Article(id=1320441079334289587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511094, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747285922, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747285922, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747285922, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747285922, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320440935603880850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='523', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747251654, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749737175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=653, endPage=662, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441080655495348, articleId=1320441079334289587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=High-altitude hemorrhagic shock induces myocardial immunosuppression and metabolic disorder in rats: integrative proteo-metabolomic analysis reveals the limitations in resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s solution, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To characterize the myocardial proteomic and metabolomic alterations induced by high-altitude exposure and hemorrhagic shock (HS) under hypobaric hypoxic conditions, and to evaluate the regulatory effects of early lactated Ringer’s (LR) resuscitation on related molecular abnormalities, providing evidence for elucidating the mechanisms of myocardial injury in high-altitude HS and optimizing resuscitation strategies in such conditions.

Methods

Forty SPF-grade male SD rats (10 to 12 weeks old, weighing 180 to 220 g) were randomly divided into a normoxic control group (NC), a high-altitude sham group (Sham), a high-altitude uncontrolled HS (UHS) and a high-altitude HS with LR resuscitation group (LR1h), with 10 animals in each group. Hypobaric hypoxic condition was induced by rats placed in a hypobaric chamber to simulate an altitude of 5 000 m for 48 h. After chamber exit, the rats received an injection of oleic acid via the tail vein for 0.5 h, followed by splenic artery transection to induce uncontrolled hemorrhage until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased to 40 mmHg. Thus, a high-altitude HS model was established. After successful modeling, the UHS group received no resuscitation with continuous monitoring only, while the LR1h group received an infusion of LR solution via the femoral vein for 1 h resuscitation under hypobaric condition. At designated time points, heart tissues were collected for 4D-FastDIA quantitative proteomics (n=4) and untargeted metabolomics analysis (n=6). Principal component analysis (PCA), differential protein/metabolite screening, and gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to characterize myocardial molecular expression profiles under different treatment conditions.

Results

High-altitude exposure effect (Sham vs NC): totally 229 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified (154 up-regulated and 75 down-regulated, P<0.05). Enrichment analyses showed up-regulation of immune and inflammatory response-related processes, and downregulation of cardiac contraction, mitochondrial gene expression, and protein synthesis. There were 633 differential metabolites identified (509 up-regulated and 124 down-regulated, VIP≥1, P<0.05), primarily enriched in fundamental metabolic pathways, such as lipid, terpenoid/polyketide, and amino acid metabolic pathways. HS shock effect (UHS vs Sham): A total of 193 DEPs were identified (42 up-regulated and 151 down-regulated, P<0.05), characterized by enhanced cholesterol and lipid metabolism, whereas global down-regulation of complement-coagulation cascades, lysosomal function, immune and inflammatory regulation, and multiple infection-related pathways. Among the 1 100 identified differential metabolites, there were 267 up-regulated and 833 down-regulated (VIP≥1, P<0.05). The types of enriched pathways were generally consistent, but the overall number of enriched compounds was decreased, with more pronounced reductions in key metabolic axes, including lipid metabolism (from 31 to 20), terpenoid/polyketide metabolism (from 20 to 14), and amino acid metabolism (from 11 to 6). LR resuscitation effect (LR1h vs UHS): A total of 108 DEPs were identified (39 up-regulated and 69 down-regulated, P<0.05). Vesicular transport, autophagy, and renin-angiotensin system pathways were up-regulated, but complement-coagulation cascade, humoral immunity, inflammatory response, and multiple infection- and metabolism-related pathways remained down-regulated, along with suppression of oxygen transport processes. Totally 494 differential metabolites were identified (456 up-regulated and 38 down-regulated, VIP≥1, P<0.05). Enriched pathways remained concentrated in the above main metabolic routes, but the number of enriched compounds in these pathways further decreased compared with the shock state, including lipid metabolism (from 20 to 10), terpenoid/polyketide metabolism (from 14 to 12), and amino acid metabolism (from 6 to 0).

Conclusion

Under high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia, HS induces myocardial immune/coagulation suppression and metabolic disorder. Early resuscitation with LR solution fails to reverse these molecular alterations, indicating that simple crystalloid volume resuscitation is insufficient to protect the myocardium in high-altitude hemorrhagic shock.

, authors=Xingnan OUYANG, Yuanqun ZHOU, Xinming XIANG, Jie ZHANG, Qinghui LI, Liangming LIU, Tao LI, authorsList=Xingnan OUYANG, Yuanqun ZHOU, Xinming XIANG, Jie ZHANG, Qinghui LI, Liangming LIU, Tao LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441091082535103, articleId=1320441079334289587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=高原失血性休克导致大鼠心肌免疫抑制与代谢紊乱:蛋白-代谢联合组学揭示乳酸林格液复苏的局限性, columnId=1320435152170369724, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

解析高原低压缺氧条件下高原暴露与失血性休克对大鼠心肌蛋白质组和代谢组的影响特征,并评价乳酸林格液(lactated Ringer’s solution,LR)早期复苏对相关分子异常的调节作用,为阐明高原休克心肌损伤机制及优化高原复苏策略提供依据。

方法

将40只10~12周龄、体质量180~220 g的SPF级雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):平原正常组(normoxic control, NC)、高原假手术组(Sham)、高原失血性休克组(uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock,UHS)及高原失血性休克LR复苏组(LR1h)。采用低压缺氧舱模拟5 000 m海拔,大鼠进舱48 h后出舱,经尾静脉注入油酸诱导0.5 h,随后进行脾动脉离断自由出血至平均动脉血压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)降至40 mmHg,建立高原失血性休克模型。造模成功后,UHS组不予复苏,仅持续监测;LR1h组经股静脉输入LR在低压条件下复苏1 h。于相应时间点取心脏组织,开展4D-FastDIA定量蛋白质组学(n=4)与非靶向代谢组学检测(n=6),并采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、差异蛋白/代谢物筛选、基因本体(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析解析不同处理条件对心肌分子表达的影响特征。

结果

高原暴露效应(Sham组 vs NC组):鉴定到差异蛋白229个(上调154个、下调75个,P<0.05),富集分析显示免疫与炎症反应相关过程上调,而心肌收缩、线粒体基因表达及蛋白合成等过程下调;差异代谢物633个(上调509个、下调124个,VIP≥1且P<0.05),主要富集于脂质、萜类与多酮及氨基酸等基础代谢通路。失血性休克效应(UHS组 vs Sham组):鉴定到差异蛋白193个(上调42个、下调151个,P<0.05),表现为胆固醇及脂质代谢增强,而补体-凝血级联、溶酶体功能、免疫与炎症调控及多条感染相关通路整体下调;差异代谢物1 100个(上调267个、下调833个,VIP≥1且P<0.05),富集到的通路类型总体保持一致,但富集到的化合物数量整体下降,尤其在脂质代谢(31个降至20个)、萜类与多酮代谢(20个降至14个)以及氨基酸代谢(11个降至6个)等关键代谢轴上更为明显。LR复苏效应(LR1h组 vs UHS组):鉴定到差异蛋白108个(上调39个、下调69个,P<0.05),囊泡运输、自噬及肾素-血管紧张素系统等通路呈上调趋势,但补体-凝血级联、体液免疫、炎症反应及多条感染与代谢通路仍继续下调,氧运输等过程亦被抑制;差异代谢物494个(上调456个、下调38个,VIP≥1且P<0.05),富集通路仍集中于上述主要代谢途径,但这些通路的富集化合物数量较休克状态进一步减少,包括脂质代谢(20个降至10个)、萜类与多酮代谢(14个降至12个)以及氨基酸代谢(6个降至0个)。

结论

高原低压缺氧下失血性休克诱发心肌免疫/凝血抑制与代谢紊乱,早期乳酸林格液复苏难以在分子层面逆转该改变,提示单纯晶体液容量复苏不足以实现高原休克心肌保护。

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李涛,E-mail:
LI Tao, E-mail:
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Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 2024, 50(4): 1313-1330., articleTitle=Traumatic inflammatory response: pathophysiological role and clinical value of cytokines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320441128462172433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, doi=10.1186/s13613-025-01607-z, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=178, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=21, authorNames=DUBIN A, journalName=Ann Intensive Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUBIN A. Effects of fluids on sublingual microcirculation: a point of view review[J]. 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West J Emerg Med, 2025, 26(6): 1795-1803., articleTitle=Optimizing fluid resuscitation strategies: a network meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety for hemorrhagic shock patients in emergency settings, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441092365992128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441092395352257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, companyId=1320441092365992128, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1National Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department of War Trauma, Shock and Blood Transfusion, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441092416323778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, companyId=1320441092365992128, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院战伤休克与输血研究室,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441112532205809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Differential analysis of myocardial protein expression in SD rats across different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=vk6NFr4OjD+qBfubb5tG6A==, figureFileBig=7DJZlVcJw+LRrgtor4aLoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441114121847027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理组SD大鼠心肌组织蛋白表达差异分析

A: Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of protein quantification; B: Number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) across treatment groups; C: Volcano plots of quantified proteins for Sham vs NC, UHS vs Sham, and LR1h vs UHS; D: Hierarchical clustering heatmap of DEPs, with colors ranging from green (low expression) to orange (high expression). NC: Normoxic control; UHS: Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock; LR1h: High-altitude hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution for 1 h

, figureFileSmall=vk6NFr4OjD+qBfubb5tG6A==, figureFileBig=7DJZlVcJw+LRrgtor4aLoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441115384332532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Enrichment analysis of the identified differentially expressed proteins, figureFileSmall=r58asofOxQhdW3uBYXxSEQ==, figureFileBig=/KuznDDS6timhcL1TfxsnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441115468218613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鉴定的差异表达蛋白的富集分析

A and B: GO (A) and KEGG (B) enrichment analyses of DEPs for Sham vs NC; C and D: GO (C) and KEGG (D) enrichment analyses of DEPs for UHS vs Sham; E and F: GO(E) and KEGG(F) enrichment analyses of DEPs for LR1h vs UHS. GO: Gene ontology; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; DEPs: Differentially expressed proteins; NC: Normoxic Control; UHS: Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock; LR1h: High-altitude hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution for 1 h

, figureFileSmall=r58asofOxQhdW3uBYXxSEQ==, figureFileBig=/KuznDDS6timhcL1TfxsnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441115807957238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Differential analysis of myocardial metabolite profiles in SD rats across different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=mE0GVkwwmjpyWyasCdmqVA==, figureFileBig=kcc5RKZov+4MRiTxL2ULBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441116235776247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理组SD大鼠心肌组织代谢物表达差异分析

A: Three-dimensional principal component analysis (3D PCA) plot; B: Numbers of up-regulated and down-regulated metabolites across the treatment groups; C: Volcano plots of quantified metabolites for Sham vs NC, UHS vs Sham, and LR1h vs UHS; D: Hierarchical clustering heatmap of differential metabolites, with colors ranging from blue (low abundance) to red (high abundance). NC:Normoxic control; UHS: Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock; LR1h: High-altitude hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution for 1 h

, figureFileSmall=mE0GVkwwmjpyWyasCdmqVA==, figureFileBig=kcc5RKZov+4MRiTxL2ULBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441116638429432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the identified differential metabolites, figureFileSmall=Cz/ixGGErbNX/zPF/P8lIA==, figureFileBig=qP0MJrTbeXjcLD92wY5jAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441116751675641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441079334289587, language=CN, label=图4, caption=鉴定的差异表达代谢物的KEGG富集分析

A~C: KEGG enrichment analysis of differential metabolites for Sham vs NC (A), UHS vs Sham (B), and LR1h vs UHS (C). KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; NC:Normoxic control; UHS: Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock; LR1h: High-altitude hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution for 1 h

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欧阳杏楠 , 周远群 , 向鑫明 , 张杰 , 李清晖 , 刘良明 , 李涛
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·军事医学 2026,48(5): 653-662
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·军事医学 2026 , 48 (5) : 653 -662
高原失血性休克导致大鼠心肌免疫抑制与代谢紊乱:蛋白-代谢联合组学揭示乳酸林格液复苏的局限性
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欧阳杏楠, 周远群, 向鑫明, 张杰, 李清晖, 刘良明, 李涛
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院战伤休克与输血研究室,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
李涛,E-mail:
LI Tao, E-mail:
High-altitude hemorrhagic shock induces myocardial immunosuppression and metabolic disorder in rats: integrative proteo-metabolomic analysis reveals the limitations in resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s solution
Xingnan OUYANG, Yuanqun ZHOU, Xinming XIANG, Jie ZHANG, Qinghui LI, Liangming LIU, Tao LI
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department of War Trauma, Shock and Blood Transfusion, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511094
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目的

解析高原低压缺氧条件下高原暴露与失血性休克对大鼠心肌蛋白质组和代谢组的影响特征,并评价乳酸林格液(lactated Ringer’s solution,LR)早期复苏对相关分子异常的调节作用,为阐明高原休克心肌损伤机制及优化高原复苏策略提供依据。

方法

将40只10~12周龄、体质量180~220 g的SPF级雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为4组(n=10):平原正常组(normoxic control, NC)、高原假手术组(Sham)、高原失血性休克组(uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock,UHS)及高原失血性休克LR复苏组(LR1h)。采用低压缺氧舱模拟5 000 m海拔,大鼠进舱48 h后出舱,经尾静脉注入油酸诱导0.5 h,随后进行脾动脉离断自由出血至平均动脉血压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)降至40 mmHg,建立高原失血性休克模型。造模成功后,UHS组不予复苏,仅持续监测;LR1h组经股静脉输入LR在低压条件下复苏1 h。于相应时间点取心脏组织,开展4D-FastDIA定量蛋白质组学(n=4)与非靶向代谢组学检测(n=6),并采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、差异蛋白/代谢物筛选、基因本体(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析解析不同处理条件对心肌分子表达的影响特征。

结果

高原暴露效应(Sham组 vs NC组):鉴定到差异蛋白229个(上调154个、下调75个,P<0.05),富集分析显示免疫与炎症反应相关过程上调,而心肌收缩、线粒体基因表达及蛋白合成等过程下调;差异代谢物633个(上调509个、下调124个,VIP≥1且P<0.05),主要富集于脂质、萜类与多酮及氨基酸等基础代谢通路。失血性休克效应(UHS组 vs Sham组):鉴定到差异蛋白193个(上调42个、下调151个,P<0.05),表现为胆固醇及脂质代谢增强,而补体-凝血级联、溶酶体功能、免疫与炎症调控及多条感染相关通路整体下调;差异代谢物1 100个(上调267个、下调833个,VIP≥1且P<0.05),富集到的通路类型总体保持一致,但富集到的化合物数量整体下降,尤其在脂质代谢(31个降至20个)、萜类与多酮代谢(20个降至14个)以及氨基酸代谢(11个降至6个)等关键代谢轴上更为明显。LR复苏效应(LR1h组 vs UHS组):鉴定到差异蛋白108个(上调39个、下调69个,P<0.05),囊泡运输、自噬及肾素-血管紧张素系统等通路呈上调趋势,但补体-凝血级联、体液免疫、炎症反应及多条感染与代谢通路仍继续下调,氧运输等过程亦被抑制;差异代谢物494个(上调456个、下调38个,VIP≥1且P<0.05),富集通路仍集中于上述主要代谢途径,但这些通路的富集化合物数量较休克状态进一步减少,包括脂质代谢(20个降至10个)、萜类与多酮代谢(14个降至12个)以及氨基酸代谢(6个降至0个)。

结论

高原低压缺氧下失血性休克诱发心肌免疫/凝血抑制与代谢紊乱,早期乳酸林格液复苏难以在分子层面逆转该改变,提示单纯晶体液容量复苏不足以实现高原休克心肌保护。

高原  /  失血性休克  /  心肌  /  蛋白质组学  /  代谢组学
Objective

To characterize the myocardial proteomic and metabolomic alterations induced by high-altitude exposure and hemorrhagic shock (HS) under hypobaric hypoxic conditions, and to evaluate the regulatory effects of early lactated Ringer’s (LR) resuscitation on related molecular abnormalities, providing evidence for elucidating the mechanisms of myocardial injury in high-altitude HS and optimizing resuscitation strategies in such conditions.

Methods

Forty SPF-grade male SD rats (10 to 12 weeks old, weighing 180 to 220 g) were randomly divided into a normoxic control group (NC), a high-altitude sham group (Sham), a high-altitude uncontrolled HS (UHS) and a high-altitude HS with LR resuscitation group (LR1h), with 10 animals in each group. Hypobaric hypoxic condition was induced by rats placed in a hypobaric chamber to simulate an altitude of 5 000 m for 48 h. After chamber exit, the rats received an injection of oleic acid via the tail vein for 0.5 h, followed by splenic artery transection to induce uncontrolled hemorrhage until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased to 40 mmHg. Thus, a high-altitude HS model was established. After successful modeling, the UHS group received no resuscitation with continuous monitoring only, while the LR1h group received an infusion of LR solution via the femoral vein for 1 h resuscitation under hypobaric condition. At designated time points, heart tissues were collected for 4D-FastDIA quantitative proteomics (n=4) and untargeted metabolomics analysis (n=6). Principal component analysis (PCA), differential protein/metabolite screening, and gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed to characterize myocardial molecular expression profiles under different treatment conditions.

Results

High-altitude exposure effect (Sham vs NC): totally 229 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified (154 up-regulated and 75 down-regulated, P<0.05). Enrichment analyses showed up-regulation of immune and inflammatory response-related processes, and downregulation of cardiac contraction, mitochondrial gene expression, and protein synthesis. There were 633 differential metabolites identified (509 up-regulated and 124 down-regulated, VIP≥1, P<0.05), primarily enriched in fundamental metabolic pathways, such as lipid, terpenoid/polyketide, and amino acid metabolic pathways. HS shock effect (UHS vs Sham): A total of 193 DEPs were identified (42 up-regulated and 151 down-regulated, P<0.05), characterized by enhanced cholesterol and lipid metabolism, whereas global down-regulation of complement-coagulation cascades, lysosomal function, immune and inflammatory regulation, and multiple infection-related pathways. Among the 1 100 identified differential metabolites, there were 267 up-regulated and 833 down-regulated (VIP≥1, P<0.05). The types of enriched pathways were generally consistent, but the overall number of enriched compounds was decreased, with more pronounced reductions in key metabolic axes, including lipid metabolism (from 31 to 20), terpenoid/polyketide metabolism (from 20 to 14), and amino acid metabolism (from 11 to 6). LR resuscitation effect (LR1h vs UHS): A total of 108 DEPs were identified (39 up-regulated and 69 down-regulated, P<0.05). Vesicular transport, autophagy, and renin-angiotensin system pathways were up-regulated, but complement-coagulation cascade, humoral immunity, inflammatory response, and multiple infection- and metabolism-related pathways remained down-regulated, along with suppression of oxygen transport processes. Totally 494 differential metabolites were identified (456 up-regulated and 38 down-regulated, VIP≥1, P<0.05). Enriched pathways remained concentrated in the above main metabolic routes, but the number of enriched compounds in these pathways further decreased compared with the shock state, including lipid metabolism (from 20 to 10), terpenoid/polyketide metabolism (from 14 to 12), and amino acid metabolism (from 6 to 0).

Conclusion

Under high-altitude hypobaric hypoxia, HS induces myocardial immune/coagulation suppression and metabolic disorder. Early resuscitation with LR solution fails to reverse these molecular alterations, indicating that simple crystalloid volume resuscitation is insufficient to protect the myocardium in high-altitude hemorrhagic shock.

altitude  /  hemorrhagic shock  /  myocardium  /  proteomics  /  metabolomics
欧阳杏楠, 周远群, 向鑫明, 张杰, 李清晖, 刘良明, 李涛. 高原失血性休克导致大鼠心肌免疫抑制与代谢紊乱:蛋白-代谢联合组学揭示乳酸林格液复苏的局限性. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (5) : 653 -662 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511094
Xingnan OUYANG, Yuanqun ZHOU, Xinming XIANG, Jie ZHANG, Qinghui LI, Liangming LIU, Tao LI. High-altitude hemorrhagic shock induces myocardial immunosuppression and metabolic disorder in rats: integrative proteo-metabolomic analysis reveals the limitations in resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s solution[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (5) : 653 -662 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511094
失血性休克是严重创伤和战伤患者死亡的主要原因之一,其病理生理过程不仅表现为循环容量不足,还伴随炎症反应失衡、凝血功能紊乱及能量代谢障碍等一系列复杂变化。心脏作为机体氧依赖度最高的器官之一,其能量供应主要依赖有氧代谢,对缺氧极为敏感[1]。在休克状态下,心肌能量代谢受损、免疫稳态破坏及氧供不足等因素可相互作用,加速心功能障碍的发生,并显著影响复苏效果及患者预后[2]。近年来,免疫调控异常与代谢重编程被认为是休克相关器官损伤的重要机制,但其在不同环境应激条件下的表现特征仍有待进一步阐明。
高原地区长期处于低压、缺氧及寒冷等特殊环境,应激因素可显著改变机体的代偿能力和病理生理反应。研究表明,在高原低压缺氧及寒冷等环境应激的共同作用下,同等程度的创伤或失血引起的休克,较平原地区休克程度更重、发展更快,更易发生肺、脑水肿[3-4],机体对液体复苏的耐受性明显下降[5],导致死亡率较平原地区增加30%以上[6]。在低压缺氧条件下,组织氧供受限、微循环灌注障碍及代谢调控紊乱可能进一步放大失血性休克对心肌的损伤效应,使心脏成为高原环境中最易受累的关键靶器官之一。
乳酸林格液(lactated Ringer’s solution,LR)是临床应用最广泛的晶体液之一[7],在平原环境中可用于早期容量复苏[8]。然而,高原低压缺氧环境可能显著改变液体复苏的生理响应模式。本课题组前期研究及相关实验观察提示,在高原失血性休克中,单纯依赖晶体液进行低压复苏对循环维持及组织氧供改善的效果可能有限,且可能伴随失血加重及多器官损伤风险增加[9-10]。然而,LR复苏在高原环境下对心肌免疫调控、凝血状态及能量代谢等分子层面变化的影响仍缺乏系统而深入的研究,这在一定程度上制约了高原战伤及特殊环境创伤复苏策略的进一步优化。
基于此,本研究通过低压缺氧舱模拟高原环境,采用脾动脉离断方法复制高原失血性休克模型,结合4D-FastDIA定量蛋白质组学与非靶向代谢组学,系统分析高原暴露及失血性休克对大鼠心肌蛋白组与代谢组的影响特征,并进一步评估LR在早期复苏阶段对上述分子变化的调节作用。基于前期研究结果,本研究假设:在高原低压缺氧条件下,单纯以乳酸林格液为主的晶体液容量复苏虽可改善部分循环参数,但不足以在分子层面实现对心肌免疫、凝血及代谢功能的有效保护。旨在从分子层面阐明高原环境下失血性休克的心肌损伤机制及LR复苏的作用局限性,为高原战伤救治中优化复苏策略提供理论依据。
10~12周龄、体质量180~220 g的SPF级雄性SD大鼠40只,由陆军特色医学中心实验动物中心提供。动物许可证号SCXK(渝)2022-0004。本研究动物实验经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会审核(AMUWEC20210882),动物处置过程符合伦理要求。
LR购自四川科伦药业股份有限公司;肝素钠注射液购自常州千红生化制药股份有限公司;油酸购自中国生工生物工程股份有限公司;动物实验低压氧舱购自中国上海塔望科技有限公司。
大鼠置于模拟海拔5 000 m的低压氧舱内饲养48 h,其间可自由摄取食物和水。出舱后使用3%的戊巴比妥钠(30 mg/kg)经腹腔内注射麻醉,经尾静脉注入油酸(5 μg/100 g),根据前期预实验结果,该剂量油酸不会引起明显肺水肿。油酸注射0.5 h后,于左侧股动脉和股静脉分别置管用于平均动脉血压(mean arterial pressure, MAP)监测及输液。插管完成后,经动、静脉各注入肝素钠100 U抗凝,稳定10 min。随后自腹部正中切口开腹,暴露脾脏,从脾动脉分支之间横行切断脾实质,并切断1条脾动脉分支,使血自由流至腹腔内,随即关闭腹腔。当MAP降至40 mmHg时判定高原失血性休克模型制备成功。
将40只大鼠分为4组,每组10只:平原正常(normoxic control, NC)组、高原假手术(Sham)组、高原失血性休克(uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock,UHS)组及高原失血性休克LR复苏(LR1h)组。
NC组:大鼠不暴露于高原低压缺氧环境,不建立失血性休克模型,仅在平原常压条件下给予与其他组相同的麻醉及股动、静脉插管操作,不切断脾实质及脾动脉分支,于麻醉后与UHS组相同时间点取心脏组织。
Sham组:大鼠置于模拟海拔5 000 m低压氧舱内饲养48 h后出舱,按1.2节方法进行麻醉及股动、静脉插管和开腹暴露脾脏,但不切断脾实质及脾动脉分支,不造成失血,MAP维持在正常范围,于麻醉后与UHS组相同时间点取心脏组织。
UHS组:大鼠置于低压氧舱暴露48 h后,按1.2节方法制备高原失血性休克模型,当MAP降至40 mmHg判定造模成功,不予液体复苏,仅持续监测MAP,于造模成功后1 h取心脏组织。
LR1h组:大鼠同UHS组制备高原失血性休克模型,当MAP降至40 mmHg后经股静脉输注LR进行容量复苏,在低压条件下持续复苏1 h后取心脏组织。
每组随机选取大鼠心肌组织样本(n=4)进行蛋白质组学检测。取各组大鼠心肌组织,置于液氮预冷研钵中研磨成细粉。向各组样品中加入组织质量4倍体积的裂解缓冲液(1%Triton X-100,1%蛋白酶抑制剂),超声裂解后于4 ℃、12 000 ×g离心10 min,弃去沉淀,收集上清。采用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒测定蛋白浓度,各样本取等量总蛋白用于后续酶解。用裂解液将各样本体积调至一致后,缓慢加入终浓度20%三氯乙酸,涡旋混匀,4 ℃沉淀2 h。随后以4 500 ×g离心5 min,弃上清,用预冷丙酮洗涤沉淀2~3次。晾干沉淀后加入终浓度200 mmol/L三乙胺碳酸氢盐缓冲液超声重悬,按质量比1∶50(蛋白酶∶蛋白)加入胰蛋白酶,37 ℃条件下酶解过夜。酶解后加入二硫苏糖醇使终浓度为5 mmol/L,于56 ℃还原30 min;再加入碘乙酰胺使终浓度为11 mmol/L,室温避光孵育15 min进行烷基化。肽段经液相色谱流动相A相溶解后,采用EASY-nLC 1200超高效液相系统分离,并在Orbitrap Exploris™ 480质谱仪上进行4D-FastDIA模式分析。最终进行肽段和蛋白鉴定,肽段、蛋白及PSM水平的错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)均设置为1%。
生物信息学分析:利用基因本体(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因组与基因百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)数据库对差异蛋白进行功能注释及富集分析。
每组随机选取大鼠心肌组织样本(n=6)进行代谢组学检测。取各组大鼠心肌组织,在冰上剪碎并充分混匀(后续操作均在冰上进行)。多点取样后称取(20±1) mg组织至预冷离心管中,加入一粒钢珠,置于球磨仪(30 Hz)匀浆20 s,于4 ℃、825 ×g离心30 s,使样本沉降至管底。离心后加入400 μL 70%甲醇水内标提取液,206 ×g振荡5 min,冰上静置15 min;随后于4 ℃、13 201 ×g离心10 min,吸取上清300 μL转入新离心管中,于-20 ℃静置30 min;再次于4 ℃、13 201 ×g离心3 min,取上清200 μL转入进样瓶内衬管,用于液相色谱-质谱联用(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)分析。
差异蛋白的筛选:当P<0.05且差异倍数(fold change,FC)>1.5作为显著上调阈值,FC<1/1.5作为显著下调阈值。差异代谢物的筛选:结合单因素t检验得到的P值以及正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)所得的变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection,VIP)值筛选差异代谢物,两组样本间进行差异比较时,采用VIP≥1,P<0.05,FC>1.5作为显著上调阈值,FC<1/1.5作为显著下调阈值。除组学数据外,本文未涉及其他需要单独进行传统统计学检验的定量指标。
在4组SD大鼠心肌组织的蛋白组学分析中共鉴定并定量获得5 116个蛋白质(FDR=1%)。对所有定量蛋白进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)分析(图1A),4组样本间呈现明显分离。与NC组比较,Sham组鉴定出154个上调蛋白和75个下调蛋白;与Sham组比较,UHS组鉴定出42个上调蛋白和151个下调蛋白;与UHS组比较,给予LR复苏1 h后,鉴定出39个上调蛋白和69个下调蛋白(图1B、C)。这些差异蛋白的表达水平通过聚类热图进一步展示(图1D)。
为进一步探究不同处理条件下心脏组织差异表达蛋白所涉及的潜在生物学过程与信号通路,对3组比较分别进行了GO和KEGG富集分析(图2A~F)。
对Sham组与NC组的229个差异蛋白进行GO富集分析显示(图2A),上调的生物学过程主要集中于免疫与炎症反应调控,下调的生物学过程则主要涉及蛋白复合物降解、线粒体基因表达以及心肌结构与功能维持等相关过程。进一步的KEGG富集分析表明(图2B),上调的通路中,补体-凝血相关信号通路最为显著;同时,溶酶体和铁死亡等与细胞应激和损伤反应相关的通路亦呈显著富集趋势,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路(MAPK signaling pathway)亦表现出上调趋势。下调通路主要集中于蛋白质合成与翻译调控、代谢过程、心肌功能相关通路,并伴随内分泌与神经信号通路的显著降低。
对UHS组与Sham组的193个差异蛋白进行GO富集分析显示(图2C),UHS组呈现脂质代谢相关过程上调。此外,与免疫应答及小分子转运有关的过程亦出现富集。与蛋白活化与凝血功能以及免疫与炎症调控相关的过程均显著下调。在KEGG富集分析到的通路中(图2D),UHS组仅有胆固醇代谢通路呈上调,显示胆固醇代谢相关功能增强。其余多个通路均呈下调,包括凝血与免疫反应、溶酶体与代谢降解、感染相关通路、神经受体相互作用以及炎症反应相关通路。此外,铁死亡等细胞稳态调控通路亦处于下调状态。
对LR1h组与UHS组的108个差异蛋白进行GO富集分析显示(图2E),上调的生物学过程主要与囊泡定位和细胞运输、免疫激活以及基因表达调控有关。下调过程涵盖蛋白活化与凝血相关功能、体液免疫、炎症反应调控以及损伤应答与组织修复。此外,与氧运输相关的过程亦显著下调。在KEGG富集分析中(图2F),LR复苏后呈上调的通路主要涉及应激调节、自噬过程及细胞信号传导等。同时,部分感染与免疫相关通路亦表现为上调。相比之下,下调通路更为广泛且显著,涵盖补体与凝血级联、神经调节通路和代谢相关通路,并包括多条感染与免疫效应通路。
共鉴定到代谢物4 436种,随后进行多维度统计分析及差异代谢物筛选。基于所有定量代谢物进行PCA分析(图3A),4组样本之间呈现清晰的分离趋势。与NC组比较,Sham组鉴定出509个上调代谢物和124个下调代谢物;与Sham组比较,UHS组鉴定出267个上调代谢物和833个下调代谢物;与UHS组比较,给予LR复苏1 h后,鉴定出456个上调代谢物和38个下调代谢物(图3B、C)。差异代谢物的聚类热图(图3D)进一步呈现4组之间的整体代谢模式差异。
为探究不同处理条件下心肌代谢物变化所涉及的主要生物学通路,对3组比较得到的差异代谢物进行了KEGG富集分析(图4A~C)。
Sham组与NC组比较时,差异代谢物富集于多条代谢相关通路,其中以脂质代谢、萜类与多酮代谢和氨基酸代谢最为突出,并涉及能量代谢、辅因子和维生素代谢等基础代谢过程(图4A)。在UHS组与Sham组的比较中,富集到的通路类型总体保持一致,但富集到的化合物数量整体下降,尤其在脂质代谢(31降至20)、萜类与多酮代谢(20降至14)以及氨基酸代谢(11降至6)等关键代谢轴上更为明显(图4B)。在LR1h组与UHS组的比较中,富集通路仍集中于上述主要代谢途径,但这些通路的富集化合物数量较休克状态下进一步减少(图4C),例如脂质代谢(20降至10)、萜类与多酮代谢(14降至12)以及氨基酸代谢(6降至0)。
高原地区的低压缺氧及寒冷环境可显著降低机体对失血性休克的耐受性,使组织灌注障碍更早出现且程度更为严重[11]。在此背景下,创伤失血导致的循环容量不足与微循环受损被进一步放大,易诱发组织缺氧、酸中毒、凝血紊乱及炎症反应失衡等,并形成相互促进的恶性循环[12],从而加速多器官损伤进程[13],显著缩短有效救治时间窗[14]。心脏作为高度依赖氧供的关键器官,对缺氧与灌注不足尤为敏感,其损伤程度在很大程度上决定休克预后及复苏效果[15]。
本研究中,Sham组与NC组比较显示,高原暴露本身即可引起心肌免疫与炎症反应调控过程普遍上调,而心肌收缩、线粒体基因表达及蛋白质合成等维持心肌结构与功能的关键过程明显下调。KEGG富集分析进一步提示补体-凝血、溶酶体、铁死亡等通路上调,而蛋白翻译、心肌信号转导及内分泌调节等相关通路下调。这些变化表明,高原低压缺氧本身已使心肌稳态发生显著扰动,一方面免疫应答被激活,另一方面心脏结构功能维持相关通路受到抑制。结合代谢组结果中脂质、萜类多酮及氨基酸代谢通路富集,提示在高原条件下心肌代谢模式发生明显重塑。
因此,高原环境并非失血性休克发生前的“中性背景”,而是通过免疫激活与代谢重编程,使心肌功能储备下降、处于易损状态,从而为后续失血性休克导致更严重的心肌损伤奠定基础。
在高原暴露基础上进一步发生失血性休克(UHS组vs Sham组),心肌分子改变呈现出更显著且更系统性的失衡特征。蛋白质组学结果显示,胆固醇及脂质代谢相关过程增强,而补体-凝血级联、吞噬作用、溶酶体途径、感染相关信号以及多种免疫与炎症调控过程均显著下调。代谢组结果显示,在脂质代谢、萜类与多酮代谢以及氨基酸代谢等主要代谢通路类型保持一致的情况下,富集到的差异代谢物数量呈逐步减少趋势,提示心肌在高原失血性休克过程中代谢响应范围和代谢调节能力持续受限。
不同于平原环境下失血性休克研究多强调炎症过度激活[16-17],本研究提示,在高原低压缺氧背景下,心肌对失血性休克的反应更倾向于免疫防御与凝血功能的抑制状态。这种“低反应型”的免疫与凝血失衡,可能与持续低氧、能量供应不足以及线粒体功能受损密切相关。脂质代谢增强在一定程度上可能反映了心肌在糖氧化受限情况下的代偿性能源重分配,但在免疫、凝血及多条稳态通路的同步下调的情况下,这种代偿显然难以维持心肌整体功能稳定。
因此,高原失血性休克并非单一通路异常,而是表现为免疫、凝血与代谢多系统协同抑制的分子失衡状态,这可能是其进展迅速、预后不良的重要机制基础。
在LR复苏1 h后(LR1h组 vs UHS组),心肌分子变化呈现出一定的双向特征。一方面,囊泡运输、自噬调节以及肾素-血管紧张素系统等通路出现上调,提示LR复苏可在一定程度上启动细胞应激调控与代偿机制;另一方面,补体-凝血级联、体液免疫调控、神经受体相互作用、氮代谢及多条感染相关通路仍持续下调,氧运输等与心肌供氧维持相关的过程亦未见恢复。代谢组学结果进一步显示,尽管主要代谢通路类型总体保持一致,但其富集到的差异代谢物数量较休克状态进一步减少,提示LR复苏未能有效恢复心肌代谢网络的参与度与调节能力。
这些结果表明,在高原低压缺氧环境下,LR复苏并非“完全无效”,但其作用主要体现在触发局部应激与运输相关过程,未能改善心肌免疫、凝血及代谢等核心功能失衡。既往研究亦提示,晶体液复苏在高原环境中可能因血液稀释、氧携带能力不足及微循环改善有限而难以有效缓解组织缺氧[18-19]。因此,LR虽可在一定程度上维持循环相关参数,但尚不足以在分子层面实现对心肌的实质性保护。
本研究从蛋白质组和代谢组两个层面系统分析了高原环境下失血性休克对心肌的分子影响,并进一步揭示了传统LR复苏策略的局限性。结果提示,在高原环境下,单纯依赖晶体液进行容量复苏可能不足以满足心肌保护需求。未来的高原休克救治策略,除关注循环容量恢复外,还应更加重视改善组织供氧能力、维持免疫与凝血稳态以及支持心肌能量代谢。
基于本研究发现,潜在的优化方向包括:联合血制品或携氧载体以提高氧输送效率;通过调控免疫与凝血相关通路改善“低反应”状态;针对高原特有的代谢特征,探索更符合其生理需求的复苏液体配方;进一步关注补体-凝血、自噬及铁死亡等通路作为潜在的干预靶点。
本研究仍存在一定局限性:①尚未结合心肌组织学评价、线粒体功能或心功能测定等功能学证据;②对关键通路未进一步进行验证实验。未来研究应结合功能实验进一步阐明关键分子机制,从而为高原环境下的休克治疗提供更可靠的依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511094
  • 接收时间:2025-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-20
  • 修回日期:2026-01-08
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)大坪医院战伤休克与输血研究室,创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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