球半数[1],疾病负担尤为沉重[2]。肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)作为构筑恶性肿瘤发生、演变和转移的关键微生态[3-4],在胃癌中呈现出显著的免疫抑制特性[5-7],这一特性不仅助长肿瘤生长与转移[8],而且降低临床疗效,导致化疗与免疫治疗收效甚微[9-12]。免疫抑制性TME的形成涉及多细胞协同作用,例如T3亚型中性粒细胞可通过促血管生成作用增强肿瘤细胞在缺氧条件下的存活能力[13];CD49f⁺肿瘤起始细胞可通过CXCL2招募中性粒细胞,进而通过CCL4/STAT3/CD155信号轴诱导T细胞耗竭,共同维持免疫抑制状态[14]。然而,TME中各组关键细胞的空间分布特征及互作机理仍未完全阐明。
肿瘤细胞的转录异质性是驱动免疫逃逸和恶性进展的重要因素之一[15-17]。比如TCF4调控的间充质样细胞状态在免疫治疗抵抗的黑色素瘤中显著富集[18],提示特定转录状态与治疗失败密切相关。转录元程序(meta-program, MP)是一类跨组织样本的保守、功能协调的转录程序,能够系统揭示肿瘤细胞的转录状态,较全面反映肿瘤生物学特征,与临床表型密切相关,因此临床转化潜力较大[19-20]。已有研究报道,MP在多种癌症中与上皮-间质转化等恶性进展特征相关[21-22]。然而,这些研究大多聚焦于MP本身的分子特征或其对预后的影响,尚未系统解析不同转录MP相关的免疫微环境空间特征,尤其是在胃癌这一高度异质性肿瘤中,MP如何影响微环境细胞的空间分布、细胞间互作及免疫抑制性微环境的形成,目前仍属空白。
本研究以胃癌为研究模型,通过整合分析单细胞转录组与空间转录组数据,系统解析胃癌细胞MP。在此基础上,进一步探究不同转录MP所对应的肿瘤免疫微环境特征,特别是关键细胞亚群的空间互作关系及其潜在的细胞间通讯机制,以阐明其在胃癌进展与临床预后中的意义。
本研究共纳入了来自公共数据库的2个队列的35例胃癌样本,分别从基因表达综合(Gene Expression Omnibu,GEO)数据库下载GSE183904,从斯坦福大学医学院官网(https://dna-discovery.stanford.edu/research/datasets/)下载胃癌相应表达矩阵(GC_scRNA_filtered.zip)。对不同批次处理后的矩阵进行合并,后续分析均通过scanpy[23]完成。本研究过滤唯一分子标识符(unique molecular identifier, UMI)总数低于400、基因数少于200或线粒体RNA占比超过30%的细胞,同时去除在少于3个细胞中表达的基因。对过滤后的表达矩阵按每个细胞的UMI总数进行标准化,并进行Log2转换。
基于所有细胞标准化后的表达矩阵,选取高变基因进行主成分分析。使用前10个主成分,设置邻近细胞数为500,进行UMAP降维可视化与Leiden聚类。为进行精细谱系注释,本研究将所有细胞初步划分为包括免疫、基质和上皮在内的12个主要大类。在此基础上,进一步聚焦于上皮细胞亚群,单独提取后重新进行主成分分析、UMAP降维与Leiden细分聚类(使用前30个主成分,邻近细胞数设定为30~100)。对于表达已知不同细胞类型矛盾标记的亚群,视为潜在双细胞予以剔除。
为鉴定恶性上皮细胞,本研究将上皮细胞作为待分析数据集,其他细胞类型(如免疫细胞、基质细胞)作为参照数据集,采用InferCNV软件对每个单细胞进行拷贝数变异分析。进一步结合样本来源信息对分析结果进行交叉验证。为确保后续肿瘤细胞转录异质性分析的可靠性,本研究设定了严格的筛选标准:仅保留拷贝数信号明确且在多种方法中结果一致的细胞作为恶性细胞,对具有临界信号或结果不一致的细胞予以排除。
为捕捉肿瘤内异质性,本研究对35例胃癌样本(每例样本包含不少于100个肿瘤细胞)分别进行非负矩阵分解。MP相关的分解聚类方法均参考GAVISH等[20]的研究并进行适当调整,以平衡程序的稳健性与特异性。在分解前,已将中心化表达矩阵中的负值调整为零。使用cNMF工具包[24]对每例肿瘤样本独立进行因子数(K=4~9)的NMF分析,每例样本获得39个程序。每个程序根据其NMF系数选取前50个基因作为特征基因集,共得到1 365个初始程序。为识别在不同K值及不同肿瘤样本中稳定出现的NMF程序,本研究设立了3项筛选标准:①在同一肿瘤内,不同K值下的程序需至少有70%(35/50个基因)的基因重叠;②任一程序需与其他任意肿瘤中的某一程序存在至少20%(10/50个基因)的基因重叠;③在同一肿瘤内最终入选程序间的基因重叠度不得超过20%(10/50个基因)。本研究根据程序在不同肿瘤间的相似性进行排序,并按相似性从高到低的顺序进行筛选。一旦某一程序被选中,同一肿瘤内与其重叠度≥20%的其他程序即被排除,以避免冗余。通过这一流程,最终获得35个稳健的NMF程序,并基于Jaccard相似性采用非加权组平均法进行层次聚类,最终鉴定出4个细胞元程序(MP1~MP4)。
本研究下载了GAVISH等[20]和BARKLEY等[25]此前报道的泛癌MP特征基因集,分别计算其与本研究鉴定的4个胃癌MP之间的基因重叠度,并以热图形式可视化比较结果。
本研究主要采用了MsigDB数据库[26]中的基因集特征,包括以下集合:基因本体论(Gene Ontology, GO)、肿瘤标志性特征基因集(Hallmark)。经超几何检验校正后错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)<0.05的基因集被视为显著富集。
所有网络通过CellChat工具包[27]进行可视化。图中节点与边分别代表细胞亚型及其相互作用关系,节点大小反映该亚型与其他亚型的显著互作总数,边的粗细则表征相连亚型间的相对互作强度。
本研究共纳入了1个转录组测序数据、2个芯片测序数据。分别从癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)官网(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/)下载胃癌转录组测序数据以及临床信息;分别从GEO数据库下载GSE66229、GSE15459芯片测序数据以及临床信息。
空间转录组学的原始测序序列在质量检查后,用Seurat工具包[28]对数据处理后生成的基因-斑点矩阵进行分析,筛选出200个基因中检测到的最小基因计数,去除读取计数少于10个或表达少于3个斑点的基因。随后,使用LogVMR函数执行点间的归一化。为简化数据结构,采用主成分分析法进行降维和聚类,并在此基础上进行无监督聚类分析。此外,本研究利用AddModuleScore函数(使用默认参数),将源自scRNA-seq的基因集评分映射至空间转录组学数据中,并借助SpatialFeaturePlot函数生成空间特征表达图。
本研究采用BayesPrism工具包[29],以scRNA-seq数据作为先验信息,用于推断每个转录组样本中的细胞类型组成及基因表达水平,并剔除非恶性细胞的基因表达信号。在反卷积分析中,本研究使用蛋白质编码基因(不包括线粒体基因、核糖体基因及性染色体基因),基于标注有12种不同细胞群体的scRNA-seq数据,以默认参数执行BayesPrism分析流程。获得的恶性细胞基因表达矩阵通过DESeq2进行标准化,并作为后续分析的输入数据。
利用恶性细胞的基因表达数据,本研究根据每个样本中所有基因的表达水平对MP2和MP4相关基因集进行排序。基于MP2和MP4完整基因列表计算百分位数,并在计算MP2和MP4基因平均百分位数后,为每个样本分配MP2和MP4评分。
根据1.9所述方法计算每个胃癌样本的MP2与MP4评分。采用survminer软件包(https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survminer),依据各评分的最佳截断值,将样本分别划分为MP2与MP4的高表达组和低表达组。在此基础上,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,并比较不同亚组间总生存期的差异,将分析结果可视化。
本研究所有数据分析分别采用GraphPad Prism 10.2.1与R 4.4.1软件完成。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验,多组比较采用单因素方差分析;计数资料以百分比表示;组间生存差异通过Log-rank检验评估;对多重比较均进行Benjamini-Hochberg校正。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为鉴定胃癌恶性细胞MP,本研究收集、整合2个独立队列的胃癌scRNA-seq数据(图1A)。通过对鉴定出的恶性细胞转录谱进行系统分析,在多个胃癌样本中稳定识别出4个转录元程序(MP1~MP4),见图1B。功能富集分析揭示了各MP特异的生物学特征:MP1富集于细胞周期相关通路,MP2与细胞应激相关,MP3涉及免疫调节,MP4则与代谢重组有关(图1C)。为探究这些MP是否在泛癌层面具有共性,本研究将其与已报道的泛癌MP进行比较(图1D)。结果显示MP1与已知的细胞周期模块较为相似,提示其可能是跨癌种普适性的转录特征。然而,MP2、MP3和MP4与现有泛癌模块相似性较低,提示这些程序可能代表了胃癌中更具组织特异性或尚未被充分认识的转录特征。
为了探讨MP的意义,本研究分析MP与临床特征的关系。考虑到整合的scRNA-seq数据集的临床信息有限,研究转向分析多个转录组、芯片队列中的平均MP评分,并确定其与生存期的关联(图2A)。GSE15459数据集结果显示,MP2和MP4高表达的胃癌患者与预后不良显著相关(在中位生存时间上,MP2低表达 vs MP2高表达:42 vs 25个月,P=0.034;MP4低表达vs MP4高表达:45 vs 18个月, P=0.001,图2B)。同样,TCGA数据集分析结果也显示,MP2和MP4高表达与胃癌患者的预后不良相关(在中位生存时间上,MP2低表达 vs MP2高表达:43 vs 27个月, P=0.015;MP4低表达 vs MP4高表达:56 vs 24个月,P=0.048。在中位无病生存时间上,MP2低表达 vs MP2高表达:65 vs 27个月,P=0.009;MP4低表达vs MP4高表达:65 vs 35个月,P=0.026,图2C)。上述结果一致表明,MP2和MP4高表达与胃癌患者生存期缩短显著相关。
为解析MP2相关的TME空间特征,本研究整合分析了scRNA-seq数据。结果显示,MP2占比高的肿瘤中,髓系细胞显著扩增,而CD4+与CD8+ T细胞则明显减少(图3A)。进一步聚焦髓系细胞内部组成,发现SPP1+巨噬细胞在该条件下显著富集(图3B)。
细胞通讯分析提示,SPP1+巨噬细胞与T3亚型中性粒细胞之间的信号交流最为活跃(图3C)。为验证这一相互作用的空间分布特征,本研究采集了临床胃癌样本进行空间转录组测序。结果发现,在MP2占比高的肿瘤区域内,SPP1+巨噬细胞与T3亚型中性粒细胞之间在同一空间斑点内存在明显的共富集现象,表明二者可能形成密切对话的互作龛,共同促进肿瘤进展(图3D)。
为验证上述观点,临床随访数据分析提示SPP1+巨噬细胞特征基因集高表达的胃癌患者预后显著较差(图3E),提示该细胞亚群在以MP2为主的胃癌进展中可能发挥关键作用。因此在MP2高表达的胃癌中,SPP1+巨噬细胞大量富集,且其富集程度与患者不良预后相关。这些细胞通过与T3亚型中性粒细胞形成空间互作单元,可能协同促进胃癌进展。
本研究进一步解析SPP1+巨噬细胞和T3亚型中性粒细胞的空间互作机制。在3种细胞作用方式中,SPP1+巨噬细胞主要通过旁分泌途径影响T3亚型中性粒细胞;而在所有旁分泌通路中,SPP1信号通路居于首位(图4A、B)。进一步筛选发现,SPP1-CD44配体-受体对在该通路中作用最为显著(图4C),且空间转录学也证明了SPP1在SPP1+巨噬细胞、CD44在T3亚型中性粒细胞中的表达显著在同一空间斑点内共富集(图4D)。SPP1-CD44的联合高表达同样与胃癌患者不良预后密切相关(图4E)。上述结果提示在MP2高表达的胃癌中,SPP1+巨噬细胞可能通过SPP1-CD44旁分泌信号与T3亚型中性粒细胞互作,共同诱导免疫抑制性TME。
为展示MP4的TME空间特征,整合分析scRNA-seq数据,发现MP4高占比肿瘤中成纤维细胞显著增多,而CD8+ T细胞浸润显著降低(图5A)。解析成纤维细胞亚群发现,myCAF在MP4高肿瘤中特异性富集(图5B)。
通讯分析提示,myCAF与耗竭性CD8+ T细胞之间的通讯信号最为显著(图5C)。空间转录组数据提示在MP4占比高的肿瘤内,myCAF与耗竭性CD8+ T细胞之间的评分显示出一致的表达模式,表明这两种细胞类型可能存在显著的空间临近(图5D)。
胃癌患者临床数据分析提示,myCAF特征基因高表达与疾病进展显著相关(图5E),提示这群细胞可能在胃癌进展中可能发挥重要作用。因此,myCAF与CD8+ T细胞的空间互作单元是MP4高表达胃癌的独特微环境空间特征。
本研究进一步解析上述空间互作单元形成机制,配体-受体分析发现myCAF通过细胞外基质受体途径与耗竭性CD8+ T细胞相互作用,其中胶原信号通路起主导作用(图6A、B)。深入分析发现,COL6A家族成员(COL6A1、COL6A2和COL6A3)与受体ITGB1的相互作用最为突出(图6C)。空间转录学分析进一步证实,COL6A家族在myCAF中的表达与ITGB1在耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞中的表达呈现空间共富集(图6D)。
胃癌临床随访数据分析提示,COL6A家族以及ITGB1的联合高表达也与不良预后显著相关(图6E)。因此在MP4高表达的胃癌中,myCAF可能通过COL6A家族-ITGB1细胞外基质受体信号通路与耗竭性CD8+ T细胞相互作用,从而构建免疫抑制微环境。
肿瘤内转录异质性与免疫抑制性TME的形成中密切相关,但其与TME空间特征的关系尚缺乏系统研究[16,30-31]。胃癌作为异质性极高的肿瘤[32-33],基于大样本转录组测序或芯片数据已建立TCGA[34]、新加坡[35]和ACRG[36]等分子分型,但在单细胞分辨率下的转录异质性尚不清楚。本研究通过整合胃癌scRNA-seq数据,鉴定出4个保守的转录元程序(MP1~MP4),其中MP2与MP4高表达与胃癌患者不良临床预后显著相关。这一发现明确了MP2与MP4是驱动不良预后的关键分子特征,为后续研究聚焦于其独特的TME模式奠定了基础。
既往研究主要关注MP本身的分子特征或其与预后的关联,而对其塑造的TME空间组织模式关注不足。为此,本研究通过空间转录组数据,在空间维度上揭示了MP2与MP4分别对应、功能迥异的免疫抑制性空间互作单元,为理解转录异质性如何编码空间免疫抑制提供了新视角。
在MP2主导的胃癌中,SPP1⁺巨噬细胞作为关键效应细胞,与T3中性粒细胞形成显著的空间共定位单元。细胞通讯分析提示二者可能通过SPP1-CD44信号轴进行活跃对话。已有研究证实,T3中性粒细胞是TME中经表观遗传与转录重编程形成的终末分化亚群,具有明确的促肿瘤特征[13,37]。同时,SPP1+巨噬细胞是一类在多种肿瘤中均表现出强大的免疫抑制功能的促肿瘤亚群,其不仅能诱导T细胞进入耗竭状态[38],还可以通过诱导肿瘤相关成纤维细胞分泌CXCL12,形成免疫抑制性TME,进而削弱抗肿瘤免疫应答[39]。因此,SPP1+巨噬细胞被认为是克服肿瘤免疫治疗耐药性的潜在靶点[40-41],靶向SPP1-CD44轴可增强免疫检查点抑制剂疗效[42-43]。本研究进一步明确了该信号轴存在于一个具体的、由特定MP背景定义的空间生态位中。这为在MP2高表达的胃癌患者中精准实施SPP1-CD44轴靶向干预提供了空间理论依据。
在MP4富集的胃癌中,本研究发现myCAF与耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞在空间上显著邻近。已有研究证实,myCAF是促进肿瘤纤维化和免疫抑制的关键细胞亚群[44]。本研究进一步发现,该空间互作可能由COL6A家族-ITGB1信号轴介导。COL6A家族在多种肿瘤中高表达并与不良预后相关[45],本研究在胃癌中将其与特定的细胞空间互作单元关联,提示其不仅是基质成分,更可能作为细胞间通讯的关键介质,参与塑造导致CD8⁺ T细胞功能耗竭的局部微环境。
本研究的主要创新点在于,系统整合了胃癌的肿瘤内转录异质性、空间互作单元以及临床预后分析,揭示了转录元程序(MP2、MP4)驱动特定空间免疫抑制单元形成的潜在可能。这为超越传统的细胞丰度视角,从空间组织和细胞间对话层面理解肿瘤免疫逃逸机制提供了新思路。所鉴定的SPP1⁺巨噬细胞-T3中性粒细胞单元及myCAF-耗竭性CD8⁺ T细胞单元,为针对特定患者亚群的免疫治疗(如靶向SPP1-CD44轴或CAF相关通路)提供了潜在的生物标志物和组合策略。
本研究仍存在一定局限性:①结论推断有待实验验证,本研究结论主要基于生物信息学的计算推断,虽然空间转录组数据佐证了互作单元及潜在信号轴,但具体的分子机制和免疫逃逸功能有待进一步实验验证。②空间分辨率的局限,由于当前空间转录组技术为斑点分辨率,本研究观察到的空间共定位实质上是基因表达在同一斑点内的信号共富集,虽具有重要提示意义,但仍不能等同于单细胞水平的物理接触。未来需借助多重免疫荧光、单细胞空间转录组等高分辨率技术,在更精细尺度上解析这些互作单元的真实空间结构。
基于本研究发现,针对MP2或MP4高表达的胃癌患者,靶向其对应的空间互作单元(如SPP1⁺巨噬细胞或myCAF)或其关键信号通路,有望成为克服免疫治疗耐药的新策略。后续研究将致力于在功能上验证这些关键通路的机制,并探索其在逆转免疫抑制、增强治疗敏感性中的作用,从而为发展基于肿瘤内转录异质性的精准免疫治疗提供实验依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512013
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
  • 修回日期:2026-01-12
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院细胞生物学教研室,重庆
    3重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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