Article(id=1320441251388834531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762099200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-03, revisedDate=1769184000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747326943, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1774800000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747326943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747326943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747326943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320441010094715145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='663', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774800000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747269413, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749761919, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451464481321473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320441010094715145, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=793, endPage=808, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441251820847845, articleId=1320441251388834531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Construction of a melanoma prognostic model based on Parkinson’s disease-related genes: A 7-gene signature and validation of its efficacy for prognostic assessment and treatment response prediction, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the genetic characteristics of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD)-related genes and construct a model of the gene signatures to guide the prognosis and treatment of patients with skin cutaneous melanoma (CMM).

Methods

① By analyzing the TCGA and GTEx databases, the expression differences of familial PD-related genes were compared between melanoma and normal tissues. The GEPIA2 database was used to analyze the expression differences of related genes across different TNM stages and Clark levels. ② Based on the TCGA database, a signature model containing 7 key genes was established using prognostic forest plot, LASSO regression model, and risk factor analysis. Internal and external validation of this model was performed, and GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted for these genes. ③ Based on the TIMER database, the impacts of gene mutations in the prognostic model on immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were analyzed. ssGSEA heatmaps were employed to analyze differences in immune cell subsets between high-risk and low-risk groups. Through PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment response analysis, external dataset validation, and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of different drugs, possible differences in drug treatment efficacy between high-risk and low-risk groups were investigated. ④ Western blotting and RT-qPCR were utilized to detect the protein expression and relative mRNA expression differences of the genes in this prognostic model between normal human melanocyte cell line PIG1 and human melanoma cell line A375.

Results

① Analysis of the TCGA and GTEx databases revealed that, except for PARK14 (PLA2G6), all familial PD-related genes showed significant expression differences between melanoma tissues and normal tissues. Analysis of the HPA database found that the protein expression of familial PD-related genes was either up-regulated or down-regulated in melanoma samples compared to normal tissues. Analysis of the GEPIA2 database for the expression of these genes across different TNM stages and Clark levels also found differential expression in some genes. ② COX regression analysis based on TCGA database identified that expression levels of 13 genes could predict overall survival in melanoma patients. LASSO regression analysis of this data constructed a melanoma prognostic model containing 7 familial PD-related genes (LRRK2, UCHL1, SNCA, VPS13C, SPR, EIF4G1, FBXO7). The prognostic risk scores for all patients were calculated using a risk factor contingency plot, and then the patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the median risk score (-0.145). The results showed that the high-risk group had a significantly worse survival rate, while the low-risk group exhibited a longer survival time. Internal validation of the model in the TCGA cohort: the calibration curves for the 3-year and 5-year nomograms showed that the predicted curves for melanoma patient prognosis were very close to the actual curves. External validation in GEO cohorts: 3 datasets from the GEO database containing complete clinical data and gene expression matrices (GSE19234, GSE22153, and GSE53118) were selected. Based on the prognostic model's risk score, the sensitivity and specificity on the ROC curve were better than TNM staging. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses found that the 7 genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to tumorigenesis and tumor immunity, such as phosphorylation, programmed cell death, and cell cycle, suggesting the prognostic model is associated with tumorigenesis and immunity. ③ GSVA scoring revealed that these 7 genes were enriched in pathways related to tumorigenesis and anti-tumor immunity. CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic cells, and Th1 cells, which can inhibit tumor growth, were more infiltrated in the low-risk group. Meanwhile, the IC50 values for nilotinib, BIBW2992, bleomycin, bortezomib, dasatinib, and MK-2206 were lower in tumor cells from low-risk group patients (P<0.05). ④ RT-qPCR and Western blotting analysis were used to verify the relative expression differences of these 7 genes at the transcriptional and translational levels in A375 and PIG1 cells. The experimental results showed that LRRK2 and UCHL1 were almost not expressed in both A375 and PIG1 cells. Meanwhile, compared to normal melanocytes, the mRNA expression of SNCA, VPS13C, SPR, eIF4G1, and FBXO7 genes was significantly up-regulated in melanoma cells (P<0.05). The protein expression of SPR, EIF4G1, and FBXO7 was significantly upregulated (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The 7-gene signature prognostic model developed in this study can effectively assess prognosis and treatment efficacy in CMM patients.

, authors=Luoyingzi XIE1, Zhiqiang HE2, Weinan ZHANG3, Hong ZHENG4, authorsList=Luoyingzi XIE, Zhiqiang HE, Weinan ZHANG, Hong ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320441260108792573, articleId=1320441251388834531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=基于帕金森病相关基因构建黑色素瘤预后模型:七基因特征及其对预后评估与疗效预测的效能验证, columnId=1320435175822050102, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索帕金森病家族基因的遗传特征,构建帕金森家族基因特征模型,以指导皮肤黑色素瘤(cutaneous melanoma, CMM)患者的预后和治疗。

方法

①通过分析TCGA和GTEx数据库,比较帕金森病相关家族基因在黑色素瘤组织和正常组织中的表达差异,通过GEPIA2数据库分析相关基因在不同TNM分期和Clark分级中的表达差异。②基于TCGA数据库,利用预后森林图、LASSO回归模型和风险因素分析,建立包含7个关键基因的特征模型。对该模型进行内部和外部验证,并对模型基因进行GO富集和KEGG通路富集分析。③基于TIMER数据库,分析预后模型中基因突变对肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)免疫细胞浸润的影响,利用ssGSEA热图分析高风险组与低风险组间免疫细胞亚群的差异。通过PD-1免疫检查点抑制剂治疗反应分析、外部数据集验证以及不同药物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值,研究高风险组与低风险组在药物治疗效果上可能存在的差异。④体外培养PIG1(正常人黑色素细胞系)和A375(人黑色素瘤细胞系)细胞,通过Western Blot 和RT-qPCR检测该预后模型中基因在黑色素细胞和人黑色素瘤细胞中的蛋白表达及mRNA相对表达差异。

结果

①分析TCGA和GTEx数据库发现,除PARK14(PLA2G6)外,所有帕金森病家族基因在黑色素瘤组织和正常组织中的表达均存在显著差异。分析HPA数据库发现,与正常组织相比,帕金森家族基因在黑色素瘤样本中蛋白表达发生上调或下调。在GEPIA2数据库分析帕金森家族基因在不同TNM分期及Clark分级的表达,均发现部分基因表达存在差异。②基于TCGA数据库选择COX回归分析发现其中13个基因表达水平可预测黑色素瘤患者总生存期,对该数据 LASSO回归分析构建包含7个帕金森家族基因(LRRK2、UCHL1、SNCA、VPS13C、SPR、EIF4G1、FBXO7)的黑色素瘤预后模型。采用风险因子列联图计算所有患者预后风险评分,将患者分为高、低风险组(中位数=-0.145),结果显示高风险组生存率显著较差,而风险评分越低,生存时间越长。随后对该模型在TCGA队列中进行内部验证:3年和5年的列线图校准曲线显示,黑色素瘤患者预后的预测曲线与实际曲线非常接近。在GEO队列中进行外部验证:在GEO数据库中选择3个包含完整临床数据和基因表达矩阵的数据集(GSE19234、GSE22153 和 GSE53118),基于预后模型的风险评分在ROC曲线上的敏感性和特异性优于TNM分期。GO富集和KEGG通路富集发现7个基因主要富集在肿瘤发生和肿瘤免疫的通路中,如磷酸化、程序性细胞死亡、细胞周期等,这表明预后模型与肿瘤发生和免疫相关。③GSVA评分发现,这7个基因在与肿瘤发生和抗肿瘤免疫相关的通路中富集,能抑制肿瘤生长的CD8+ T细胞、细胞毒性细胞、Th1细胞则在低风险组中浸润更多。同时,低风险组患者肿瘤细胞对尼洛替尼(nilotinib)、BIBW2992、博来霉素(bleomycin)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、达沙替尼(dasatinib)和MK-2206的IC50值较低(P<0.05)。④通过RT-qPCR和Western blot分析,以在转录和翻译水平上验证A375(人恶性黑色素瘤细胞系)和PIG1细胞(正常皮肤黑色素细胞系)中这七个基因的相对表达差异。实验结果显示,LRRK2和UCHL1基因在A375细胞和PIG1细胞中几乎不表达,同时,与正常黑色素细胞相比,黑色素瘤细胞中SNCA、VPS13C、SPR、EIF4G1和FBXO7基因的mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.05);SPR、eIF4G1和FBXO7的蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.05)。

结论

本研究建立的七基因特征预后模型能够有效评估CMM患者预后及其药物治疗疗效。

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郑鸿,E-mail:
ZHENG Hong,E-mail:
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A: mRNA expression differences of 25 familial PD-related genes between melanoma and normal tissues from TCGA and GTEx databases (CMM: n=478, normal: n=813); B: Immunohistochemical images of 12 familial PD-related genes with significant differences between CMM and normal tissues in HPA database; C: Heatmap of expression of 25 familial PD-related genes in 478 melanoma patients with different TNM stages; D: Heatmap of expression of 25 familial PD-related genes in 478 melanoma patients with different Clark stages. CMM: cutaneous melanoma. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=mQXzjmGDlVSDJdzAO8Svyw==, figureFileBig=4OVsONSbfwttDVsNXX6UKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441279020909367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Screening of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD)-related genes in melanoma and prognosis analysis, figureFileSmall=E+YLpxUs4m5h+rPJbJar9A==, figureFileBig=odJokbSyiN6ptt77d9nTWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441280656687928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=CN, label=图2, caption=与黑色素瘤预后相关的家族性帕金森病相关基因的筛选及预后分析

A: Prognostic forest plot of melanoma patients for 25 familial PD-related genes in the TCGA database; B: Thirteen familial PD-related genes with significant difference in prognosis among 478 patients with CMM; C and D: LASSO regression prognostic model of 478 CMM patients; E: Analysis of risk factors in 478 patients with CMM (cutoff value=-0.145). CMM: cutaneous melanoma

, figureFileSmall=E+YLpxUs4m5h+rPJbJar9A==, figureFileBig=odJokbSyiN6ptt77d9nTWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441281067729722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Validation of 7-gene signature model, figureFileSmall=oMxCHnPu/vtO94bB5c0PYQ==, figureFileBig=r4uD2vwRXbb435RsQZKyqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441281139032891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=CN, label=图3, caption=七基因特征模型的验证

A: The prognostic nomogram of seven-gene risk model based on TCGA database; B and C: The Bootstrap analysis to determine 3-year and 5-year survival rates based on prognostic models. D to F: Validation of the prognostic model with external datasets (GSE19234, GSE22153, and GSE53118)

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A: Protein network interaction diagram of 7 genes of prognostic model based on HitPredict database; B to D: GO enrichment analysis of 7 genes in the prognostic model; E and F: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of 7 genes in prognostic model

, figureFileSmall=XlSSn68vyInhpkPILVRoDg==, figureFileBig=3Bv5kPAEgba6DT7g8DOI6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441282405712702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Immune status and functional analysis between the high- and low-risk groups, figureFileSmall=uz02D7eDHHtJvRlmyrMkIw==, figureFileBig=IfiTXm+cQlURzqXv38+6Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441282737062720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=CN, label=图5, caption=高、低风险组免疫状态和功能分析

A: GSVA analysis of differentially expressed signal pathways in high- and low-risk groups; B and C: TMB and Neo-antigens in high- and low-risk groups (data from TCGA database); D: Mutation landscape of 20 CMM-related gene. CMM: cutaneous melanoma

, figureFileSmall=uz02D7eDHHtJvRlmyrMkIw==, figureFileBig=IfiTXm+cQlURzqXv38+6Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441282829337409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Impact of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD)-related genes in the 7-gene signature prognostic model on immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME), figureFileSmall=tW6KcGayULlVAxqmmoht2g==, figureFileBig=6Sj25tOb8GDkwtxvVkYagg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441283223601986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=CN, label=图6, caption=七基因特征模型中家族性帕金森病相关基因对TME免疫细胞浸润的影响

A: Association of 7 genes with infiltration of 6 immune cell types (B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells) in TME

, figureFileSmall=tW6KcGayULlVAxqmmoht2g==, figureFileBig=6Sj25tOb8GDkwtxvVkYagg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441283571729220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=EN, label=Figure 6(Continued), caption=Impact of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD)-related genes in the 7-gene signature prognostic model on immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME), figureFileSmall=1CfoYvEA5UfRJJYP+ByCxA==, figureFileBig=AkqnXzgRlXfYCpG4Wo9v6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441285249450821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=CN, label=续图6, caption=七基因特征模型中家族性帕金森病相关基因对TME免疫细胞浸润的影响

B: The effects of 7 gene mutations on the infiltration of 6 immune cell types (B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells) in TME based on TIMER database

, figureFileSmall=1CfoYvEA5UfRJJYP+ByCxA==, figureFileBig=AkqnXzgRlXfYCpG4Wo9v6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441285329142599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Immune-related analyses on the high- and low-risk groups based on the 7-gene signature prognostic model, figureFileSmall=Bgk0FdXu3JwwAFIjY7maTA==, figureFileBig=+OaTxtwdA7KicdTnff2Zfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441285408834376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于七基因特征模型的高、低风险组免疫相关分析

A: ssGSEA heatmap analysis of 24 types of immune cells in the samples from the high- and low-risk groups; B: ssGSEA box plot of differential immune cells in the high- and low-risk groups; C: Box plot of ICD genes expression differences in the high- and low-risk groups; D: Box plot of ICPs genes expression differences in the high- and low-risk groups; E: Box plot of cancer-immunity cycle differences in the high- and low-risk groups

, figureFileSmall=Bgk0FdXu3JwwAFIjY7maTA==, figureFileBig=+OaTxtwdA7KicdTnff2Zfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441285731795785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Differences in drug therapeutic efficacies between the high- and low-risk groups, figureFileSmall=YsObWbMpS7NXU3i4AXAXJA==, figureFileBig=Eqlj+KmNFsP+J8dq3hqeAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441286088311626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441251388834531, language=CN, label=图8, caption=高、低风险组药物治疗效果差异分析

A and B: Analysis of response to PD-1 immune checkpoint treatment in patients; C: Risk score of responders and non-responders after PD-1 antibody treatment; D: Analysis of differences in IC50 values of 9 drugs in the high- and low-risk groups; E: RT-qPCR of relative expression of SNCA, VPS13C, SPR, EIF4G1 and FBXO7 genes in PIG1 cells and A375 cells; F: Protein expression of SPR, eIF4G1 and FBXO7 in PIG1 cells and A375 cells by Western blotting.

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基于帕金森病相关基因构建黑色素瘤预后模型:七基因特征及其对预后评估与疗效预测的效能验证
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谢罗樱子 1 , 何志强 2 , 张伟楠 3 , 郑鸿 4
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·临床医学 2026,48(6): 793-808
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·临床医学 2026 , 48 (6) : 793 -808
基于帕金森病相关基因构建黑色素瘤预后模型:七基因特征及其对预后评估与疗效预测的效能验证
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谢罗樱子1, 何志强2, 张伟楠3, 郑鸿4
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学附属人民医院中心实验室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院江北院区(中国人民解放军第 958 医院)皮肤科,重庆
  • 3重庆医科大学附属第二医院泌尿肾病中心,重庆
  • 4陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院胸外科,重庆
通讯作者:
郑鸿,E-mail:
ZHENG Hong,E-mail:
Construction of a melanoma prognostic model based on Parkinson’s disease-related genes: A 7-gene signature and validation of its efficacy for prognostic assessment and treatment response prediction
Luoyingzi XIE1, Zhiqiang HE2, Weinan ZHANG3, Hong ZHENG4
Affiliations
  • 1Central Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing
  • 2Department of Dermatology, Jiangbei Campus of First Affiliated Hospital (No. 958 Hospital of Chinese PLA), Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing
  • 3Center for Urology and Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
  • 4Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-03-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511006
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目的

探索帕金森病家族基因的遗传特征,构建帕金森家族基因特征模型,以指导皮肤黑色素瘤(cutaneous melanoma, CMM)患者的预后和治疗。

方法

①通过分析TCGA和GTEx数据库,比较帕金森病相关家族基因在黑色素瘤组织和正常组织中的表达差异,通过GEPIA2数据库分析相关基因在不同TNM分期和Clark分级中的表达差异。②基于TCGA数据库,利用预后森林图、LASSO回归模型和风险因素分析,建立包含7个关键基因的特征模型。对该模型进行内部和外部验证,并对模型基因进行GO富集和KEGG通路富集分析。③基于TIMER数据库,分析预后模型中基因突变对肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)免疫细胞浸润的影响,利用ssGSEA热图分析高风险组与低风险组间免疫细胞亚群的差异。通过PD-1免疫检查点抑制剂治疗反应分析、外部数据集验证以及不同药物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值,研究高风险组与低风险组在药物治疗效果上可能存在的差异。④体外培养PIG1(正常人黑色素细胞系)和A375(人黑色素瘤细胞系)细胞,通过Western Blot 和RT-qPCR检测该预后模型中基因在黑色素细胞和人黑色素瘤细胞中的蛋白表达及mRNA相对表达差异。

结果

①分析TCGA和GTEx数据库发现,除PARK14(PLA2G6)外,所有帕金森病家族基因在黑色素瘤组织和正常组织中的表达均存在显著差异。分析HPA数据库发现,与正常组织相比,帕金森家族基因在黑色素瘤样本中蛋白表达发生上调或下调。在GEPIA2数据库分析帕金森家族基因在不同TNM分期及Clark分级的表达,均发现部分基因表达存在差异。②基于TCGA数据库选择COX回归分析发现其中13个基因表达水平可预测黑色素瘤患者总生存期,对该数据 LASSO回归分析构建包含7个帕金森家族基因(LRRK2、UCHL1、SNCA、VPS13C、SPR、EIF4G1、FBXO7)的黑色素瘤预后模型。采用风险因子列联图计算所有患者预后风险评分,将患者分为高、低风险组(中位数=-0.145),结果显示高风险组生存率显著较差,而风险评分越低,生存时间越长。随后对该模型在TCGA队列中进行内部验证:3年和5年的列线图校准曲线显示,黑色素瘤患者预后的预测曲线与实际曲线非常接近。在GEO队列中进行外部验证:在GEO数据库中选择3个包含完整临床数据和基因表达矩阵的数据集(GSE19234、GSE22153 和 GSE53118),基于预后模型的风险评分在ROC曲线上的敏感性和特异性优于TNM分期。GO富集和KEGG通路富集发现7个基因主要富集在肿瘤发生和肿瘤免疫的通路中,如磷酸化、程序性细胞死亡、细胞周期等,这表明预后模型与肿瘤发生和免疫相关。③GSVA评分发现,这7个基因在与肿瘤发生和抗肿瘤免疫相关的通路中富集,能抑制肿瘤生长的CD8+ T细胞、细胞毒性细胞、Th1细胞则在低风险组中浸润更多。同时,低风险组患者肿瘤细胞对尼洛替尼(nilotinib)、BIBW2992、博来霉素(bleomycin)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、达沙替尼(dasatinib)和MK-2206的IC50值较低(P<0.05)。④通过RT-qPCR和Western blot分析,以在转录和翻译水平上验证A375(人恶性黑色素瘤细胞系)和PIG1细胞(正常皮肤黑色素细胞系)中这七个基因的相对表达差异。实验结果显示,LRRK2和UCHL1基因在A375细胞和PIG1细胞中几乎不表达,同时,与正常黑色素细胞相比,黑色素瘤细胞中SNCA、VPS13C、SPR、EIF4G1和FBXO7基因的mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.05);SPR、eIF4G1和FBXO7的蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.05)。

结论

本研究建立的七基因特征预后模型能够有效评估CMM患者预后及其药物治疗疗效。

家族性帕金森病相关基因  /  黑色素瘤  /  黑色素瘤预后  /  疗效预测
Objective

To explore the genetic characteristics of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD)-related genes and construct a model of the gene signatures to guide the prognosis and treatment of patients with skin cutaneous melanoma (CMM).

Methods

① By analyzing the TCGA and GTEx databases, the expression differences of familial PD-related genes were compared between melanoma and normal tissues. The GEPIA2 database was used to analyze the expression differences of related genes across different TNM stages and Clark levels. ② Based on the TCGA database, a signature model containing 7 key genes was established using prognostic forest plot, LASSO regression model, and risk factor analysis. Internal and external validation of this model was performed, and GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were conducted for these genes. ③ Based on the TIMER database, the impacts of gene mutations in the prognostic model on immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were analyzed. ssGSEA heatmaps were employed to analyze differences in immune cell subsets between high-risk and low-risk groups. Through PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment response analysis, external dataset validation, and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of different drugs, possible differences in drug treatment efficacy between high-risk and low-risk groups were investigated. ④ Western blotting and RT-qPCR were utilized to detect the protein expression and relative mRNA expression differences of the genes in this prognostic model between normal human melanocyte cell line PIG1 and human melanoma cell line A375.

Results

① Analysis of the TCGA and GTEx databases revealed that, except for PARK14 (PLA2G6), all familial PD-related genes showed significant expression differences between melanoma tissues and normal tissues. Analysis of the HPA database found that the protein expression of familial PD-related genes was either up-regulated or down-regulated in melanoma samples compared to normal tissues. Analysis of the GEPIA2 database for the expression of these genes across different TNM stages and Clark levels also found differential expression in some genes. ② COX regression analysis based on TCGA database identified that expression levels of 13 genes could predict overall survival in melanoma patients. LASSO regression analysis of this data constructed a melanoma prognostic model containing 7 familial PD-related genes (LRRK2, UCHL1, SNCA, VPS13C, SPR, EIF4G1, FBXO7). The prognostic risk scores for all patients were calculated using a risk factor contingency plot, and then the patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the median risk score (-0.145). The results showed that the high-risk group had a significantly worse survival rate, while the low-risk group exhibited a longer survival time. Internal validation of the model in the TCGA cohort: the calibration curves for the 3-year and 5-year nomograms showed that the predicted curves for melanoma patient prognosis were very close to the actual curves. External validation in GEO cohorts: 3 datasets from the GEO database containing complete clinical data and gene expression matrices (GSE19234, GSE22153, and GSE53118) were selected. Based on the prognostic model's risk score, the sensitivity and specificity on the ROC curve were better than TNM staging. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses found that the 7 genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to tumorigenesis and tumor immunity, such as phosphorylation, programmed cell death, and cell cycle, suggesting the prognostic model is associated with tumorigenesis and immunity. ③ GSVA scoring revealed that these 7 genes were enriched in pathways related to tumorigenesis and anti-tumor immunity. CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic cells, and Th1 cells, which can inhibit tumor growth, were more infiltrated in the low-risk group. Meanwhile, the IC50 values for nilotinib, BIBW2992, bleomycin, bortezomib, dasatinib, and MK-2206 were lower in tumor cells from low-risk group patients (P<0.05). ④ RT-qPCR and Western blotting analysis were used to verify the relative expression differences of these 7 genes at the transcriptional and translational levels in A375 and PIG1 cells. The experimental results showed that LRRK2 and UCHL1 were almost not expressed in both A375 and PIG1 cells. Meanwhile, compared to normal melanocytes, the mRNA expression of SNCA, VPS13C, SPR, eIF4G1, and FBXO7 genes was significantly up-regulated in melanoma cells (P<0.05). The protein expression of SPR, EIF4G1, and FBXO7 was significantly upregulated (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The 7-gene signature prognostic model developed in this study can effectively assess prognosis and treatment efficacy in CMM patients.

familial Parkinson’s disease-related genes  /  melanoma  /  prognosis of melanoma  /  prediction of therapeutic efficacy
谢罗樱子, 何志强, 张伟楠, 郑鸿. 基于帕金森病相关基因构建黑色素瘤预后模型:七基因特征及其对预后评估与疗效预测的效能验证. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (6) : 793 -808 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511006
Luoyingzi XIE, Zhiqiang HE, Weinan ZHANG, Hong ZHENG. Construction of a melanoma prognostic model based on Parkinson’s disease-related genes: A 7-gene signature and validation of its efficacy for prognostic assessment and treatment response prediction[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (6) : 793 -808 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511006
帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease, PD),又称“震颤麻痹” [1],是一种常见的老年神经退行性疾病,具有典型的运动症状,包括静止震颤、运动迟缓、肌肉强直和姿势平衡障碍,其他还包括便秘、嗅觉障碍、睡眠障碍、自主神经功能障碍以及精神和认知障碍[2]。诊断PD的金标准是尸检发现的SNPC变性和路易小体病变[3]。越来越多的证据表明,该病是基因与环境复杂相互作用的结果[4]。
皮肤黑色素瘤(cutaneous melanoma, CMM)是最致命的皮肤癌之一,是一种起源于黑色素细胞的高度恶性肿瘤,主要发生于皮肤,但也可见于黏膜和内脏器官[5]。作为两种截然不同的疾病,PD和CMM导致相反的细胞结局,即细胞死亡和无限生长,这与大多数癌症和PD之间存在的负相关性共病(inverse comorbidity)一致[6]。然而,PD和CMM的发生却呈正相关,这逐渐引起了研究人员的兴趣。早在1972年,研究人员就发现PD患者中CMM的发病率比健康人群高1.4~20倍[7]。最初,研究员将此归因于PD患者服用的左旋多巴(levodopa),因为左旋多巴参与多巴胺能神经元和黑色素细胞中的黑色素生物合成途径[8]。后续研究表明,无论是否接受左旋多巴治疗,帕金森病患者的黑色素瘤发病率都更高[9]。最近几年的一项流行病学和荟萃分析发现,PD与CMM之间存在显著的正相关遗传关联,而CMM与其他神经退行性疾病之间未发现显著遗传关联[10]。因此,深入研究这些PD相关基因有望为改善CMM的预后和治疗提供新的思路。
尽管关于PD与癌症之间潜在遗传联系的报道较少,但近年来关于家族性PD相关基因与肿瘤发生有了一些重要发现。PINK1-PRKN通路是参与线粒体自噬的主要通路[11]。由PRKN、PINK1和FBXO7介导的线粒体自噬失调被认为是PD发病的可能机制之一[12-15]。有趣的是,PRKN、PINK1和FBXO7介导的线粒体自噬也被认为是抑制某些肿瘤发生的重要因素,例如肝细胞癌[16]、胶质母细胞瘤[17]和淋巴瘤[18]。另外,UCHL1/PARK5被认为与PD的发展相关[19]。同时,研究也发现UCHL1能促进乳腺癌的发生[20]。PARK7(DJ-1)和PARK9(ATP13A2)参与线粒体自噬的调节,过表达的DJ-1和ATP13A2可能通过诱导线粒体自噬失调促进结肠癌发生[21-22]。PARK10(USP24)可通过改变肿瘤微环境在肺癌转移中发挥关键作用[23]。VPS35被认为是一种自噬相关的致癌基因,可促进乳腺癌[24]。EIF4G1是肿瘤生长和存活所必需的[25]。PARK22(CHCHD2)作为家族性PD相关基因的另一个成员,在分解代谢与合成代谢的转换中发挥重要作用[26],而PARK10(RNF11)参与调节蛋白质泛素化[27]。因此,深入研究家族性PD相关基因在各种癌症中的作用仍具有重要意义,这可能有助于我们更好地预测癌症的发生和预后。
流行病学研究表明,在PD患者中,多数类型的癌症发病率均降低。并且,已有研究对家族性PD相关基因在肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma, LUAD)预后和治疗中的作用进行了初步分析[28]。然而,家族性PD相关基因与PD患者黑色素瘤风险显著升高之间的关系尚未得到研究。因此,在本文中,我们研究了家族性PD相关基因与CMM之间的相关性。本研究可能有助于改善CMM患者的预后,并为CMM的治疗提供一些可能与家族性PD相关基因相关的策略。
从UCSC Xena数据库(http://xena.ucsc.edu/)下载了关于黑色素瘤和正常皮肤组织的标准化表达数据(来自TCGA和GTEx)以及匹配的临床信息。为了验证预后特征的准确性及其在临床治疗中的可能指导作用,从Sangerbox (http://www.sangerbox.com/index.html)下载了具有完整预后信息的黑色素瘤数据集GSE19234、GSE22153、GSE53118用于验证,以及具有临床免疫治疗信息的GSE78220、GSE91061数据集。
使用ggplot2 R包分析并图形化展示了家族性帕金森病相关基因在黑色素瘤组织和正常皮肤组织中的差异表达。同时,使用heatmap R包展示了家族性帕金森病相关基因的表达随两种病理分期(TNM 分期和Clark分级)进展的变化。此外,基于TCGA-CMM基因表达和预后信息,通过survival R包探索了家族性帕金森病相关基因的预后价值,并使用GraphPad Prism 8软件构建了森林图。TCGA-CMM患者的突变和新抗原数据来源于TCIA 数据库(https://tcia.at/home)。
基于TCGA-CMM患者的可用信息,同时使用Cox比例风险回归模型和Kaplan-Meier (KM)方法分析了25个基因对黑色素瘤患者总生存期的预测作用。然后,通过LASSO回归从25个家族性帕金森病相关基因中筛选出一个包含7个基因的特征模型。在Hiplot在线分析平台(https://hiplot.com.cn/)上分析了这7个基因特征的风险因素。借助rms R包,为CMM患者构建了列线图(nomogram)模型,并通过自举法(bootstrap)检验了其一致性。接着,在Hiplot在线分析平台上,比较了该七基因特征模型与TNM分期在GSE19234、GSE22153和GSE53118数据集中对CMM患者预后的预测能力。并通过时间依赖性ROC曲线展示了该七基因特征模型对不同生存期的预测能力。
在HitPredict数据库(http://www.hitpredict.org/)中,检查了与这7个基因共表达的基因,并对它们进行了功能富集分析。使用String数据库构建了蛋白质网络相互作用图。在OmicShare 6.2.1在线分析工具中实现了对这些基因的GO和KEGG富集分析。
在TIMER数据库(http://cistrome.dfci.harvard.edu/TIMER/)中,研究了这7个基因的表达和突变对6种免疫细胞(B细胞、CD8+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和树突状细胞)浸润程度的影响。随后,使用ssGSEA 方法评估了高风险组和低风险组之间24种免疫细胞的浸润差异。
HPA数据库(https://www.proteinatlas.org/)分为细胞、组织和病理3个部分,分别展示蛋白质在细胞、正常组织和肿瘤组织中的表达情况。利用HPA数据库分析了家族性帕金森病相关基因在正常组织和黑色素瘤组织中的蛋白表达水平(免疫组织化学,IHC)。
从肿瘤药物敏感性基因组学数据库(GDSC)下载并比较了513名患者TCGA中常见抗癌药物的IC50值。这些药物转运蛋白的信息来源于药物转运蛋白变异性数据库(VARIDT)。
分别使用TRIzol®试剂提取A375和PIG1细胞的总RNA,并通过PrimeScriptTMRT试剂盒逆转录合成cDNA。随后使用TB Green®Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ建立25 μL PCR反应体系。采用2-ΔΔCt法计算两组mRNA的相对表达量;分别使用RIPA buffer提取A375和PIG1细胞胞质蛋白,采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。将蛋白样品与4×上样缓冲液混合,煮沸变性后备用。通过SDS-PAGE进行电泳分离,随后转印至PVDF膜。用无蛋白封闭液封闭后,依次孵育一抗(eIF4GI、FBXO7、SPR,1∶1 000)和二抗(1∶20 000),TBST洗涤后使用化学发光法显影。
采用SPSS 23.0和R4.3.2软件进行统计分析。在比较两组数据时,若方差相等,则采用学生t检验;若方差不等,则采用Mann-Whitney U检验。P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
通过比较TCGA和GTEx数据库中CMM组织和正常组织中家族性帕金森病相关基因的表达,发现除PARK14(PLA2G6)外,所有家族性帕金森病相关基因在CMM组织和正常组织中的表达均存在显著差异(图1A)。进一步根据HPA数据库的免疫组化(IHC)结果,发现与正常组织相比,在CMM组织中族性帕金森病相关基因的蛋白表达存在不同程度的上调或下调(图1B)。随后,在GEPIA2数据库中分析了家族性帕金森病相关基因在不同TNM分期中的表达,发现有3个基因在CMM进展过程中表达存在显著差异(图1C)。同时,在GEPIA2数据库中分析了这些基因在不同Clark分级中的表达,发现5个基因的表达在CMM进展中存在显著差异(图1D)。这些结果表明家族性帕金森病相关基因可能在CMM的发生发展中发挥重要作用。
为了探究家族性帕金森病相关基因是否可以作为预测黑色素瘤进展和患者生存的有效标志物,通过COX模型,发现其中13个基因的表达水平可以预测黑色素瘤患者的总生存期(图2A)。此外,KM分析显示表达不同水平13个基因的黑色素瘤患者具有不同的生存时间(图2B),进一步证实了这些基因可以预测黑色素瘤患者的总生存期。然而,PARK14(PLA2G6)基因在黑色素瘤和正常组织之间的表达并无显著差异(图1A-D),这表明并非所有13个家族性帕金森病相关基因都在黑色素瘤和正常组织之间存在显著的表达差异。因此,使用单一基因判断黑色素瘤患者的预后并不准确,所以需要构建一个多基因特征模型。基于TCGA数据库,对患者的预后数据进行了LASSO回归分析(图2C,D),发现有7个家族性帕金森病相关基因可以构成预测黑色素瘤预后的特征模型,包括SNCA、UCHL1、EIF4G1、LRRK2、SPR、FBXO7、VPS13C。为验证该模型能否正确预测黑色素瘤患者的生存时间,计算了所有患者的风险评分,并以中位数(风险评分=-0.144)为界将患者分为高风险组和低风险组。随后的风险因素分析显示,高风险组患者的生存时间较短,而低风险组患者生存时间越长(图2E),表明该七基因特征模型能够预测患者的生存状态。
为了验证七基因特征模型能够正确预测黑色素瘤患者的生存时间,基于权衡年龄、性别、分期、肿瘤(T)、淋巴结(N)、转移(M)的TCGA数据库数据和特征风险评分的数据,构建了一个列线图(图3A)。该列线图的截断值为-0.145。同时,使用自举法验证了该列线图对黑色素瘤预后的重要性。3年和5年的列线图校准曲线显示黑色素瘤患者预后的预测曲线与实际曲线非常接近(图3B、C),这进一步证明了该预测模型具有良好的预测价值。在此基础上,从GEO数据库中选择了3个包含完整临床数据和基因表达矩阵的数据集(GSE19234、GSE22153 和 GSE53118)用于模型的外部验证,并构建了结构ROC曲线来比较风险评分与TNM分期预测患者预后的差异。基于七基因特征的风险评分在ROC曲线上的敏感性和特异性优于TNM分期,并且在时间依赖性ROC曲线中,不同生存时间点均显示出比TNM分期更高的真阳性率(图3D、F)。总体而言,该七基因特征模型具有潜在的临床预后预测价值。
为了阐明七基因特征模型对黑色素瘤患者预后具有更好预测效果的原因,分析了这些基因所翻译蛋白的相互作用。结果显示这7种蛋白与其他蛋白存在多种相互作用(图4A)。此外,这7个基因主要富集在肿瘤发生和肿瘤免疫通路,如磷酸化、程序性细胞死亡、细胞周期等(图4B~D)。另外,KEGG通路富集分析表明这7个家族性帕金森病相关基因参与了癌症相关通路(图4E~F)。这些结果表明该七基因特征模型与肿瘤发生和肿瘤免疫相关,值得进一步研究。
GSVA分析显示,与抗肿瘤免疫反应和抑癌基因相关的信号通路如干扰素α/γ、TNF和炎症反应,在低风险组中显著富集;癌症发生相关信号通路如MYC、mTOR、WNT/β-catenin、Notch等在高风险组显著富集(图 5A)。这些结果进一步表明,七基因特征模型可能与一些重要的癌症相关信号通路有关(图5A)。有报道称较高的肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)和较多的新抗原(NEO)预示着对癌症免疫治疗具有良好的反应和更高的生存率,进一步分析了高、低风险组黑色素瘤患者的TMB和NEO。结果显示高、低风险组患者之间的TMB和NEO评分无显著差异(图5B~C)。进一步为了分析两组患者是否存在关键基因突变,对黑色素瘤患者中排名前20位的基因突变进行富集并绘制热图(图5D)。结果显示,在20个基因中,TTN、MUC16和BRAF基因的突变频率最高(图5D)。其中,BRAF基因是黑色素瘤中最常见的基因突变。BRAF基因的突变频率在低风险组更高,提示低风险组患者可能对BRAF抑制剂的应答很好。
由于这7个基因富集于免疫相关通路(图4C),且低风险评分与细胞因子相关基因较高表达水平相关(图5A),所以研究了单个基因的表达水平对黑色素瘤中免疫细胞浸润的影响。结果显示这7个基因在黑色素瘤中的表达水平反映了不同类型免疫细胞在黑色素瘤中的浸润情况(图6A)。此外,7个基因的不同突变对肿瘤微环境(TME)中免疫细胞浸润也有不同的影响(图6B)。
随后,为了研究不同免疫细胞在高、低风险组患者TME中的分布,发现低风险组患者TME中有更多的已被报道可抑制肿瘤生长的免疫细胞浸润,如CD8+ T细胞、细胞毒性细胞、Th1细胞(图7A、B)。此外,低风险组患者TME中趋化因子、细胞因子和天然免疫相关基因表达更高(图7C)。然而,与T细胞耗竭相关的基因也在低风险组患者TME中高度富集,例如CTLA-4、HAVCR2、LAG3和TIGIT(图7D)。另外,在低风险组中癌细胞抗原释放(步骤1)、启动和激活(步骤3)、多种免疫细胞的募集(步骤4)以及免疫细胞向肿瘤的浸润均上调(图7E)。
为了探究高风险组和低风险组在免疫治疗反应上是否存在差异,利用LASSO回归系数计算了 GSE91061数据集中每位患者的风险评分,并分析了接受PD-1抗体治疗的黑色素瘤患者的总体生存率,结果显示与高风险组患者相比,低风险组患者的生存时间更长(图8A),低风险组患者中达到部分缓解/完全缓解(PR/CR)的黑色素瘤患者比例更高(图8B)。相反,低风险组患者中达到疾病进展/疾病稳定(PD/SD)的患者比例低于高风险组患者(图8B)。因此,这些结果证明该七基因特征模型不仅可以预测预后和肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞的浸润,还能预测黑色素瘤患者免疫治疗的效果。为了进一步探讨低风险评分是否预示着黑色素瘤患者对PD-1抗体具有更好的反应,将黑色素瘤患者分为PD-1检查点阻断有反应者(responders, PD1-R)和无反应者(not-responders, PD1-noR)(GSE78220)。结果显示有反应者和无反应者之间风险评分没有显著差异(图8C)。尽管没有显著差异,但与有反应者相比,无反应者(PD1-noR)的风险评分略高(图8C),表明低风险组患者可能对PD-1阻断治疗反应更好。此外,低风险组患者肿瘤细胞对尼洛替尼(nilotinib)、BIBW2992、博来霉素(bleomycin)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、达沙替尼(dasatinib)和MK-2206药物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)较低,表明低风险组患者可能对这些不同治疗反应较好(图8D)。与正常组织相比,黑色素瘤中LRRK2、SNCA、VPS13C、SPR、EIF4G1和FBXO7基因的相对表达水平显著上调,而UCHL1基因的相对表达水平下调(图1A)。为了验证其表达水平,进行了RT-qPCR分析。实验结果显示,LRRK2和UCHL1基因在A375细胞(人恶性黑色素瘤细胞系)和PIG1细胞(正常皮肤黑色素细胞系)中几乎不表达。与正常黑色素细胞相比,SNCA、VPS13C、SPR、EIF4G1和FBXO7基因在黑色素瘤细胞中的表达显著上调(图8E)。该结果与图1A中mRNA的相对表达水平以及图1B中免疫组化结果的趋势一致。进一步为了验证其蛋白水平,WB结果显示与正常黑色素细胞相比,在黑色素瘤细胞中SPR、eIF4G1和FBXO7表达显著上调(图8F)。
黑色素瘤是一种高度恶性肿瘤,晚期预后不良,是皮肤癌患者死亡的主要原因[29]。虽然早期黑色素瘤可通过手术治疗,但由于起病隐匿,许多患者确诊时已处于中晚期,且黑色素瘤患者转移率和复发率均很高[30-31]。尽管过去几十年黑色素瘤的诊断和治疗取得了进步,但患者预后仍然不佳,5年生存率不足20%[32-33]。因此,发现更敏感的生物标志物来预测黑色素瘤的预后和治疗至关重要。
帕金森病(PD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病,研究人员发现PD与基因之间存在显著相关性[29]。尽管关于PD的研究日益增多,但由于其机制复杂,目前尚无有效治疗方法能够逆转PD患者的病情进展。多项流行病学调查发现PD与癌症之间存在相关性[34]。因此,探索PD相关基因与癌症之间的相关性为治疗癌症提供了新的思路。
在本文中,基于对TCGA和GEO数据库的分析,通过LASSO回归模型筛选25个与帕金森病相关的基因后,构建了一个包含7个基因的黑色素瘤预后模型。这种方式避免了单一基因作为预后模型的局限性。并且,结果显示该七基因特征模型对黑色素瘤患者预后显示出良好的预测效果。这在TCGA队列的内部验证和GEO队列的外部验证中都得到了证实。
七基因特征模型中的基因大多与癌症的发展密切相关。SNCA基因已被证明可通过抑制上皮-间质转化来抑制乳腺癌的进展[35]。UCHL1的异位表达通过促进肿瘤细胞凋亡显著抑制鼻咽癌细胞的生长[36],而其异常过表达则以HIF-1依赖性方式促进肿瘤的远处转移[37]。EIF4G1升高通过激活mTOR信号通路促进非小细胞肺癌的进展[38]。根据癌症类型的不同,LRRK2可能具有促癌或抗癌作用[39]。遗憾的是,SPR、FBXO7、VPS13C基因与肿瘤进展的关系研究甚少。
低风险组患者TME中IFN-α、IFN-γ和TNF-α编码的基因显著上调(图5A),这些基因在介导细胞凋亡中起关键作用。此外,GO富集分析显示该七基因特征模型在程序性细胞死亡和免疫反应过程中高度富集(图4C)。这些结果提示低风险组患者可能通过肿瘤浸润免疫细胞诱导肿瘤细胞的死亡,包括凋亡。进一步发现,低风险组患者TME中CD8+ T细胞、B细胞、滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)、Th1细胞、细胞毒性细胞和中央记忆型T细胞(Tcm)的浸润显著增加(图7A)。CD8+ T细胞、细胞毒性细胞已报道可直接杀伤肿瘤,而Th1细胞被认为在直接发挥抗肿瘤免疫作用以及间接协调肿瘤特异性CD8+ T细胞反应中起关键作用。上述结果表明,低风险组患者TME中免疫细胞浸润更丰富,且可能具备更强的肿瘤细胞杀伤能力。
突变热图结果显示低风险组患者肿瘤BRAF基因突变频率较高(图5D),提示低风险组患者可能对BRAF抑制剂治疗更为敏感。另外,低风险组患者TME中抑制性受体相关基因(包括CTLA-4、HAVCR2、LAG3和TIGIT)表达更高(图7D),而这些基因会导致T细胞耗竭,从而促进肿瘤进展。因此,上述结果表明低风险患者可能对CTLA-4抗体、TIM-3抗体、LAG3抗体和TIGIT抗体具有较好应答。进一步通过分析接受 PD-1抗体治疗的黑色素瘤患者的总体生存率,结果显示与高风险组患者相比,低风险组患者的生存时间更长(图8A)。与高风险组患者相比,低风险组患者中达到部分缓解/完全缓解(PR/CR)的黑色素瘤患者比例更高(图8B),证明低风险患者对PD-1抗体治疗响应较好。此外,低风险组患者肿瘤细胞对尼洛替尼(nilotinib)、BIBW2992、博来霉素(bleomycin)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)、达沙替尼(dasatinib)和MK-2206药物的半数抑制浓度(IC50)较低,这表明低风险组患者可能对这些药物更敏感(图8D),亟待进一步研究。
当然,本研究存在一定的局限性。该研究大部分数据为数据库数据。另外,七基因特征模型中家族性帕金森病相关基因对黑色素瘤发生、发展的机制并不明确。
综上所述,七基因特征模型不仅可作为黑色素瘤患者预后的指标,还具有识别适合免疫检查点治疗的候选者的潜力。

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2026年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202511006
  • 接收时间:2025-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-03
  • 修回日期:2026-01-24
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    1重庆大学附属人民医院中心实验室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院江北院区(中国人民解放军第 958 医院)皮肤科,重庆
    3重庆医科大学附属第二医院泌尿肾病中心,重庆
    4陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院胸外科,重庆

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郑鸿,E-mail:
ZHENG Hong,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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