Article(id=1320435150299705605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=1765987200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792745872329, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745872329, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745872329, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745872329, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435149154669015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='250', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745872057, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749692151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=107, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435152463966472, articleId=1320435150299705605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=CD4⁺T cells promote Plasmodiumberghei blood-stage burden via IFN-γ secretion, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the role and mechanism of CD4⁺ T-cell-derived IFN-γ in host defense against blood-stage Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) infection.

Methods

A tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout strategy was performed to generate mice lacking IFN-γ specifically in CD4⁺T cells (Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2). Then after the mice were infected intravenously with luciferase-expressing P. berghei ANKA (P. berghei ANKA-luciferase) strain, parasite burden, survival, and intra-erythrocytic developmental rhythm were monitored dynamically. Flow cytometry and ELISA were carried out respectively to quantify the splenic myeloid subsets and the titers of P. berghei-specific IgG and IgG2c.

Results

CD4⁺T-cell-specific IFN-γ deficiency significantly reduced peripheral parasitemia on day 5 post-infection (P<0.05), showing no effect on survival or 24-hour intra-erythrocytic cycle of the parasite. Ifngfl/fl CD4-CreERT2 mice exhibited obviously decreased P. berghei-specific IgG2c (P<0.01) but increased total IgG (P<0.05). Frequencies and absolute numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages remained unchanged.

Conclusion

During the process of P. berghei infection, IFN-γ secreted by CD4⁺T cells may decrease total serum IgG level by promoting class switching to IgG2c, and then enhance parasite burden after blood-stage P. berghei infection.

, authors=Hangyu LI1, Yuanli GAO1, Yongling FAN1, Wenyue XU1, Taiping LIU1, authorsList=Hangyu LI, Yuanli GAO, Yongling FAN, Wenyue XU, Taiping LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Taiping LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435153546096913, articleId=1320435150299705605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=CD4+T细胞通过分泌IFN-γ促进伯氏疟原虫红内期感染虫荷的机制研究, columnId=1320435152170369724, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨CD4⁺T细胞来源的IFN-γ在宿主抗伯氏疟原虫(Plasmodium berghei,P. berghei)红内期感染中的作用及机制。

方法

采用他莫昔芬诱导性条件敲除策略,构建仅在CD4⁺T细胞中缺失IFN-γ基因的小鼠模型(Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2)。而后经尾静脉感染表达萤光素酶的伯氏疟原虫ANKA株(P.berghei ANKA-luciferase),动态检测感染小鼠体内虫荷、存活率及疟原虫发育节律;流式细胞术检测脾脏髓系细胞亚群频率和数量;ELISA检测疟原虫特异性IgG和IgG2c抗体水平。

结果

CD4⁺T细胞特异性缺失IFN-γ会显著降低小鼠感染第5天原虫血症(P<0.05),但不影响生存率,也不干扰伯氏疟原虫24 h的红内期发育周期。Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2感染小鼠血清疟原虫特异性抗体亚型IgG2c滴度减少(P<0.01)、但总IgG滴度显著升高(P<0.05)。中性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞的频率和数量无统计学差异。

结论

伯氏疟原虫红内期感染进程中,CD4⁺T细胞分泌的IFN-γ可能通过促进疟原虫特异性IgG抗体向IgG2c类别转换,降低血清IgG水平,进而增强伯氏疟原虫红内期感染小鼠体内虫荷。

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刘太平,E-mail:
LIU Taiping, E-mail:
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J Immunol, 2012, 189(2): 968-979., articleTitle=IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells promote experimental cerebral malaria by modulating CD8+ T cell accumulation within the brain, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435153810338066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435150299705605, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435153818726675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435150299705605, companyId=1320435153810338066, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435153831309588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435150299705605, companyId=1320435153810338066, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)病原生物学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435157497131319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435150299705605, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Establishment of an infection model of tamoxifen-inducible CD4⁺T-cell-specific IFN-γ-deficient mice challenged with P. berghei ANKA-luciferase and its phenotypic analysis, figureFileSmall=6Lw4YxsBtxPpfDEm64V0LA==, figureFileBig=yJzQYMMTcExuMoLtNVD2xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435157581017400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435150299705605, language=CN, label=图1, caption=诱导型CD4+T细胞特异性缺失IFN-γ小鼠感染P. b ANKA-luciferase模型构建及现象观察

A: PCR identification of Ifngfl/fl and CD4-CreERT2 alleles; B: Schematic diagram of tamoxifen administration and P. berghei ANKA-luciferase infection protocol; C: Representative flow-cytometry gating for IFN-γ production by Plasmodium-specific CD4⁺T cells on day 7 post-infection; D: Frequency of Plasmodium-specific IFN-γ⁺ CD4⁺T cells on days 0 and 7 post-infection; E: Peripheral parasitemia in Ifngfl/fl CD4-CreERT2vsIfngfl/fl mice on day 5 post-infection (n=5); F: Survival curves of infected Ifngfl/fl CD4-CreERT2 and Ifngfl/fl mice; G: Representative in vivo bioluminescence images; H: Quantification of total flux in Ifngfl/fl CD4-CreERT2vsIfngfl/fl mice (n=5)

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A: Representative flow-cytometry gating for splenic neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages; B: Frequency of splenic neutrophils; C: Absolute number of splenic neutrophils; D: Frequency of splenic monocytes; E: Absolute number of splenic monocytes; F: Frequency of splenic macrophages; G: Absolute number of splenic macrophages

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A, B: ELISA quantification of Plasmodium-specific IgG2c antibodies on days 0(A) and 5(B) post-infection; C, D: ELISA quantification of Plasmodium-specific total IgG antibodies on days 0(C) and 5(D) post-infection

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CD4+T细胞通过分泌IFN-γ促进伯氏疟原虫红内期感染虫荷的机制研究
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李航宇 1 , 高源利 1 , 范永铃 1 , 徐文岳 1 , 刘太平 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·军事医学 2026,48(2): 107-115
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·军事医学 2026 , 48 (2) : 107 -115
CD4+T细胞通过分泌IFN-γ促进伯氏疟原虫红内期感染虫荷的机制研究
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李航宇1, 高源利1, 范永铃1, 徐文岳1, 刘太平1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)病原生物学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
刘太平,E-mail:
LIU Taiping, E-mail:
CD4⁺T cells promote Plasmodiumberghei blood-stage burden via IFN-γ secretion
Hangyu LI1, Yuanli GAO1, Yongling FAN1, Wenyue XU1, Taiping LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512008
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目的

探讨CD4⁺T细胞来源的IFN-γ在宿主抗伯氏疟原虫(Plasmodium berghei,P. berghei)红内期感染中的作用及机制。

方法

采用他莫昔芬诱导性条件敲除策略,构建仅在CD4⁺T细胞中缺失IFN-γ基因的小鼠模型(Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2)。而后经尾静脉感染表达萤光素酶的伯氏疟原虫ANKA株(P.berghei ANKA-luciferase),动态检测感染小鼠体内虫荷、存活率及疟原虫发育节律;流式细胞术检测脾脏髓系细胞亚群频率和数量;ELISA检测疟原虫特异性IgG和IgG2c抗体水平。

结果

CD4⁺T细胞特异性缺失IFN-γ会显著降低小鼠感染第5天原虫血症(P<0.05),但不影响生存率,也不干扰伯氏疟原虫24 h的红内期发育周期。Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2感染小鼠血清疟原虫特异性抗体亚型IgG2c滴度减少(P<0.01)、但总IgG滴度显著升高(P<0.05)。中性粒细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞的频率和数量无统计学差异。

结论

伯氏疟原虫红内期感染进程中,CD4⁺T细胞分泌的IFN-γ可能通过促进疟原虫特异性IgG抗体向IgG2c类别转换,降低血清IgG水平,进而增强伯氏疟原虫红内期感染小鼠体内虫荷。

CD4+ T细胞  /  干扰素-γ  /  伯氏疟原虫  /  体液免疫
Objective

To investigate the role and mechanism of CD4⁺ T-cell-derived IFN-γ in host defense against blood-stage Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) infection.

Methods

A tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout strategy was performed to generate mice lacking IFN-γ specifically in CD4⁺T cells (Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2). Then after the mice were infected intravenously with luciferase-expressing P. berghei ANKA (P. berghei ANKA-luciferase) strain, parasite burden, survival, and intra-erythrocytic developmental rhythm were monitored dynamically. Flow cytometry and ELISA were carried out respectively to quantify the splenic myeloid subsets and the titers of P. berghei-specific IgG and IgG2c.

Results

CD4⁺T-cell-specific IFN-γ deficiency significantly reduced peripheral parasitemia on day 5 post-infection (P<0.05), showing no effect on survival or 24-hour intra-erythrocytic cycle of the parasite. Ifngfl/fl CD4-CreERT2 mice exhibited obviously decreased P. berghei-specific IgG2c (P<0.01) but increased total IgG (P<0.05). Frequencies and absolute numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages remained unchanged.

Conclusion

During the process of P. berghei infection, IFN-γ secreted by CD4⁺T cells may decrease total serum IgG level by promoting class switching to IgG2c, and then enhance parasite burden after blood-stage P. berghei infection.

CD4⁺T cells  /  IFN-γ  /  Plasmodium berghei  /  humoral immunity
李航宇, 高源利, 范永铃, 徐文岳, 刘太平. CD4+T细胞通过分泌IFN-γ促进伯氏疟原虫红内期感染虫荷的机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (2) : 107 -115 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512008
Hangyu LI, Yuanli GAO, Yongling FAN, Wenyue XU, Taiping LIU. CD4⁺T cells promote Plasmodiumberghei blood-stage burden via IFN-γ secretion[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (2) : 107 -115 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512008
疟疾是世界上优先防治的三大传染病之一。2023年全球约有2.63亿疟疾病例,其中死亡病例59.7万例,虽然疟疾防控取得了显著成效[1],但要实现WHO提出的2030年疟疾防控目标仍任重道远。疟原虫生活史包含蚊期、红外期、红内期,其中红内期是导致疟疾患者产生临床症状甚至死亡的时期。因此,深入探讨宿主抗红内期疟原虫免疫保护的效应机制,对于控制疟疾患者症状、降低死亡率具有十分重要的意义[2-4]。
已知CD4+T细胞是宿主抗红内期疟原虫免疫保护的关键免疫细胞。CD4+T细胞可通过分化为滤泡辅助T细胞(follicular helper T cells,Tfh)与辅助T细胞1(CD4+T helper 1 cells,Th1)分别发挥体液免疫与细胞免疫作用[5-6]。其中,Tfh细胞通过促进生发中心(germinal center,GC)B细胞(GC B)产生疟原虫特异性抗体参与体液免疫效应[7]。Th1分泌的IFN-γ被认为对清除红内期疟原虫至关重要。现有研究表明,Th1细胞分泌的IFN-γ主要通过促进巨噬细胞对感染疟原虫红细胞的吞噬杀伤,从而发挥免疫保护作用[8]。例如,将IFN-γ+ CD4+Th1细胞过继至CD4+T细胞缺失小鼠,可促进宿主对红内期疟原虫的清除[9];除此之外,采用Ifng⁻/⁻小鼠[10-11]、受体缺陷Ifngr⁻/⁻小鼠[12-13]或通过抗体中和IFN-γ小鼠感染模型[14]均表现出宿主体内原虫血症显著升高。在人疟研究中也发现,CD4+T细胞IFN-γ分泌能力与宿主抗疟原虫免疫保护密切相关[15-16]。然而在红内期疟原虫感染进程中,IFN-γ除了来源于CD4+T细胞分泌外,NK细胞、γδT细胞和CD8+T细胞也是IFN-γ的重要来源。因此,采用Ifng⁻/⁻小鼠、受体缺陷Ifngr⁻/⁻小鼠或通过抗体中和IFN-γ小鼠感染模型,仍不能明确证实CD4+T细胞来源的IFN-γ在宿主抗红内期免疫保护中的作用。最近有研究采用CD4+T细胞诱导型IFN-γ条件缺失小鼠,特异性观察CD4+T细胞分泌IFN-γ在宿主抗疟原虫免疫保护中的作用。结果发现,CD4+T细胞来源的IFN-γ在抗夏氏疟原虫慢性期而非急性期发挥作用。鉴于大量研究提示CD4+T细胞分泌IFN-γ是宿主抗红内期疟原虫急性感染的关键效应分子,因此本研究拟采用伯氏疟原虫急性感染模型,进一步研究CD4+T细胞来源的IFN-γ在宿主抗疟原虫急性感染中的作用,旨在为疟疾红内期治疗性疫苗的研发提供重要的理论依据。
课题组构建了转基因Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2小鼠,其CD4启动子驱动Tamoxifen诱导型CreERT2蛋白与Ifngfl/fl位点配对,从而实现仅在成熟CD4+T细胞中对Ifng基因进行诱导性切除。P. berghei可以黏附脑血管内皮细胞,导致小鼠出现类似于人恶性疟原虫脑型疟的症状。因此,为了全面观察P.berghei红内期疟原虫感染后小鼠体内虫荷,本研究除了采用常规的血涂片查原虫血症外,还进一步采用表达萤光素酶的P. berghei ANKA株(P. berghei ANKA-luciferase),从而更加准确地检测感染小鼠体内虫荷的变化。SPF级Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2小鼠与Ifngfl/fl小鼠定制于赛业(苏州)生物科技有限公司,并在本实验室繁育成功,得到30只雌性6~8周龄小鼠。本课题实验动物生产许可证号为SCXK(渝)2022-0011,使用许可证号为SYXK(渝)2022-0018。P.b ANKA-luciferase虫株由陆军军医大学基础医学院病原生物学教研室长期常规传代保种提供。本研究获得陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(AMUWEC20250070)。
抗体anti-mouse CD16/CD32(101320)、FITC anti-mouse CD11a(101106)、PE/cyanine7 anti-mouse CD4(100422)、Percp-Cy5.5 anti-mouse CD49d(103619)、APC anti-mouse CD11b(101211)、PE anti-mouse F4/80(1950719)、FITC anti-mouse Ly-6C(128006)、PE anti-mouse IFN-γ(505807)均购自Biolegend公司;抗体PE-Cy7 anti-mouse Ly-6G(25-9668-82)、LIVE/DEADTM Fixable Near IR(780)Viability kit for 633nm excitation(L34992)和FOXP3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set均购自Invitrogen公司;Leukocyte Activation Cocktail (550583)购自BD公司;Tamoxifen购自Sigma-Aldrich公司;ELISA辅助试剂盒(1030011)购自达科为生物工程有限公司;HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG(2B-2305)购自中杉金桥公司;HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG2c(1079-05)购自Southern Biotech公司。全部引物均由百力格生物科技(上海)股份有限公司合成。
Ifngfl/fl及CD4-creERT2基因引物序列由赛业(苏州)生物科技有限公司提供。鉴定Ifngfl/fl基因的引物是FW:5′-GGTCCAAGGTACAAA-GATGCTGAT-3′,RV:5′-AGAAACATTAAGAACTTTG-CCTCCC-3′;鉴定CD4-creERT2基因的引物是FW:5′-AAGGAGTCGAGGTCGAGCATGG-3′,RV:5′-AATCG-CGAACATCTTCAGGTTCTG-3′。
鼠尾DNA经碱裂法提取后,置于4 ℃备用。引物冻干粉于使用前短暂离心,按说明书加入指定体积无菌ddH₂O溶解并分装,-20 ℃避光保存。PCR体系(20 µL):Green Taq Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物各0.8 µL(终浓度0.4 µmol/L),模板DNA 1 µL,无菌ddH₂O补足至20 µL。随后设置PCR仪扩增条件,预变性:95 ℃ 3min。变性:95 ℃ 15s;退火:60 ℃ 15 s;延伸:72 ℃ 1min;共35个循环。终延伸:72 ℃ 5 min。保存:4 ℃。PCR程序结束后,按照10 μL/样,加入2%琼脂糖凝胶的槽中,根据目的基因片段大小选择参照(DL2000×DNA Marker)。根据不同样本调整电泳运行程序时间,30~50 min,结束电泳。将琼脂糖凝胶放入凝胶成像仪中成像。
每次实验取5只6~8周龄、20 g体质量Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2雌鼠与5只6~8周龄、20 g体质量Ifngfl/fl雌鼠。在感染前7 d,每隔24 h每只小鼠腹腔注射50 mg/kg Tamoxifen,Tamoxifen可通过ERT2受体激活Cre酶,并在flanked by loxP(flox)标记的引导下特异性切除Ifng。将P. b ANKA-luciferase冻存血于37 ℃快速融化并复苏后,通过小鼠尾静脉注射1×105个pRBCs方式感染红内期疟原虫;感染后第2天起,每隔1天薄血涂片Giemsa染色法观察原虫血症。
分离感染小鼠脾脏并制备成淋巴细胞悬液,按照每2×106个细胞/孔铺至24孔板中,加入2 μL Leukocyte Activation Cocktail刺激4 h;收集细胞于流式洗液中,使用anti-mouse CD16/CD32封闭10 min;流式洗液洗涤后染色表面标志物Live/Dead、CD4、CD11a、CD49d,4 ℃避光孵育30 min;洗涤后采用FOXP3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set于室温避光破膜30 min;洗涤后染色胞内标志物IFN-γ;4 ℃避光孵育30 min;洗涤细胞后通过BD FACS CantoⅡ流式细胞仪上机检测,用Live/Dead-表示活细胞,CD11a+ CD49d+ CD4+ 表示疟原虫特异性CD4+T细胞。
分离感染小鼠脾脏并制备成淋巴细胞悬液,按照每3×106个细胞收集于流式洗液中,使用anti-mouse CD16/CD32封闭10 min;流式洗液洗涤后染色表面标志物Live/Dead、CD11b、F4/80、Ly6c、Ly6G,4 ℃避光孵育30 min;洗涤细胞后加300 μL流式洗液,随后转移至流式管中再使用BD FACS Canto Ⅱ流式细胞仪上机检测,用Live/Dead-表示活细胞,CD11b+ Ly6G+ 定义为中性粒细胞,Ly6G-Ly6c+ CD11b+ 定义为单核细胞,Ly6G- CD11blo F4/80+ 定义为巨噬细胞。
当感染P.b.ANKA-luciferase的小鼠原虫率达到40%左右(以裂殖体为主)时,经眼球采血,肝素抗凝(200 µL/只)。450×g离心10 min,弃上清;沉淀加入2倍于其体积的无菌PBS重悬,洗涤2次。随后按0.2 mL压积红细胞加2 mL配好的皂素溶液重悬,37 ℃孵育20 min,每5 min轻柔颠倒混匀1次;450×g离心10 min,弃上清。重复皂素裂解直至红细胞完全溶解(肉眼观察无红色碎片)。裂解完成后,450×g离心10 min,弃上清;沉淀用2倍于其体积的PBS重悬,洗涤2次。最终沉淀以1.5 mL PBS重悬,300 W超声10 s、间歇10 s,循环20次,共进行2轮。最后5 750×g离心10 min,收集上清,BCA法测定蛋白浓度。
将10 µg/mL (50 µL/孔,0.5 µg)裂解抗原用coating buffer包被于96孔板,保鲜膜密封后室温放置18 h;弃去包被液,在滤纸上拍干多余液体后,每孔200 µL 1×washing buffer洗板5次,随后每孔加入200 µL封闭液,用保鲜膜封闭,37 ℃孵育1 h。洗板后,每孔加入100 µL倍比稀释的样本(第0、5天血清在1.5 mL EP管中用PBS按照1∶10进行稀释),用保鲜膜密封,放入37 ℃孵育2 h;洗板5次,再加入100 µL 1∶10 000 PBS稀释的HRP-山羊抗小鼠IgG或IgG2c,用保鲜膜密封,37 ℃孵育1 h。洗板7次;每孔加入100 µL TMB显色15~30 min,显色即可证明血清中有待测抗体存在。最后每孔加入50 µL终止液停止反应,用酶标仪在450 nm处测光密度。
采用Flow Jo软件分析流式细胞术数据,采用GraphPad Pism 9.5.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,采用t检验。计数资料用例(%)表示,采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
已知Ifngfl/fl基因大小约为263 bp,CD4-CreERT2基因大小约为270 bp。PCR扩增结果显示,本研究成功构建Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2小鼠(图1A)。采用Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2小鼠感染P.b ANKA-luciferase红内期疟原虫(图1B),结果发现,Tamoxifen可以显著降低Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2感染小鼠疟原虫特异性CD4+T细胞(CD11a+CD49d+CD4+)IFN-γ的表达(P<0.01,图1C、D)。在此基础上,疟原虫特异性CD4+T细胞缺失IFN-γ可以显著降低感染小鼠体内原虫血症及体内虫荷(P<0.05,图1E、G、H),部分小鼠存活时间得到一定程度的延长(图1F)。
为了探究IFN-γ是否通过影响疟原虫的发育节律从而导致原虫血症出现差异,在感染第5天,即原虫血症差异最大的1 d,每间隔8 h进行血涂片。通过统计无性期疟原虫各阶段(环状体、滋养体、裂殖体)占比的动态变化,进而反映其发育节律是否正常。结果显示,Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2感染小鼠与Ifngfl/fl感染小鼠体内疟原虫红内期无性期的发育周期均为24 h;尽管同一时间点2组小鼠体内疟原虫各阶段占比并未同步,但每组小鼠24 h后各阶段均能与自身24 h前保持同样占比(图2),表明CD4+T细胞缺失IFN-γ并不影响红内期疟原虫发育。
本研究检测Ifngfl/fl小鼠、Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2小鼠感染第0天和第5天脾脏髓系细胞(巨噬细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞)频率和数量。结果显示,2组小鼠脾脏中性粒细胞(CD11b+Ly6G+)(图3A~C)、单核细胞(Ly6G- CD11b+ Ly6c+)(图3A、D、E)、巨噬细胞(Ly6G- CD11blo F4/80+)(图3A、F、G)在频率和数量上均无统计学差异。
Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2感染小鼠血清疟原虫特异性抗体亚型IgG2c滴度显著低于Ifngfl/fl感染小鼠(P<0.01)。进一步研究发现,在P. berghei红内期疟原虫感染后第5天,Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2感染小鼠血清疟原虫特异性抗体IgG滴度显著高于Ifngfl/fl感染小鼠(P<0.05,图4)。
本研究采用Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2小鼠体内注射Tamoxifen,成功构建CD4+T细胞条件性缺失IFN-γ模型。已知在红内期疟原虫感染进程中,CD11a+ CD49d+常被用作疟原虫特异性CD4+T细胞的特征性分子[17]。因此,本研究用CD11a+ CD49d+来表征疟原虫特异性CD4+T细胞。在小鼠感染P. b ANKA-luciferase时,CD4+T细胞条件性缺失IFN-γ会显著降低感染小鼠的原虫血症和体内虫荷,而不改变红内期疟原虫的增殖周期。大量研究表明IFN-γ能够促进IgG向IgG2a类别转化[18-20]。鉴于C57BL/6小鼠不表达IgG2a,本研究检测了小鼠血清中与IgG2a作用类似的IgG2c[21]。尽管疟原虫特异性抗体亚型IgG2c减少,但血清中总的疟原虫特异性IgG显著增加,提示CD4⁺T细胞分泌的IFN-γ可能通过促进疟原虫特异性IgG向IgG2c抗体类别转换,降低血清总IgG水平,进而促进伯氏疟原虫在红内期虫荷。对P.chabaudii感染模型的研究发现,红内期慢性期感染时,IFN-γ缺失小鼠血清疟原虫特异性抗体IgG滴度没有改变,但IgG2c滴度显著降低,最终导致P.chabaudii慢性期原虫血症升高[22]。已知小鼠IgG包含多个亚型(如IgG1、IgG2a/b/c、IgG3)。在C57BL/6等品系中,IgG2c是IgG2a的功能性同种型,二者均与Th1免疫应答相关,具有强效的补体激活和细胞效应功能,在抵抗胞内病原体中发挥重要作用[23]。本研究发现在CD4+T细胞条件性缺失IFN-γ的感染小鼠中,与Th1应答相关的疟原虫特异性IgG2c抗体滴度显著降低。然而,总的疟原虫特异性IgG抗体滴度却显著升高。结合该模型感染后宿主虫荷显著降低的现象,本研究认为CD4+T细胞条件性缺失IFN-γ的感染小鼠增强的免疫保护可能不再依赖经典的、由IgG2c介导的炎症性效应通路,而可能由其他亚型(如IgG1)通过不同的机制(如增强的抗体依赖性细胞吞噬)发挥免疫保护作用。值得一提的是,疟原虫特异性抗体的产生主要发生在感染后期。然而,通过B-T细胞的相互反应,一些具有种系BCR的B细胞可直接分化为记忆B细胞或产生抗体的浆细胞(GC非依赖性途径),从而快速产生抗体[24]。因此,本研究中CD4+T细胞缺失IFN-γ后导致急性期血清总IgG升高可能正是通过这种GC非依赖性途径产生。
既往研究认为,CD4+T细胞分泌的IFN-γ主要通过增强巨噬细胞对感染疟原虫红细胞的吞噬杀伤发挥作用[25]。课题组近期研究也发现,髓系细胞分泌的单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)可显著增强CD4+T细胞分泌IFN-γ,进而促进宿主对感染红细胞的效应杀伤[26]。然而本研究发现,CD4+T细胞条件缺失IFN-γ增强宿主对原虫血症控制,并非通过调控髓系细胞亚群的频率和数量。然而本研究没有通过反向实验进一步验证巨噬细胞在Ifngfl/flCD4-CreERT2小鼠免疫保护中的作用,因此关于巨噬细胞在本研究中的确切作用仍值得进一步探索研究。值得注意的是,本研究得出了与以往研究不同的结论[11],即Ifng基因的缺失会在急性期P. b ANKA感染期间显著降低体内虫荷,这可能与本研究采用了CD4+T细胞条件性敲除IFN-γ模型而非既往研究中的IFN-γ全敲模型有关,还可能与本模型中CD4+T细胞的IFN-γ敲除不完全有关。对P.chabaudii感染模型的研究发现,IFN-γ缺失小鼠并不影响髓系细胞数量及其吞噬功能,但可在一定程度上影响IgG抗体类型的转换[22],与本课题P.b ANKA的研究结果较为一致。而在另一种鼠疟原虫P. yoelii的研究中,由于其偏嗜网织红细胞的特性,IFN-γ缺失可通过调节感染的网织红细胞膜上MHC-I类分子的表达,从而部分影响CD8+T细胞对感染疟原虫网织红细胞的清除,降低宿主抗红内期疟原虫免疫保护[27]。鉴于P. b ANKA虫株也能入侵网织红细胞,是否存在类似效应机制也值得在后续研究中进行深入探讨。从免疫逃避的角度看,伯氏疟原虫感染诱导宿主CD4+Th1细胞产生过强的IFN-γ应答[28],可能通过减少血清疟原虫特异性IgG水平进而有利于红内期急性感染时疟原虫的增殖。条件性抑制CD4+T细胞对IFN-γ的过强应答,反而可能减少了疟原虫的免疫逃避,上述猜想仍需要进一步证实。除此之外,其他细胞来源的IFN-γ对控制红内期疟原虫可能也发挥着至关重要的作用,包括NK细胞、NKT细胞、γδ T细胞和CD8+ T细胞等[28]。
综上所述,本研究发现在P. berghei红内期急性感染时,CD4+T细胞来源的IFN-γ可以增加宿主体内疟原虫虫荷,这可能与其促进抗体类别转换并显著降低血清总的疟原虫特异性IgG滴度有关。后续课题组将进一步明确CD4+T细胞或其他细胞来源的IFN-γ在宿主抗红内期疟原虫免疫保护中的效应机制,从而为高效红内期疟疾疫苗的成功研制提供一定的理论依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202512008
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
  • 修回日期:2025-12-18
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)病原生物学教研室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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