Article(id=1320434494872597490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320434416447500876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=1765814400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792745716063, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1768406400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745716063, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745716063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745716063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320434416447500876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768406400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745697366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749679774, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451119940227660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320434416447500876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451119940227661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320434416447500876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320434495258473459, articleId=1320434494872597490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Heart rate and cholesterol: Exploration of potential risk indicators and screening significance for retinal vascular abnormalities in non-Tibetan young men residing at high altitudes for 1.5 years, columnId=1320434453051199700, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Think Tank for Public Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact of living at high altitudes for 1.5 years on the retinal blood vessels among healthy non-Tibetan young males and to screen related hematological and physiological indicators, providing a basis for increasing the eye examination items in high-altitude regions.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Data screening and collation were conducted between September 2024 and September 2025. The study subjects comprised non-Tibetan young adult males who, by December 2024, had been residing continuously at an altitude of 4 100 m for 1.5 years. Among the 180 participants, 65 had retinal vascular abnormalities and 115 were normal. Two independent samples rank-sum test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the association between the hematological and physiological indicators and retinal vascular abnormalities.

Results

The incidence of retinal vascular abnormalities was 36.11%. Two independent samples rank-sum test showed no statistical difference between the 2 groups in chronic mountain sickness (CMS) (P=0.527), while the P-values less than 0.2 were observed in term of heart rate (P=0.033), average visual reaction time (P=0.07), γ-glutamyl transferase (P=0.18), total cholesterol (P=0.033), triglycerides (P=0.149), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.095), platelet count (P=0.141), and plateletcrit (P=0.066). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that heart rate (OR=1.033, 95%CI: 1.003 to 1.064, P=0.033) and total cholesterol (OR=1.868, 95%CI: 1.004 to 3.477, P=0.049) were positively, while average visual reaction time (OR=0.035, 95%CI: 0.002 to 0.723, P=0.03) was negatively correlated with the risk of retinal vascular changes.

Conclusion

The incidence of retinal vascular abnormalities is relatively high among healthy young men who have resided in high-altitude areas for 1.5 years. Increased heart rate and elevated total cholesterol level are independent risk factors for retinal vascular changes, while prolonged visual reaction time is associated with a reduced risk of such changes. Countermeasures Regular fundus photography helps identify retinal vascular changes at an early stage, which has important clinical significance for preventing the occurrence and development of high-altitude-related retinopathy and even high-altitude cerebral edema. It is recommended to include fundus photography in the health monitoring system for personnel residing in high-altitude areas.

, authors=Haidong GUAN1, Qi CUI2, Yujie HUANG2, Hongchen XIE2, Xiaoling TAN2, Xiaoyong HUANG1, authorsList=Haidong GUAN, Qi CUI, Yujie HUANG, Hongchen XIE, Xiaoling TAN, Xiaoyong HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoyong HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320434497779250166, articleId=1320434494872597490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=心率与胆固醇:高海拔居留1.5年的非藏族青年男性视网膜血管异常的潜在危险指标及筛查意义探讨, columnId=1320434453520961751, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·公共卫生智库, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨在高海拔地区生活1.5年,对健康非藏族青年男性视网膜血管的影响,并筛选与其相关的血液学及生理学指标,为增加高原地区眼部体检项目提供依据。

方法

采用横断面调查研究设计方案,于2024年9月至2025年9月完成数据筛选与整理,选取2024年12月时已在海拔4 100 m地区连续居留满1.5年的非藏族青年男性作为研究对象。180名中视网膜血管异常有65例,视网膜血管正常有115例。通过两独立样本秩和检验及多因素Logistic回归分析,评估血液学及生理学指标与视网膜血管异常的关联性。

结果

视网膜血管异常的发生率为36.11%。两独立样本秩和检验显示,两组在慢性高原病(chronic mountain sickness,CMS)上无统计学差异(P=0.527);心率(P=0.033)、平均视觉反应时间(P=0.07)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(P=0.18)、总胆固醇(P=0.033)、甘油三酯(P=0.149)、低密度脂蛋白(P=0.095)、血小板计数(P=0.141)、血小板压积(P=0.066)的P值均小于0.2。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,心率(OR=1.033,95%CI:1.003~1.064,P=0.033)、总胆固醇(OR=1.868,95%CI:1.004~3.477,P=0.049)与视网膜血管改变风险呈正相关,而视觉反应平均时间(OR=0.035,95%CI:0.002~0.723,P=0.03)与视网膜血管改变风险呈负相关。

结论

进入高海拔地区1.5年的健康青年男性中视网膜血管异常发生率较高。心率增快与总胆固醇水平升高是视网膜血管改变的独立危险因素,而视觉反应时间延长则与风险降低相关。对策 定期进行眼底照相检查,有助于早期识别视网膜血管改变,对预防高海拔相关视网膜病变乃至高原脑水肿的发生与发展具有重要临床意义,建议将其纳入高原驻留人员的健康监测体系。

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黄小勇,E-mail:
HUANG Xiaoyong E-mail:
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Heliyon,2024,10(9):e30487., articleTitle=Ocular manifestations of severe familial hypercholesterolemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320434507715555404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0174277, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=12, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=29, authorNames=GRIVA K, STYGALL J, WILSON M H, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRIVA K,STYGALL J,WILSON M H,et al. Caudwell Xtreme Everest:a prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning[J]. PLoS One,2017,12(3):e0174277., articleTitle=Caudwell Xtreme Everest:a prospective study of the effects of environmental hypoxia on cognitive functioning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320434507795247181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, doi=10.1007/s11065-004-8159-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=14, issue=4, pageStart=197, pageEnd=224, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=30, authorNames=VIRUÉS-ORTEGA J, BUELA-CASAL G, GARRIDO E, journalName=Neuropsychol Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VIRUÉS-ORTEGA J,BUELA-CASAL G,GARRIDO E,et al. Neuropsychological functioning associated with high-altitude exposure[J]. 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Netw Neurosci,2024,8(1):275-292., articleTitle=Elevating understanding:Linking high-altitude hypoxia to brain aging through EEG functional connectivity and spectral analyses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320434507942047823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, doi=10.1038/jcbfm.1994.84, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=14, issue=4, pageStart=671, pageEnd=679, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=32, authorNames=HOCHACHKA P W, CLARK C M, BROWN W D, journalName=J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOCHACHKA P W,CLARK C M,BROWN W D,et al. The brain at high altitude:hypometabolism as a defense against chronic hypoxia?[J]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,1994,14(4):671-679., articleTitle=The brain at high altitude:hypometabolism as a defense against chronic hypoxia?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320434508017545296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, doi=10.1016/j.survophthal. 2021.11.006, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=67, issue=5, pageStart=1531, pageEnd=1539, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=33, authorNames=PALERMO B J, D’AMICO S L, KIM B Y, journalName=Surv Ophthalmol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PALERMO B J,D’AMICO S L,KIM B Y,et al. Sensitivity and specificity of handheld fundus cameras for eye disease:a systematic review and pooled analysis[J]. Surv Ophthalmol,2022,67(5):1531-1539., articleTitle=Sensitivity and specificity of handheld fundus cameras for eye disease:a systematic review and pooled analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320434498077045751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320434498085434360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, companyId=1320434498077045751, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320434498123183097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, companyId=1320434498077045751, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院眼科)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320434498219652090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320434498274178043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, companyId=1320434498219652090, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Cold Region Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320434498295149564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, companyId=1320434498219652090, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2高原军事医学系寒区医学教研室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320434502703362087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Measuring the diameters of arterioles and venules at the optic disc margin of the retina, figureFileSmall=JIpWvagGsnK7yliCn9vfAA==, figureFileBig=87xpBRMs1aGDdiHtKKFqZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320434502795636776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=CN, label=图1, caption=视网膜视盘边缘动静脉直径测量示例

A: Representative image of measuring retinal vessel diameters at 0.5 PD from the optic disc edge using ImageJ software; B: Representative fundus photograph of a participant with normal retinal vessels; C: Representative fundus photograph of a participant with retinal vascular abnormalites. Red circles: retinal arteries; Blue circles: retinal veins

, figureFileSmall=JIpWvagGsnK7yliCn9vfAA==, figureFileBig=87xpBRMs1aGDdiHtKKFqZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320434502996963369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of baseline data and cognitive function between the normal retinal vessel group and the abnormal retinal vessel group [M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorNormal retinal vascular group
(n=115)
Abnormal retinal vascular group
(n=65)
ZP
Age/years23(22,24)23(23,24)-0.0730.942
Blood oxygen saturation/%86(84,88)86(83,87)-0.3790.705
Heart rate/bpm76(70,85)81(73,88)-2.1300.033
BMI/(kg/m²)21.47(20.45,23.14)21.91(20.74,22.90)-0.6980.485
Right brain oxygen/%68(64,72)68(64,72)-0.7070.480
CMS value3(1,5)2(1,4)-0.6330.527
Digital decoding51.0(40.0,65.0)50.5(38.3,60.8)-0.8940.371
Target tracking/Correct point counting144.0(132.0,156.0)140.5(132.6,152.5)-0.7340.463
Average visual reaction time/s0.71(0.63,0.78)0.66(0.61,0.73)-1.8130.070
Average auditory reaction time/s0.21(0.19,0.24)0.21(0.19,0.23)-1.1800.238
Spatial location memory span test10(8,11)10(8,11)-0.5080.612
), ArticleFig(id=1320434503072460842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

视网膜血管正常组和视网膜血管异常组基线资料及认知功能的比较[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorNormal retinal vascular group
(n=115)
Abnormal retinal vascular group
(n=65)
ZP
Age/years23(22,24)23(23,24)-0.0730.942
Blood oxygen saturation/%86(84,88)86(83,87)-0.3790.705
Heart rate/bpm76(70,85)81(73,88)-2.1300.033
BMI/(kg/m²)21.47(20.45,23.14)21.91(20.74,22.90)-0.6980.485
Right brain oxygen/%68(64,72)68(64,72)-0.7070.480
CMS value3(1,5)2(1,4)-0.6330.527
Digital decoding51.0(40.0,65.0)50.5(38.3,60.8)-0.8940.371
Target tracking/Correct point counting144.0(132.0,156.0)140.5(132.6,152.5)-0.7340.463
Average visual reaction time/s0.71(0.63,0.78)0.66(0.61,0.73)-1.8130.070
Average auditory reaction time/s0.21(0.19,0.24)0.21(0.19,0.23)-1.1800.238
Spatial location memory span test10(8,11)10(8,11)-0.5080.612
), ArticleFig(id=1320434503147958315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of blood indicators between the normal retinal vascular group and the abnormal retinal vascular group [M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorNormal retinal vascular group
(n=115)
Abnormal retinal vascular group
(n=65)
ZP
Total protein/(g/L)75.8(73.2,78.4)76.1(73.4,79.3)-0.4070.684
Albumin/(g/L)53.6(51.5,55.7)53.6(51.9,56.1)-0.8650.387
Total bilirubin/(μmol/L)23.4(16.4,31.9)26.4(17.9,33.9)-1.2600.208
Direct bilirubin/(μmol/L)7.0(5.5,9.8)8.2(5.1,10.4)-0.7510.453
Total bile acid/(μmol/L)2.5(1.0,4.6)2.2(1.0,3.7)-0.9130.361
Alkaline phosphatase/(U/L)69(59,83)72(62,83)-0.8210.412
Gamma-glutamyl transferase/(U/L)25.0(20.0,33.0)28.0(20.5,35.0)-1.3410.180
Alanine aminotransferase/(U/L)22.0(17.0,29.0)20.0(15.5,28.0)-0.9570.339
Aspartate aminotransferase/(U/L)20(16,23)19(17,24)-0.2330.816
Indirect bilirubin/(μmol/L)16.1(11.4,22.1)18.2(12.3,21.9)-1.2460.213
Globulin/(g/L)22.10(20.10,24.85)21.80(19.90,24.85)-0.3440.731
AST/ALT ratio0.88(0.71,1.17)0.89(0.72,1.25)-0.4340.665
White ball ratio2.41(2.18,2.69)2.48(2.17,2.74)-0.7620.446
Total cholesterol/(mmol/L)3.75(3.41,4.30)4.03(3.59,4.56)-2.1340.033
Triglyceride/(mmol/L)0.88(0.68,1.14)0.94(0.76,1.27)-1.4450.149
High-density lipoprotein/(mmol/L)1.01(0.89,1.16)1.08(0.92,1.18)-1.0870.277
Low-density lipoprotein/(mmol/L)1.41(0.92,2.41)1.90(1.07,2.55)-1.6710.095
White blood cells/(×10⁹/L)6.36(5.57,7.14)6.23(5.69,7.40)-0.2990.765
Neutrophil/(×10⁹/L)2.90(2.22,3.81)3.00(2.45,3.58)-0.4690.639
Neutrophil percentage/%46.64(40.64,57.20)48.34(41.53,51.88)-0.1410.888
Lymphocytes/(×10⁹/L)2.63(2.06,3.02)2.66(2.19,3.18)-1.0380.299
Lymphocyte percentage/%40.54(32.40,48.10)42.14(37.49,48.08)-1.1110.266
Monocyte/(×10⁹/L)0.45(0.31,0.58)0.40(0.31,0.55)-0.4240.671
Monocyte percentage/%6.80(5.20,8.80)6.39(5.04,8.54)-0.2630.793
Eosinophils/(×10⁹/L)0.08(0.05,0.14)0.08(0.05,0.13)-0.5470.584
Eosinophil percentage/%1.30(0.90,1.80)1.40(0.88,2.13)-0.5480.584
Basophil/ ×10⁹/L0.01(0.00,0.03)0.01(0.01,0.03)-0.7770.437
Basophil percentage/%0.24(0.04,0.60)0.24(0.14,0.53)-0.7240.469
Red blood cells/(×10¹²/L)6.36(6.00,6.91)6.26(6.04,6.86)-0.2440.807
Hemoglobin/(g/L)196.0(184.0,208.0)193.5(185.0,204.5)-0.2220.825
Hematocrit/%59.5(55.0,64.0)59.4(55.7,63.7)-0.0470.962
Mean corpuscular volume/fl91.5(89.2,94.7)91.1(88.9,94.5)-0.4810.630
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin/pg30.6(29.8,31.6)30.5(29.8,31.2)-0.8420.400
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration/(g/L)334(328,340)335(330,339)-0.1440.885
Red blood cell distribution width-SD/fl43(41,45)43(41,45)-0.2770.782
Red blood cell distribution width-CV/%13(13,14)13(13,14)-0.8160.415
Platelet/(×10⁹/L)213.00(183.00,249.00)227.50(186.00,264.25)-1.4710.141
Plateletcrit/%0.24(0.21,0.29)0.26(0.23,0.30)-1.8390.066
Mean platelet volume/fl11.5(10.7,12.3)11.3(10.4,12.3)-0.6950.487
Platelet distribution width/%14.60(12.70,16.40)14.20(12.30,16.33)-0.5340.594
Large platelet ratio/%37.00(29.80,43.40)35.75(27.65,44.15)-0.6770.498
Urea/(mmol/L)6.40(5.40,7.63)6.40(5.30,7.15)-1.0310.303
Crea/(μmol/L)84.0(75.8,95.3)86.0(76.5,95.0)-0.2070.836
Urea acid/(μmol/L)439.0(386.5,506.0)453.0(417.0,501.5)-0.6750.500
), ArticleFig(id=1320434503236038700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

视网膜血管正常组和视网膜血管异常组血液指标的比较[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorNormal retinal vascular group
(n=115)
Abnormal retinal vascular group
(n=65)
ZP
Total protein/(g/L)75.8(73.2,78.4)76.1(73.4,79.3)-0.4070.684
Albumin/(g/L)53.6(51.5,55.7)53.6(51.9,56.1)-0.8650.387
Total bilirubin/(μmol/L)23.4(16.4,31.9)26.4(17.9,33.9)-1.2600.208
Direct bilirubin/(μmol/L)7.0(5.5,9.8)8.2(5.1,10.4)-0.7510.453
Total bile acid/(μmol/L)2.5(1.0,4.6)2.2(1.0,3.7)-0.9130.361
Alkaline phosphatase/(U/L)69(59,83)72(62,83)-0.8210.412
Gamma-glutamyl transferase/(U/L)25.0(20.0,33.0)28.0(20.5,35.0)-1.3410.180
Alanine aminotransferase/(U/L)22.0(17.0,29.0)20.0(15.5,28.0)-0.9570.339
Aspartate aminotransferase/(U/L)20(16,23)19(17,24)-0.2330.816
Indirect bilirubin/(μmol/L)16.1(11.4,22.1)18.2(12.3,21.9)-1.2460.213
Globulin/(g/L)22.10(20.10,24.85)21.80(19.90,24.85)-0.3440.731
AST/ALT ratio0.88(0.71,1.17)0.89(0.72,1.25)-0.4340.665
White ball ratio2.41(2.18,2.69)2.48(2.17,2.74)-0.7620.446
Total cholesterol/(mmol/L)3.75(3.41,4.30)4.03(3.59,4.56)-2.1340.033
Triglyceride/(mmol/L)0.88(0.68,1.14)0.94(0.76,1.27)-1.4450.149
High-density lipoprotein/(mmol/L)1.01(0.89,1.16)1.08(0.92,1.18)-1.0870.277
Low-density lipoprotein/(mmol/L)1.41(0.92,2.41)1.90(1.07,2.55)-1.6710.095
White blood cells/(×10⁹/L)6.36(5.57,7.14)6.23(5.69,7.40)-0.2990.765
Neutrophil/(×10⁹/L)2.90(2.22,3.81)3.00(2.45,3.58)-0.4690.639
Neutrophil percentage/%46.64(40.64,57.20)48.34(41.53,51.88)-0.1410.888
Lymphocytes/(×10⁹/L)2.63(2.06,3.02)2.66(2.19,3.18)-1.0380.299
Lymphocyte percentage/%40.54(32.40,48.10)42.14(37.49,48.08)-1.1110.266
Monocyte/(×10⁹/L)0.45(0.31,0.58)0.40(0.31,0.55)-0.4240.671
Monocyte percentage/%6.80(5.20,8.80)6.39(5.04,8.54)-0.2630.793
Eosinophils/(×10⁹/L)0.08(0.05,0.14)0.08(0.05,0.13)-0.5470.584
Eosinophil percentage/%1.30(0.90,1.80)1.40(0.88,2.13)-0.5480.584
Basophil/ ×10⁹/L0.01(0.00,0.03)0.01(0.01,0.03)-0.7770.437
Basophil percentage/%0.24(0.04,0.60)0.24(0.14,0.53)-0.7240.469
Red blood cells/(×10¹²/L)6.36(6.00,6.91)6.26(6.04,6.86)-0.2440.807
Hemoglobin/(g/L)196.0(184.0,208.0)193.5(185.0,204.5)-0.2220.825
Hematocrit/%59.5(55.0,64.0)59.4(55.7,63.7)-0.0470.962
Mean corpuscular volume/fl91.5(89.2,94.7)91.1(88.9,94.5)-0.4810.630
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin/pg30.6(29.8,31.6)30.5(29.8,31.2)-0.8420.400
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration/(g/L)334(328,340)335(330,339)-0.1440.885
Red blood cell distribution width-SD/fl43(41,45)43(41,45)-0.2770.782
Red blood cell distribution width-CV/%13(13,14)13(13,14)-0.8160.415
Platelet/(×10⁹/L)213.00(183.00,249.00)227.50(186.00,264.25)-1.4710.141
Plateletcrit/%0.24(0.21,0.29)0.26(0.23,0.30)-1.8390.066
Mean platelet volume/fl11.5(10.7,12.3)11.3(10.4,12.3)-0.6950.487
Platelet distribution width/%14.60(12.70,16.40)14.20(12.30,16.33)-0.5340.594
Large platelet ratio/%37.00(29.80,43.40)35.75(27.65,44.15)-0.6770.498
Urea/(mmol/L)6.40(5.40,7.63)6.40(5.30,7.15)-1.0310.303
Crea/(μmol/L)84.0(75.8,95.3)86.0(76.5,95.0)-0.2070.836
Urea acid/(μmol/L)439.0(386.5,506.0)453.0(417.0,501.5)-0.6750.500
), ArticleFig(id=1320434503315730477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of retinal vascular abnormalities in high-altitude populations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableBStandard errorWaldfreedomSalienceExp(B)95%CI
Heart rate0.0330.0154.56910.0331.0331.003~1.064
Average visual reaction time-3.3621.5504.70610.0300.0350.002~0.723
GGT-0.0060.0110.31910.5720.9940.974~1.015
CHOL0.6250.3173.88810.0491.8681.004~3.477
TG-0.3590.4100.76610.3810.6980.313~1.560
LDL0.2190.1951.25710.2621.2450.849~1.826
PLT0.0020.0060.15510.6931.0020.991~1.014
PCT3.3245.1900.41010.52227.7580.001~726 463.581
HCT_0.0230.0310.55510.4561.0230.963~1.087
), ArticleFig(id=1320434503382839342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320434494872597490, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高海拔人群出现视网膜血管异常的多因素Logistic 回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableBStandard errorWaldfreedomSalienceExp(B)95%CI
Heart rate0.0330.0154.56910.0331.0331.003~1.064
Average visual reaction time-3.3621.5504.70610.0300.0350.002~0.723
GGT-0.0060.0110.31910.5720.9940.974~1.015
CHOL0.6250.3173.88810.0491.8681.004~3.477
TG-0.3590.4100.76610.3810.6980.313~1.560
LDL0.2190.1951.25710.2621.2450.849~1.826
PLT0.0020.0060.15510.6931.0020.991~1.014
PCT3.3245.1900.41010.52227.7580.001~726 463.581
HCT_0.0230.0310.55510.4561.0230.963~1.087
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心率与胆固醇:高海拔居留1.5年的非藏族青年男性视网膜血管异常的潜在危险指标及筛查意义探讨
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关海东 1 , 崔琪 2 , 黄榆杰 2 , 谢宏晨 2 , 谭小玲 2 , 黄小勇 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·公共卫生智库 2026,48(1): 86-93
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·公共卫生智库 2026 , 48 (1) : 86 -93
心率与胆固醇:高海拔居留1.5年的非藏族青年男性视网膜血管异常的潜在危险指标及筛查意义探讨
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关海东1, 崔琪2, 黄榆杰2, 谢宏晨2, 谭小玲2, 黄小勇1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院眼科
  • 2高原军事医学系寒区医学教研室
通讯作者:
黄小勇,E-mail:
HUANG Xiaoyong E-mail:
Heart rate and cholesterol: Exploration of potential risk indicators and screening significance for retinal vascular abnormalities in non-Tibetan young men residing at high altitudes for 1.5 years
Haidong GUAN1, Qi CUI2, Yujie HUANG2, Hongchen XIE2, Xiaoling TAN2, Xiaoyong HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital
  • 2Department of Cold Region Medicine, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-01-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511086
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目的

探讨在高海拔地区生活1.5年,对健康非藏族青年男性视网膜血管的影响,并筛选与其相关的血液学及生理学指标,为增加高原地区眼部体检项目提供依据。

方法

采用横断面调查研究设计方案,于2024年9月至2025年9月完成数据筛选与整理,选取2024年12月时已在海拔4 100 m地区连续居留满1.5年的非藏族青年男性作为研究对象。180名中视网膜血管异常有65例,视网膜血管正常有115例。通过两独立样本秩和检验及多因素Logistic回归分析,评估血液学及生理学指标与视网膜血管异常的关联性。

结果

视网膜血管异常的发生率为36.11%。两独立样本秩和检验显示,两组在慢性高原病(chronic mountain sickness,CMS)上无统计学差异(P=0.527);心率(P=0.033)、平均视觉反应时间(P=0.07)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(P=0.18)、总胆固醇(P=0.033)、甘油三酯(P=0.149)、低密度脂蛋白(P=0.095)、血小板计数(P=0.141)、血小板压积(P=0.066)的P值均小于0.2。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,心率(OR=1.033,95%CI:1.003~1.064,P=0.033)、总胆固醇(OR=1.868,95%CI:1.004~3.477,P=0.049)与视网膜血管改变风险呈正相关,而视觉反应平均时间(OR=0.035,95%CI:0.002~0.723,P=0.03)与视网膜血管改变风险呈负相关。

结论

进入高海拔地区1.5年的健康青年男性中视网膜血管异常发生率较高。心率增快与总胆固醇水平升高是视网膜血管改变的独立危险因素,而视觉反应时间延长则与风险降低相关。对策 定期进行眼底照相检查,有助于早期识别视网膜血管改变,对预防高海拔相关视网膜病变乃至高原脑水肿的发生与发展具有重要临床意义,建议将其纳入高原驻留人员的健康监测体系。

军事医学  /  高原  /  视网膜血管改变  /  视网膜动静脉比  /  血液学改变
Objective

To explore the impact of living at high altitudes for 1.5 years on the retinal blood vessels among healthy non-Tibetan young males and to screen related hematological and physiological indicators, providing a basis for increasing the eye examination items in high-altitude regions.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Data screening and collation were conducted between September 2024 and September 2025. The study subjects comprised non-Tibetan young adult males who, by December 2024, had been residing continuously at an altitude of 4 100 m for 1.5 years. Among the 180 participants, 65 had retinal vascular abnormalities and 115 were normal. Two independent samples rank-sum test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the association between the hematological and physiological indicators and retinal vascular abnormalities.

Results

The incidence of retinal vascular abnormalities was 36.11%. Two independent samples rank-sum test showed no statistical difference between the 2 groups in chronic mountain sickness (CMS) (P=0.527), while the P-values less than 0.2 were observed in term of heart rate (P=0.033), average visual reaction time (P=0.07), γ-glutamyl transferase (P=0.18), total cholesterol (P=0.033), triglycerides (P=0.149), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.095), platelet count (P=0.141), and plateletcrit (P=0.066). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that heart rate (OR=1.033, 95%CI: 1.003 to 1.064, P=0.033) and total cholesterol (OR=1.868, 95%CI: 1.004 to 3.477, P=0.049) were positively, while average visual reaction time (OR=0.035, 95%CI: 0.002 to 0.723, P=0.03) was negatively correlated with the risk of retinal vascular changes.

Conclusion

The incidence of retinal vascular abnormalities is relatively high among healthy young men who have resided in high-altitude areas for 1.5 years. Increased heart rate and elevated total cholesterol level are independent risk factors for retinal vascular changes, while prolonged visual reaction time is associated with a reduced risk of such changes. Countermeasures Regular fundus photography helps identify retinal vascular changes at an early stage, which has important clinical significance for preventing the occurrence and development of high-altitude-related retinopathy and even high-altitude cerebral edema. It is recommended to include fundus photography in the health monitoring system for personnel residing in high-altitude areas.

military medicine  /  plateau  /  retinal vascular changes  /  arteriovenous ratio of the retina  /  hematological changes
关海东, 崔琪, 黄榆杰, 谢宏晨, 谭小玲, 黄小勇. 心率与胆固醇:高海拔居留1.5年的非藏族青年男性视网膜血管异常的潜在危险指标及筛查意义探讨. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (1) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511086
Haidong GUAN, Qi CUI, Yujie HUANG, Hongchen XIE, Xiaoling TAN, Xiaoyong HUANG. Heart rate and cholesterol: Exploration of potential risk indicators and screening significance for retinal vascular abnormalities in non-Tibetan young men residing at high altitudes for 1.5 years[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (1) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511086
长期的高海拔低氧低压环境暴露会造成神经系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统的不可逆损伤[1-2]。而作为中枢神经系统的延伸,视网膜的代谢和氧气消耗是整个人体中最高的。有研究表明,多数组织仅从动脉血中摄取约20%的含氧量,但血液通过视网膜循环时,血氧饱和度会出现约35%的降低,这一数值显著高于人体其他组织[3],因此视网膜对缺氧环境异常敏感。既往研究发现,平原正常视网膜的动静脉比为2∶3至3∶4[4],而高原地区眼底改变主要表现为视网膜血管的改变,即动静脉痉挛或扩张,其中静脉扩张更明显,多呈充盈状态,普遍变粗、迂曲,形似腊肠状,动静脉比可达1∶2,甚至达1∶3。当血氧饱和度降至一定水平时,眼底表现为静脉发暗,严重者会发生视网膜血管阻塞,视网膜出血,甚至引起玻璃体积血,导致视网膜病变,视力下降[5]。
高海拔视网膜病变是指机体处于高海拔环境时,由低压缺氧引起的视神经、视网膜病变,是高原脑水肿在眼部的表现,也是长期居住在平原地区人员进入高海拔地区后视觉功能下降的原因之一。这一过程中视网膜静脉扩张是渐进发展的,视网膜血管早期发生代偿性改变,但随着时间的延长,逐步出现血管器质性改变,部分人群有视网膜静脉扩张,虽然没有症状,但存在潜在的危害,以后可能发生视功能减退甚至高原脑水肿。检查高海拔常住人群的视网膜血管状态可以判断高海拔视网膜血管受累程度,预警高原脑水肿。早期发现和介入为预防高海拔视网膜病变的发生发展提供了可能。然而,目前尚无研究表明,相关可量化的生理学和血液学指标能够有效预测这种亚临床期血管改变。
本研究通过观察常驻高海拔地区(4 100 m)1.5年的非藏族青年男性的视网膜血管状态,并筛选与其相关的血液学及生理学指标,研究各影响因素的重要性,探讨影响视网膜血管改变的相关风险因素,有助于早预防、早发现、早干预,为定期眼底照相辅助防治高海拔视网膜病变和高原脑水肿,提供循证医学证据。
本研究为一项横断面调查,于2024年9月至2025年9月完成数据筛选与整理,选取2024年12月时已在海拔4 100 m地区连续居留满1.5年的非藏族青年男性作为研究对象。本研究所有临床信息采集、血液学指标检测、神经行为功能测试、眼底检查及生理指标测量在同一时间段内完成。本研究方案已获得陆军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会的审查与批准(KY2025203)。
纳入标准:①年龄≥18周岁;②高原移居非藏族人群;③移居前最佳矫正视力≥4.8;④资料完整,包括基本信息、高原驻留史记录、全套血常规、血生化检测报告、标准后极部彩色眼底照相图像、生理指标及神经行为功能测试数据。
排除标准:①屈光介质不清者,如白内障、玻璃体积血、葡萄膜炎引起的玻璃体混浊等;②患有高血压、糖尿病、心功能不全等全身基础疾病;③既往接受过内眼手术者(如玻璃体切割术、视网膜手术等);④调查问卷中信息不全。
共调查190人,其中10人眼底检查数据缺失,最终本研究纳入180人。
平原正常的视网膜的动脉管径与静脉的比例为2∶3至3∶4[4],长期在高海拔地区生活的人群或高血压人群,视网膜动静脉比(arteriovenous ratio of the retina, AVR)可减小为1∶2甚至1∶3[6]。WIEDMAN等[7]将AVR>2∶3视为正常视网膜的动静脉比,AKBAR等[8]的研究也把AVR比值为0.667作为区分正常视网膜和异常视网膜的分组标准。因此本研究分为2组:视网膜血管异常组(AVR<2∶3,n=65)与视网膜血管正常组(AVR≥2∶3,n=115)。
通过调查问卷收集所有被试者的基本信息,包括年龄、血氧饱和度、心率、BMI、高原居住时间、高原居住地海拔等。局部脑氧饱和度的测量,是由经过统一培训的研究人员执行,以确保数据的准确性和一致性。使用脑氧仪器invos5100C (Ireland)测定局部脑氧饱和度。
研究采用CMS评分表,依据“青海标准[9]”,参考张权等[10]对呼吸困难和心慌、口唇紫绀、静脉曲张、局部感觉异常、头痛、耳鸣、睡眠障碍等7个症状以及血红蛋白浓度进行评分,这7个症状按从轻到重分为4个分值,分别是:无症状为0分,轻度为1分,中度为2分,重度为3分。因本研究对象均为男性,所以血红蛋白浓度以210 g/L为阈值,具体为:血红蛋白(hemoglobin,HGB)<210 g/L为0分;HGB≥210 g/L为3分。将各症状评分以及血红蛋白浓度评分相加,得到1个总分,用来评价CMS的发生及其严重程度:总分<6分表示无CMS;6~10分表示轻度CMS;>10~14分表示中度CMS;>14分表示重度CMS。
神经行为测试选自世界卫生组织神经行为核心测试组合(World Health Organization Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery,WHO-NCTB)[11-12],包括以下5个认知测试项目:视觉和听觉的简单反应时间、数字符号、目标追踪以及空间记忆广度测验。其中,视觉与听觉简单反应时间由EP204-视觉和听觉选择反应测定仪(华东师范大学,中国)进行测试,数字符号和目标追踪采用纸质试卷测试,空间记忆广度测试则使用EP808型空间记忆广度测试仪(华东师范大学,中国)进行测试。所有测试由经过培训的专业人员在明亮安静的房间内完成,确保不受他人干扰。
180例受试者在2024年12月于海拔4 100 m处,接受年度健康体检时进行了空腹静脉采血,检验项目包含血常规、肝功、肾功和血脂。
180例受试者在2024年12月于海拔4 100 m处,接受年度健康体检时进行了非散瞳眼底照相。眼底照片由经验丰富的专业人员使用非散瞳式眼底照相机(Fc-02)采集。
采用Image J软件(national institutes of health, USA)进行半自动化测量[13]。操作流程如下:将被试者以视盘为中心的右眼眼底照片导入软件,沿视盘边缘绘制参考圆,然后在距视盘边缘0.5个视盘直径的范围内,选取伴行的视网膜动静脉。手动追踪血管轮廓,软件自动计算各段直径并得出A/V比值。最终结果取平均值。红圈的代表视网膜动脉,蓝圈的代表视网膜静脉(见图1A)。
根据既往研究,对于Logistic模型来说,事件发生比(events per variable ,EPV)取值为5~9,得到的结果通常与10~16个EPV相当[14],本研究共有9个变量纳入多因素Logistic 回归分析中,且根据我们的预实验结果,在高海拔环境下的健康非藏族青年男性中,视网膜血管异常的比例约占1/3。所以样本量需≥(9×EPV)/(1÷3),所以样本量至少需要135例。
用软件SPSS 29.0.2.0进行统计分析。所有计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk检验显示均不符合正态分布,因此以M(P25,P75)表示。两组间比较,采用Mann-Whitney U检验。为进一步分析A/V的影响因素,我们以分组为因变量,将单因素分析中P<0.2的变量,结合专业讨论纳入专业上与高原低氧及视网膜改变有关的变量进入多因素Logistic回归模型。已有研究表明,高原低氧的环境可以引起血流动力学的变化如红细胞的增多[15-16],由此本研究纳入红细胞相关指标,如红细胞计数(red blood cells, RBC)、红细胞压积(hematocrit, HCT)、平均红细胞体积(mean corpuscluar volume, MCV)等。但因红细胞相关指标之间存在多重共线性[方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor, VIF)>10],而HCT=RBC×MCV/1015,可见HCT整合了红细胞的“数量”(RBC)和 “单个体积”(MCV)的信息,所以只将HCT纳入多因素Logistic回归模型。模型的拟合优度通过Hosmer-Lemeshow检验评估。所有检验为双侧检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
180名被试者中,视网膜血管正常组(AVR≥2∶3)有115人,比例为63.89%。视网膜血管异常组(AVR<2∶3)有65人,比例为36.11%。图1B为视网膜血管正常组的图片,图1C为视网膜血管异常组的图片。本研究中CMS评分≥6分的共有23人,占被试者总人数的12.78%,分别为:6~10分者20人;>10~14分者2人;>14分者1人。
从表1及表2结果可知,2组在CMS上无统计学差异(P=0.527)。两独立样本秩和检验结果显示,P<0.2的有心率(heart rate, HR, P=0.033)、视觉反应平均时间(P=0.07)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma-glutamyl transferase,GGT,P=0.18)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, CHOL,P=0.033)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG,P=0.149)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL, P=0.095)、血小板计数(platelet, PLT, P=0.141)、血小板压积(plateletcrit, PCT, P=0.066),所以将上述8个变量及红细胞压积(HCT)一起纳入多因素Logistic回归模型。
多因素Logistic回归模型的Hosmer-Lemeshow检验的P=0.095(>0.05),表示模型拟合良好。从表3结果可得,HR(OR=1.033,95%CI:1.003~1.064,P=0.033)、视觉反应平均时间(OR=0.035,95%CI:0.002~0.723,P=0.03)、CHOL(OR=1.868,95%CI:1.004~3.477,P=0.049)的P值均<0.05,表示以上指标均与视网膜血管异常相关。其中视觉反应平均时间与视网膜血管改变风险呈负相关(OR<1)。相反,HR以及CHOL与视网膜血管改变风险呈正相关(OR>1)。
本研究的结果显示,在高海拔常驻的青年男性中,36.11%的研究对象出现了视网膜血管的异常。出现这种异常,可能与两方面有关。一方面是在高海拔地区的氧气含量较低,视网膜为了维持氧气的供应,通过扩张血管来增加血流量,但静脉相比动脉而言更易扩张,从而导致视网膜动静脉比值的下降。另一方面,可能与血视网膜屏障功能障碍有关,缺氧导致血视网膜屏障功能破坏,使血管通透性增加,液体渗出,间接影响了血管的形态和直径,使静脉扩张得更明显,从而导致了视网膜动静脉比值的下降。从本研究的结果还可以看出,有CMS的人大约占本研究总人数的十分之一,且大部分为轻度CMS,将2组进行非参数检验,发现CMS发生率未见明显差异。这说明即使排除 CMS 的影响,视网膜血管异常仍可能存在,提示视网膜血管改变可能独立于经典的CMS症状。
本研究和既往的高海拔眼病的研究有所不同。既往关于高海拔性视网膜病变的研究大多是急进高海拔地区后出现的生理学指标的改变或者是长期在高原生活出现了严重的临床病例,如高原脑水肿患者中出现了视网膜出血、视乳头水肿等[17]或视网膜分支动脉阻塞(branch retinal artery occlusion,BRAO)患者出现的急性无痛性视力下降及视野的丧失[18]。也有一些报道去探究视网膜静脉扩张的机制可能是视网膜缺氧、静脉功能不全和内皮功能障碍,并与脑出血风险相联系,得出视网膜静脉扩张越重,直径越粗,脑出血的风险就越高,并把视网膜静脉直径作为脑出血的一个新的风险决定因素[19]。相比之下,本文研究的是青年男性在海拔4 100 m长期居住1.5年后发生的视网膜血管改变。这使我们能够早期识别在高原习服过程中尚未进展为临床疾病的亚临床期的血管改变,为早期识别高危人群提供了关键手段。且过去的研究大多停留在定性描述层面,而本文的创新在于,将生理学及血液学分析与眼底影像学相结合,得到了视网膜血管改变与血液学相关指标的联系。
通过回归分析我们可看到视网膜血管改变背后的生理学、血液学及神经行为功能的改变:本研究发现,心率加快是视网膜血管改变的危险因素。其潜在机制可能在于:心率加快常反映交感神经系统的激活,后者在低氧等应激状态下可导致心输出量增加[20-21]。心输出量的提升可能引起循环血容量和血管内压力的相应增高。长期或慢性的血管壁压力负荷增加,可能促进血管内皮功能紊乱、血管壁重塑及通透性改变。这些系统性血流动力学与血管壁性质的改变,可能最终在微循环层面体现为视网膜血管结构及功能异常。
研究发现,视网膜动脉的病变不是孤立的眼科现象,而是反映全身性脂质代谢异常和系统性动脉粥样硬化风险的重要生物学标志,视网膜血管的变化可能比冠心病症状出现早数年[22]。已有研究表明,总胆固醇的升高是视网膜血管改变的危险因素。当总胆固醇升高时,会引起动脉血管壁的增厚、血管内膜脂质的沉积以及较大动脉的钙化[22],同时还可促进炎症因子的释放,破坏动脉壁结构的完整性,并通过降低一氧化氮的生物利用度引发血管内皮功能的失调[23]。这些都可以增加患视网膜动脉硬化以及视网膜血管斑块的风险。本研究提示,定期眼底检查应成为评估高原常驻人群心脑血管系统健康和脂质代谢适应状态的关键无创工具。对于高原常驻人群出现的总胆固醇异常升高,不能轻易忽略,必须结合视网膜血管状态来评估,视网膜血管改变可能是心脑血管事件风险的预测指标[24]。
而视觉反应平均时间与视网膜血管改变风险呈负相关,表示视觉反应平均时间可能是视网膜血管改变的保护因素。近期研究表明,高原认知变化具有个体差异性,且与简单生理参数相分离[25]。视觉反应时间的延长,在慢性高原适应背景下,应被重新评估——它可能不是功能缺损的敏感指标,而是神经血管系统成功启动保护性代偿策略的一个行为标志。已有研究表明,高海拔环境下个体对外部刺激的识别过程会减慢,进而表现为反应时间的延长,但整合信息的能力会加强[26-27]。同时,脑部会通过低代谢的方式来适应低氧的环境[28]。所以我们推测:①高海拔环境下脑部神经元会主动降低放电频率和代谢需求,以减少在缺氧环境下的能量消耗和氧化应激,同时也减少了对血流的瞬时高需求,使得视网膜血管避免了因过度调节、痉挛或高压力导致的损伤。②为保证准确性,脑部神经回路可能增加信息整合时间,减少错误,这在外在行为上表现为“变慢”,同时更平缓的神经活动带来了更稳定的血流动力学环境,有利于血管内皮功能的保持和血管结构的健康。那些在高海拔地区适应的比较好的个体,其视觉系统可能“主动选择”了一种更慢、更节能、更稳定的运行模式。这种模式虽然牺牲了反应速度,却保护了脆弱的视网膜微血管系统,从而降低了血管病变(如视网膜静脉迂曲、出血、高血压性视网膜病变等)的风险。
综上所述,在高海拔低氧的环境下,心率、总胆固醇可能是视网膜血管改变的危险因素,而视觉反应平均时间可能是视网膜血管改变的保护因素。
本项研究的局限性在于:①纳入人群的高原居留时间、性别、年龄、民族单一,限制了研究结论的普适性;②作为一项横断面研究,样本量较少,且缺乏全面的生理、生化以及遗传背景等个体信息,局限了本研究的临床价值。未来将扩大样本量,纳入更多的高原人群,进一步解析高原视网膜血管病变的规律,明确早期筛查的应用价值。
尽管本研究纳入的研究对象为高海拔居留1.5年的非藏族青年男性,但发现的生理及血液学与视网膜血管改变的关联性,可能对其他长期暴露于高海拔环境的人群(如藏族青年、女性工作者等)也具有重要的提示意义。
综上所述,本研究证明,长期在高海拔地区居住的非藏族青年男性,仍会出现尚未进展为高海拔视网膜病变的亚临床期视网膜血管改变,且这种改变与生理和血液学指标有关。而视网膜动静脉比可以较早的识别这种血管改变,为高海拔视网膜病变甚至高原脑水肿的发生发展提供了早期识别的可能。现在手持式非散瞳眼底照相机对于眼病筛查,有着很好的灵敏度和特异度[29],目前我们可以对高原常驻人群定期进行眼底照相检查,有助于早期发现亚临床期视网膜静脉扩张,从而更好的预防高海拔视网膜病变甚至高原脑水肿的发生。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511086
  • 接收时间:2025-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-20
  • 修回日期:2025-12-16
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):第一附属医院眼科
    2高原军事医学系寒区医学教研室

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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