Article(id=1320435764027044789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=1767715200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746018653, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746018653, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746018653, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746018653, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435745685360670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='3', pageStart='251', pageEnd='386', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771084800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746014281, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749703323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451218711892583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435745685360670, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=305, endPage=316, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435764232565686, articleId=1320435764027044789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=CXCL12 promotes endometrial repair through MSC homing in a mouse model of intrauterine adhesions: Multimechanistic study based on angiogenesis, cell proliferation and Sirt1 upregulation, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate CXCL12 therapeutic potential in endometrial repair post intrauterine adhesion (IUA) surgery.

Methods

A murine model of IUA was established using mechanical curettage. A total of 48 healthy female C57BL/6 mice (aged 7 to 8 weeks, weighing 18 to 20 g) were randomly allocated to 4 groups (n=12 per group): the sham-operated group (Sham), the model group (Model), the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell treatment group (UC-MSCs treatment group), and the CXCL12 treatment group. In the Sham group, only the abdominal wall was incised without intrauterine manipulation. In the Model group, after mechanical curettage, 100 μL of normal saline was infused into the uterine cavity. In the UC-MSCs treatment group, after curettage, 100 μL of UC-MSCs suspension (1×10⁶ cells) was infused into the uterine cavity. In the CXCL12 treatment group, after curettage, 100 μL of CXCL12 solution (containing 200 ng CXCL12) was infused into the uterine cavity. At 7 d post-modeling, histological examination was performed to confirm model establishment, and immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the chemotactic effect of CXCL12 on MSCs. At 21 d post-modeling, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate endometrial thickness and gland number; Masson’s trichrome staining assessed the extent of endometrial fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to determine the microvessel density (MVD) and the expression levels of VEGF, Ki-67, and Sirt1. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between Sirt1 expression levels and endometrial fibrosis.

Results

At 7 d post-modeling, histological examination confirmed the successful establishment of the IUA mouse model. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated significantly increased MSC homing to the endometrium in both the CXCL12 and UC-MSCs treatment groups versus the Sham and Model groups (P<0.001), with no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups. At 21 d post-modeling, both the CXCL12 and UC-MSCs treatment groups exhibited significantly greater endometrial thickness (P<0.001) and gland number (P<0.05) relative to the Model group. Endometrial fibrosis was significantly reduced in the treatment groups compared with the Model group (P<0.001). Microvessel density (MVD) was significantly higher in the CXCL12 and UC-MSCs groups than in the Model group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly elevated expression of VEGF (P<0.001), Ki-67 (P<0.001), and Sirt1 (P<0.001) in both treatment groups versus the Model group. After controlling for group allocation, Sirt1 expression showed a significant negative correlation with endometrial fibrosis area (rs=-0.73, P<0.05, t=-3.86).

Conclusions

Through enhancing MSC homing to the endometrium in IUA mice, CXCL12 exerts therapeutic effects comparable to UC-MSCs therapy, effectively promoting endometrial regeneration and reducing stromal fibrosis, with upregulated Sirt1 expression potentially mediating these effects.

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目的

探索CXCL12在促进宫腔粘连(intrauterine adhesions, IUA)术后子宫内膜修复中的作用。

方法

采用机械刮宫法构建IUA小鼠模型。将48只7~8周龄C57BL/6健康雌性小鼠(体质量18~20 g)采用区组随机法分为4组(n=12):假手术组(Sham组)、模型组(Model组)、脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells,UC-MSCs)治疗组及CXCL12治疗组。Sham组仅切开腹壁,不进行宫腔操作;Model组机械刮宫后向宫腔内灌注100 μL生理盐水溶液;UC-MSCs治疗组机械刮宫后宫腔灌注UC-MSCs悬液100 μL(含1×106个细胞);CXCL12治疗组机械刮宫后灌注CXCL12溶液100 μL(含200 ng CXCL12)。造模后7 d,通过组织学验证造模成果;通过免疫荧光染色评估CXCL12对MSCs的趋化作用。造模后21 d,通过HE染色计算子宫内膜厚度、腺体数目;Masson染色评估子宫内膜纤维化面积;免疫组织化学染色测定微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、Ki-67、沉默信息调节因子1(sirtuin 1, Sirt1)的表达水平;采用Spearman相关系数验证Sirt1表达水平和子宫内膜纤维化的相关性。

结果

造模后7 d,经组织学验证IUA小鼠模型造模成功;各组免疫荧光结果显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSCs治疗组小鼠子宫内膜归巢的MSCs数量比Sham组和Model组显著增加(P<0.001),两治疗组组间MSCs数量比较无显著差异。造模后21 d,各组子宫内膜厚度及腺体数量比较显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSCs治疗组的子宫内膜厚度(P<0.001)及腺体数量(P<0.05)较Model组显著增加。小鼠子宫内膜纤维化程度比较结果显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSCs治疗组的子宫内膜纤维化程度较Model组均明显降低(P<0.001)。造模后21 d,MVD结果显示:CXCL12治疗组及UC-MSCs治疗组的MVD均显著高于Model组(P<0.05)。免疫组化VEGF平均光密度值分析显示:UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组的VEGF表达均显著高于Model组(P<0.001)。Ki-67平均光密度值分析显示:与Model组相比,Ki-67表达水平在UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组均显著升高(P<0.001)。Sirt1平均光密度值分析显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSC治疗组的Sirt1表达较Model组均显著升高(P<0.001);控制分组变量后,Sirt1表达水平和子宫内膜纤维化面积存在显著负相关(rs=-0.73,P<0.05,t=-3.86)。

结论

CXCL12通过促进MSC归巢至IUA小鼠子宫内膜,发挥与UC-MSCs疗法相似的作用,能够有效促进子宫内膜修复并减少间质纤维化,且Sirt1表达上调可能参与此过程。

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王亚芹,E-mail:
WANG Yaqin, E-mail:
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A: Microscopic morphology of UC-MSCs;B~G: Flow cytometric analysis of UC-MSCs surface markers CD29, CD90, CD105,CD19, CD34, and CD45

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趋化因子CXCL12通过促进间充质干细胞归巢修复宫腔粘连小鼠子宫内膜:基于血管生成、细胞增殖及Sirt1上调的多机制研究
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邵康宁 , 王亚芹 , 赵冬梅 , 宋玉霞
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2026,48(3): 305-316
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2026 , 48 (3) : 305 -316
趋化因子CXCL12通过促进间充质干细胞归巢修复宫腔粘连小鼠子宫内膜:基于血管生成、细胞增殖及Sirt1上调的多机制研究
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邵康宁, 王亚芹 , 赵冬梅, 宋玉霞
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学第二附属医院生殖医学部,河南 郑州
通讯作者:
王亚芹,E-mail:
WANG Yaqin, E-mail:
CXCL12 promotes endometrial repair through MSC homing in a mouse model of intrauterine adhesions: Multimechanistic study based on angiogenesis, cell proliferation and Sirt1 upregulation
Kangning SHAO, Yaqin WANG , Dongmei ZHAO, Yuxia SONG
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Reproductive Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511072
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目的

探索CXCL12在促进宫腔粘连(intrauterine adhesions, IUA)术后子宫内膜修复中的作用。

方法

采用机械刮宫法构建IUA小鼠模型。将48只7~8周龄C57BL/6健康雌性小鼠(体质量18~20 g)采用区组随机法分为4组(n=12):假手术组(Sham组)、模型组(Model组)、脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells,UC-MSCs)治疗组及CXCL12治疗组。Sham组仅切开腹壁,不进行宫腔操作;Model组机械刮宫后向宫腔内灌注100 μL生理盐水溶液;UC-MSCs治疗组机械刮宫后宫腔灌注UC-MSCs悬液100 μL(含1×106个细胞);CXCL12治疗组机械刮宫后灌注CXCL12溶液100 μL(含200 ng CXCL12)。造模后7 d,通过组织学验证造模成果;通过免疫荧光染色评估CXCL12对MSCs的趋化作用。造模后21 d,通过HE染色计算子宫内膜厚度、腺体数目;Masson染色评估子宫内膜纤维化面积;免疫组织化学染色测定微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、Ki-67、沉默信息调节因子1(sirtuin 1, Sirt1)的表达水平;采用Spearman相关系数验证Sirt1表达水平和子宫内膜纤维化的相关性。

结果

造模后7 d,经组织学验证IUA小鼠模型造模成功;各组免疫荧光结果显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSCs治疗组小鼠子宫内膜归巢的MSCs数量比Sham组和Model组显著增加(P<0.001),两治疗组组间MSCs数量比较无显著差异。造模后21 d,各组子宫内膜厚度及腺体数量比较显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSCs治疗组的子宫内膜厚度(P<0.001)及腺体数量(P<0.05)较Model组显著增加。小鼠子宫内膜纤维化程度比较结果显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSCs治疗组的子宫内膜纤维化程度较Model组均明显降低(P<0.001)。造模后21 d,MVD结果显示:CXCL12治疗组及UC-MSCs治疗组的MVD均显著高于Model组(P<0.05)。免疫组化VEGF平均光密度值分析显示:UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组的VEGF表达均显著高于Model组(P<0.001)。Ki-67平均光密度值分析显示:与Model组相比,Ki-67表达水平在UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组均显著升高(P<0.001)。Sirt1平均光密度值分析显示:CXCL12治疗组和UC-MSC治疗组的Sirt1表达较Model组均显著升高(P<0.001);控制分组变量后,Sirt1表达水平和子宫内膜纤维化面积存在显著负相关(rs=-0.73,P<0.05,t=-3.86)。

结论

CXCL12通过促进MSC归巢至IUA小鼠子宫内膜,发挥与UC-MSCs疗法相似的作用,能够有效促进子宫内膜修复并减少间质纤维化,且Sirt1表达上调可能参与此过程。

宫腔粘连  /  CXCL12  /  间充质干细胞  /  沉默信息调节因子1
Objective

To investigate CXCL12 therapeutic potential in endometrial repair post intrauterine adhesion (IUA) surgery.

Methods

A murine model of IUA was established using mechanical curettage. A total of 48 healthy female C57BL/6 mice (aged 7 to 8 weeks, weighing 18 to 20 g) were randomly allocated to 4 groups (n=12 per group): the sham-operated group (Sham), the model group (Model), the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell treatment group (UC-MSCs treatment group), and the CXCL12 treatment group. In the Sham group, only the abdominal wall was incised without intrauterine manipulation. In the Model group, after mechanical curettage, 100 μL of normal saline was infused into the uterine cavity. In the UC-MSCs treatment group, after curettage, 100 μL of UC-MSCs suspension (1×10⁶ cells) was infused into the uterine cavity. In the CXCL12 treatment group, after curettage, 100 μL of CXCL12 solution (containing 200 ng CXCL12) was infused into the uterine cavity. At 7 d post-modeling, histological examination was performed to confirm model establishment, and immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the chemotactic effect of CXCL12 on MSCs. At 21 d post-modeling, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate endometrial thickness and gland number; Masson’s trichrome staining assessed the extent of endometrial fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to determine the microvessel density (MVD) and the expression levels of VEGF, Ki-67, and Sirt1. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between Sirt1 expression levels and endometrial fibrosis.

Results

At 7 d post-modeling, histological examination confirmed the successful establishment of the IUA mouse model. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated significantly increased MSC homing to the endometrium in both the CXCL12 and UC-MSCs treatment groups versus the Sham and Model groups (P<0.001), with no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups. At 21 d post-modeling, both the CXCL12 and UC-MSCs treatment groups exhibited significantly greater endometrial thickness (P<0.001) and gland number (P<0.05) relative to the Model group. Endometrial fibrosis was significantly reduced in the treatment groups compared with the Model group (P<0.001). Microvessel density (MVD) was significantly higher in the CXCL12 and UC-MSCs groups than in the Model group (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly elevated expression of VEGF (P<0.001), Ki-67 (P<0.001), and Sirt1 (P<0.001) in both treatment groups versus the Model group. After controlling for group allocation, Sirt1 expression showed a significant negative correlation with endometrial fibrosis area (rs=-0.73, P<0.05, t=-3.86).

Conclusions

Through enhancing MSC homing to the endometrium in IUA mice, CXCL12 exerts therapeutic effects comparable to UC-MSCs therapy, effectively promoting endometrial regeneration and reducing stromal fibrosis, with upregulated Sirt1 expression potentially mediating these effects.

intrauterine adhesions  /  CXCL12  /  mesenchymal stem cells  /  sirtuin 1
邵康宁, 王亚芹, 赵冬梅, 宋玉霞. 趋化因子CXCL12通过促进间充质干细胞归巢修复宫腔粘连小鼠子宫内膜:基于血管生成、细胞增殖及Sirt1上调的多机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (3) : 305 -316 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511072
Kangning SHAO, Yaqin WANG, Dongmei ZHAO, Yuxia SONG. CXCL12 promotes endometrial repair through MSC homing in a mouse model of intrauterine adhesions: Multimechanistic study based on angiogenesis, cell proliferation and Sirt1 upregulation[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (3) : 305 -316 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511072
宫腔粘连(intrauterine adhesions, IUA)是由子宫内膜基底层损伤引发的以宫腔纤维化为主的病理状态,临床上主要表现为月经量异常、痛经、不孕症以及流产、早产等妊娠并发症[1],是子宫因素导致不孕症的主要病因。IUA的发病机制涉及炎症反应、纤维化进程和子宫内膜修复障碍等。有研究者认为,任何能破坏子宫内膜黏膜层并暴露肌层的因素,在合适的诱发条件影响下,都可能导致IUA的形成[2]。目前,针对IUA最普遍的治疗方式是宫腔镜下子宫内粘连分离术,术后联合雌激素刺激子宫内膜再生修复以及宫腔放置节育器、Foley球囊等物理屏障预防粘连复发[3]。但IUA程度越严重,患者的子宫内膜厚度、月经量就越难恢复,治疗效果也就越差[4]。对于中重度宫腔粘连患者而言,较高的粘连复发率和低妊娠率依然是当前面临的严峻挑战。
正常女性的子宫内膜随着月经周期反复脱落和增殖,这说明子宫内膜具有再生修复能力,包括限制炎症反应以防内膜组织过度破坏、内膜干细胞周期性激活促进子宫内膜修复等[5]。然而,当子宫内膜基底层受损时,内膜干细胞的减少甚至缺失会限制其再生能力,进而造成功能层再生失败[6]。近年来,干细胞疗法作为再生医学的前沿技术,被逐渐应用于组织修复领域。其修复机制可能是受损组织分泌趋化因子,吸引干细胞主动迁移至损伤部位(即干细胞归巢作用),随后干细胞分化为其他类型的功能细胞并在局部增殖形成子代细胞,实现组织的修复和再生[7]。尤其在复杂组织的修复中,干细胞归巢的效率直接影响到治疗效果。在多种类型的干细胞中,脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, UC-MSCs)因具有易获取、无痛收集和低免疫原性的优势,在子宫内膜损伤修复领域展现出更大的应用潜力[8-9]。有研究显示,移植UC-MSCs的大鼠子宫内膜纤维化显著减轻,血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)及血管内皮细胞标志物CD31的表达均上调,增殖标志物Ki-67呈阳性表达[10]。另一项研究证实,UC-MSCs联合水凝胶治疗后的IUA大鼠拥有着和假手术组相近的胚胎着床率,说明UC-MSCs治疗后可有效恢复子宫内膜的功能,改善生殖预后[11]。然而,干细胞治疗的局限性也是不可忽视的:①目前大部分研究主要基于动物模型,其长期安全性和有效性尚不明确;②干细胞的保存问题,反复冻融可能会损伤细胞活性,对治疗效果造成影响[10,12];③全身给药时,由于归巢信号不明确,难以精准定位于损伤部位并使其发挥局部作用[13]。因此,如何有效促进内源性干细胞精准归巢至受损组织,或将成为未来研究亟须关注的核心问题之一。
趋化因子及其受体系统在干细胞归巢中发挥着至关重要的作用。CXCL12又被称为基质细胞衍生因子-1(stromal cell-derived factor-1, SDF-1),其通过与C-X-C趋化因子受体4(C-X-C chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4)结合,诱导内源性干细胞募集、增强血管生成、调控炎症微环境,从而促进组织再生。研究表明,组织损伤后,通常会上调SDF-1α的表达,通过趋化作用吸引干细胞聚集并滞留在损伤部位[14]。尽管这种自然的趋化机制在组织修复过程中发挥了重要作用,却仍难以实现损伤组织的全面再生和功能恢复[15]。研究显示,在损伤部位增加特定趋化因子的浓度,可显著增强宿主干细胞的募集效率,从而加速组织再生修复的进程[16-17]。另有研究显示,CXCL12是MSCs归巢至损伤部位的关键趋化因子,CXCL12不仅能显著增强损伤部位对干细胞的募集,还可促进其分化为上皮细胞和基质细胞,对子宫内膜的再生与修复至关重要[18]。有研究证实,在宫腔粘连的小鼠阴道中使用携带CXCL12的工程菌,能够显著改善小鼠宫腔纤维化[19]。但单纯使用CXCL12和直接灌注MSCs这两种治疗方式的效果仍未得到确切对比评价。
在子宫内膜修复的过程中,血管新生和细胞增殖占据着重要地位。微血管密度(microvessel density, MVD)是评价血管生成的重要指标之一,在临床实践中被广泛地应用。血管内皮细胞标志物CD31可同时表达于未分化和成熟的血管内皮细胞,通过免疫组化检测CD31标记的血管内皮细胞以计算MVD,可直观反映组织的血供重建能力,为预后评估提供关键依据[20]。VEGF通过刺激内皮细胞的增殖和迁移来参与血管的生成[21],其表达水平通常反映血管生成的活跃程度。Ki-67是一种细胞增殖核抗原,其表达水平升高通常代表细胞增殖活跃。研究表明,IUA患者子宫内膜组织中的Ki-67表达水平较低,但在接受干细胞治疗后其表达水平显著升高[22]。这说明Ki-67可能在子宫内膜增生和修复中发挥着重要作用。
沉默信息调节因子1(sirtuin 1, Sirt1)在细胞增殖、氧化应激、炎症反应、血管生成和衰老过程中都起着重要的调控作用[23-24]。Sirt1还参与调控纤维化过程[25],研究表明,Sirt1可抑制TGF-β1诱导的上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT),从而抑制肾组织纤维化[26]。相反,在HK-2细胞中敲低Sirt1可促进EMT,从而加重肾纤维化[27]。研究表明,Sirt1的过表达可促进Smad3的去乙酰化作用,从而减轻心脏纤维化[28]。以上研究提示,Sirt1可能通过调控EMT发挥抑制纤维化的作用。IUA的病理本质是子宫内膜的纤维化[29],子宫内膜基底层损伤会过度激活EMT,导致成纤维细胞异常积聚,进而引发纤维化与粘连。而通过调控EMT过程,可抑制纤维化并促进内膜再生修复[30]。研究发现,年老组小鼠的Sirt1表达下降,其MSCs产生的VEGF、SDF-1的水平均下调,从而在血管形成、伤口愈合及增殖能力方面均弱于年轻组[31],这可能说明Sirt1的表达水平与SDF-1存在一定的关联性。但Sirt1在CXCL12介导干细胞修复子宫内膜的过程中的作用及机制目前尚不清楚。
IUA模型的构建方法通常分为机械损伤法和化学损伤法。其中乙醇损伤法需谨慎控制灌注时间、容量及后续是否进行生理盐水灌洗;脂多糖感染损伤法则要求特定的浓度;机械损伤法需要保持均匀的搔刮力度,但因其操作简便而被广泛应用。常见的动物模型有大鼠、小鼠、家兔等。其中小鼠因其饲养成本低、发情周期较短、激素水平相对稳定,为研究子宫内膜损伤提供了较可控的条件[32]。因此本研究拟采用机械损伤法模拟人类刮宫手术来构建小鼠IUA模型,探讨CXCL12对小鼠IUA术后子宫内膜的再生修复作用,可能为IUA的治疗提供新的理论依据和潜在治疗靶点。
本研究已获得郑州大学第二附属医院伦理审查委员会批准(KY2024289)。7~8周龄C57BL/6健康雌性小鼠48只,体质量18~20 g,购自河南麦洛维生物科技有限公司,由郑州大学第二附属医院医学实验中心动物实验室标准化饲养,每笼8只小鼠,室温22~24 ℃,湿度70%左右,白昼与黑夜各12 h/d,饲养期间小鼠自主摄食、饮水。适应1周后开始实验。所有手术程序在无菌条件下进行,术后每日监测小鼠的体质量、活动性、进食进水和伤口愈合情况。当小鼠体质量下降超过25%、严重嗜睡、无法自主取食饮水时,即实施安乐死以终止其痛苦。
异氟烷购自鲁南贝特制药有限公司,UC-MSCs购自武汉尚恩生物技术有限公司,CXCL12干粉购自美国MCE 公司,无血清细胞冻存液购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司,DMEM/高糖培养基、胰蛋白酶/EDTA 溶液、PBS缓冲液购自美国Gibco公司,4%多聚甲醛溶液购自上海初雷生物科技有限公司,抗原修复液购自徕卡生物系统有限公司,二甲苯购自郑州派尼化学试剂厂,Anti-CD29 Rabbit PAb、FITC标记的山羊抗兔IgG、抗荧光猝灭染色剂(含DAPI)、Anti-CD31 Rabbit pAb、Anti-ki67 Rabbit pAb、Anti-VEGFA Rabbit pAb、Anti-Sirt1 Rabbit pAb抗体均购自武汉赛维尔科技有限公司。超净工作台购自力康生物医疗科技控股有限公司,高速冷冻离心机购自德国艾本德公司,荧光倒置显微镜、病理切片机、包埋机购自上海徕卡仪器有限公司,-80 ℃超低温冰箱购自海尔集团公司。
于每日早晨8:00行小鼠阴道分泌物涂片检查,显微镜下观察阴道上皮细胞形态,确定其动情周期。选取处于发情期的小鼠进行实验操作。具体步骤:使用2%~3%异氟烷腹腔内注射麻醉小鼠,1.5%~2.0%异氟烷维持麻醉效果。麻醉成功后用备皮刀刮除小鼠下腹部毛发,常规消毒铺巾。于小鼠下腹部正中线上距离尿道口2 cm处纵行切开,切口约1 cm,充分暴露小鼠Y型子宫,于Y型分叉上纵行切开子宫肌层,用眼科镊从4个方向(上、下、左、右)搔刮宫腔,刮至子宫呈充血、半透明状态。另一侧子宫做同样处理。搔刮后用0.9%氯化钠溶液冲洗宫腔2次,缝合子宫,腹腔注射青霉素预防感染,逐层缝合腹壁。术后用热水袋维持小鼠体温,待小鼠苏醒后继续标准化饲养。
实验开始前细胞被保存于-80 ℃冰箱中。实验开始后将UC-MSCs从-80 ℃冰箱取出,于培养皿中复苏,加入完全培养基后移入培养瓶中,放于37 °C、5%CO₂的恒温培养箱中培养,待细胞融合度达到80%~90%时,按1∶3比例进行传代。使用流式细胞仪对UC-MSCs的阳性标记物(CD29、CD90、CD105)和阴性标记物(CD19、CD34、CD45)进行鉴定。
将10 μg CXCL12干粉溶于1 mL双蒸水中,得到浓度为10 μg/mL的母液,将该母液以每管40 µL(内含400 ng CXCL12)分装至冻存管中,于-80 ℃保存。使用时每管加入160 µL PBS缓冲液,充分混匀后获得最终浓度为200 ng/100 µL的工作液。
将48只雌性小鼠按区组随机法分为4组(n=12):假手术组(Sham组)、模型组(Model组)、UC-MSCs治疗组及CXCL12治疗组。其中Sham组小鼠仅切开腹壁后缝合,不进行宫腔操作;Model组小鼠宫腔搔刮后向宫内灌注生理盐水溶液100 μL;UC-MSCs治疗组于刮宫后宫腔灌注UC-MSCs悬液100 μL(含1×106个细胞);CXCL12治疗组则于刮宫后灌注CXCL12溶液100 μL(含200 ng CXCL12)。造模后7 d,每组按随机数字表法抽取6只小鼠处死,切除双侧子宫观察大体形态,取部分子宫行HE染色以验证模型,取部分子宫行免疫荧光染色。剩余小鼠于造模后21 d切除子宫,行HE染色、Masson染色及免疫组织化学染色。
对小鼠子宫进行常规取材、4%多聚甲醛溶液固定、石蜡包埋、石蜡切片机切片,切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度酒精脱水及高压抗原修复后,用免疫组化笔于小鼠子宫组织周边画圈,滴加Peroxide Block进行封闭;随后滴加稀释的Anti-CD29 Rabbit PAb(1∶500),室温孵育4 h;PBS冲洗后滴加Post Primary,静置8 min,再以PBS洗3次;甩干后滴加荧光标记二抗,避光室温孵育1 h,PBS洗涤后滴加抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片;使用荧光倒置显微镜观察并采图。代表CD29的绿色荧光和代表细胞核的蓝色荧光重叠的细胞可判定为CD29阳性细胞。每张切片在400倍放大倍数下随机选取4个视野,用Image J计算MSCs数量,取其平均值。
石蜡切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度酒精水化,蒸馏水冲洗1 min,苏木素染液染色3 min,自来水冲洗1 min,于1%盐酸乙醇中分化5 s,流水返蓝10 min,随后伊红染液中浸泡染色1 min,蒸馏水冲洗2 s,再经梯度酒精脱水、二甲苯透明,最后以中性树胶封片,显微镜下观察并采图。用Image J软件进行内膜厚度测量和腺体数目的计算,每张切片共计数3次,取其平均值。
石蜡切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度酒精水化及蒸馏水冲洗后,苏木素染液染核5 min,蒸馏水冲洗2 min;1%盐酸乙醇分化5 s,流水冲洗返蓝;丽春红染液染色10 min,蒸馏水冲洗;磷钼酸处理10 min,然后苯胺蓝染液复染5 min,蒸馏水冲洗;随后梯度酒精脱水,二甲苯透明,用中性树胶封片,显微镜下观察并采图。使用Image J进行图像分析,在400倍放大倍数下,每张切片随机选取4个视野,计算蓝色胶原纤维占组织总面积的比例,取其平均值。
切片脱蜡、脱水、抗原修复及封闭过程同免疫荧光。滴加稀释兔抗小鼠抗体(Anti-CD31 Rabbit pAb:1∶300,Anti-VEGFA Rabbit pAb:1∶600,Anti-ki67 Rabbit pAb:1∶1 000,Anti-Sirt1 Rabbit pAb:1∶400)至组织上,室温孵育4 h;滴加Post Primary,静置8 min;滴加酶标二抗,静置1 h;滴加DAB显色,静置8 min;滴加苏木素,静置8 min;滴加罗氏染液返蓝,静置5 min;将切片依次梯度酒精脱水,二甲苯透明;中性封片剂封片,显微镜下观察并采图。在400倍放大倍数下,取4个随机视野,以CD31阳性表达的血管数量的平均值计算MVD。通过测量阳性信号区域的平均光密度(average optical density, AOD)量化目标蛋白VEGF、Ki-67、Sirt1的相对表达水平。
使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料若符合正态分布,以x¯±s表示;如数据呈正态分布,则采用ANOVA方差分析检验组间差异;如数据不满足正态分布,则采用Kruskal-Wallis单因素秩和检验(K-W检验),P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。使用Spearman相关系数进行相关性分析。采用R语言 4.4.0以及Flow jo 10.10软件制图。
造模24 h内,Model组小鼠有1只死亡,CXCL12治疗组有1只小鼠死亡;造模后3 d,UC-MSCs治疗组小鼠有2只死亡。其余存活小鼠精神正常,饮食饮水正常,动情期规律。
显微镜下,传代后的UC-MSCs贴壁生长,呈长梭形,形态相对均一。流式细胞检测显示,UC-MSCs高表达CD29(95.40%)、CD90(95.80%)、CD105(94.00%),低表达CD19(3.23%)、CD34(5.04%)、CD45(7.56%),与国际MSC标准定义相符(图1)。
造模后7 d,Sham组小鼠子宫形态规则、粗细均匀、子宫与周围组织无粘连;Model组小鼠子宫形态粗细不均、局部僵硬、有缩窄变细现象,子宫与周围组织有粘连(图2)。
造模后7 d,Sham组小鼠子宫皱襞多、上皮层完整、间质腺体数量丰富;Model组小鼠子宫皱襞明显减少、上皮层不连续,间质腺体数量减少(图3)。Model组小鼠子宫内膜厚度与Sham组相比明显变薄[(211.46±48.26)vs(376.36±34.03)μm,P<0.001];Model组小鼠子宫内膜腺体数量比Sham组明显减少[(8.00±2.17)vs(27.00±4.25)个,P<0.01]。
造模后7 d,Masson染色显示,Sham组小鼠子宫内膜结构完整,蓝色胶原纤维沉积较少;Model组小鼠子宫内膜上皮层部分缺失,大量蓝色胶原纤维沉积于子宫内膜间质(图3)。Model组小鼠子宫内膜纤维化面积比Sham组显著增加[(35.09%±4.11%)vs(18.44%±2.75%),P<0.001]。
造模后7 d,免疫荧光染色显示,CD29阳性信号(绿色荧光)主要定位于子宫内膜腔上皮细胞、腺上皮细胞周围,部分散布于子宫内膜功能层间质中,细胞核呈蓝染。Sham组和Model组仅在子宫内膜间质中观察到零星的CD29阳性细胞分布。相比之下,UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组的子宫内膜组织中可见大量明亮的绿色荧光信号聚集,且明显富集于受损修复的内膜上皮(图4)。
各组MSCs密度组间差异显著(F=28.84,P<0.001)。与Sham组(4.78±1.56)和Model组(3.40±1.84)相比,UC-MSCs治疗组(13.80±2.77)和CXCL12治疗组(11.40±3.82)MSCs数量显著增多(P<0.001);其余各组间比较无显著性差异。
造模后21 d,HE染色显示,Model组小鼠子宫内膜明显薄于Sham组,腺体数目稀少,UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组子宫内膜厚度和腺体数量均有所恢复(图5)。
4组小鼠子宫内膜厚度的组间差异显著(F= 58.98,P<0.001)。与Model组[(205.42±21.95)μm]相比,Sham组[(328.24±27.07)μm]、UC-MSCs治疗组[(318.18±9.81)μm]、CXCL12治疗组[(304.85±21.83)μm]的子宫内膜厚度均显著增加(P<0.001);其余各组间比较无显著性差异。
4组小鼠子宫内膜腺体数量的组间差异显著(χ2=21.18,P<0.05)。与Model组[(10.20±5.03)个]相比,Sham组[(28.00±8.22)个]、UC-MSCs治疗组[(24.00±5.66)个]、CXCL12治疗组[(26.29±1.89)个]的腺体数量均显著性增加(P<0.05);其余各组间比较无显著性差异。
造模后21 d,Masson染色结果显示:Sham组子宫内膜间质内浅蓝色胶原纤维排列有序,占比少。Model组可见大量深蓝色胶原纤维沉积,分布杂乱无序。UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组蓝染区域面积显著减少(图6)。
4组小鼠子宫内膜纤维化面积的组间差异显著(F= 44.01,P<0.001)。与Sham组[(28.35±1.12)%]相比,Model组[(45.00±4.74)%]内膜纤维化面积显著增加(P<0.001);与Model组相比,UC-MSCs治疗组[(30.60±1.14)%]、CXCL12治疗组[(32.86±1.95)%]的子宫内膜纤维化面积显著减少(P<0.001);UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组组间比较无显著性差异。
造模后21 d,免疫组化染色显示,Model组的CD31和VEGF阳性信号明显减少;Sham组、UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组均表达大量CD31和VEGF阳性信号(图7)。
CD31标记的MVD组间差异显著(F=13.56,P<0.01)。与Model组(11.30±1.53)相比,Sham组(32.30±5.93,P<0.001)、UC-MSCs治疗组(23.70±2.08,P<0.05)、CXCL12治疗组(22.90±5.89,P<0.05)的MVD显著增加;两治疗组组间比较无显著性差异。
4组小鼠子宫内膜VEGF平均光密度值组间差异显著(F=14.4,P<0.001)。与Model组(0.233±0.041)相比,Sham组(0.366±0.013,P<0.001)、UC-MSCs治疗组(0.380±0.049,P<0.001)、CXCL12治疗组(0.377±0.052,P<0.001)的VEGF表达均显著上调;两治疗组组间比较无显著性差异。
造模后21 d,免疫组化染色显示,Sham组中Ki-67阳性信号大量分布于子宫内膜上皮细胞中;Model组的Ki-67阳性信号显著减少;UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组子宫内膜上皮细胞中均可见大量Ki-67阳性信号表达(图8)。
Ki-67平均光密度的组间差异显著(F=18.61,P<0.001)。与Model组(0.210±0.038)相比,Ki-67表达在Sham组(0.364±0.019)、UC-MSCs治疗组(0.355±0.039)、CXCL12治疗组(0.361±0.052)均显著升高(P<0.001);其余各组间比较无显著性差异。
造模后21 d,免疫组化染色显示,Sham组与Model组的Sirt1阳性信号较弱,仅见少量浅棕染色;UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组的Sirt1阳性信号显著增强,棕黄色染色面积明显扩大(图9)。
Sirt1平均光密度的组间差异显著(χ2=15.17,P<0.01)。与Model组(0.210±0.019)相比较,UC-MSCs治疗组(0.360±0.041)和CXCL12治疗组(0.337±0.037)的Sirt1表达均显著上调(P<0.001);与Sham组(0.209±0.016)相比,Sirt1表达水平在UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组均显著上调(P<0.001);其余各组间比较无显著性差异。
采用Spearman秩相关系数评估Model组及两治疗组中Sirt1表达水平与子宫内膜纤维化面积的相关性。控制分组变量干扰后,Sirt1表达水平与小鼠子宫内膜纤维化面积呈显著负相关(rs=-0.73,P<0.05,t=-3.86),见图10。
本研究采用机械刮宫方式建立小鼠IUA模型,机械搔刮造模能更真实的模拟临床上患者刮宫后子宫内膜受损的状态,但缺点是难以把握小鼠子宫内膜的损伤程度。为尽量保证小鼠子宫内膜损伤的标准化,本研究所有小鼠由同一实验人员使用同一把眼科镊进行造模,并在实验开始前规定好宫腔搔刮的力度、方向和次数。为控制感染因素对造模的影响,所有小鼠造模后连续3 d每天腹腔注射40 000单位青霉素。预实验过程中发现小鼠术后低体温会对存活率造成一定影响,正式实验时所有小鼠使用包裹纱布的热水袋进行术后保温,但仍因低体温及感染导致小鼠死亡数只。因不同批次小鼠造模可能对模型效果有一定影响,进而影响实验结果,故未对死亡小鼠进行补充。造模后7 d,Model组小鼠子宫粗细不均匀,部分宫体僵硬。HE染色镜下表现为子宫内膜上皮不连续、内膜变薄、腺体减少甚至缺失,符合子宫内膜基底层受损的特征,与CHEN等[33]的宫腔粘连模型成果相符,为后续评估CXCL12的疗效奠定了基础。
研究表明,在动物模型中,MSCs治疗可显著增加子宫内膜腺体数量,降低纤维化程度[34]。且IUA大鼠经MSCs治疗后生育率获得明显提高[35]。这充分表明MSCs对受损的子宫内膜具有再生修复作用。本研究选择UC-MSCs的阳性标记物CD29作为检测并计算小鼠子宫内膜MSCs的标志,但需指出的是,CD29广泛表达于子宫内膜上皮细胞与间质细胞,其表达水平随动情周期波动。实验所观察到的CD29阳性细胞群体,在理论上可能包含子宫内膜细胞、内源性及外源性的MSCs。结合形态与分布分析,子宫腔面及腺上皮的强阳性信号可能主要反映子宫内膜细胞自身的状态,散在分布于间质中的阳性信号则更可能与归巢的MSCs相关。本研究仅计算小鼠内膜间质散在的CD29阳性细胞,在计算时尽量排除了腺体上皮细胞和子宫内膜上皮细胞的影响,可能仍无法精确区分出归巢细胞。Sham组子宫内膜中少量CD29表达,可能是由于内源性的子宫内膜干细胞的存在。Model组中少量CD29阳性细胞的存在,可能提示组织损伤后干细胞进行了有限的自发募集,但不足以产生有效治疗。与Model组不同的是,UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组的CD29阳性细胞数显著增多,可能说明CXCL12促进了局部SDF-1浓度的升高,内源性MSCs循着SDF-1浓度梯度归巢至受损的子宫内膜组织。同时,上皮细胞CD29阳性细胞数的上调可能也预示着子宫内膜自身修复能力与周期性功能的恢复,随着将来的深入研究,CD29或可作为评估IUA子宫内膜功能修复的一个潜在指标。
本研究显示,Model组小鼠子宫粗细不均匀、局部缩窄、组织弹性差,部分小鼠子宫出现充血和水肿现象,表明因造模所致的子宫内膜损伤未能得到有效修复。且Model组小鼠子宫内膜厚度和腺体数量均比Sham组显著减少,表明在自然修复的情况下,子宫内膜的再生修复能力较弱。相反,UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组小鼠子宫内膜厚度和腺体数量显著增加,说明CXCL12和UC-MSCs治疗后均能促进子宫内膜的再生修复。Model组小鼠子宫内膜间质中纤维化严重,而经CXCL12和UC-MSCs治疗后的小鼠子宫内膜纤维化程度显著减少,这说明CXCL12及UC-MSCs治疗后均可促进子宫内膜增殖和修复,并抑制胶原纤维的产生,改善宫腔纤维化,且二者效果相当。
血管生成是组织修复再生的重要过程,子宫内膜的再生和修复离不开组织血供的支持。研究显示,重度IUA患者子宫内膜的小血管闭塞及出现缺氧改变[36]。CD31表达于血管内皮细胞上,常被用来评估血管生成和MVD[37]。VEGF是重要的血管生成因子之一,它可促进内皮细胞增殖、迁移并形成新的血管网络[38]。研究表明,CD31和VEGF的表达水平下降会抑制新生血管生成,从而影响子宫内膜的再生和功能恢复。通过CD31评估子宫内膜MVD及检测VEGF表达水平可清晰显示各组子宫内膜血管再生情况。本研究中UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组的MVD及VEGF的表达水平比Model组显著增高,这说明CXCL12及UC-MSCs治疗后均可促进小鼠子宫内膜新血管生成,改善组织血供,为子宫内膜再生修复提供营养支持。
Ki-67是一种与细胞周期相关的蛋白质,通常用于评估细胞增殖活跃程度[39]。有研究显示,hUCB-MSCs治疗后的子宫内膜Ki-67表达水平增加[34]。本研究显示,UC-MSCs治疗组和CXCL12治疗组的Ki-67表达水平比Model组显著升高,且Ki-67主要在子宫内膜上皮细胞中表达,这表明CXCL12及UC-MSCs治疗后均可上调Ki-67的表达,促进子宫内膜上皮细胞进入增殖周期,从而促进子宫内膜再生修复,且二者疗效相当。
LIU等[40]发现,Sirt1激活后,通过调控TGF-β/Smad2/3通路,抑制EMT过程,从而减轻心脏纤维化。在肝脏、肾脏也有类似的研究。研究显示IUA患者的子宫内膜存在自噬缺陷,进而促进EMT和子宫内膜纤维化,而自噬的激活则能有效抑制EMT和纤维化[41]。Sirt1参与调控细胞自噬过程。研究表明,上调Sirt1可通过去乙酰化Beclin1的K430和K437位点诱导自噬过程,并减轻急性肾损伤。研究发现,Sirt1在正常子宫内膜中表达水平较低,仅在上皮细胞核中呈现较弱的染色[42]。本研究显示,Sham组Sirt1处于较低水平,两治疗组的Sirt1的表达比Model组显著升高,且组间比较无显著性差异。这说明UC-MSCs和CXCL12治疗均可使Sirt1的表达水平上调。本研究发现,在控制分组变量的影响后,Sirt1的表达水平与子宫内膜纤维化面积存在显著负相关关系,提示CXCL12和UC-MSCs可能通过上调Sirt1表达水平,减轻子宫内膜纤维化的程度,预防再粘连的发生。这可能是CXCL12及UC-MSCs治疗宫腔粘连的机制之一。
本研究的不足与展望如下:①本研究未进行干细胞动员,仅采用局部递送 CXCL12的策略,虽然依然获得了良好的归巢及治疗效果,但这可能是因为保持了足够的CXCL12局部浓度,补偿了循环干细胞数量不足的潜在局限,未来结合G-CSF等动员剂,或能进一步扩大循环干细胞库,从而更好地发挥CXCL12的归巢潜能。②尽管观察到CXCL12给药与Sirt1上调、纤维化减轻相关,但尚未通过功能缺失实验明确其因果关系及信号通路的必要性;Sirt1抑制EMT的推论亦有待直接标志物检测证实。③本研究未严格进行多系分化实验来验证MSCs干性,因此对募集细胞群体的特异性解读需持谨慎态度。④本研究基于预实验结果使用了CXCL12的单一剂量(200 ng)治疗,但因缺乏剂量-效应研究,所以无法确定CXCL12的最佳治疗窗或最小有效剂量,未来需建立剂量-效应关系以优化治疗策略。⑤本研究主要关注子宫内膜结构修复,其对生殖功能与妊娠结局的影响仍需后续生育力实验验证。即使如此,CXCL12在小鼠子宫内膜再生修复过程中仍发挥了重要作用。在后续的研究中,本课题组将进一步在分子层面探讨CXCL12对宫腔粘连术后子宫内膜再生修复的具体机制,并进一步评估临床治疗效果及生殖预后。
综上,CXCL12可通过趋化作用使干细胞归巢至损伤组织,显著提高IUA小鼠子宫内膜厚度和腺体数量,减少间质纤维化,促进血管新生和细胞增殖,且其可能通过上调Sirt1表达水平,减轻子宫内膜纤维化程度,从而预防宫腔粘连术后再粘连的发生,与UC-MSCs作用相当。

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2026年第48卷第3期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511072
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
  • 修回日期:2026-01-07
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    1郑州大学第二附属医院生殖医学部,河南 郑州

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