Article(id=1320441177904628134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762790400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-11, revisedDate=1769443200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747309422, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747309422, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747309422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747309422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441010094715145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='663', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747269413, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749761919, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=670, endPage=686, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441178366001575, articleId=1320441177904628134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Baicalein mitigates time-dependent colonic barrier injury in mice after high-intensity exercise in hot and humid environment by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation: A study on intervention dosage and critical time window, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

This study aims to clarify the characteristics and temporal patterns of colonic barrier damage in mice following a single simulated high-intensity exercise in hot and humid environment, and further investigate the protective effects of baicalein (BAI) intervention on colonic injury, thereby providing experimental evidence for the development of medical protection time windows and pharmaceutical intervention protocols for personnel engaged in high-intensity exercise and operations in hot and humid environments.

Methods

①Thirty SPF-grade 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6): control group, 30 min post-exercise group, 4 h post-exercise group, 12 h post-exercise group, and 24 h post-exercise group. The mice in the exercise groups were subjected on a treadmill in a heat chamber (temperature: 38℃, humidity: RH 75%) at 80% maximal exercise velocity (Vmax) (exercise 12 min, rest 8 min, 3 cycles; slope 10°). Subsequently, the colon tissues were harvested for morphological observation by HE staining in each group; ELISA was used to detect the serum levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1β) to observe the inflammatory response of each group. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected to observe intestinal permeability; Microassay was performed to determine the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the colon tissues; RT-qPCR was applied to detect the expression levels of intestinal tight junction protein related genes Occludin, ZO-1, Claudin-1, inflammation and oxidative stress related genes Tlr4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1), as well as key transcription factors HSF1, NF-κB, PARP-1, and NRF2 in heat stress regulation; Western blotting was utilized to detect the protein of colonic tight junction protein Occludin. ② For BAI intervention study, 24 SPF-grade 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6) control group, exercise group (high temperature and high humidity exercise, gavage with deionized water 200 μL), exercise+low- and high-dose intervention groups (BAI gavage 200 μL at 10 and 40 mg/kg per day). At 4 h after the end of exercise, colonic and blood samples were collected for serum levels of urea nitrogen (BUN) content, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to evaluate the safety of BAI. Other detection sites, indicators, and methods were the same as aforementioned.

Results

① The core body temperature was significantly elevated in the exercise group (P<0.05); the structural damage, along with inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in colonic mucosa; the expression of colon Occludin, ZO-1, and Claudin-1 was downregulated (P<0.05), and the protein level of Occludin was decreased (P<0.05), and the serum levels of I-FABP and LPS were increased (P<0.05); The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were increased (P<0.05), and the expression of IL-1β and IL-10 in the colon was upregulated (P<0.05); The concentration of MDA was increased (P<0.05), while the concentration of GSH and the activities of CAT and SOD were decreased (P<0.05); The expression of HSF1, PARP-1, NF-κB, Tlr4, TNF-α, IL-6, and SOD1 in the colon was upregulated (P<0.05), while the expression of NRF2 and HO-1 was downregulated (P<0.05). These changes were present at 30 min post-exercise, most prominent at 4 h post-exercise, and markedly recovered by 24 h. ② After BAI intervention, the core body temperature was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum levels of ALT and AST were decreased (P<0.05); colonic mucosal injury was alleviated; the expression of Occludin at mRNA and protein levels in the colonic tissues were increased (P<0.05); the expression of ZO-1 and Claudin-1 were upregulated (P<0.05), and serum levels of I-FABP and LPS were decreased (P<0.05); the serum level of IL-1β was decreased (P<0.05), and the expression of IL-1β in the colon was downregulated (P<0.05); The concentration of MDA was decreased (P<0.05), while the concentration of GSH and activities of CAT and SOD in the colon were increased (P<0.05); The expression of HSF1, PARP-1, NF-κB, Tlr4, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the colon was downregulated (P<0.05), while the expression of NRF2 and HO-1 was upregulated (P<0.05). These results indicated that BAI possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, with better efficacy in the low-dose group.

Conclusion

Peak colonic barrier injury occurs at 4 h after simulated high-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment, and prophylactic use of BAI (10 mg/kg per day) can significantly inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress and alleviate injury, providing evidence for time windows and intervention basis for colonic injury induced by heat stress.

, authors=Xiaolong WU1, Yurong LIU1, Yuqing LIU1, Linfang LI1, Xinyue GOU1, Xuesen YANG2, Long YI1, Mantian MI1, Ka CHEN1, authorsList=Xiaolong WU, Yurong LIU, Yuqing LIU, Linfang LI, Xinyue GOU, Xuesen YANG, Long YI, Mantian MI, Ka CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mantian MI, Ka CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441186096103876, articleId=1320441177904628134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=黄芩素通过抑制氧化应激和炎症减轻湿热环境高强度运动后小鼠结肠屏障时序性损伤:干预剂量与关键时间窗研究, columnId=1320435152170369724, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究旨在明确单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠屏障损伤特征及时序规律,并进一步探讨黄芩素(baicalein,BAI)干预对结肠损伤的防护效应,为制定湿热环境下高强度运动及作业人员的医学防护时间窗与药物干预方案提供实验依据。

方法

①SPF级8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠30只,按随机数字表法分为5组(n=6):对照组,运动后30 min组、4 h组、12 h组及24 h组,运动组小鼠在热舱内(温度:38 ℃、湿度:RH75%)的跑台上,以80%最大运动速度(Vmax)跑步(运动12 min、休息8 min,循环3次;坡度10°)。随后取小鼠结肠组织用HE染色观察各组形态学变化;ELISA检测血清中炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10和IL-1β)水平观察各组炎症反应,检测肠脂肪酸结合蛋白(I-FABP)、脂多糖(LPS)观察肠道通透性;微量法测定结肠中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;RT-qPCR检测结肠紧密连接蛋白相关基因Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1,炎症及氧化应激相关基因Tlr4、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、HO-1(血红素加氧酶-1)、SOD1(超氧化物歧化酶1),以及热应激调控中关键转录因子HSF1、NF-κB、PARP-1、NRF2的表达水平;Western blot检测结肠紧密连接蛋白Occludin的含量。②黄芩素干预研究,SPF级8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠24只,按随机数字表法分为4组(n=6):对照组、运动组(去离子水灌胃200 μL)、运动+低剂量干预组[BAI灌胃200 μL,10 mg/(kg·d)]、运动+高剂量干预组[BAI灌胃200 μL, 40 mg/(kg·d)],于运动结束后4 h取小鼠结肠及血液样本,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)含量、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)活性评价黄芩素的药物安全性,其余检测的部位、指标及方法同前。

结果

①运动组小鼠核心体温显著升高(P<0.05);结肠黏膜出现结构性损伤并伴有炎性细胞浸润;结肠Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1表达下调(P<0.05),Occludin蛋白含量降低(P<0.05),血清I-FABP及LPS浓度升高(P<0.05);血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10水平升高(P<0.05),结肠IL-1β、IL-10表达上调(P<0.05);结肠MDA浓度升高(P<0.05),GSH浓度、CAT及SOD活性降低(P<0.05);结肠HSF1、PARP-1、NF-κB、Tlr4、TNF-α、IL-6、SOD1表达上调(P<0.05),NRF2、HO-1表达下调(P<0.05)。上述变化在运动后30 min即存在,运动后4 h最为显著,24 h则明显恢复。②黄芩素干预后小鼠核心体温显著下降(P<0.05),血清ALT及AST浓度降低(P<0.05);结肠黏膜损伤减轻;结肠Occludin基因表达及其蛋白含量上升(P<0.05),ZO-1、Claudin-1表达上调(P<0.05),血清I-FABP、LPS浓度降低(P<0.05);血清IL-1β水平降低(P<0.05),结肠IL-1β表达下调(P<0.05);结肠MDA浓度降低(P<0.05),GSH浓度、CAT及SOD活性升高(P<0.05);结肠HSF1、PARP-1、NF-κB、Tlr4、TNF-α、IL-6表达下调(P<0.05),NRF2、HO-1表达上调(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,黄芩素具有抗炎抗氧化作用,且低剂量组的效果更好。

结论

模拟湿热环境高强度运动后4 h小鼠结肠屏障出现峰值损伤,预防性使用黄芩素[10 mg/(kg·d)]可以显著抑制炎症与氧化应激并减轻损伤,为热应激导致的结肠损伤提供时间窗证据及干预依据。

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陈 卡, E-mail:
糜漫天, E-mail:
CHEN Ka, E-mail:
MI Mantian, E-mail:
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China J Chin Mater Med, 2006, 31(12): 999-1001., articleTitle=Studies on the absorption kinetics of baicalin and baicalein in rats' stomachs and intestines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320441212994175569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.12.047, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=12, pageStart=6458, pageEnd=6476, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=36, authorNames=王坤, 张永杰, 胡瑞莹, journalName=畜牧兽医学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王坤, 张永杰, 胡瑞莹, 等. 利用小鼠模型分析黄芩素调节肠道菌群缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎机制[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(12): 6458-6476., articleTitle=利用小鼠模型分析黄芩素调节肠道菌群缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320441213124198994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.12.047, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=56, issue=12, pageStart=6458, pageEnd=6476, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=37, authorNames=WANG K, ZHANG Y J, HU R Y, journalName=Acta Vet Zootechnica Sin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG K, ZHANG Y J, HU R Y, et al. 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Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae, 2023, 29(23): 81-88., articleTitle=Exploring on mechanism of Gegen Qinliantang in interventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea based on 16S rRNA sequencing and network pharmacology, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320441186406482373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441186410676678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, companyId=1320441186406482373, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Military Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Health, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441186423259591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, companyId=1320441186406482373, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320441186691695048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441186704277961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, companyId=1320441186691695048, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320441186721055178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, companyId=1320441186691695048, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:热带医学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320441193415164428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Core body temperature of mice after high-intensity exercise under a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=t/y5GDhU+e7sO65XE1zEbw==, figureFileBig=mKj0zFXLE7s8qCJQkAL54w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441195080303117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图1, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠核心体温(n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=t/y5GDhU+e7sO65XE1zEbw==, figureFileBig=mKj0zFXLE7s8qCJQkAL54w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441195919163918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Temporal changes in colonic morphological structure of mice after high-intensity exercise under a simulated hot and humid environment, figureFileSmall=lkEtm6pbhuUnqCnhjciDvA==, figureFileBig=LWNecQ7KKNBoT1EUzAi9pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441195982078479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图2, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠形态结构的时序性变化

arrow: Infiltration of inflammatory cells

, figureFileSmall=lkEtm6pbhuUnqCnhjciDvA==, figureFileBig=LWNecQ7KKNBoT1EUzAi9pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441196044993040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Temporal changes in colonic barrier function of mice after high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=B0GnOjlXjW5Bv4+TBiVgng==, figureFileBig=7+Wrzt/7AICMIgRB6np7cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441196393120274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图3, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠屏障功能的时序性变化 (n=6,x¯±s)

A to C: mRNA expression levels of Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1 in colon tissues from each group; D and E: Representative images of Western blotting results and statistical analysis of Occludin in colon tissues from each group; F and G: Serum levels of I-FABP and LPS

, figureFileSmall=B0GnOjlXjW5Bv4+TBiVgng==, figureFileBig=7+Wrzt/7AICMIgRB6np7cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441196456034835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Temporal changes in inflammation of mice after high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=ef0TGL4mxcULELE0Fzt+Gw==, figureFileBig=q3lVNByq22oLa2vy8hweUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441196812550676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图4, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠炎症因子的时序性变化 (n=6,x¯±s)

A to D: Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-6; E to F: mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and IL-10 in colon tissues

, figureFileSmall=ef0TGL4mxcULELE0Fzt+Gw==, figureFileBig=q3lVNByq22oLa2vy8hweUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441196883853845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Temporal changes in oxidative stress status of mice after high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=pj0c3xEHKNxqr9uWRw1TSQ==, figureFileBig=/r3tEunaT8AB+fhVFdbkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441197219398166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠氧化应激状态的时序性变化 (n=6,x¯±s)

A and B: Contents of MDA and GSH in colon tissues; C and D: Activities of CAT and SOD in colon tissues

, figureFileSmall=pj0c3xEHKNxqr9uWRw1TSQ==, figureFileBig=/r3tEunaT8AB+fhVFdbkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441197286507031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Temporal changes of key transcription factors in regulating colonic heat stress in mice under high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=p7VHEvxEqpOhx2kf9hi/Jw==, figureFileBig=jzKIsJKP+jDq9l9iQkizNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441197609468440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图6, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠热应激调节中关键的转录因子的时序性变化 (n=6,x¯±s)

A to I: mRNA levels of HSF1, PARP-1, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, NRF2, HO-1 and SOD1 in colon tissues from each group

, figureFileSmall=p7VHEvxEqpOhx2kf9hi/Jw==, figureFileBig=jzKIsJKP+jDq9l9iQkizNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441197693354521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Core body temperature and liver and kidney function in mice under high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=fMypMv8Ws222temlGnrWzg==, figureFileBig=icdMsTk706mu+CN0ifghLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441198012121627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图7, caption=黄芩素干预下模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠核心体温及肝肾功 (n=6,x¯±s)

A: Core body temperature in the mice of each group; B to D: Serum levels of ALT, AST and BUN

, figureFileSmall=fMypMv8Ws222temlGnrWzg==, figureFileBig=icdMsTk706mu+CN0ifghLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441199702426139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of baicalein intervention on the colonic morphology and structure of the mice after high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment, figureFileSmall=5uziOCeqt8crMI6eBVo1Qw==, figureFileBig=vNjmD+uqRBWbfCZqT5bWAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441199815672348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图8, caption=黄芩素干预对模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠形态结构的影响

arrow: Infiltration of inflammatory cells

, figureFileSmall=5uziOCeqt8crMI6eBVo1Qw==, figureFileBig=vNjmD+uqRBWbfCZqT5bWAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441200121856541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Effect of baicalein intervention on colonic barrier function in mice after high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=xtiP0T2qI41FabI1Vjs5rg==, figureFileBig=wsESHvUF+Xv6lSvqecK3Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441200188965406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图9, caption=黄芩素干预对模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠屏障功能的影响 (n=6,x¯±s)

A to C: mRNA expression levels of Occludin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1 in colon tissues from each group; D and E: Representative images of Western blotting results and statistical analysis of Occludin in colon tissues from each group; F and G: Serum levels of I-FABP and LPS

, figureFileSmall=xtiP0T2qI41FabI1Vjs5rg==, figureFileBig=wsESHvUF+Xv6lSvqecK3Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441200558064159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Effect of baicalein intervention on the inflammation in mice under high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=7EuSs/tRLnTSmAeA80ghCQ==, figureFileBig=p+WsM8m1yGTvSvWjNacz8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441200637755936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图10, caption=黄芩素对模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠炎症水平的影响 (n=6,x¯±s)

A to D: Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-6; E and F: mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and IL-10 in colon tissues

, figureFileSmall=7EuSs/tRLnTSmAeA80ghCQ==, figureFileBig=p+WsM8m1yGTvSvWjNacz8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441200943940129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Effect of baicalein intervention on the oxidative stress in mice under high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=PXcRxGFKfm9npeSCkJLcIA==, figureFileBig=Ec0G/2/lI/tabvjE0/7PWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441201011048994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图11, caption=黄芩素对模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠氧化应激状态的影响 (n=6,x¯±s)

A and B: Contents of MDA and GSH in colon tissues; C and D: Activities of CAT and SOD in colon tissues

, figureFileSmall=PXcRxGFKfm9npeSCkJLcIA==, figureFileBig=Ec0G/2/lI/tabvjE0/7PWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441201082352163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Effect of baicalein on the expression of key transcription factors in colonic heat stress regulation in mice after high-intensity exercise under a simulated hot and humid environment (n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=t7aP8Sir7of6UNO2/6OzaA==, figureFileBig=eTSXrRD9usdvV9gfJOesHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441201417896484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=图12, caption=黄芩素对模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠热应激调节关键中转录因子表达的影响 (n=6,x¯±s)

A to I: mRNA expression levels of HSF1, PARP-1, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, NRF2, HO-1 and SOD1 in colon tissues from each group

, figureFileSmall=t7aP8Sir7of6UNO2/6OzaA==, figureFileBig=eTSXrRD9usdvV9gfJOesHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441201480811045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimer sequences(5'→3')
β-actinForward:AGGAGTACGATGAGTCCGGC
Reverse:GCAGCTCAGTAACAGTCCGC
OccludinForward:TAGTGGCTTTGGCTACGGAGGT
Reverse:AGGAAGCCTTTGGCTGCTCTTG
ZO-1Forward:GCCTTCATACAATAAAGCAAATCATAG
Reverse:ACTGCGCATAATTAAGACGATCAAC
Claudin-1Forward:GCTGGGTTTCATCCTGGCTTCTC
Reverse:CCTGAGCGGTCACGATGTTGTC
TLR4Forward:CTGGGGAGGCACATCTTCTG
Reverse:CCTCTGCTGTTTGCTCAGGA
TNF-αForward:ATGGCCTCCCTCTCATCAGT
Reverse:AAGGTACAACCCATCGGCTG
IL-1βForward:GGGCTGCTTCCAAACCTTTG
Reverse:AAGACACAGGTAGCTGCCAC
IL-6Forward:GCCTTCTTGGGACTGATGCT
Reverse:AGCCTCCGACTTGTGAAGTG
IL-10Forward:CAGAGAAGCATGGCCCAGAA
Reverse:GCTCCACTGCCTTGCTCTTA
HO-1Forward:CCCACGCATATACCCGCTAC
Reverse:TGTTTGAACTTGGTGGGGCT
SOD1Forward:GGAACCATCCACTTCGAGCA
Reverse:CCCATGCTGGCCTTCAGTTA
HSF1Forward:CTAGACAATTTGGCTCGCGC
Reverse:CAGGTTGGAGTCCATGGCAT
NRF2Forward:AAGCACAGCCAGCACATTCTC
Reverse:GGATTCACGCATAGGAGCACTG
PARP-1Forward:GAGGTGGATGGAACAGATGAAGTG
Reverse:CCTGCTGCTGGTTGAAGATGAG
NF-κBForward:ATCATCCACCTCCACGCTCAG
Reverse:TCCTCTACTACATCTTCCTGCTTGG
), ArticleFig(id=1320441201803772454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441177904628134, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimer sequences(5'→3')
β-actinForward:AGGAGTACGATGAGTCCGGC
Reverse:GCAGCTCAGTAACAGTCCGC
OccludinForward:TAGTGGCTTTGGCTACGGAGGT
Reverse:AGGAAGCCTTTGGCTGCTCTTG
ZO-1Forward:GCCTTCATACAATAAAGCAAATCATAG
Reverse:ACTGCGCATAATTAAGACGATCAAC
Claudin-1Forward:GCTGGGTTTCATCCTGGCTTCTC
Reverse:CCTGAGCGGTCACGATGTTGTC
TLR4Forward:CTGGGGAGGCACATCTTCTG
Reverse:CCTCTGCTGTTTGCTCAGGA
TNF-αForward:ATGGCCTCCCTCTCATCAGT
Reverse:AAGGTACAACCCATCGGCTG
IL-1βForward:GGGCTGCTTCCAAACCTTTG
Reverse:AAGACACAGGTAGCTGCCAC
IL-6Forward:GCCTTCTTGGGACTGATGCT
Reverse:AGCCTCCGACTTGTGAAGTG
IL-10Forward:CAGAGAAGCATGGCCCAGAA
Reverse:GCTCCACTGCCTTGCTCTTA
HO-1Forward:CCCACGCATATACCCGCTAC
Reverse:TGTTTGAACTTGGTGGGGCT
SOD1Forward:GGAACCATCCACTTCGAGCA
Reverse:CCCATGCTGGCCTTCAGTTA
HSF1Forward:CTAGACAATTTGGCTCGCGC
Reverse:CAGGTTGGAGTCCATGGCAT
NRF2Forward:AAGCACAGCCAGCACATTCTC
Reverse:GGATTCACGCATAGGAGCACTG
PARP-1Forward:GAGGTGGATGGAACAGATGAAGTG
Reverse:CCTGCTGCTGGTTGAAGATGAG
NF-κBForward:ATCATCCACCTCCACGCTCAG
Reverse:TCCTCTACTACATCTTCCTGCTTGG
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黄芩素通过抑制氧化应激和炎症减轻湿热环境高强度运动后小鼠结肠屏障时序性损伤:干预剂量与关键时间窗研究
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伍小龙 1 , 柳玉容 1 , 刘渝清 1 , 李琳芳 1 , 苟馨月 1 , 杨学森 2 , 易龙 1 , 糜漫天 1 , 陈卡 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·军事医学 2026,48(6): 670-686
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·军事医学 2026 , 48 (6) : 670 -686
黄芩素通过抑制氧化应激和炎症减轻湿热环境高强度运动后小鼠结肠屏障时序性损伤:干预剂量与关键时间窗研究
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伍小龙1, 柳玉容1, 刘渝清1, 李琳芳1, 苟馨月1, 杨学森2, 易龙1, 糜漫天1 , 陈卡1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:热带医学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
陈 卡, E-mail:
糜漫天, E-mail:
CHEN Ka, E-mail:
MI Mantian, E-mail:
Baicalein mitigates time-dependent colonic barrier injury in mice after high-intensity exercise in hot and humid environment by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation: A study on intervention dosage and critical time window
Xiaolong WU1, Yurong LIU1, Yuqing LIU1, Linfang LI1, Xinyue GOU1, Xuesen YANG2, Long YI1, Mantian MI1 , Ka CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Military Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Health, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
  • 2Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511059
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目的

本研究旨在明确单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠屏障损伤特征及时序规律,并进一步探讨黄芩素(baicalein,BAI)干预对结肠损伤的防护效应,为制定湿热环境下高强度运动及作业人员的医学防护时间窗与药物干预方案提供实验依据。

方法

①SPF级8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠30只,按随机数字表法分为5组(n=6):对照组,运动后30 min组、4 h组、12 h组及24 h组,运动组小鼠在热舱内(温度:38 ℃、湿度:RH75%)的跑台上,以80%最大运动速度(Vmax)跑步(运动12 min、休息8 min,循环3次;坡度10°)。随后取小鼠结肠组织用HE染色观察各组形态学变化;ELISA检测血清中炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10和IL-1β)水平观察各组炎症反应,检测肠脂肪酸结合蛋白(I-FABP)、脂多糖(LPS)观察肠道通透性;微量法测定结肠中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;RT-qPCR检测结肠紧密连接蛋白相关基因Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1,炎症及氧化应激相关基因Tlr4、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、HO-1(血红素加氧酶-1)、SOD1(超氧化物歧化酶1),以及热应激调控中关键转录因子HSF1、NF-κB、PARP-1、NRF2的表达水平;Western blot检测结肠紧密连接蛋白Occludin的含量。②黄芩素干预研究,SPF级8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠24只,按随机数字表法分为4组(n=6):对照组、运动组(去离子水灌胃200 μL)、运动+低剂量干预组[BAI灌胃200 μL,10 mg/(kg·d)]、运动+高剂量干预组[BAI灌胃200 μL, 40 mg/(kg·d)],于运动结束后4 h取小鼠结肠及血液样本,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)含量、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)活性评价黄芩素的药物安全性,其余检测的部位、指标及方法同前。

结果

①运动组小鼠核心体温显著升高(P<0.05);结肠黏膜出现结构性损伤并伴有炎性细胞浸润;结肠Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1表达下调(P<0.05),Occludin蛋白含量降低(P<0.05),血清I-FABP及LPS浓度升高(P<0.05);血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10水平升高(P<0.05),结肠IL-1β、IL-10表达上调(P<0.05);结肠MDA浓度升高(P<0.05),GSH浓度、CAT及SOD活性降低(P<0.05);结肠HSF1、PARP-1、NF-κB、Tlr4、TNF-α、IL-6、SOD1表达上调(P<0.05),NRF2、HO-1表达下调(P<0.05)。上述变化在运动后30 min即存在,运动后4 h最为显著,24 h则明显恢复。②黄芩素干预后小鼠核心体温显著下降(P<0.05),血清ALT及AST浓度降低(P<0.05);结肠黏膜损伤减轻;结肠Occludin基因表达及其蛋白含量上升(P<0.05),ZO-1、Claudin-1表达上调(P<0.05),血清I-FABP、LPS浓度降低(P<0.05);血清IL-1β水平降低(P<0.05),结肠IL-1β表达下调(P<0.05);结肠MDA浓度降低(P<0.05),GSH浓度、CAT及SOD活性升高(P<0.05);结肠HSF1、PARP-1、NF-κB、Tlr4、TNF-α、IL-6表达下调(P<0.05),NRF2、HO-1表达上调(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,黄芩素具有抗炎抗氧化作用,且低剂量组的效果更好。

结论

模拟湿热环境高强度运动后4 h小鼠结肠屏障出现峰值损伤,预防性使用黄芩素[10 mg/(kg·d)]可以显著抑制炎症与氧化应激并减轻损伤,为热应激导致的结肠损伤提供时间窗证据及干预依据。

高温高湿环境  /  高强度运动负荷  /  热应激  /  肠屏障  /  黄芩素
Objective

This study aims to clarify the characteristics and temporal patterns of colonic barrier damage in mice following a single simulated high-intensity exercise in hot and humid environment, and further investigate the protective effects of baicalein (BAI) intervention on colonic injury, thereby providing experimental evidence for the development of medical protection time windows and pharmaceutical intervention protocols for personnel engaged in high-intensity exercise and operations in hot and humid environments.

Methods

①Thirty SPF-grade 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6): control group, 30 min post-exercise group, 4 h post-exercise group, 12 h post-exercise group, and 24 h post-exercise group. The mice in the exercise groups were subjected on a treadmill in a heat chamber (temperature: 38℃, humidity: RH 75%) at 80% maximal exercise velocity (Vmax) (exercise 12 min, rest 8 min, 3 cycles; slope 10°). Subsequently, the colon tissues were harvested for morphological observation by HE staining in each group; ELISA was used to detect the serum levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1β) to observe the inflammatory response of each group. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected to observe intestinal permeability; Microassay was performed to determine the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the colon tissues; RT-qPCR was applied to detect the expression levels of intestinal tight junction protein related genes Occludin, ZO-1, Claudin-1, inflammation and oxidative stress related genes Tlr4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1), as well as key transcription factors HSF1, NF-κB, PARP-1, and NRF2 in heat stress regulation; Western blotting was utilized to detect the protein of colonic tight junction protein Occludin. ② For BAI intervention study, 24 SPF-grade 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6) control group, exercise group (high temperature and high humidity exercise, gavage with deionized water 200 μL), exercise+low- and high-dose intervention groups (BAI gavage 200 μL at 10 and 40 mg/kg per day). At 4 h after the end of exercise, colonic and blood samples were collected for serum levels of urea nitrogen (BUN) content, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to evaluate the safety of BAI. Other detection sites, indicators, and methods were the same as aforementioned.

Results

① The core body temperature was significantly elevated in the exercise group (P<0.05); the structural damage, along with inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in colonic mucosa; the expression of colon Occludin, ZO-1, and Claudin-1 was downregulated (P<0.05), and the protein level of Occludin was decreased (P<0.05), and the serum levels of I-FABP and LPS were increased (P<0.05); The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were increased (P<0.05), and the expression of IL-1β and IL-10 in the colon was upregulated (P<0.05); The concentration of MDA was increased (P<0.05), while the concentration of GSH and the activities of CAT and SOD were decreased (P<0.05); The expression of HSF1, PARP-1, NF-κB, Tlr4, TNF-α, IL-6, and SOD1 in the colon was upregulated (P<0.05), while the expression of NRF2 and HO-1 was downregulated (P<0.05). These changes were present at 30 min post-exercise, most prominent at 4 h post-exercise, and markedly recovered by 24 h. ② After BAI intervention, the core body temperature was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum levels of ALT and AST were decreased (P<0.05); colonic mucosal injury was alleviated; the expression of Occludin at mRNA and protein levels in the colonic tissues were increased (P<0.05); the expression of ZO-1 and Claudin-1 were upregulated (P<0.05), and serum levels of I-FABP and LPS were decreased (P<0.05); the serum level of IL-1β was decreased (P<0.05), and the expression of IL-1β in the colon was downregulated (P<0.05); The concentration of MDA was decreased (P<0.05), while the concentration of GSH and activities of CAT and SOD in the colon were increased (P<0.05); The expression of HSF1, PARP-1, NF-κB, Tlr4, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the colon was downregulated (P<0.05), while the expression of NRF2 and HO-1 was upregulated (P<0.05). These results indicated that BAI possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, with better efficacy in the low-dose group.

Conclusion

Peak colonic barrier injury occurs at 4 h after simulated high-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment, and prophylactic use of BAI (10 mg/kg per day) can significantly inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress and alleviate injury, providing evidence for time windows and intervention basis for colonic injury induced by heat stress.

hot and humid environment  /  high-intensity exercise load  /  heat stress  /  intestinal barrier  /  baicalein
伍小龙, 柳玉容, 刘渝清, 李琳芳, 苟馨月, 杨学森, 易龙, 糜漫天, 陈卡. 黄芩素通过抑制氧化应激和炎症减轻湿热环境高强度运动后小鼠结肠屏障时序性损伤:干预剂量与关键时间窗研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (6) : 670 -686 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511059
Xiaolong WU, Yurong LIU, Yuqing LIU, Linfang LI, Xinyue GOU, Xuesen YANG, Long YI, Mantian MI, Ka CHEN. Baicalein mitigates time-dependent colonic barrier injury in mice after high-intensity exercise in hot and humid environment by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation: A study on intervention dosage and critical time window[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (6) : 670 -686 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511059
夏季极端高温天气频发,湿热环境下高强度军事作业人员面临严峻的热应激(heat stress)挑战[1-2]。热暴露通常会给人类和动物带来健康和生理应激相关的问题,其中胃肠道是最易受影响的器官之一。热应激可导致机体核心体温显著升高,引发循环血液重新分布,使内脏器官尤其是胃肠道血流量减少,进而造成肠道缺血缺氧[3]。这种病理状态会进一步诱发肠道上皮细胞氧化应激损伤、细胞凋亡及紧密连接蛋白(tight junction,TJ)表达下调,最终破坏肠道机械屏障的完整性[4]。肠道屏障功能的损伤导致肠道通透性增加,使内毒素(如脂多糖LPS)通过细胞旁途径进入血液循环,引发内毒素血症[5]。这一过程激活全身性炎症反应,促使促炎因子释放,并可能进一步造成大脑神经元损伤,严重时可导致运动或认知障碍[6]。若不及时干预,此类病理变化可发展为劳力型热射病,导致多器官功能障碍危及生命[7]。近年来,越来越多的学者认为肠屏障损伤是热应激导致系统性炎症反应和多器官损伤的始动环节[8],明确单次高温高湿环境高强度运动负荷后肠道屏障损伤及恢复的时序规律,对湿热环境下从事高强度军事作业的人员健康保障具有直接参考价值,还将为探索预防热射病及维持肠道健康的方法提供理论支持和时间框架。
黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)作为传统中药,具有清热燥湿、泻火解毒之效,归胃、胆及大小肠经,尤擅清中焦湿热,临床常用于溃疡性结肠炎的治疗,可显著缓解腹痛、腹泻及脓血便等临床症状[9]。很多中药成分具有抗炎作用[10],现代药理学研究证实,黄芩素(baicalein,BAI)是黄芩的主要活性成分,属于黄酮类化合物,具有较高的生物利用度和广泛的生物活性[11]。研究表明,黄芩素在动物模型中能有效缓解湿热环境或污染饲料导致的肠道炎症[12],显著上调肠道紧密连接蛋白表达[13]。黄芩素作为一种多靶点天然活性成分,既往研究已证实黄芩素结构中的邻二酚羟基赋予其强大的自由基清除能力,可有效缓解氧化应激[14];黄芩素能够显著抑制促炎因子释放,并通过阻断NF-κB等信号通路减轻炎症级联反应[15]。基于其多种保护机制,我们推测黄芩素干预能够对抗湿热环境高强度运动负荷引发的肠道损伤。
本研究面向湿热环境高强度军事作业人员健康防护的实际需求,拟建立模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷的小鼠模型,系统观察单次运动负荷后24 h内小鼠结肠形态结构、炎症激活状态、氧化应激水平,热应激调控相关关键转录因子如热休克因子1(HSF1)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)、聚ADP-核糖聚合酶-1(PARP-1)和核因子红细胞2相关因子2(NRF2)的动态变化规律[16]。在明确其特征性损伤与恢复过程的基础上,进一步采用黄芩素进行干预,探究其对肠屏障损伤的防护效果,为军事作业人员制定有效的防护策略提供实验依据和理论支持。
黄芩素(纯度98%,货号B107324-5 g)购自重庆奥怡生物技术有限公司,小鼠肠脂肪酸结合蛋白(I-FABP)ELISA检测试剂盒(货号ml037857-C)、小鼠脂多糖(LPS)ELISA检测试剂盒(货号ml002005-C)、小鼠白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)ELISA检测试剂盒(货号ml301814-C)、小鼠白细胞介素6(IL-6)ELISA检测试剂盒(货号ml063159A)、小鼠白细胞介素10(IL-10)ELISA检测试剂盒(货号ml037873A)、小鼠肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)ELISA检测试剂盒(货号ml002095A)购自重庆诺来生物科技有限公司,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量检测试剂盒(货号BC1175)、丙二醛(MDA)含量检测试剂盒(货号BC6415)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性检测试剂盒(货号BC0175)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性检测试剂盒(货号BC0205)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性检测试剂盒(货号BC1565)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性检测试剂盒(货号BC1555)、血尿素氮(BUN)检测试剂盒(货号S0574S)购自重庆鼎今生物科技有限公司,引物由中国生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司设计并合成,RNA提取试剂、反转录试剂及定量PCR试剂购自成都微克生物技术有限公司,Occludin抗体购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司。
8周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠54只(体质量22~24 g),购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司[许可证号SYXK(渝)2022-0018]。动物购进后适应性饲养1周开始实验,小鼠饲养在22~24 ℃、45%~55%湿度、12 h/12 h明暗循环的SPF级实验动物中心。各组小鼠自由进食和饮水,保持小鼠笼内清洁卫生。实验程序遵循陆军军医大学学术研究伦理审查委员会小鼠护理和使用指导原则并获得批准(AMUWEC20250019)。
本研究首先构建模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷动物模型,并观察小鼠肠道结构功能时序性变化。将30只小鼠按随机数字表法分为5组:对照(CON)组、运动后30 min(30 min)组、4 h(4 h)组、12 h(12 h)组及24 h(24 h)组,每组各6只。所有小鼠在常温常湿环境(温度22~24 ℃、湿度45%~55%)中适应性喂养7 d后,在小动物跑台(型号SA101B,江苏赛昂斯)上经过5 d的适应性训练(坡度10°、速度15 m/min,运动10 min),第6天通过增量负荷测试确定最大运动速度(Vmax),计算实验小鼠Vmax均值为26.5 m/min,参照既往研究[17](高强度运动负荷定义为≥80%Vmax),设定模拟湿热环境高强度训练负荷的小鼠运动速度为21 m/min,休息1 d后,对照组在常温常湿环境下饲养,不运动,运动组小鼠暴露于温度38 ℃、湿度75%的热舱(型号GFQ5500,HOTO Oxygen Industrial,中国烟台),按照80%Vmax,跑台坡度10°进行60 min高强度运动干预(跑步12 min、休息8 min,共3个循环),运动开始和结束分别监测小鼠直肠温度和状态,4个运动组分别在运动结束后30 min、4 h、12 h、24 h 4个时间窗处死,取血液和肠道进行检测。
在上述研究确定损伤特征及关键时间点基础上,进一步开展黄芩素干预研究。将24只小鼠按随机数字表法分为4组:对照(CON)组、高温高湿运动(HHE)组、高温高湿运动+低剂量黄芩素干预[HHE+L, 10 mg/(kg·d)]组、高温高湿运动+高剂量黄芩素干预[HHE+H, 40 mg/(kg·d)]组,每组各6只。其中低剂量、高剂量黄芩素干预的2组小鼠从开始适应性训练直至进入热舱运动当天总共8 d的时间,每天在训练前2 h给予黄芩素灌胃一次(溶于去离子水中,置于4 ℃冰箱避光保存,使用前先充分混匀,1次200 μL灌胃),对照组和高温高湿运动组灌胃等量去离子水。小鼠的适应性喂养及训练如前,第6天通过增量负荷测得Vmax均值为26.3 m/min,设定模拟湿热环境高强度训练负荷的小鼠运动速度为21 m/min。休息1 d后,进行实验,条件如前,运动开始和结束分别监测小鼠直肠温度和状态,各组小鼠在运动结束后4 h处死,取血液和肠道进行检测。
所有小鼠在运动结束后相应的时间窗采集生物样本。将小鼠麻醉,摘取眼球取血,收集血液后,颈椎脱位法处死小鼠,分离肠道并去除内容物及脂肪,用4 ℃的生理盐水洗净肠腔。迅速将结肠分成长约2 cm的肠段,取1份结肠置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中,其余放入冻存管保存在-80 ℃冰箱用于后续实验。血液在室温下静置4 h,以825 ×g的转速离心10 min,吸取上层血清转移至1.5 mL的EP管中,冻存于-80 ℃冰箱。
参照试剂盒说明书,采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清中I-FABP、IL-1β、LPS、IL-10、IL-6、TNF-α浓度;显色法测定血清BUN、ALT、AST含量;微量法测定小鼠结肠GSH、MDA、CAT、SOD浓度。
每组选取4只小鼠进行荧光定量PCR检测。将小鼠结肠研磨匀浆后用RNAiso Easy分离试剂提取小鼠结肠总RNA,测定RNA浓度和纯度,取1 μg总RNA,使用反转录试剂反转录后得到cDNA。20 μL体系进行定量PCR反应,TB Green Premix 10 μL、cDNA 2 μL、DEPC水6.4 μL、上下游引物各0.8 μL,每个样本设2个复孔。以β-actin为内参,2-ΔΔCt计算Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1、TLR4、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、HO-1、SOD1、HSF1、NRF2、PARP-1、NF-κB基因的相对表达,引物序列见表1。
结肠样本于4 ℃环境中缓慢解冻后,加入含有1%的蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的组织裂解缓冲液(美国Sigma-Aldrich公司)进行研磨匀浆使其充分裂解,用BCA试剂盒(碧云天生物技术有限公司)测定蛋白质浓度,而后进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,然后湿转到聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上。用5%脱脂牛奶封闭膜2 h,裁膜后分别放入对应的GAPDH抗体(1∶10 000)和Occludin抗体(1∶1 000)中,在4 ℃环境孵育过夜。回收一抗,TBST缓冲液洗膜3次后,用辣根过氧化物酶(碧云天生物技术有限公司)标记的二抗室温孵育1 h,再次用TBST缓冲液洗膜3次,洗后的免疫染色条带在ECL发光液(Bio-Rad公司)浸泡30 s后用Bio-Rad ChemiDoc MP Imaging System机器曝光显影。用Image J软件分析得到的条带图像,根据内参蛋白GAPDH计算目的蛋白相对含量。
数据采用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1软件进行统计作图和分析,Western blot采用Image J软件进行数据采集,计量资料以x¯±s表示,方差齐用单因素方差分析进行多组间比较,若方差不齐用Welch ANOVA检验,两组间比较采用LSD法检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
本研究在模拟湿热环境高强度运动后即刻测量小鼠核心体温,CON组、30 min组、4 h组、12 h组和24 h组小鼠核心体温分别为(36.74±0.29)℃、(41.36±0.80)℃、(40.88±1.05)℃、(40.77±0.55)℃、(40.20±0.56)℃,各运动组体温均高于40 ℃,显著高于CON组(P<0.05,图1),提示运动后的小鼠处于热应激状态。
进一步采用HE染色观察小鼠结肠形态结构变化,如图2所示,CON组结肠黏膜完整,细胞排列有序,未见水肿及炎性细胞浸润;模拟湿热环境高强度运动后30 min组的结肠黏膜完整性遭到破坏,明显可见基底层与肌层相分离,肠绒毛排列散乱、长度降低,多处绒毛-隐窝结构被破坏,箭头处可见明显炎性坏死并伴有基底层缺损;运动后4 h组可见结肠黏膜完整性降低,部分绒毛-隐窝结构被破坏,箭头处的肠绒毛出现炎性细胞浸润、坏死;运动后12 h组可见结肠黏膜完整性缺失,箭头所示的部位炎性细胞呈弥漫性浸润、聚集,隐窝结构破坏且伴有基底层缺失;运动后24 h组的结肠黏膜组织病理学特征显著改善,未观察到明显的黏膜形态变化及炎性细胞浸润。以上研究结果提示,在单次模拟高温高湿环境下的高强度运动负荷后,小鼠结肠黏膜出现结构性损伤并伴有炎性细胞浸润,此类损伤在运动后12 h仍能观察到,至24 h则明显缓解。
肠道屏障功能受损的生物学标志主要包括肠道紧密连接蛋白表达下调,以及血清中I-FABP和LPS浓度升高。研究发现,结肠紧密连接蛋白Occludin、ZO-1和Claudin-1基因表达在模拟湿热环境高强度运动后30 min未见显著变化,至运动后4 h、12 h出现显著下调(P<0.05,图3A、B、C),运动后24 h基本恢复;结肠Occludin蛋白含量在模拟湿热环境高强度运动后4 h、12 h也出现显著下降(P<0.05,图3D、E)。检测各组小鼠血清I-FABP及LPS浓度发现,运动后4 h、12 h血清I-FABP浓度显著升高(P<0.05,图3F),在运动结束后24 h显著下降(P<0.05,图3F);运动后30 min、4 h血清LPS显著升高(P<0.05,图3G)。以上研究结果表明,在单次模拟高温高湿环境下的高强度运动负荷后,实验小鼠结肠通透性显著增加,肠道屏障功能受损,这种损伤从运动结束后30 min就出现,4 h、12 h最为显著,运动后24 h才基本恢复。
基于前述研究结果,进一步检测血清中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10和IL-6浓度,以及结肠组织IL-1β、IL-10的基因表达情况,评价小鼠炎症水平。结果提示,血清中促炎因子TNF-α及IL-6浓度在运动后30 min显著升高(P<0.05,图4A、D),IL-1β浓度在运动后4、12、24 h都显著高于对照组(P<0.05,图4B),而血清中抗炎因子IL-10浓度在运动后逐渐升高,在运动后12 h显著升高(P<0.05,图4C);结肠组织IL-1β的基因表达在运动后4 h显著上调(P<0.05,图4E),12 h及24 h显著下调(P<0.05,图4E),IL-10在运动后30 min显著上调(P<0.05,图4F)。以上研究结果提示,单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷可导致小鼠炎症水平上升,且出现时间早,持续时间长。
通过检测结肠组织MDA、GSH、CAT和SOD浓度来评价小鼠结肠氧化应激状态的动态变化。研究发现,结肠组织MDA浓度在运动后30 min和4 h显著升高(P<0.05,图5A),而12 h及24 h显著降低(P<0.05,图5A);GSH浓度在运动后4 h和12 h显著降低(P<0.05,图5B);CAT浓度在运动后30 min直至24 h都显著下降(P<0.05,图5C);SOD浓度在运动后4、12及24 h均显著降低(P<0.05,图5D)。以上研究结果提示,单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动导致小鼠结肠组织氧化—抗氧化失衡,MDA浓度在运动后30 min就出现显著升高,提示小鼠结肠脂质过氧化出现较早,而GSH、CAT、SOD浓度在运动后逐渐降低,运动后4 h都发生显著变化,提示运动后结肠抗氧化能力减弱,处于氧化应激状态,且在24 h仍没有完全恢复。
基于前述肠黏膜结构破坏、炎症反应及氧化应激等损伤特征,本研究进一步检测了结肠中热应激调节关键转录因子表达的变化情况。研究发现,结肠内热应激相关转录因子HSF1基因表达在运动后30 min、4 h及12 h显著升高(P<0.05,图6A);细胞死亡相关转录因子PARP-1在运动后30 min及4 h显著升高(P<0.05,图6B);TLR4在运动后4 h显著升高(P<0.05,图6C),12 h及24 h显著降低(P<0.05,图6C);炎症相关转录因子NF-κB在运动后24 h内持续升高(P<0.05,图6D),TNF-α和IL-6都是NF-κB信号通路的下游基因,在炎症中发挥重要作用,TNF-α在运动后4 h显著升高(P<0.05,图6E),IL-6在运动后30 min、4 h及12 h均显著升高(P<0.05,图6F);抗氧化应激防御相关转录因子NRF2在运动后4 h、12 h及24 h显著下调(P<0.05,图6G),超氧化物歧化酶1(SOD1)和血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)都是NRF2的下游靶基因,其表达受NRF2调控,HO-1具有抗氧化应激和保护细胞的作用,NRF2激活刺激HO-1表达上调,HO-1在运动后30 min直至24 h一直显著下调(P<0.05,图6H),SOD1是清除超氧阴离子自由基的关键酶,可以增强细胞抗氧化能力,SOD1在运动后30 min显著上调(P<0.05,图6I)。以上研究结果表明,单次模拟高温高湿环境下的高强度运动即可激活热应激、炎症及细胞死亡等相关通路的关键转录因子,同时抑制抗氧化防御相关转录因子的表达,这一失衡状态在运动后24 h内持续存在,进一步提示机体在运动后早期处于氧化应激与炎症反应增强的病理生理阶段。
前述研究发现单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠病理变化的动态过程具有明显的时间窗口性,运动后4 h是肠道屏障损伤最为严重阶段。后续拟重点探究黄芩素干预对运动后4 h各组小鼠结肠结构及功能的防护效应。单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后,观察到CON组、HHE组、HHE +L组和HHE+H组小鼠核心体温分别为(37.18±0.41)℃、(41.33±0.37)℃、(39.43±0.32)℃、(39.59±0.51)℃,黄芩素干预的HHE +L和HHE+H组体温均显著低于HHE组(P<0.05,图7A);肝脏损伤时血清ALT、AST浓度升高,肾功能受到损伤时血清BUN浓度升高,HHE +L和HHE+H组的血清ALT及AST浓度显著低于HHE组(P<0.05,图7B、C),提示黄芩素干预可以减轻湿热环境高强度运动引起的肝功能损伤,血清BUN在HHE组和CON之间没有显著差异,但是HHE+H组的血清BUN浓度比HHE组及HHE+L组均显著升高(P<0.05,图7D),提示高剂量黄芩素干预可能对小鼠肾脏造成一定负担,使用低剂量BAI干预可能更加安全。以上结果表明,高、低剂量的黄芩素干预均能降低小鼠运动后即刻的核心体温,缓解其热应激状态,同时降低运动后血清ALT及AST浓度,起到保护作用。鉴于HHE+H组的血清BUN浓度显著升高,使用低浓度的黄芩素可能更加安全。
采用HE染色观察小鼠结肠形态结构变化,HE染色显示(图8),CON组结肠黏膜完整,细胞排列有序,未见水肿及炎性细胞浸润;HHE组结肠黏膜出现炎性细胞弥漫性浸润、聚集,绒毛排列散乱;HHE+L和HHE+H组肠黏膜结构相对完整,未见水肿及炎性细胞浸润。以上研究结果提示,在单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后4 h,高、低剂量的黄芩素干预均可以较好地缓解模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷造成的小鼠结肠结构损伤及炎性细胞浸润。
进一步检测黄芩素对小鼠结肠屏障功能的影响,发现和HHE组相比,黄芩素干预的HHE+L和HHE+H组可显著上调Occludin、Claudin-1的基因表达(P<0.05,图9A、C),且 HHE+L组还可显著上调ZO-1的基因表达(P<0.05,图9B);HHE+L和HHE+H组可显著上调Occludin蛋白含量(P<0.05,图9D、E);检测血清I-FABP及LPS浓度发现,和HHE组相比,HHE+L和HHE+H组均可显著降低血清的I-FABP及LPS浓度(P<0.05,图9F、G)。以上研究结果表明,高、低剂量黄芩素干预对模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠结肠屏障功能均具有一定的保护作用,结合HHE+L组对上调ZO-1基因表达及增加Occludin蛋白含量作用优于HHE+H组,提示低剂量黄芩素干预可能具有更好的防护效应。
前面的时序性研究结果表明,运动后4 h的HHE组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10浓度和CON组相比没有显著差异,HHE+L组降低了TNF-α和IL-6浓度,但是并不显著,HHE+H组的IL-10浓度和CON组相比显著升高(P<0.05,图10C);和HHE组相比,HHE+L和HHE+H组可显著降低血清IL-1β浓度(P<0.05,图10B),并显著下调结肠IL-1β基因表达 (P<0.05,图10E);在运动后4 h,各组间IL-10基因表达未发现显著差异。以上研究结果提示,高、低剂量黄芩素均可降低模拟湿热环境高强度运动后4 h血清中促炎因子浓度,下调结肠中炎症相关基因表达,从而减轻小鼠炎症。
通过测定结肠组织氧化应激指标,发现与HHE组相比,HHE+L组的结肠MDA浓度显著降低(P<0.05,图11A),HHE+L和HHE+H组GSH及CAT浓度显著上升(P<0.05,图11B、C),HHE+H组SOD浓度显著上升(P<0.05,图11D)。以上结果表明,高、低剂量的黄芩素对小鼠结肠均表现出抗氧化应激的效果,在降低MDA浓度上HHE+L组更明显,而在提升SOD浓度上,HHE+H组更加显著。
研究发现,与HHE组相比,HHE+L组能够显著下调HSF1、TLR4基因表达(P<0.05,图12A、C),HHE+L和HHE+H组可显著下调PARP-1、NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6基因表达(P<0.05,图12B、D、E、F)、上调NRF2、HO-1的基因表达(P<0.05,图12G、H)。HHE+L组对HSF1、TLR4、NRF2的基因调控比HHE+H组更加显著,但对HO-1的调节不如HHE+H组。以上研究结果表明,黄芩素干预可显著改善模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后热应激调节中关键转录因子的变化,起到保护作用,并且HHE+L组效果更好。
高温高湿环境会引起机体脱水,减少肠道灌注,导致肠道缺血缺氧;而运动引起的血液重分布,则进一步加剧肠道缺血缺氧,诱发肠道氧化应激与炎症反应,进而直接损伤肠道紧密连接、破坏肠道屏障功能[18]。肠道屏障功能是肠道最为重要功能之一,既往细胞、动物以及人群研究均明确了热应激对于肠道细胞以及紧密连接的破坏[19],可导致肠道通透性升高以及胃肠功能障碍[20],肠道屏障损伤也是热应激以及热射病等诱发全身性炎症反应和多器官损伤的始动环节[8]。肠道损伤的时序性变化是制定防治措施的理论依据,基于肠道损伤机制的热应激预防和治疗方法亟待进一步探索研究。
本研究采用高温高湿环境叠加大强度运动负荷来模拟湿热环境高强度军事作业场景,发现一次湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠即刻核心体温高于40 ℃,对热应激反应的主要转录因子HSF1在结肠中的表达水平在运动后30 min、4 h及12 h均显著升高,成功构建模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷小鼠模型。PARP-1作为热应激反应中的重要转录调节因子,已知可通过调节热休克蛋白HSP70等途径参与细胞应激与凋亡过程[21]。本研究发现,在运动后30 min和4 h,结肠组织中PARP-1的表达已出现显著升高,这一结果提示,肠道屏障的损伤在运动后早期就已经启动,其发生时间早于形态学和部分血清指标所显示的明显损伤阶段。NRF2和NF-κB是细胞中非常重要的转录因子,前者在调控氧化应激反应、维持细胞稳态中发挥着核心作用[22],后者广泛参与免疫应答、炎症反应、细胞生存与凋亡等多种关键生物学过程[23],进一步研究发现运动后NRF2的表达显著抑制,而NF-κB呈现明显激活状态。运动后30 min结肠MDA浓度显著升高、CAT显著降低,HO-1表达下调,运动后4 h结肠GSH、SOD浓度显著降低,NRF2表达下调,表明结肠氧化应激水平上升,抗氧化能力降低;运动后30 min血清LPS浓度显著升高,运动后4 h血清中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的浓度显著增加,结肠高表达TLR4、NF-κB、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α,提示炎症水平升高;运动后4 h,血清I-FABP浓度显著升高,结肠Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1的基因表达显著下调,结肠Occludin蛋白含量显著降低,结合结肠HE染色结果,证实结肠屏障遭到损伤,肠通透性增加。这一系列结果表明运动后早期结肠就出现氧化应激及炎性损伤,继而出现结肠屏障破坏,对内毒素和病原体的通透性增加,又进一步加重炎症和肠道损伤。以上实验结果证实单次高温高湿环境大强度运动负荷足以诱发显著的结肠结构与屏障功能损伤,这种损伤在运动后4 h至12 h最为严重,直至24 h左右才基本恢复。因此,湿热环境高强度运动的间隔时间可以设置在24 h以上,为肠道屏障功能的修复提供必要的恢复时间,避免损伤累积。更重要的是,在无法避免连续高强度运动时,开展预防性肠屏障功能防护尤为重要,可以有效缓解运动后早期(尤其是4 h内)肠道炎症及氧化应激,有助于加速屏障功能恢复,减轻热应激对肠道的累积性损伤,维持肠道正常功能。
研究发现,膳食中氨基酸如L-精氨酸、谷氨酰胺,益生菌及益生元,抗氧化剂如阿魏酸等对于热环境条件下的肠道具有一定防护作用[16, 24-26]。一项荟萃分析研究认为口服酚类化合物对于动物肠道屏障完整性具有改善效应,主要与其降低促炎因子水平,提升细胞内抗氧化潜力有关[27-28]。在前期文献调研发现,临床常用清热解毒类中药黄芩多用于治疗结肠炎[13, 29],与黄芩苷等其他黄芩提取物相比,黄芩素更易于被生物体吸收利用,具有更高的生物利用度[30]。黄芩素是一种黄酮类化合物,化学名为5,6,7-三羟基黄酮,具有广泛的生物活性,既往研究发现黄芩素能有效缓解湿热环境实验动物肠道炎症,可能与其具有抗炎、抗氧化、维持肠道屏障功能有关[14-15]。另有研究证明黄芩素给药能显著增加厚壁菌门的丰度,降低变形菌门丰度,促进肠道益生菌的生长,抑制致病菌,从而达到结肠炎的治疗效果[31],还通过改善肠道乳酸球菌属丰度及醋酸、乳酸代谢途径,从而发挥修复肠道屏障的作用来治疗抗生素相关性腹泻[32]。考虑黄芩素的吸收动力学特性,采取在适应性训练及热暴露前2 h进行预防性给药,以使其在热应激启动时已在体内达到充分吸收和分布,从而更好地发挥对肠道的保护作用。本研究发现,高、低剂量黄芩素均可以显著降低模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后小鼠核心体温,同时发现,黄芩素干预组血清ALT、AST浓度显著降低,表明其良好的药物安全性。结合低剂量黄芩素干预后HSF1表达低于未干预组,表明低剂量干预可能具有更显著的抗热应激效应。此外,黄芩素干预能显著抑制结肠组织中PARP-1升高,提示黄芩素对运动后4 h肠黏膜细胞直接的保护作用。黄芩素干预后,结肠NRF2、HO-1表达显著上调,MDA浓度降低、GSH、CAT及SOD浓度升高;结肠NF-κB、TNF-α和IL-6的表达均显著下调,而血清中IL-1β浓度也显著下降;结肠紧密连接蛋白基因(Occludin、ZO-1、Claudin-1)表达上调,Occludin蛋白含量升高,血清I-FABP及LPS浓度下降,结合结肠HE染色结果,证实黄芩素预防性干预可有效减轻模拟湿热环境高强度运动后4 h损伤峰值期的结肠结构和功能损伤,缓解模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷后结肠及全身炎症反应,极大地激活了热应激条件下结肠的抗氧化能力,改善了结肠氧化应激状态,有助于修复热应激造成的结肠组织损伤。
综上所述,本研究成功构建模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷小鼠模型,用于模拟湿热环境高强度军事作业引起的热应激事件。实验结果表明单次模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷可诱发结肠氧化应激、炎症,继而出现以结肠黏膜破坏、通透性增加为主要特征的肠屏障损伤,并且发现这种损伤的时序性变化规律,即在运动后4~12 h为结肠屏障明显损伤的重要窗口期、24 h方能显著缓解,鉴于此,可以将湿热环境高强度运动时间间隔设置在24 h以上,避免损伤累积,这为确定干预时机和制定防护策略提供了重要时间依据;同时,研究还发现训练及运动前预防性给予黄芩素干预,特别是低剂量黄芩素[10 mg/(kg·d)]可有效减轻运动后4 h损伤峰值期的结肠屏障损伤,改善炎症及氧化应激状态,为黄芩素用于预防热射病及维持肠道健康提供了理论依据。

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2026年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511059
  • 接收时间:2025-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-11
  • 修回日期:2026-01-27
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:热带医学教研室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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