Article(id=1320441304992039806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763049600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-14, revisedDate=1769011200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747339722, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747339722, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747339722, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747339722, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441010094715145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='663', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747269413, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749761919, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=733, endPage=744, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441305486967679, articleId=1320441304992039806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Recombinant Anti-PD-1-Expressing oncolytic influenza virus combined with radiotherapy synergistically inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through systemic T-Cell activation, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the synergistic antitumor effect and immunological mechanisms of a recombinant oncolytic influenza virus carrying programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody (OVFlu-αhPD1) combined with radiotherapy (RT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

A recombinant oncolytic virus was successfully rescued in the early stage using reverse genetics (RG) technology, and designated OVFlu-αhPD1, which was comprehensively characterized via chicken red blood cell hemagglutination assay and detection of replication kinetics in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Huh7 and murine hepatocellular carcinoma cells Hepa1-6. In vitro, CCK-8 assays were used to assess the effects of OVFlu-αhPD1 at different multiplicities of infection (MOI=0.1, 1, and 3), alone or combined with radiotherapy (RT; 8 Gy), on the viability of hepatoma cells (Huh7 and Hepa1-6) and normal hepatocytes (LX2 and AML12), and a colony formation assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of OVFlu-αhPD1 plus RT on Huh7 cell proliferation. For in vivo experiments, female C57BL/6 mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 17 to19 g; n=45) were subjected to establish a subcutaneous tumor-bearing model of Hepa1-6 cells, and then the model mice were randomized into 5 groups (n=9): PBS, wild-type PR8, OVFlu-αhPD1, RT (24 Gy in 3 fractions), and OVFlu-αhPD1+RT to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of the combination therapy. Tumor volumes were measured every 2 days during treatment. After the final treatment, the spleens were havested for CD4⁺CD69⁺ and CD8⁺CD69⁺ T-cell frequencies by flow cytometry. Major organs (heart, liver, lung, kidneys, and brain) were harvested for HE staining to assess histopathological changes, and the activities of serum AST and ALT were measured to evaluate the safety of oncolytic virus therapy.

Results

The recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OVFlu-αhPD1 showed a hemagglutination titer of 2⁷ to 2⁸, and replicated efficiently in Huh7 and Hepa1-6 cells, with viral titers reaching 7 to 8 lgTCID₅₀/mL at 72 h post-infection. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that OVFlu-αhPD1 inhibited HCC cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (MOI=3 significantly decreased viability in Huh7 and Hepa1-6 cells, P<0.01), and the inhibitory effect was further enhanced after combination with RT (P<0.01). Whereas no significant toxicity to normal hepatocytes was observed. Colony formation assay indicated that combined treatment significantly reduced colony numbers of Huh7 cells (P<0.01). In the mouse tumor-bearing model, the combination group exhibited significantly smaller tumor volumes than any monotherapy group (P<0.01), accompanied by significantly increased proportions of splenic CD4⁺CD69⁺ and CD8⁺CD69⁺ T cells in spleen (P<0.01). HE staining revealed no evident pathological changes in major organs, and serum ALT and AST levels did not differ significantly among groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion

The combination of oncolytic influenza virus and radiotherapy significantly enhances the killing effect against HCC cells in vitro and markedly improves tumor suppression in HCC-bearing mice by activating antitumor immune responses, demonstrating a favorable synergistic antitumor effect and providing a theoretical basis for the clinical application of oncolytic virus-based combination therapy.

, authors=Ya WANG1, 2, Yuan ZHANG2, Shuhui CHEN2, 3, Guineng ZENG2, 4, Penghui YANG1, 2, authorsList=Ya WANG, Yuan ZHANG, Shuhui CHEN, Guineng ZENG, Penghui YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Penghui YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441312160105357, articleId=1320441304992039806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=表达PD1抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒联合放疗通过激活全身T细胞免疫协同抑制肝癌细胞生长, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨表达人程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒(OVFlu-αhPD1)联合放疗(radiotherapy,RT)对肝癌的协同抑瘤作用及其免疫学机制。

方法

前期利用反向遗传学(reversed genetics,RG)技术成功拯救获得重组溶瘤病毒,命名为OVFlu-αhPD1,通过鸡红细胞凝集实验,并在人源肝癌细胞Huh7与鼠源肝癌细胞Hepa1-6中检测病毒复制动力学进行全面鉴定。体外实验采用CCK8法检测不同感染复数(MOI=0.1、1、3)的OVFlu-αhPD1单独或联合RT(8 Gy)治疗对肝癌细胞(Huh7、Hepa1-6)与正常肝细胞(LX2、AML12)活力的影响,并通过细胞克隆形成实验评估OVFlu-αhPD1联合放疗治疗对Huh7细胞增殖的抑制作用。体内实验选用6~8周龄体质量17~19 g雌性C57BL/6小鼠(n=45),建立Hepa1-6皮下荷瘤模型,随机分为5组(n=9):PBS对照组、野生型病毒PR8组、OVFlu-αhPD1组、RT组(24 Gy,分3次)及OVFlu-αhPD1+RT组评价联合治疗的抗肿瘤效果。治疗期间每2天测量肿瘤体积,并于末次治疗后采集脾脏进行流式细胞术分析CD4⁺CD69⁺与CD8⁺CD69⁺ T细胞比例;取心、肝、肺、肾、脑进行HE染色观察组织病理变化;采集血清检测谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)与谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)活性水平,评估溶瘤病毒治疗的安全性。

结果

重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1的血凝效价为27~28,且可在Huh7和Hepa1-6细胞中高效复制,感染72 h时病毒滴度可达7~8 lgTCID₅₀/mL。CCK8实验显示,OVFlu-αhPD1以剂量依赖方式抑制肝癌细胞活力(MOI=3时,Huh7与Hepa1-6细胞活力明显下降,P<0.01),联合RT后抑制效果进一步增强(P<0.01),而对正常肝细胞无明显毒性。克隆形成实验表明联合处理显著减少Huh7细胞克隆数量(P<0.01)。在肝癌荷瘤小鼠模型中,联合治疗组肿瘤体积显著低于各单药组(P<0.01),脾脏中CD4⁺CD69⁺与CD8⁺CD69⁺ T细胞比例均显著升高(P<0.01)。HE染色结果显示主要脏器未见明显病理学改变;小鼠血清中的ALT和AST水平均未观察到统计学上的显著差异(P>0.05)。

结论

溶瘤流感病毒联合放疗体外可显著增强对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用,体内明显增强肝癌荷瘤小鼠抑瘤效果并激活机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,显现出良好的协同抗肿瘤效应,为溶瘤病毒联合治疗临床应用提供了理论依据。

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杨鹏辉, E-mail:
YANG Penghui, E-mail:
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A: Schematic diagram of developing a recombinant oncolytic influenza virus carrying programmed cell death 1(OVFlu-αhPD1); B: Hemagglutination titer of OVFlu-αhPD1; C and D: Line graph of viral replication in different hepatoma cell lines. TCID₅₀: 50% tissue culture infective dose

, figureFileSmall=HUS8wh5aOArdrtq1EfisaA==, figureFileBig=r5NUF+qLVIvqTcTb+R2+7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441321484043202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Selective cytotoxic effect of OVFlu-αhPD1 combined with radiotherapy (RT) on hepatocellular carcinoma cells, figureFileSmall=czPhlUtbnCSe3/9BvMWlyA==, figureFileBig=siLTpScJ7OySu1MTUhHHLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441321802810307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=CN, label=图2, caption=OVFlu-αhPD1与RT联用对肝癌细胞的选择性杀伤效果

A and B: Effects of OVFlu-αhPD1 combined with RT on viability of Huh7 and Hepa1-6 cells by CCK-8 assay; C and D: Effect of OVFlu-αhPD1 on the viability of AML12 and LX2 cells by CCK-8 assay. MOI: multiplicity of infection

, figureFileSmall=czPhlUtbnCSe3/9BvMWlyA==, figureFileBig=siLTpScJ7OySu1MTUhHHLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441321869919172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Combination of OVFlu-αhPD1 and radiotherapy (RT) inhibits the proliferation of Huh7 cells, figureFileSmall=wmOAvRAJ+mM7X7ucQyj+mA==, figureFileBig=wj2Du70u1IYkjb3G+PaTXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441322222240709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=CN, label=图3, caption=OVFlu-αhPD1与RT联用对Huh7细胞增殖的抑制

A: Plate colony formation assay of Huh7 cells; B: Bar graph of colony numbers. PR8: A wild-type influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34

, figureFileSmall=wmOAvRAJ+mM7X7ucQyj+mA==, figureFileBig=wj2Du70u1IYkjb3G+PaTXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441322574562246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Anti-tumor effect of OVFlu-αhPD1 combined with radiotherapy (RT), figureFileSmall=nMZYf0XDAZAQTlRMnP0f8g==, figureFileBig=XmXdgNnD0m9eQmWX0Bw5nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441322989798343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=CN, label=图4, caption=OVFlu-αhPD1与RT联合治疗的抗肿瘤效果

A: Flowchart of mouse experiment; B: Tumor volume changes in each group of mice (n=6, x¯±s); C: Gross observation of tumor tissues in each group of mice (n=6, x¯±s); D: Statistical analysis of tumor volume in each group of mice on the 28th day (n=6, x¯±s). PR8: A wild-type influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34; PFU: plaque forming unit

, figureFileSmall=nMZYf0XDAZAQTlRMnP0f8g==, figureFileBig=XmXdgNnD0m9eQmWX0Bw5nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441323446977480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Changes in T cell activation in tumor-bearing mice after combined treatment of OVFlu-αhPD1 and radiotherapy (RT), figureFileSmall=O+mUl7NWpVKDpjVHByFg8Q==, figureFileBig=VTsgcvHzqbtLuf9ePDRVQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441323849630665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=CN, label=图5, caption=OVFlu-αhPD1与RT联合应用对T细胞激活变化的分析

A and C: Proportion of CD4⁺ CD69⁺ T cells in splenic tissue detected by flow cytometry(n=3, x¯±s); B and D: Proportion of CD8⁺CD69⁺ T cells in splenic tissue detected by flow cytometry (n=3, x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=O+mUl7NWpVKDpjVHByFg8Q==, figureFileBig=VTsgcvHzqbtLuf9ePDRVQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441324264866762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Combined treatment of recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OVFlu-αhPD1 and radiotherapy (RT) has no significant impact on major organ tissues and liver function in tumor-bearing mice, figureFileSmall=/44QgBnioDEwmSB8jxg4SQ==, figureFileBig=CcdUqvUiYribSffEK0DwvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441325623821259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441304992039806, language=CN, label=图6, caption=重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1对小鼠主要脏器组织及肝功能无显著影响

A: Representative images of mouse heart, liver, lung, kidneys and brain tissue by HE staining; B and C: Detection of serum ALT (B) and AST (C) levels in mice of each group (n=3, x¯±s)

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表达PD1抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒联合放疗通过激活全身T细胞免疫协同抑制肝癌细胞生长
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王雅 1, 2 , 章元 2 , 陈淑慧 2, 3 , 曾桂能 2, 4 , 杨鹏辉 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(6): 733-744
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (6) : 733 -744
表达PD1抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒联合放疗通过激活全身T细胞免疫协同抑制肝癌细胞生长
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王雅1, 2, 章元2, 陈淑慧2, 3, 曾桂能2, 4, 杨鹏辉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1解放军医学院,北京
  • 2中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部研究所,北京
  • 3内蒙古医科大学基础医学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 4南开大学医学院,天津
通讯作者:
杨鹏辉, E-mail:
YANG Penghui, E-mail:
Recombinant Anti-PD-1-Expressing oncolytic influenza virus combined with radiotherapy synergistically inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through systemic T-Cell activation
Ya WANG1, 2, Yuan ZHANG2, Shuhui CHEN2, 3, Guineng ZENG2, 4, Penghui YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing
  • 2Institute of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
  • 3School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
  • 4School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511074
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目的

探讨表达人程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒(OVFlu-αhPD1)联合放疗(radiotherapy,RT)对肝癌的协同抑瘤作用及其免疫学机制。

方法

前期利用反向遗传学(reversed genetics,RG)技术成功拯救获得重组溶瘤病毒,命名为OVFlu-αhPD1,通过鸡红细胞凝集实验,并在人源肝癌细胞Huh7与鼠源肝癌细胞Hepa1-6中检测病毒复制动力学进行全面鉴定。体外实验采用CCK8法检测不同感染复数(MOI=0.1、1、3)的OVFlu-αhPD1单独或联合RT(8 Gy)治疗对肝癌细胞(Huh7、Hepa1-6)与正常肝细胞(LX2、AML12)活力的影响,并通过细胞克隆形成实验评估OVFlu-αhPD1联合放疗治疗对Huh7细胞增殖的抑制作用。体内实验选用6~8周龄体质量17~19 g雌性C57BL/6小鼠(n=45),建立Hepa1-6皮下荷瘤模型,随机分为5组(n=9):PBS对照组、野生型病毒PR8组、OVFlu-αhPD1组、RT组(24 Gy,分3次)及OVFlu-αhPD1+RT组评价联合治疗的抗肿瘤效果。治疗期间每2天测量肿瘤体积,并于末次治疗后采集脾脏进行流式细胞术分析CD4⁺CD69⁺与CD8⁺CD69⁺ T细胞比例;取心、肝、肺、肾、脑进行HE染色观察组织病理变化;采集血清检测谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)与谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)活性水平,评估溶瘤病毒治疗的安全性。

结果

重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1的血凝效价为27~28,且可在Huh7和Hepa1-6细胞中高效复制,感染72 h时病毒滴度可达7~8 lgTCID₅₀/mL。CCK8实验显示,OVFlu-αhPD1以剂量依赖方式抑制肝癌细胞活力(MOI=3时,Huh7与Hepa1-6细胞活力明显下降,P<0.01),联合RT后抑制效果进一步增强(P<0.01),而对正常肝细胞无明显毒性。克隆形成实验表明联合处理显著减少Huh7细胞克隆数量(P<0.01)。在肝癌荷瘤小鼠模型中,联合治疗组肿瘤体积显著低于各单药组(P<0.01),脾脏中CD4⁺CD69⁺与CD8⁺CD69⁺ T细胞比例均显著升高(P<0.01)。HE染色结果显示主要脏器未见明显病理学改变;小鼠血清中的ALT和AST水平均未观察到统计学上的显著差异(P>0.05)。

结论

溶瘤流感病毒联合放疗体外可显著增强对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用,体内明显增强肝癌荷瘤小鼠抑瘤效果并激活机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,显现出良好的协同抗肿瘤效应,为溶瘤病毒联合治疗临床应用提供了理论依据。

溶瘤病毒  /  肝细胞癌  /  放射治疗  /  协同效应
Objective

To investigate the synergistic antitumor effect and immunological mechanisms of a recombinant oncolytic influenza virus carrying programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody (OVFlu-αhPD1) combined with radiotherapy (RT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

A recombinant oncolytic virus was successfully rescued in the early stage using reverse genetics (RG) technology, and designated OVFlu-αhPD1, which was comprehensively characterized via chicken red blood cell hemagglutination assay and detection of replication kinetics in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Huh7 and murine hepatocellular carcinoma cells Hepa1-6. In vitro, CCK-8 assays were used to assess the effects of OVFlu-αhPD1 at different multiplicities of infection (MOI=0.1, 1, and 3), alone or combined with radiotherapy (RT; 8 Gy), on the viability of hepatoma cells (Huh7 and Hepa1-6) and normal hepatocytes (LX2 and AML12), and a colony formation assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of OVFlu-αhPD1 plus RT on Huh7 cell proliferation. For in vivo experiments, female C57BL/6 mice (6 to 8 weeks old, weighing 17 to19 g; n=45) were subjected to establish a subcutaneous tumor-bearing model of Hepa1-6 cells, and then the model mice were randomized into 5 groups (n=9): PBS, wild-type PR8, OVFlu-αhPD1, RT (24 Gy in 3 fractions), and OVFlu-αhPD1+RT to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of the combination therapy. Tumor volumes were measured every 2 days during treatment. After the final treatment, the spleens were havested for CD4⁺CD69⁺ and CD8⁺CD69⁺ T-cell frequencies by flow cytometry. Major organs (heart, liver, lung, kidneys, and brain) were harvested for HE staining to assess histopathological changes, and the activities of serum AST and ALT were measured to evaluate the safety of oncolytic virus therapy.

Results

The recombinant oncolytic influenza virus OVFlu-αhPD1 showed a hemagglutination titer of 2⁷ to 2⁸, and replicated efficiently in Huh7 and Hepa1-6 cells, with viral titers reaching 7 to 8 lgTCID₅₀/mL at 72 h post-infection. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that OVFlu-αhPD1 inhibited HCC cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (MOI=3 significantly decreased viability in Huh7 and Hepa1-6 cells, P<0.01), and the inhibitory effect was further enhanced after combination with RT (P<0.01). Whereas no significant toxicity to normal hepatocytes was observed. Colony formation assay indicated that combined treatment significantly reduced colony numbers of Huh7 cells (P<0.01). In the mouse tumor-bearing model, the combination group exhibited significantly smaller tumor volumes than any monotherapy group (P<0.01), accompanied by significantly increased proportions of splenic CD4⁺CD69⁺ and CD8⁺CD69⁺ T cells in spleen (P<0.01). HE staining revealed no evident pathological changes in major organs, and serum ALT and AST levels did not differ significantly among groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion

The combination of oncolytic influenza virus and radiotherapy significantly enhances the killing effect against HCC cells in vitro and markedly improves tumor suppression in HCC-bearing mice by activating antitumor immune responses, demonstrating a favorable synergistic antitumor effect and providing a theoretical basis for the clinical application of oncolytic virus-based combination therapy.

oncolytic viruses  /  hepatocellular neoplasms  /  radiotherapy  /  synergistic efficacy
王雅, 章元, 陈淑慧, 曾桂能, 杨鹏辉. 表达PD1抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒联合放疗通过激活全身T细胞免疫协同抑制肝癌细胞生长. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (6) : 733 -744 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511074
Ya WANG, Yuan ZHANG, Shuhui CHEN, Guineng ZENG, Penghui YANG. Recombinant Anti-PD-1-Expressing oncolytic influenza virus combined with radiotherapy synergistically inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through systemic T-Cell activation[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (6) : 733 -744 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511074
肝癌是全球第6大常见肿瘤,且为癌症相关死亡的第3大原因[1]。其中肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是最主要的病理类型,约占全部肝癌病例的90%[2]。流行病学预测表明,到2040年,全球年新发肝癌病例数将达140万,死亡人数预计约为130万[3]。尽管肝切除、肝移植、化疗和靶向治疗等治疗手段不断发展,但由于肝癌起病隐匿、早期症状不典型,患者往往确诊时已进展至晚期,这些治疗方法对延长生存期和改善生活质量的效果有限[4]。因此,探索新型的治疗方略,尤其是提高治疗效果和降低副作用的策略,已成为当前肝癌治疗研究的热点之一。
溶瘤病毒(oncolytic viruses,OVs)作为一种新型疗法,兼具直接溶解肿瘤细胞和激活抗肿瘤免疫应答的双重机制。它能够特异性感染并在肿瘤细胞内复制,导致肿瘤细胞裂解,同时释放肿瘤相关抗原(tumor-associated antigen,TAA),进而激活天然免疫与适应性免疫反应,增强系统抗肿瘤效果[5]。目前全球已批准四种Ovs,包括ECHO-7、H101、T-VEC和Delytact,其适应证主要集中在适合瘤内注射的癌症,如黑色素瘤、鼻咽癌和胶质母细胞瘤[6]。最为显著的是2015年,美国FDA批准首款溶瘤病毒药物-表达GM-CSF的溶瘤疱疹病毒T-VEC(talimogene laherparepvec,ImLygic),用于治疗晚期黑色素瘤[7]。发展至2025年,浙江大学团队联合研发了一种可表达IL-12、IL-15、IL-15Rα和PD-1-PD-L1阻断融合蛋白的工程化的溶瘤单纯疱疹病毒VG161,且已在难治性晚期原发性肝癌患者身上展现出良好的安全性与初步疗效[8];同时广西医科大学团队创新性地将猪α-1,3半乳糖基转移酶基因重组入新城疫病毒,构建出NDV-GT。该病毒不仅在猴子肝癌模型中证实了卓越疗效,更在晚期肝细胞癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症患者的临床治疗中实现了90%的疾病控制率[9]。通过基因工程技术改造OVs,使其携带免疫刺激分子(如细胞因子或抗体),进一步增强抗肿瘤免疫活性[10],已经成为溶瘤病毒应用的重要方法。
在此基础上,本研究团队前期利用RG技术构建了重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1,其可表达人程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD-1)单克隆抗体。该病毒不仅保留了流感病毒固有的溶瘤抗性,还可于肿瘤局部高效分泌具有免疫调节功能的抗PD-1抗体,从而协同增强抗肿瘤免疫应答[11]。然而,单药治疗普遍存在应答率有限或易产生耐药性等问题。因此将溶瘤病毒与其他传统疗法(如靶向治疗和免疫治疗)联用,已成为当前的研究热点[12]。同时,溶瘤病毒与化疗联用方案在免疫检查点抑制剂疗效甚微的肿瘤部位显示出显著潜力。例如,在胰腺癌中,一项针对13名患者接受溶瘤病毒(呼肠孤病毒)联合吉西他滨一线治疗方案的中期分析显示客观缓解率为69%,且未出现额外的安全性问题[13]。溶瘤病毒联合免疫疗法在其他实体瘤治疗中同样展现出显著的生存获益,近期一项Ⅱ期临床试验表明,采用T-VEC联合新辅助化疗治疗Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期三阴性乳腺癌患者,病理完全缓解率为45.9%,优于新辅助化疗单药的荟萃分析所报告的31%[14]。多种联合治疗方案进一步体现了溶瘤病毒在肿瘤治疗中的广泛应用潜力。基于此,本研究旨在探讨溶瘤病毒联合放疗治疗原发性肝癌的疗效,以更有效地控制肿瘤进展并改善患者预后。
放疗是针对不可切除肝细胞癌的一种重要治疗手段[15]。其作用机制主要通过诱导肿瘤细胞发生免疫原性死亡(immunogenic cell death,ICD),释放TAA,进而激活抗原呈递细胞及T细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答[16]。然而,多项临床与临床前研究均表明,放疗也可能增强癌细胞的侵袭与转移能力,并促使肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)向免疫抑制和促肿瘤方向发展,从而在一定程度上削弱其延长生存期的益处[17-19]。研究进一步证实,放疗抵抗与PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的活化密切相关[20-22]。因此,本研究采用表达PD-1抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒(OVFlu-αhPD1)联合放疗策略,旨在探讨联合疗法对肝癌的治疗潜力。
本研究通过体外细胞实验和小鼠成瘤实验等结果表明,相较于单独的放疗和OVFlu-αhPD1治疗,在OVFlu-αhPD1联合RT治疗可显著增强抗肿瘤免疫应答,并提高肝癌荷瘤小鼠的总体生存率。
人肝癌细胞系HepG2与Huh7,小鼠肝癌细胞系Hepa1-6,小鼠正常肝细胞系AML12以及犬肾细胞MDCK均来源于美国ATCC细胞库;人正常肝细胞系LX2来源于北京协和细胞资源中心。野生型流感病毒株PR8(A/Puerto Rico/8/34,H1N1型)由本实验室保存,在本实验中作为不携带外源基因的病毒阳性对照使用。以此PR8为骨架,利用RG技术构建重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1,并储存于-80 ℃[11]。
DMEM培养基、PBS、胰蛋白酶、Hepa1-6专用培养基购自亿奥邦(北京)生物科技研究有限公司;胎牛血清购自北京多瑞因生物技术有限公司;AML12细胞培养基购自中国普诺赛生命科技有限公司;CCK-8检测试剂购自北仁化学科技(北京)有限公司;1%鸡红细胞悬液购自南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司;青-链霉素溶液(100×)购自中国索莱宝科技有限公司;甲醛溶液购自北京益利精细化学品有限公司;1.25%阿佛丁购自上海赛抑生物科技有限公司;酶联免疫分析仪购自美国Thermo公司;数字病理扫描仪购自宁波江丰生物信息技术有限公司;全自动生化分析仪购自上海罗氏诊断有限公司;超高速离心机、超高速离心管购自美国Thermo公司;生物学X射线辐照仪(RS2000,美国拉德索斯科技公司),由军事科学院医学研究院辐照所提供。
45只6~8周龄、体质量17~19 g、雌性C57BL/6小鼠购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司,小鼠饲养于独立通风笼中,每笼饲养5~6只,饲养环境严格控制在温度21~25 ℃,湿度50%~60%,光照时段7:00-19:00。所有动物实验按照动物伦理委员会批准的程序进行(2023-X19-24)。9~11日龄SPF鸡胚购自北京勃林格殷格翰维通生物技术有限公司。
OVFlu-αhPD1与生理盐水以1∶10 000比例稀释,接种于9~11日龄的SPF鸡胚尿囊腔中,于恒温37 ℃孵箱中孵育72 h后,收集阳性尿囊液于50 mL离心管中,4 ℃,853 ×g离心20 min,弃沉淀,收集上清液,-80 ℃保存备用。再将上清液于4 ℃,12 800 ×g离心1 h,弃上清液,用PBS重悬病毒沉淀。
吸取100 μL鸡胚尿囊液置于血凝板第1孔,吸取50 μL于第2孔中,加入50 μL PBS混匀,依次等比稀释至第12孔,每孔加入50 μL的1%鸡红细胞悬液,静置20 min后观察并测定血凝结果。
人源肝癌细胞Huh7和鼠源肝癌细胞Hepa1-6分别接种于96孔板中,5 000个细胞/孔,均设置3个重复孔,细胞密度镜下观察为80%~90%时,用感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)=1的病毒对其进行感染,于37 ℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱内孵育。收集感染后的12、24、48、72和96 h的细胞上清液,于-80 ℃冰箱中保存,将收集的样品于MDCK细胞中进行病毒滴度检测。
MDCK细胞铺于96孔板中,待形成80%~90%汇合的单层细胞时,弃掉原培养基,PBS清洗2遍,将病毒用DMEM基础培养基依次被比稀释10倍,从最高稀释度按200 μL/孔开始接种,每个稀释度设置3个重复孔;对照组只加入200 µL基础培养基,将接种后的96孔板置于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中孵育5 d,使病毒充分感染并每日记录出现细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect,CPE )的孔数。以出现典型CPE标记为阳性孔,采用Spearman-Karber法计算TCID₅₀,结果表示为 lgTCID₅₀/mL。
人肝癌细胞Huh7、人正常肝细胞LX2、小鼠肝癌细胞Hepa1-6与小鼠正常肝细胞AML12分别接种于96孔板中培养密度至60%~70%,随后分别接受OVFlu-αhPD1、RT或联合处理,使用辐照仪对细胞进行8 Gy的辐照处理,该辐照仪采用钴放射源,照射量率为82.47 R/min;使用DMEM基础培养基稀释病毒液,1 h后加入100 µL/孔不同感染复数(MOI=0.1,1,3)的OVFlu-αhPD1,每个梯度均设置3个重复孔,对照组加入等体积的DMEM基础培养基,随后置于37 ℃、5%CO₂培养箱中孵育72 h后,弃掉原培养基,PBS清洗两遍后,每孔加入10 μL的CCK8溶液,于37 ℃避光孵育45 min,采用酶标仪测定在450 nm的吸光度[D(450)]。
Huh7细胞接种于6孔板中,400~600个细胞/孔,培养24 h后,分别给予PR8(MOI=1)、OVFlu-αhPD1(MOI=1)、RT(8 Gy)或OVFlu-αhPD1+RT联合处理,置于细胞培养箱中培养14 d,弃掉培养基,用PBS洗涤3次,加入4%多聚甲醛1 mL/孔室温固定30 min,弃去固定液,PBS清洗3次,加入0.5%结晶紫染色30 min。流水轻轻冲洗残余染液,晾干后拍照并统计分析。实验独立重复3次。
选取6~8周龄C57BL/6小鼠(n=45),将Hepa1-6细胞(2×106个细胞/只)接种到右侧腹股沟皮下,当肿瘤达75~100 mm3时,随机分为5组(n=9只):PBS组、PR8组、RT组、OVFlu-αhPD1组和OVFlu-αhPD1+RT组,给予对应的治疗,其中PR8组用于评估野生型流感毒株本身对肿瘤的影响。除RT组外,每2天瘤内注射PBS(100 μL/只)或病毒(3×107 PFU/100 μL)1次,共治疗7次。对于RT组和联合组,放疗前腹腔注射阿佛丁(30 μL/g)麻醉小鼠。将小鼠以仰卧位固定,充分伸展荷瘤小鼠的右后肢,以确保其精确位于预设照射野。除右后肢外,其余部分均用铅石阻挡,免受野外照射。使用能量仪以24 Gy(8 Gy/次)总剂量进行肿瘤照射,照射参数如下:照射量率82.47 R/min;源瘤距,1.5 m。为系统评估联合疗法的体内疗效与免疫调节机制,本研究对每组9只荷瘤小鼠进行了差异化的样本分配与终点设计。其中6只小鼠全程用于动态监测肿瘤生长:每天观察小鼠生命体征,每2天测量小鼠肿瘤体积直到实验终点;另外3只小鼠于最后一次OVFlu-αhPD1治疗次日处死,收集新鲜脾脏并通过流式细胞术检测,以评估免疫状态。肿瘤体积的计算公式为:体积(mm3)=长径(mm)×宽径(mm)2/2。
最后一次OVFlu-αhPD1注射的第2天,对动物实施安乐死,收集脾脏组织,剪碎,将组织碎块加入含2%血清的RPMI-1640培养基中,研磨后置40 μm筛网上过滤,滤液于725 ×g离心5 min。将细胞沉淀重悬于200 μL 2%RPMI-1640中,吸取70 μL混合液加入圆底96孔板中,853 ×g离心1 min。弃上清,每孔加入30 μL按1∶400比例用含2% RPMI-1640稀释的表面抗体混合液[抗小鼠CD4抗体(Elabscience,E-AB-F1097UP)、抗小鼠CD8抗体 (Invitrogen,46-0081-82)、抗小鼠CD69抗体(Invitrogen,416-0699-42)]重悬细胞,4 ℃避光孵育40 min。之后用180 μL/孔PBS洗涤细胞两次并重悬于FACS上机进行细胞分选。流式细胞数据使用FlowJo软件进行分析。
通过腹腔注射阿佛丁(30 μL/g)麻醉小鼠,待其角膜反射迟钝、肌肉紧张度降低时,采用颈椎脱臼法实施安乐死。取其肝脏、肺脏、肾脏,置于甲醛溶液中固定48 h,进行梯度脱水并石蜡包埋。用切片机连续切为5 μm厚切片,贴附于洁净载玻片。70 ℃烘烤1 h,染色前经二甲苯脱蜡及梯度乙醇水化;水化后,依次经苏木素染核5 min、盐酸乙醇分化数秒、流水返蓝至镜下观察细胞核呈蓝色,再用伊红复染胞质至镜下观察成红色。最后经梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明,中性树胶封片,备用镜检及图像分析。
最后一次给药24 h后,各组小鼠禁食禁水12 h,从内眦静脉中采集200 μL/只血液,室温静置35 min,20 ℃,853 ×g离心20 min,收集上清液用于测定血清中的AST及ALT水平。
采用t检验进行数据分析,并使用GraphPad Prism 10.4.1进行统计分析。多组数据间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
前期利用流感病毒RG技术成功拯救重组溶瘤病毒OVFlu-αhPD1(图1A),扩增病毒并通过红细胞凝集实验检测病毒血凝效价,测定其效价为27~28(图1B);计算MOI并采用MOI=1的重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1分别接种于人源肝癌细胞Huh7和鼠源肝癌细胞Hepa1-6,并在不同时间点测定病毒滴度。结果如(图1C、D)所示,OVFlu-αhPD1可在肝癌细胞系Huh7和Hepa1-6均展现出高效复制的能力。感染12 h后,病毒滴度已达到4~5 lgTCID50 /mL,伴随时间推移持续上升,于72 h达到峰值7~8 lgTCID50 /mL,验证了溶瘤病毒在肝癌细胞中高效的复制能力。
CCK8法评估放疗与OVFlu-αhPD1联合治疗杀伤肝癌效果。结果显示,细胞感染72 h后,在Huh7及Hepa1-6细胞中,相较于MOI=0.1和1在MOI=3的条件下,细胞活力较之显著下降(P<0.01),表明OVFlu-αhPD1可有效杀伤肝癌细胞,且杀伤效果呈剂量依赖性。此外,联合治疗显著增强了OVFlu-αhPD1的细胞毒性作用,其杀伤效果明显优于单独病毒处理组(图2A、B)。同时,重组溶瘤病毒OVFlu-αhPD1对LX2及AML12正常肝细胞活力未产生明显影响(图2C、D)。
通过细胞克隆形成实验评估RT与重组溶瘤病毒OVFlu-αhPD1联合治疗对Huh7细胞生长的影响。实验结果显示,与对照组相比,单独RT或OVFlu-αhPD1处理均可在一定程度上抑制Huh7细胞生长。同时,当RT与OVFlu-αhPD1联合治疗时,Huh7细胞的克隆形成数目显著减少(P<0.01),且形成的克隆体积变小,密度变低,表现出明显的生长抑制效应(图3)。结果表明,RT与OVFlu-αhPD1的联合应用通过协同效应显著抑制了Huh7细胞的增殖,增强了治疗效果。
为验证重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1与RT联合治疗的体内抗肿瘤效果,本研究利用Hepa1-6细胞建立小鼠皮下荷瘤模型(图4A),每组分配9只小鼠,其中6只用于肿瘤生长检测。将动物随机分为对照组、PR8组、RT组、OVFlu-αhPD1组及联合治疗组。实验过程中,每2天测量小鼠肿瘤体积,并绘制肿瘤体积变化趋势图(图4B)。到达实验终点时,完整分离小鼠皮下瘤并进行模型展示图(图4C、D)。结果证实联合治疗组的小鼠肿瘤体积明显低于对照组和单独治疗组(P<0.01),且治疗结束时,肿瘤的平均体积明显减少,证实联合治疗显著抑制肿瘤生长。
为评估联合治疗对免疫应答的影响,本研究分析了荷瘤小鼠脾脏中T细胞的浸润与活化情况。分析结果显示,在接受单独治疗及联合治疗的小鼠脾脏中,CD8⁺T细胞与 CD4⁺T细胞均呈现早期活化状态(图5A、B)。与PBS组相比,各组CD69⁺T细胞比例均有升高,联合治疗组的升高尤为显著(P<0.01,图5C、D)。以上结果表明,RT与OVFlu-αhPD1联合治疗可协同增强抗肿瘤T细胞免疫应答,促进细胞毒性T细胞的活化与效应功能。
对小鼠心、肝、肺、肾等重要脏器的组织病理学分析显示,OVFlu-αhPD1未引起明显毒性损伤。HE染色结果(图6A)显示,各器官组织结构完整,未观察到细胞坏死、炎性细胞浸润或空泡变性等明显病理损伤,表明在该给药方案下OVFlu-αhPD1未引起明显的毒性反应。同时血清生化分析显示(图6B、C),各实验组小鼠的ALT与AST水平均未观察到显著变化,该结果提示病毒具有较高的肿瘤靶向性和良好的体内生物安全性。
肝细胞癌作为最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其高发病率和高病死率一直是全球公共卫生领域的重大挑战。靶向治疗等一系列治疗方法在延长HCC患者生存期方面取得了一定成效,但其整体抗肿瘤反应仍显不足[23-24]。以溶瘤病毒为基础的免疫治疗策略是近年来肿瘤治疗领域的研究热点,该疗法直接杀伤肝癌细胞,不损害正常组织,安全性较高;此外,它具有良好的耐受性,无交叉耐药性,适用于联合用药策略[25]。
本研究证实,重组溶瘤流感病毒OVFlu-αhPD1能选择性杀伤肝癌细胞,且对正常肝细胞无显著影响。其选择性可能与流感病毒(influenza A viruses,IAV)表面的血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)介导的细胞靶向机制有关。IAV主要通过HA蛋白识别并结合靶细胞表面的唾液酸受体来实现入侵,而HCC细胞表面表达的唾液酸结合免疫球蛋白样凝集素(如Siglec-9和Siglec-15)、CD44以及整合素α2β1和α3β1等分子,可能为其特异性感染和溶瘤作用提供了结构基础[26-27]。另外一项同样采用RG技术拯救的IAV研究也表明,该病毒可在黑色素瘤细胞中有效诱导ICD,并释放高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1,HMGB1)等危险信号,同时在细胞膜上暴露肿瘤抗原(如TRP2)与HA等信号分子。其中,HA不仅能增强抗原被树突状细胞摄取,还能促进抗原的溶酶体逃逸,从而提升交叉呈递与T细胞免疫应答的效率[28]。这些发现共同提示,IAV尤其是其HA蛋白,不仅在病毒入侵阶段发挥靶向作用,还能在诱导ICD过程中增强肿瘤抗原的免疫原性,形成“直接溶瘤”与“免疫激活”双重抗肿瘤机制,为开发基于流感病毒的溶瘤免疫疗法提供了新方向。
在本研究中,我们利用细胞和皮下肝癌荷瘤模型,分别给予重组溶瘤流感病毒、放疗或联合治疗。结果表明,单药OV或RT治疗在一定程度上可抑制肝癌细胞系和小鼠肿瘤生长,对正常肝细胞无明显影响;联合治疗能显著增强肿瘤生长抑制效果。在安全性方面,除部分小鼠在放疗后短期内出现一过性不良反应(如食欲减退和行为活动减少)外,其余各组均未出现预期外毒性反应,所有治疗方案表现出良好的耐受性。另外,作为病毒阳性对照的野生型PR8病毒并未显示出显著的抗肿瘤效果,进一步表明OVFlu-αhPD1的抗肿瘤作用主要源于改造后所赋予的溶瘤与免疫调节功能,而非单纯的病毒感染效应。上述结果提示,表达人PD-1单克隆抗体的重组溶瘤流感病毒与放疗联合应用具有显著的协同抗肿瘤效应,且安全性可控,值得进一步开展临床转化研究。
进一步印证的是,CD8⁺ T细胞依赖性细胞毒作用在放疗或溶瘤病毒单药治疗中均起核心作用,本研究结果与该共识一致[11, 29-30]。通过对联合治疗潜在分子与细胞机制的深入剖析,我们发现OVFlu-αhPD1与RT的联合应用显著增强脾脏中早期激活型CD4+CD69+T及CD8+CD69+T细胞的浸润。该联合策略通过协同激发抗肿瘤免疫应答,实质构成了一类三联治疗机制。一方面,RT诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞数量显著减少并上调PD-1表达,同时促进调节性T细胞(Tregs)和CD11b+细胞(包括髓源性抑制细胞和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞)的聚集,这些变化共同塑造了免疫抑制性TME,与不良预后密切相关[20, 31]。另一方面,RT亦能促进效应T细胞、自然杀伤细胞等具有抗肿瘤活性的白细胞的浸润[32]。另外,既往研究提示OV与RT联用可能引发肿瘤内免疫检查点分子(如PD-1)的表达,从而限制治疗效果[33-34]。本研究采用的OVFlu-αhPD1不仅直接裂解癌细胞改变TME,诱导肿瘤细胞发生ICD与凋亡,进而释放TAA或肿瘤特异性抗原,触发CD8+T细胞的主导的抗肿瘤免疫应答[6];还可表达抗PD-1抗体,阻断免疫抑制信号,促进T细胞活化与招募,减少Tregs和骨髓源性抑制细胞聚集,从而逆转放疗抵抗状态,增强了抗肿瘤免疫循环[35-36]。OVFlu-αhPD1与RT联用可促进肿瘤细胞的坏死与凋亡,诱导ICD发生,释放损伤相关分子模式,如HMGB1、热休克蛋白和ATP等[37-38]。这些内源危险信号可作为有效的免疫佐剂,驱动DCs的成熟与抗原呈递[39],并且增加了脾脏中CD4+CD69+T辅助及CD8+CD69+细胞毒性T细胞的浸润,增强肝癌荷瘤小鼠体内抑瘤效果。综上所述,OVFlu-αhPD1与放疗联用能够整合病毒的溶瘤作用、原位疫苗效应及免疫检查点阻断功能。该方案不仅能在局部发挥直接肿瘤杀伤作用,更可以通过拮抗放疗免疫抑制、协同增强CD8⁺T细胞为核心的适应性免疫反应,从而实现持续的抗肿瘤效能。
本研究仍存在一些局限性,我们尚未对联合治疗是否诱导远隔效应进行深入验证,也未在原位肿瘤模型中评估其疗效;实验中采用的联合时序固定为“放疗后1 h给予病毒”,尚未探讨不同给药顺序(如先病毒后放疗)对协同效应的影响,最佳联合时间窗口有待进一步明确;此外,对于瘤内注射后可能引发的长期免疫相关不良反应(如肝肾毒性、骨髓抑制等),尚未展开系统研究。尽管如此,本研究结果证明了OVS与放疗联合在肝癌治疗中具有显著的协同抗肿瘤效应,为晚期肝细胞癌及其他实体瘤的治疗策略开发提供了重要的理论依据和实验支持。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511074
  • 接收时间:2025-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-14
  • 修回日期:2026-01-22
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    1解放军医学院,北京
    2中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部研究所,北京
    3内蒙古医科大学基础医学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    4南开大学医学院,天津

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