Article(id=1320440962946543624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764000000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-25, revisedDate=1769616000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747258173, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747258173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747258173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747258173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320440935603880850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='523', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747251654, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749737175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=592, endPage=599, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320440964456493065, articleId=1320440962946543624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Perioperative management and circadian rhythm of surgery time jointly influence delayed PACU discharge in elderly patients after general anesthesia: a case-control study of 1 469 cases, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the independent influencing factors for delayed discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia, encompassing preoperative status, intraoperative management, and innovative circadian rhythm dimensions, to provide references for optimizing perioperative management.

Methods

This study adopted a retrospective case-control design. A total of 1 469 elderly patients (aged≥60 years) who underwent non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia and were admitted to the PACU for recovery at our department between January 2021 and December 2023 were enrolled. Based on whether the time from PACU admission to achieving a modified Aldrete score≥9 exceeded 120 min, patients were divided into a delayed group (n=709) and a non-delayed group (n=760). Data on demographic characteristics, preoperative comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, intraoperative management indicators, postoperative monitoring indicators, PACU admission-related indicators and surgery/PACU admission time rhythm data were collected via the Hospital Inpatient Management System and the Anesthesia Clinical Information System. Univariate comparisons of various indicators between the 2 groups were performed using the Chi-square test or binary logistic regression. Subsequently, variables with P<0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in a binary logistic stepwise regression model to analyze the independent factors influencing delayed PACU discharge.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that the delayed group had significantly higher rates of male sex, ASA class Ⅲ-Ⅳ, preoperative respiratory disease, intraoperative use of vasoactive drugs and colloids, total intraoperative fluid intake and output, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative use of intravenous and nerve block analgesia, surgery and anesthesia duration, and body temperature upon PACU admission compared to the non-delayed group (P<0.05). Conversely, the delayed group had a significantly lower rate of using the neuromuscular reversal agent neostigmine and lower postoperative hemoglobin levels (P<0.05). Regarding circadian rhythm, significant differences were found between the 2 groups in the distribution of surgery start time and PACU admission time (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative respiratory disease (β=0.616, P<0.001), ASA class Ⅲ-Ⅳ(β=0.501, P=0.002), intraoperative colloid use (β=0.626, P<0.001), increased total intraoperative fluid intake (β=0.001, P<0.001), surgery initiation during the Si period (9:00-11:00) (β=0.353, P=0.005), and PACU admission during the Shen period (15:00-17:00) (β=0.660, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for delayed discharge. In contrast, the use of the neuromuscular reversal agent neostigmine (β=-0.327, P=0.007) and PACU admission during the Xu period (19:00-21:00) (β=-0.468, P=0.042) were independent protective factors.

Conclusion

Delayed discharge from the PACU after general anesthesia in elderly patients is jointly influenced by multiple factors, including preoperative patient status, intraoperative management, recovery-phase interventions, and surgical timing rhythm. Implementing individualized anesthesia and fluid management for high-risk elderly patients, using neuromuscular reversal agents, and considering the time rhythm effects in surgical scheduling and PACU resource allocation may reduce the incidence of delayed PACU discharge after general anesthesia.

, authors=Chunmei CHEN, Yan CHEN, Benhui ZHAO, Wenzhong ZOU, Sunshan LU, Junxian QUAN, Yirong LI, Xiangfeng LIU, Guanglei LIU, Fang QIU, Ziheng YANG, Mingyuan LIU, Jianteng GU, authorsList=Chunmei CHEN, Yan CHEN, Benhui ZHAO, Wenzhong ZOU, Sunshan LU, Junxian QUAN, Yirong LI, Xiangfeng LIU, Guanglei LIU, Fang QIU, Ziheng YANG, Mingyuan LIU, Jianteng GU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianteng GU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320440964854951946, articleId=1320440962946543624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=围术期管理与手术时间节律共同影响老年患者全麻术后PACU转出延迟:一项1 469例病例-对照研究, columnId=1320435175822050102, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨老年非心脏全麻手术患者延迟转出麻醉后监测治疗室(post-anesthesia care unit,PACU)的独立影响因素,涵盖术前状态、术中管理及创新性时间节律等维度,为优化围术期管理提供参考。

方法

本研究采用回顾性病例对照研究(retrospective case-control study)设计,选取2021年1月至2023年12月期间于陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科接受非心脏全麻手术且进入PACU复苏的1 469例老年(≥60岁)患者为研究对象。依据“入PACU至达到改良Aldrete评分≥9分、时间是否超过120 min”,将患者分为延迟组(n=709)和未延迟组(n=760)。通过医院住院管理系统及临床麻醉信息系统,收集患者人口学特征、术前合并症、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级、术中管理指标、术后监测指标、入恢复室相关指标及手术开始/入PACU时间节律数据。首先采用卡方检验或二元Logistic回归对两组患者的各项指标进行单因素比较;然后将单因素分析中P<0.05的变量纳入二元Logistic逐步回归模型,分析延迟转出PACU的独立影响因素。

结果

单因素分析显示,延迟组在男性比例、ASA分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级、合并呼吸系统疾病、术中使用血管活性药物及胶体、术中总入量和总出量、术中出血量、术后使用静脉镇痛和神经阻滞镇痛、手术及麻醉持续时间及入PACU体温等方面均显著高于未延迟组(P<0.05),而延迟组使用肌松拮抗剂新斯的明的比例和术后血红蛋白浓度更低(P<0.05)。时间节律方面,2组在手术开始时辰和入PACU时辰的分布上存在显著差异(P<0.001)。多因素分析显示,术前合并呼吸系统疾病(β=0.616,P<0.001)、ASA分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级(β=0.501,P=0.002)、术中使用胶体(β=0.626,P<0.001)、术中总入量增加(β=0.001,P<0.001)、手术开始于巳时(9~11点)(β=0.353,P=0.005)及入PACU时间为申时(15~17点)(β=0.660,P<0.001)是延迟转出的独立危险因素。而使用肌松拮抗剂新斯的明(β=-0.327,P=0.007)及在戌时(19~21点)进入PACU(β=-0.468,P=0.042)是独立保护因素。

结论

老年患者全麻术后延迟转出PACU受患者术前状态、术中管理、术后管理及手术时间节律等多因素共同影响。针对高危老年患者实施个体化麻醉与液体管理,使用肌松拮抗剂,并在手术安排与PACU资源配置中考虑时间节律效应,有可能降低其全麻术后延迟转出PACU的发生率。

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顾健腾, E-mail:
GU Jianteng, E-mail:
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language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=全身麻醉), Keyword(id=1320440970211078230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=麻醉后监测治疗室), Keyword(id=1320440970290770007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=苏醒延迟)], refs=[Reference(id=1320440971125436512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, doi=10.1002/bjs.11148, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=106, issue=8, pageStart=1012, pageEnd=1018, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=FOWLER A J, ABBOTT T F, PROWLE J, journalName=Br J Surg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FOWLER A J, ABBOTT T F, PROWLE J, et al. 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Clinical application of neostigmine in antagonizing postoperative residual curarization after elective laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery[J]. J Army Med Univ, 2023, 45(8): 825-834., articleTitle=Clinical application of neostigmine in antagonizing postoperative residual curarization after elective laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320440965098221579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320440965106610188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, companyId=1320440965098221579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320440965114998797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, companyId=1320440965098221579, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320440970404016216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variable types and definitions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable typeSpecific variable definitions
Basic information① Sex: Female=0, Male=1; ② Age/years: 60~69 years=1, 70~79 years=2, ≥80 years=3
Preoperative status and comorbidities① ASA grade: Ⅰ-Ⅱ=1, Ⅲ-Ⅳ=2; ② Preoperative cardiovascular disease (excluding hypertension): No=0, Yes=1; ③ Preoperative respiratory disease: No=0, Yes=1; ④ Preoperative hypertension: No=0, Yes=1
Intraoperative monitoring and management indicators① Anesthesia method: Intravenous general anesthesia=1; Inhalation combined with intravenous anesthesia=2; ② Use of vasoactive drugs: No=0, Yes=1; ③ Intraoperative colloid use: No=0, Yes=1; ④ Intraoperative potassium supplementation: No=0, Yes=1; ⑤ Surgery duration, anesthesia duration, total intraoperative input (crystalloids + colloids + blood cells + plasma), intraoperative blood loss, total intraoperative output (blood loss + urine output + insensible loss) were treated as continuous variables
Postoperative monitoring and management indicators① Postoperative electrolyte levels normal: No=0, Yes=1; ② Postoperative hemoglobin value, treated as a continuous variable
PACU management and monitoring indicators① Use of flumazenil: No=0, Yes=1; ② Use of neuromuscular blockade reversal (neostigmine): No=0, Yes=1; ③ Use of opioid antagonist (naloxone): No=0, Yes=1; ④ Intravenous analgesia: No=0, Yes=1; ⑤ Nerve block analgesia: No=0, Yes=1; ⑥ PACU admission body temperature and PACU admission heart rate were treated as continuous variables
Circadian rhythm-related indicators① Surgical season: Spring=1, Summer=2, Autumn=3, Winter=4; ② Surgery start time: Chen period (7:00-9:00)=1, Si period (9:00-11:00)=2, Wu period (11:00-13:00)=3, Wei period (13:00-15:00)=4, Shen period (15:00-17:00)=5, You period (17:00-19:00)=6; ③ PACU admission time: Si period=1, Wu period=2, Wei period=3, Shen period=4, You period=5, Xu period (19:00-21:00)=6
), ArticleFig(id=1320440970487902297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量类型及定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable typeSpecific variable definitions
Basic information① Sex: Female=0, Male=1; ② Age/years: 60~69 years=1, 70~79 years=2, ≥80 years=3
Preoperative status and comorbidities① ASA grade: Ⅰ-Ⅱ=1, Ⅲ-Ⅳ=2; ② Preoperative cardiovascular disease (excluding hypertension): No=0, Yes=1; ③ Preoperative respiratory disease: No=0, Yes=1; ④ Preoperative hypertension: No=0, Yes=1
Intraoperative monitoring and management indicators① Anesthesia method: Intravenous general anesthesia=1; Inhalation combined with intravenous anesthesia=2; ② Use of vasoactive drugs: No=0, Yes=1; ③ Intraoperative colloid use: No=0, Yes=1; ④ Intraoperative potassium supplementation: No=0, Yes=1; ⑤ Surgery duration, anesthesia duration, total intraoperative input (crystalloids + colloids + blood cells + plasma), intraoperative blood loss, total intraoperative output (blood loss + urine output + insensible loss) were treated as continuous variables
Postoperative monitoring and management indicators① Postoperative electrolyte levels normal: No=0, Yes=1; ② Postoperative hemoglobin value, treated as a continuous variable
PACU management and monitoring indicators① Use of flumazenil: No=0, Yes=1; ② Use of neuromuscular blockade reversal (neostigmine): No=0, Yes=1; ③ Use of opioid antagonist (naloxone): No=0, Yes=1; ④ Intravenous analgesia: No=0, Yes=1; ⑤ Nerve block analgesia: No=0, Yes=1; ⑥ PACU admission body temperature and PACU admission heart rate were treated as continuous variables
Circadian rhythm-related indicators① Surgical season: Spring=1, Summer=2, Autumn=3, Winter=4; ② Surgery start time: Chen period (7:00-9:00)=1, Si period (9:00-11:00)=2, Wu period (11:00-13:00)=3, Wei period (13:00-15:00)=4, Shen period (15:00-17:00)=5, You period (17:00-19:00)=6; ③ PACU admission time: Si period=1, Wu period=2, Wei period=3, Shen period=4, You period=5, Xu period (19:00-21:00)=6
), ArticleFig(id=1320440970550816858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of categorical variables between delayed and non-delayed groups[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableDelayed group(n=709)Non-delayed group(n=760)χ2P
Male431(60.79)403(53.03)9.01<0.01
Age/years1.65a0.44
60~69412(58.11)466(61.32)
70~79259(36.53)254(33.42)
≥8038(5.36)40(5.26)
ASA grade III-IV129(18.19)92(12.11)10.64<0.01
Preoperative cardiovascular disease (excluding hypertension)100(14.10)118(15.53)0.590.44
Preoperative respiratory disease190(26.80)118(15.53)28.13<0.01
Preoperative hypertension223(31.45)234(30.79)0.190.78
Anesthesia method4.020.05
Intravenous general anesthesia367(51.76)433(56.97)
Inhalation combined with intravenous anesthesia342(48.24)327(43.03)
Use of vasoactive drugs535(75.46)484(63.68)23.93<0.01
Intraoperative colloid use539(76.02)394(51.84)92.55<0.01
Intraoperative potassium supplementation134(18.90)136(17.89)0.250.62
Postoperative electrolyte levels702(99.01)752(98.95)0.020.90
Use of flumazenil509(71.79)557(73.29)0.410.52
Use of neuromuscular blockade reversal (neostigmine)447(63.05)530(69.74)7.370.01
Use of opioid antagonist (naloxone)8(1.13)6(0.79)0.450.50
Intravenous analgesia181(25.53)154(20.26)5.780.02
Nerve block analgesia316(44.57)283(37.24)8.17<0.01
Surgical season5.280.15
Spring189(26.66)208(27.37)
Summer178(25.11)202(26.58)
Autumn158(22.28)190(25.00)
Winter184(25.95)160(21.05)
Surgery start time period57.79<0.01
Chen period32(4.51)57(7.50)
Si period414(58.39)325(42.76)
Wu period76(10.72)88(11.58)
Wei period131(18.48)146(19.21)
Shen period44(6.21)100(13.16)
You period12(1.69)44(5.79)
PACU admission time period66.41<0.01
Si period18(2.54)58(7.63)
Wu period123(17.35)163(21.45)
Wei period172(24.26)173(22.76)
Shen period234(33.00)140(18.42)
You period123(17.35)142(18.68)
Xu period39(5.50)84(11.05)
), ArticleFig(id=1320440970647285851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

延迟组与未延迟组分类变量对比[例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableDelayed group(n=709)Non-delayed group(n=760)χ2P
Male431(60.79)403(53.03)9.01<0.01
Age/years1.65a0.44
60~69412(58.11)466(61.32)
70~79259(36.53)254(33.42)
≥8038(5.36)40(5.26)
ASA grade III-IV129(18.19)92(12.11)10.64<0.01
Preoperative cardiovascular disease (excluding hypertension)100(14.10)118(15.53)0.590.44
Preoperative respiratory disease190(26.80)118(15.53)28.13<0.01
Preoperative hypertension223(31.45)234(30.79)0.190.78
Anesthesia method4.020.05
Intravenous general anesthesia367(51.76)433(56.97)
Inhalation combined with intravenous anesthesia342(48.24)327(43.03)
Use of vasoactive drugs535(75.46)484(63.68)23.93<0.01
Intraoperative colloid use539(76.02)394(51.84)92.55<0.01
Intraoperative potassium supplementation134(18.90)136(17.89)0.250.62
Postoperative electrolyte levels702(99.01)752(98.95)0.020.90
Use of flumazenil509(71.79)557(73.29)0.410.52
Use of neuromuscular blockade reversal (neostigmine)447(63.05)530(69.74)7.370.01
Use of opioid antagonist (naloxone)8(1.13)6(0.79)0.450.50
Intravenous analgesia181(25.53)154(20.26)5.780.02
Nerve block analgesia316(44.57)283(37.24)8.17<0.01
Surgical season5.280.15
Spring189(26.66)208(27.37)
Summer178(25.11)202(26.58)
Autumn158(22.28)190(25.00)
Winter184(25.95)160(21.05)
Surgery start time period57.79<0.01
Chen period32(4.51)57(7.50)
Si period414(58.39)325(42.76)
Wu period76(10.72)88(11.58)
Wei period131(18.48)146(19.21)
Shen period44(6.21)100(13.16)
You period12(1.69)44(5.79)
PACU admission time period66.41<0.01
Si period18(2.54)58(7.63)
Wu period123(17.35)163(21.45)
Wei period172(24.26)173(22.76)
Shen period234(33.00)140(18.42)
You period123(17.35)142(18.68)
Xu period39(5.50)84(11.05)
), ArticleFig(id=1320440970781503580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of continuous variables between delayed group and non-delayed group(x¯±s)

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Delayed group(n=709)Non-delayed group(n=760)P
VariableMedianMedian
Postoperative hemoglobin value116.14±17.75118.00118.36±16.61120.000.01
Total intraoperative input1 760.76±947.761 600.001 266.70±684.641 200.00<0.01
Intraoperative blood loss275.91±393.07200.00159.85±206.34100.00<0.01
Total intraoperative output1 410.93±890.061 200.00957.57±648.67900.00<0.01
Surgery duration3.59±1.833.272.64±1.682.35<0.01
Anesthesia duration4.44±1.934.183.36±1.813.25<0.01
PACU admission body temperature36.42±0.3536.4036.38±0.2036.400.03
PACU admission heart rate73.28±16.0971.0074.12±15.1773.000.30
), ArticleFig(id=1320440970865389661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

延迟组与未延迟组连续变量对比(x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Delayed group(n=709)Non-delayed group(n=760)P
VariableMedianMedian
Postoperative hemoglobin value116.14±17.75118.00118.36±16.61120.000.01
Total intraoperative input1 760.76±947.761 600.001 266.70±684.641 200.00<0.01
Intraoperative blood loss275.91±393.07200.00159.85±206.34100.00<0.01
Total intraoperative output1 410.93±890.061 200.00957.57±648.67900.00<0.01
Surgery duration3.59±1.833.272.64±1.682.35<0.01
Anesthesia duration4.44±1.934.183.36±1.813.25<0.01
PACU admission body temperature36.42±0.3536.4036.38±0.2036.400.03
PACU admission heart rate73.28±16.0971.0074.12±15.1773.000.30
), ArticleFig(id=1320440970940887134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of multifactorial logistic stepwise regression analysis influencing delayed discharge from PACU in elderly patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableβSEWald χ2P
PACU admission time period_6.0-0.4680.2304.1390.042
PACU admission time period_4.00.6600.14122.047<0.001
Surgery start time period_2.00.3530.1257.8970.005
ASA grade0.5010.1619.6910.002
Preoperative respiratory disease0.6160.14119.168<0.001
Intraoperative colloid use0.6260.13122.849<0.001
Use of neuromuscular blockade reversal (neostigmine)-0.3270.1217.2550.007
Total intraoperative input0.001<0.00138.274<0.001
Intercept-2.0820.25865.344<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320440971024773215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320440962946543624, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

影响老年患者延迟转出PACU的多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableβSEWald χ2P
PACU admission time period_6.0-0.4680.2304.1390.042
PACU admission time period_4.00.6600.14122.047<0.001
Surgery start time period_2.00.3530.1257.8970.005
ASA grade0.5010.1619.6910.002
Preoperative respiratory disease0.6160.14119.168<0.001
Intraoperative colloid use0.6260.13122.849<0.001
Use of neuromuscular blockade reversal (neostigmine)-0.3270.1217.2550.007
Total intraoperative input0.001<0.00138.274<0.001
Intercept-2.0820.25865.344<0.001
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围术期管理与手术时间节律共同影响老年患者全麻术后PACU转出延迟:一项1 469例病例-对照研究
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陈春梅 , 陈妍 , 赵本惠 , 邹文忠 , 卢孙山 , 全俊先 , 李翼容 , 刘祥凤 , 刘冠磊 , 邱芳 , 杨子恒 , 刘明媛 , 顾健腾
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·临床医学 2026,48(5): 592-599
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·临床医学 2026 , 48 (5) : 592 -599
围术期管理与手术时间节律共同影响老年患者全麻术后PACU转出延迟:一项1 469例病例-对照研究
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陈春梅, 陈妍, 赵本惠, 邹文忠, 卢孙山, 全俊先, 李翼容, 刘祥凤, 刘冠磊, 邱芳, 杨子恒, 刘明媛, 顾健腾
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆
通讯作者:
顾健腾, E-mail:
GU Jianteng, E-mail:
Perioperative management and circadian rhythm of surgery time jointly influence delayed PACU discharge in elderly patients after general anesthesia: a case-control study of 1 469 cases
Chunmei CHEN, Yan CHEN, Benhui ZHAO, Wenzhong ZOU, Sunshan LU, Junxian QUAN, Yirong LI, Xiangfeng LIU, Guanglei LIU, Fang QIU, Ziheng YANG, Mingyuan LIU, Jianteng GU
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511112
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目的

探讨老年非心脏全麻手术患者延迟转出麻醉后监测治疗室(post-anesthesia care unit,PACU)的独立影响因素,涵盖术前状态、术中管理及创新性时间节律等维度,为优化围术期管理提供参考。

方法

本研究采用回顾性病例对照研究(retrospective case-control study)设计,选取2021年1月至2023年12月期间于陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科接受非心脏全麻手术且进入PACU复苏的1 469例老年(≥60岁)患者为研究对象。依据“入PACU至达到改良Aldrete评分≥9分、时间是否超过120 min”,将患者分为延迟组(n=709)和未延迟组(n=760)。通过医院住院管理系统及临床麻醉信息系统,收集患者人口学特征、术前合并症、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级、术中管理指标、术后监测指标、入恢复室相关指标及手术开始/入PACU时间节律数据。首先采用卡方检验或二元Logistic回归对两组患者的各项指标进行单因素比较;然后将单因素分析中P<0.05的变量纳入二元Logistic逐步回归模型,分析延迟转出PACU的独立影响因素。

结果

单因素分析显示,延迟组在男性比例、ASA分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级、合并呼吸系统疾病、术中使用血管活性药物及胶体、术中总入量和总出量、术中出血量、术后使用静脉镇痛和神经阻滞镇痛、手术及麻醉持续时间及入PACU体温等方面均显著高于未延迟组(P<0.05),而延迟组使用肌松拮抗剂新斯的明的比例和术后血红蛋白浓度更低(P<0.05)。时间节律方面,2组在手术开始时辰和入PACU时辰的分布上存在显著差异(P<0.001)。多因素分析显示,术前合并呼吸系统疾病(β=0.616,P<0.001)、ASA分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级(β=0.501,P=0.002)、术中使用胶体(β=0.626,P<0.001)、术中总入量增加(β=0.001,P<0.001)、手术开始于巳时(9~11点)(β=0.353,P=0.005)及入PACU时间为申时(15~17点)(β=0.660,P<0.001)是延迟转出的独立危险因素。而使用肌松拮抗剂新斯的明(β=-0.327,P=0.007)及在戌时(19~21点)进入PACU(β=-0.468,P=0.042)是独立保护因素。

结论

老年患者全麻术后延迟转出PACU受患者术前状态、术中管理、术后管理及手术时间节律等多因素共同影响。针对高危老年患者实施个体化麻醉与液体管理,使用肌松拮抗剂,并在手术安排与PACU资源配置中考虑时间节律效应,有可能降低其全麻术后延迟转出PACU的发生率。

老年患者  /  全身麻醉  /  麻醉后监测治疗室  /  苏醒延迟
Objective

To investigate the independent influencing factors for delayed discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia, encompassing preoperative status, intraoperative management, and innovative circadian rhythm dimensions, to provide references for optimizing perioperative management.

Methods

This study adopted a retrospective case-control design. A total of 1 469 elderly patients (aged≥60 years) who underwent non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia and were admitted to the PACU for recovery at our department between January 2021 and December 2023 were enrolled. Based on whether the time from PACU admission to achieving a modified Aldrete score≥9 exceeded 120 min, patients were divided into a delayed group (n=709) and a non-delayed group (n=760). Data on demographic characteristics, preoperative comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, intraoperative management indicators, postoperative monitoring indicators, PACU admission-related indicators and surgery/PACU admission time rhythm data were collected via the Hospital Inpatient Management System and the Anesthesia Clinical Information System. Univariate comparisons of various indicators between the 2 groups were performed using the Chi-square test or binary logistic regression. Subsequently, variables with P<0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in a binary logistic stepwise regression model to analyze the independent factors influencing delayed PACU discharge.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that the delayed group had significantly higher rates of male sex, ASA class Ⅲ-Ⅳ, preoperative respiratory disease, intraoperative use of vasoactive drugs and colloids, total intraoperative fluid intake and output, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative use of intravenous and nerve block analgesia, surgery and anesthesia duration, and body temperature upon PACU admission compared to the non-delayed group (P<0.05). Conversely, the delayed group had a significantly lower rate of using the neuromuscular reversal agent neostigmine and lower postoperative hemoglobin levels (P<0.05). Regarding circadian rhythm, significant differences were found between the 2 groups in the distribution of surgery start time and PACU admission time (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative respiratory disease (β=0.616, P<0.001), ASA class Ⅲ-Ⅳ(β=0.501, P=0.002), intraoperative colloid use (β=0.626, P<0.001), increased total intraoperative fluid intake (β=0.001, P<0.001), surgery initiation during the Si period (9:00-11:00) (β=0.353, P=0.005), and PACU admission during the Shen period (15:00-17:00) (β=0.660, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for delayed discharge. In contrast, the use of the neuromuscular reversal agent neostigmine (β=-0.327, P=0.007) and PACU admission during the Xu period (19:00-21:00) (β=-0.468, P=0.042) were independent protective factors.

Conclusion

Delayed discharge from the PACU after general anesthesia in elderly patients is jointly influenced by multiple factors, including preoperative patient status, intraoperative management, recovery-phase interventions, and surgical timing rhythm. Implementing individualized anesthesia and fluid management for high-risk elderly patients, using neuromuscular reversal agents, and considering the time rhythm effects in surgical scheduling and PACU resource allocation may reduce the incidence of delayed PACU discharge after general anesthesia.

aged  /  general anesthesia  /  post-anesthesia care unit  /  delayed recovery
陈春梅, 陈妍, 赵本惠, 邹文忠, 卢孙山, 全俊先, 李翼容, 刘祥凤, 刘冠磊, 邱芳, 杨子恒, 刘明媛, 顾健腾. 围术期管理与手术时间节律共同影响老年患者全麻术后PACU转出延迟:一项1 469例病例-对照研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (5) : 592 -599 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511112
Chunmei CHEN, Yan CHEN, Benhui ZHAO, Wenzhong ZOU, Sunshan LU, Junxian QUAN, Yirong LI, Xiangfeng LIU, Guanglei LIU, Fang QIU, Ziheng YANG, Mingyuan LIU, Jianteng GU. Perioperative management and circadian rhythm of surgery time jointly influence delayed PACU discharge in elderly patients after general anesthesia: a case-control study of 1 469 cases[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (5) : 592 -599 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511112
全球人口结构老龄化问题日益突出,接受外科手术治疗的老年患者比例不断增高,该趋势对围术期医学管理提出了更大的挑战[1-2]。老年患者常伴有多种慢性基础疾病,且生理功能储备下降,导致其对手术麻醉的耐受性降低,术后恢复过程存在特殊性和复杂性[3]。全身麻醉作为重大手术的主要麻醉方式,其术后复苏直接关系到患者短期并发症发生率和长期预后[4-5]。麻醉后监测治疗室(post-anesthesia care unit,PACU)作为衔接手术室与普通病房或重症监护室的关键枢纽,承担着术后患者生命体征监测、麻醉苏醒管理及并发症早期干预的核心职能,其运转效率不仅是保障患者围术期安全的重要环节,更是优化医疗资源配置、提升整体诊疗效率的关键支撑[6-7]。
但老年患者因药代动力学改变、器官功能衰退及合并症多样化的特点,更易出现苏醒延迟、呼吸循环功能不稳定等并发症,进而导致PACU滞留时间延长[8-9]。既往研究表明,PACU滞留时间延长不仅显著增加医疗资源消耗与医疗成本、影响手术室周转效率,还可能诱发术后谵妄、肺部感染等并发症,进而影响患者整体康复进程与生活质量[10-11]。尽管已有部分研究尝试探讨影响PACU转出时间的相关因素,但多数研究局限于特定手术类型(如心脏外科、神经外科等)或仅关注单一维度变量(如麻醉药物种类或术前合并症等),缺乏针对老年这一特殊群体在多维影响因素下的系统分析[12-13]。同时,术中液体管理策略、入恢复室后肌松拮抗剂的使用、手术时机选择及其潜在的时间节律效应等具有重要临床指导意义的变量,在现有研究中尚未得到充分探讨与整合分析。由此可见,开展针对老年非心脏手术患者全麻术后延迟转出PACU的多因素分析,识别独立影响因素并探讨其作用机制,具有迫切的临床需求与重要的学术价值。本研究通过收集全麻非心脏手术老年患者基线特征、术前合并症、术中管理指标与术后核心监测指标等多维数据,构建延迟转出PACU的回归模型,旨在为临床制定针对性干预策略提供参考,进而优化围术期管理路径、改善患者预后,并提升医疗资源的利用效率。
本研究采用病例-对照研究设计方案,分析2021年1月至2023年12月期间在陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科接受非心脏全麻手术且进入PACU复苏的60岁以上老年患者。本研究经陆军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准[(B)KY2025029],在中国临床试验注册中心注册(ChiCTR2500100435)后实施。纳入标准:①年龄≥60岁并接受非心脏全麻手术的患者;②全麻术后进入PACU进行复苏的患者。排除标准:①术后因病情需要直接转入医院中心ICU或手术科室专科ICU的患者;②基线或随访数据缺失的患者。
根据医院PACU常规管理流程,将术后进入PACU至达到出室标准(改良Aldrete评分≥9分)的时间>120 min定义为延迟转出PACU(延迟组),≤120 min定义为未延迟转出PACU(未延迟组)。从医院住院管理系统(版本号:Version 2.3.6.102)及麻醉临床信息系统(麦迪斯顿医疗科技有限公司)中搜集延迟转出PACU的病例811例(延迟组),随后按年龄和性别采取1∶1随机匹配筛选同期未延迟转出PACU的病例811例(未延迟组),形成共计1 622例患者的研究样本。进一步剔除关键数据缺失的患者,最终纳入研究的样本为1 469例,其中延迟组709例,未延迟组760例。
采集指标包括患者基础信息、术前状态与合并症、术中监测及管理指标、术后监测及管理指标、入PACU管理及监测指标等。同时还特别收集了手术开始的季节属性和时间节律两个维度相关数据,以及入PACU的时辰数据,其中季节划分以昼夜日照长短和二十四节气为依据:春分(3月20日)为春季起点,夏至(6月21日)为夏季起点,秋分(9月23日)为秋季起点,冬至(12月21日)为冬季起点;时间节律划分以十二时辰为标准:23点到凌晨1点为子时,以此类推,21点到23点为亥时。具体的变量赋值情况见表1。
在双侧检验水准α=0.05下,针对主要影响因素进行事后统计把握度计算,其检验效能1-β均大于0.80,符合统计学要求。
本研究采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据分析,符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示;非正态分布的计量资料以[M(P25,P75)]表示;分类变量以频数(%)表示;连续变量以x¯±s表示。多因素分析采用Logistic逐步回归模型,以是否延迟转出PACU为因变量,将单因素显著的自变量纳入模型,筛选出独立影响因素。所有检验均为双侧检验,当P<0.05时差异具有统计学意义。
将延迟组与未延迟组的分类变量进行频数统计和卡方检验,得到结果见表2。为简化表格,本文对于二分类变量仅列出需要比较的一个水平,如性别中仅列出男性。从人口学特征看,延迟组男性患者占比高于未延迟组。两组年龄分布相似,均以60~69岁年龄段患者为主,80岁以上高龄患者比例接近。在术前合并症方面,两组患者合并心血管系统疾病及高血压的比例相近,无明显组间差异(均P>0.05)。ASA分级评估显示,延迟组ASA Ⅲ-Ⅳ级患者占比高于未延迟组。术中管理指标方面,延迟组术中血管活性药物使用率及胶体液使用率均明显高于未延迟组。在麻醉恢复期用药方面,延迟组使用静脉镇痛的比例高于未延迟组,同时使用神经阻滞镇痛的比例也较高。时间节律相关数据显示,两组患者的手术季节分布基本均衡。但手术开始时辰与入PACU时辰的分布在两组间存在差异,如延迟组手术在“巳时”(9~11点)进行的比例较高,而入PACU时间在“申时”(15~17点)的比例也更高。
将延迟组与未延迟组的连续变量进行描述性统计和二元Logistic单因素回归,得到结果见表3。其中,延迟组患者的术中总入量、术中出血量、术中总出量、手术持续时间及麻醉持续时间均显著高于未延迟组(P<0.01),提示手术更为复杂、创伤更大及液体负荷更重可能是导致恢复延迟的危险因素。且延迟组患者的术后血红蛋白浓度显著更低(P=0.01),说明其存在更明显的血液丢失或稀释。入PACU体温在延迟组略高(P=0.03),但两组均值差异微小。入PACU心率也存在微小差异,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.30)。
将上述表2和表3中P<0.05的自变量纳入Logistic回归模型,然后采用多因素Logistic逐步法进行回归,得到结果见下表4所示。
在危险因素方面,术前合并呼吸系统疾病(P<0.001)、ASA分级较高(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级)(P=0.002)、术中使用胶体(P<0.001)、术中总入量较大(P<0.001)是延迟转出的独立危险因素。时间节律相关结果显示,在巳时(9~11点)开始手术相对于辰时开始手术会使延迟风险增加(P=0.005);在申时(15~17点)进入PACU相对于巳时进入使延迟风险增加更明显(P<0.001)。
保护因素分析方面,使用肌松拮抗剂以及在戌时(19~21点)进入PACU是延迟转出的独立保护因素。使用肌松拮抗剂降低了延迟风险(P=0.007)。且与已时相比,在戌时进入PACU的患者延迟风险显著降低(P=0.042)。
本研究通过分析1 469例老年非心脏手术全麻患者的临床资料,系统探讨了影响术后延迟转出PACU的独立因素。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果最终确定了7个关键影响因素:入PACU时辰、手术开始时辰、术前是否合并呼吸系统疾病、ASA分级、术中是否使用胶体、术中总入量、是否使用肌松拮抗剂。
在患者术前状态与基础疾病方面,本研究发现术前合并呼吸系统疾病和ASA分级为Ⅲ-Ⅳ级是延迟转出PACU的强独立危险因素。这与此前多数研究结论一致,老年患者常因肺弹性回缩力下降、通气/血流比例失调等因素存在不同程度的肺功能储备下降。合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、哮喘或间质性肺病等疾病时,其对麻醉药物,尤其是阿片类和肌松药的代谢减慢,呼吸驱动易受抑制,术后更易发生低氧血症、高碳酸血症及肺不张等症状,导致苏醒延迟和呼吸功能恢复缓慢,从而延长PACU滞留时间[14]。ASA分级作为患者整体健康状况和手术风险的综合评估指标,高级别(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级)患者通常意味着更严重的全身性疾病和更低的生理功能储备,其对手术创伤和麻醉应激的耐受能力及代偿能力均显著下降,术后并发症发生率高,恢复过程自然更为漫长[15]。
在术中管理方面,使用胶体和术中总入量增加均与延迟风险显著相关。这凸显了老年患者液体管理的精细化和个体化的重要性,老年患者的心、肾功能减退,对容量负荷的耐受窗变窄。过量输注液体,尤其是胶体,虽然能短期内维持血容量和血压,但易导致组织间隙水肿,加重心脏前负荷,影响组织氧合,并可能延缓麻醉药物的代谢与排泄[16]。一项针对老年腹部手术患者的随机对照研究也表明,限制性液体策略相较于开放性液体策略,能显著降低术后总并发症发生率、术后住院时间[17]。本研究结果进一步支持了在保障组织灌注的前提下,实施目标导向的个体化液体治疗,避免不必要的液体正平衡,对于促进老年患者术后快速康复至关重要。
麻醉恢复期用药与监测方面,使用肌松拮抗剂是延迟转出的保护因素。肌松残余是导致术后呼吸肌无力、低氧血症和苏醒延迟的常见原因。及时、规范地使用拮抗剂,可以有效逆转非去极化肌松药的作用,促进自主呼吸的充分恢复,这是加速患者达到出室标准的关键环节[18]。
创新性时间节律指标方面,结果显示在巳时(9~11点)开始手术的患者,延迟风险增加;而在申时(15~17点)进入PACU的患者,延迟风险更大。相反,在戌时(19~21点)进入PACU则风险有所降低。这些发现与多重因素交织有关:①人体生物钟与生理节律,人体的核心体温、皮质醇分泌、心血管反应性等众多生理功能存在昼夜节律。下午至傍晚时段,通常对应着生理功能的“下降期”,可能对手术创伤和麻醉的应激代偿能力减弱,术后恢复速度减慢[19]。申时入PACU的患者,其手术过程集中于午时和未时,正处于午后生理低谷期。②手术室工作流程与医疗资源节律,巳时通常是大型、复杂手术集中开始的“黄金时段”,此类手术本身时间长、创伤大、麻醉用药复杂,自然导致术后恢复期延长。而申时是日间手术即将结束、交接班可能开始的时段,医护人员疲劳度增加、人力资源相对紧张,可能对PACU患者的监测和处置效率产生影响,间接导致评估和转出延迟[20]。③麻醉药物作用的时辰药理学,药物在体内的代谢、分布和效应可能受生物钟基因调控。有初步研究表明,某些麻醉药物的敏感性可能存在昼夜差异,但这方面在临床麻醉中的证据尚不充分,需进一步研究[21]。而对于戌时的保护效应,戌时入PACU的患者,大多是在下午进行的相对短小、平顺的手术,受到的生理扰动小,且此时医护团队可能已完成主要工作高峰,有更多精力专注于患者的复苏管理。尽管这些关联的精确机制有待通过前瞻性研究结合客观生物标志物(如褪黑素、皮质醇等)来阐明,但本研究结果强烈提示,手术排程和围术期资源分配应考虑时间节律因素。如对于高龄、高危患者,尽可能将手术安排在上午早些时候开始,或许有助于利用其日间最佳的生理储备促进术后恢复;同时,优化午后及交接班时段的PACU人力资源配置,降低工作节律对复苏质量的影响。
尽管本研究通过较大的样本量和对多维度变量的分析,取得了一些有意义的发现,但仍存在若干局限性:①手术类型混杂,本研究纳入了所有非心脏手术,未对不同外科专业或手术创伤程度进行分层分析。不同手术类型的创伤应激、疼痛强度、体液丢失模式等差异巨大,是影响术后恢复的核心因素之一。手术类型的混杂可能掩盖了特定术式特有的风险因素,或使某些普遍性因素的效应量产生偏倚。未来研究应进一步按手术创伤等级或专科进行亚组分析,以提供更具专科针对性的指导。②神经肌肉功能监测数据缺失,缺乏客观的四个成串刺激(train-of-four,TOF)监测数据是本研究的一个短板。这使得无法准确界定“肌松残余”这一状态,也无法评估拮抗剂使用的恰当时机与充分性。TOF比值<0.9是诊断肌松残余的客观标准,其与术后肺部并发症密切相关[22-23]。该数据的缺失削弱了关于肌松管理部分结论的力度,也提示改善临床实践,普及规范化神经肌肉监测的必要性。③本研究针对单中心开展,尽管采用了倾向性评分匹配(propensity score matching,PSM)方法控制部分混杂,但仍可能存在未测量混杂因素(如具体的药物剂量、术中低血压持续时间、术后疼痛评分等)。所得出的关联性结论,尤其是时间节律这类新颖的发现,需要在前瞻性、多中心的研究中得到验证。
综上所述,老年患者全麻术后延迟转出PACU是患者术前合并症(呼吸系统疾病、高ASA分级)、术中管理(胶体使用、液体总入量)、恢复期干预(肌松拮抗剂)以及时间节律(手术开始及入PACU时辰)共同影响的综合结果。针对术前合并呼吸系统疾病或全身情况差的老年手术患者,通过制定个体化麻醉方案,术中减少胶体输注并避免液体总量负荷,术后进入PACU后使用肌松拮抗剂,同时考虑时间节律效应,对老年手术进行科学合理排程,并优化不同时段PACU的资源配置与工作流程,有可能降低其全麻术后延迟转出PACU的发生率。

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2026年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511112
  • 接收时间:2025-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-25
  • 修回日期:2026-01-29
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆

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顾健腾, E-mail:
GU Jianteng, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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