Article(id=1320436319189319811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320436284418544199, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510066, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761062400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-22, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792746151015, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792746151015, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792746151015, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792746151015, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320436284418544199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='4', pageStart='387', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792746142725, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792750115637, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320452948077953743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320436284418544199, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320452948077953744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320436284418544199, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=453, endPage=460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320436320699269253, articleId=1320436319189319811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Diagnostic performance of combining sonographic features with BRAFV600E mutation for differentiating benign and malignant Bethesda category Ⅲ thyroid nodules, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of combining sonographic features with BRAFV600E mutation for differentiating benign and malignant Bethesda category Ⅲ thyroid nodules.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 275 patients (278 nodules) diagnosed as Bethesda category Ⅲ by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (US-FNAC) at First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between January 2020 and December 2024, with final confirmation via surgical pathology or repeated US-FNAC. Nodules were classified as benign or malignant based on pathological results. Diagnostic efficacy of age, sex, 9 sonographic features, ACR TI-RADS score, US-FNAC nuclear morphology, and BRAFV600E mutation was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Significant differences existed in age, nodule margin, aspect ratio, maximum diameter, echogenicity, Adler blood flow grading, ACR TI-RADS classification, US-FNAC nuclear morphology, and BRAFV600E status between benign and malignant nodules (all P<0.05). Independent risk factors for malignancy included age≤52 years (OR=7.444), BRAFV600E mutation (OR=108.218), ground-glass nuclei (OR=5.389), and abnormal cervical lymph nodes (OR=13.351, P<0.05). The combined model demonstrated accuracy was 0.823, sensitivity was 0.863, specificity was 0.925, positive predictive value was 0.977, negative predictive value was 0.649, and AUC was 0.955.

Conclusion

Integration of sonographic features and BRAFV600E mutation provides high diagnostic performance for Bethesda category Ⅲ thyroid nodules.

, authors=Shuang WU, Xin LI, Chunlin TANG, Ping CHEN, Jun ZHANG, Haiyun HUANG, Yanli GUO, authorsList=Shuang WU, Xin LI, Chunlin TANG, Ping CHEN, Jun ZHANG, Haiyun HUANG, Yanli GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanli GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320436321726873736, articleId=1320436319189319811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断效能, columnId=1320435175822050102, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良、恶性的诊断效能。

方法

本研究为回顾性队列研究,连续性纳入2020年1月至2024年12月在陆军军医大学第一附属医院超声科经超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查(ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology, US-FNAC)诊断为Bethesda Ⅲ类、且最终经手术病理或重复US-FNAC确诊的甲状腺患者275例(278个结节),以手术病理或重复US-FNAC确诊的病理结果为标准将结节分为良性与恶性,计算年龄、性别、超声特征(9项)、美国放射学会甲状腺超声影像报告与数据系统(American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,ACR TI-RADS)评分、US-FNAC细胞核形态、BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的诊断效能,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析超声特征及联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良、恶性的诊断效能。

结果

患者年龄、结节边缘、结节纵横比、结节最大径、结节回声、Adler血流分级、ACR TI-RADS分类、US-FNAC细胞核形态以及BRAFV600E基因在甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类良、恶性结节中差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。年龄≤52岁、BRAFV600E基因突变、细胞毛玻璃样核改变、颈部异常淋巴结是恶性结节的独立危险因素(OR值分别为7.444、108.218、5.389、13.351,P<0.05),回归模型的准确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为0.823、0.863、0.925、0.977、0.649,曲线下面积为0.955。

结论

超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类良恶性结节有较高诊断效能。

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郭燕丽,E-mail:
GUO Yanli,E-mail:
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Chin J Ultrasound Med, 2024, 40(9): 976-979., articleTitle=The study of clinical and ultrasonic risk factors in malignant Bethesda Ⅲ thyroid nodules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320436331726094555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, doi=10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2018.00.109, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=21, issue=36, pageStart=4445, pageEnd=4452, 4458, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=23, authorNames=罗景梅, 冯家钢, 詹东, journalName=中国全科医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗景梅, 冯家钢, 詹东, 等. 甲状腺结节患者临床特征研究[J]. 中国全科医学, 2018, 21(36): 4445-4452, 4458., articleTitle=甲状腺结节患者临床特征研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320436331789009116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, doi=10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2018.00.109, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=21, issue=36, pageStart=4445, pageEnd=4452, 4458, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=24, authorNames=LUO J M, FENG J G, ZHAN D, journalName=Chin Gen Pract, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO J M, FENG J G, ZHAN D, et al. Study on clinical characteristics of thyroid nodules[J]. Chin Gen Pract, 2018, 21(36): 4445-4452, 4458., articleTitle=Study on clinical characteristics of thyroid nodules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320436331851923677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, doi=10.16016/j.1000-5404.201706001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=24, pageStart=2380, pageEnd=2384, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=25, authorNames=代宇婕, 廖凌瑶, 邱伊波, journalName=第三军医大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=代宇婕, 廖凌瑶, 邱伊波, 等. 雌激素受体α36介导雌激素促进甲状腺乳头状癌细胞增殖的分子机制[J]. 第三军医大学学报, 2017, 39(24): 2380-2384., articleTitle=雌激素受体α36介导雌激素促进甲状腺乳头状癌细胞增殖的分子机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320436331940004062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, doi=10.16016/j.1000-5404.201706001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=24, pageStart=2380, pageEnd=2384, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=26, authorNames=DAI Y J, LIAO L Y, QIU Y B, journalName=J Third Mil Med Univ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAI Y J, LIAO L Y, QIU Y B, et al. Molecular mechanism of estrogen receptor alpha-36 in 17β-estradiol-promoted proliferation in human papillary thyroid carcinoma cells[J]. J Third Mil Med Univ, 2017, 39(24): 2380-2384., articleTitle=Molecular mechanism of estrogen receptor alpha-36 in 17β-estradiol-promoted proliferation in human papillary thyroid carcinoma cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320436332002918623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, doi=10.1016/j.jasc.2017.09.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=6, issue=6, pageStart=217, pageEnd=222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=27, authorNames=CIBAS E S, ALI S Z, journalName=J Am Soc Cytopathol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CIBAS E S, ALI S Z. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology[J]. J Am Soc Cytopathol, 2017, 6(6): 217-222., articleTitle=The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320436321995309193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320436322003697802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, companyId=1320436321995309193, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320436322020475019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, companyId=1320436321995309193, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院超声科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320436326760038584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Diagnostic ROC curves for 3 methods, figureFileSmall=NZRusDHBVL4YlveLzCFVNg==, figureFileBig=RbgpJuRZkOehLcRDD2i11g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320436326835536057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=CN, label=图1, caption=3种方法的诊断ROC曲线, figureFileSmall=NZRusDHBVL4YlveLzCFVNg==, figureFileBig=RbgpJuRZkOehLcRDD2i11g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320436327246577850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variable assignment table for binary logistic regression analysis

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VariablesAssignment
Abnormal cervical lymph nodesNo = 0; Yes = 1
BRAFV600E gene mutationNo = 0; Yes = 1
Age >52 yearsNo = 0; Yes = 1
Aspect ratio >1No = 0; Yes = 1
Maximum diameter >6 mmNo = 0; Yes = 1
Nuclear morphologyGround glass = 0; Atypical = 1
Adler blood flow gradeGrade 0 = 1; Grade 1 = 2; Grade 2 = 3; Grade 3 = 4
), ArticleFig(id=1320436327309492411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

二元Logistic回归分析的变量赋值表

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VariablesAssignment
Abnormal cervical lymph nodesNo = 0; Yes = 1
BRAFV600E gene mutationNo = 0; Yes = 1
Age >52 yearsNo = 0; Yes = 1
Aspect ratio >1No = 0; Yes = 1
Maximum diameter >6 mmNo = 0; Yes = 1
Nuclear morphologyGround glass = 0; Atypical = 1
Adler blood flow gradeGrade 0 = 1; Grade 1 = 2; Grade 2 = 3; Grade 3 = 4
), ArticleFig(id=1320436327657619644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of clinical data of Bethesda Ⅲ category nodules [x¯±s,n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsnBenignMalignantt/χ²P
Age27848.75±13.5345.58±10.932.0120.045
Gender2781.8450.174
Male14 (18.42)53 (26.24)
Female62 (81.58)149 (73.76)
BRAFV600E gene18675.039<0.001
Unmutated38 (95.00)30 (20.55)
Mutated2 (5.00)116 (79.45)
Nuclear morphology27816.349<0.001
Ground glass61 (80.26)193 (95.54)
Atypical15 (19.74)9 (4.46)
), ArticleFig(id=1320436329293398205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Bethesda Ⅲ类结节临床资料的单因素分析 [x¯±s,例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsnBenignMalignantt/χ²P
Age27848.75±13.5345.58±10.932.0120.045
Gender2781.8450.174
Male14 (18.42)53 (26.24)
Female62 (81.58)149 (73.76)
BRAFV600E gene18675.039<0.001
Unmutated38 (95.00)30 (20.55)
Mutated2 (5.00)116 (79.45)
Nuclear morphology27816.349<0.001
Ground glass61 (80.26)193 (95.54)
Atypical15 (19.74)9 (4.46)
), ArticleFig(id=1320436329381478590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Univariate analysis of ultrasonic features of bethesda category Ⅲ Nodules [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeatureMalignant
(n=202)
Benign
(n=76)
χ2PFeatureMalignant
(n=202)
Benign
(n=76)
Z/χ2P
Composition-0.182aEchogenicity20.406<0.001
Cystic01(1.32)Ref.Hyperechoic/isoechoic3(1.49)11(14.47)
Cystic solid1(0.50)1(1.32)Hypoechoic196(97.03)65(85.53)
Solid201(99.50)74(97.37)Extremely hypoechoic3(1.49)0(0.00)Ref.
Margin21.165<0.001Adler grade25.791<0.001
Smooth28(13.86)29(38.16)Grade 076(37.62)16(21.05)
Indistinct169(83.66)47(61.84)Grade 170(34.65)20(26.32)
Lobulated/irregular3(1.49)Ref.Grade 249(24.26)25(32.89)
Invasion outside the gland2(0.99)Ref.Grade 37(3.47)15(19.74)
Calcification2.8130.729Nodule location1.3670.505
Non calcified81(40.10)31(40.79)Isthmus3(1.49)0Ref.
Macrocalcification32(15.84)16(21.05)Left lobe101(50.00)41(53.95)
Marginal calcification5(2.48)3(3.95)Right lobe98(48.51)35(46.05)
Punctate calcification68(33.66)21(27.63)Abnormal cervical lymph nodes3.3260.068
Punctate and macro calcification15(7.43)4(5.26)Absent162(80.20)68(89.47)
Punctate, macro and marginal calcification1(0.50)1(1.32)Present40(19.80)8(10.53)
Aspect ratio12.451<0.001ACR TI-RADS19.359<0.001
≤1116(57.43)61(80.26)Category 201(1.32)Ref.
>186(42.57)15(19.74)Category 32(0.99)6(7.89)
Maximum diameter/mm18.440<0.001Category 462(30.69)34(44.74)
≤6103(50.99)17(22.37)Category 5138(68.32)35(46.05)
>699(49.01)59(77.63)
), ArticleFig(id=1320436329473753279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Bethesda Ⅲ类结节超声特征的单因素分析 [例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeatureMalignant
(n=202)
Benign
(n=76)
χ2PFeatureMalignant
(n=202)
Benign
(n=76)
Z/χ2P
Composition-0.182aEchogenicity20.406<0.001
Cystic01(1.32)Ref.Hyperechoic/isoechoic3(1.49)11(14.47)
Cystic solid1(0.50)1(1.32)Hypoechoic196(97.03)65(85.53)
Solid201(99.50)74(97.37)Extremely hypoechoic3(1.49)0(0.00)Ref.
Margin21.165<0.001Adler grade25.791<0.001
Smooth28(13.86)29(38.16)Grade 076(37.62)16(21.05)
Indistinct169(83.66)47(61.84)Grade 170(34.65)20(26.32)
Lobulated/irregular3(1.49)Ref.Grade 249(24.26)25(32.89)
Invasion outside the gland2(0.99)Ref.Grade 37(3.47)15(19.74)
Calcification2.8130.729Nodule location1.3670.505
Non calcified81(40.10)31(40.79)Isthmus3(1.49)0Ref.
Macrocalcification32(15.84)16(21.05)Left lobe101(50.00)41(53.95)
Marginal calcification5(2.48)3(3.95)Right lobe98(48.51)35(46.05)
Punctate calcification68(33.66)21(27.63)Abnormal cervical lymph nodes3.3260.068
Punctate and macro calcification15(7.43)4(5.26)Absent162(80.20)68(89.47)
Punctate, macro and marginal calcification1(0.50)1(1.32)Present40(19.80)8(10.53)
Aspect ratio12.451<0.001ACR TI-RADS19.359<0.001
≤1116(57.43)61(80.26)Category 201(1.32)Ref.
>186(42.57)15(19.74)Category 32(0.99)6(7.89)
Maximum diameter/mm18.440<0.001Category 462(30.69)34(44.74)
≤6103(50.99)17(22.37)Category 5138(68.32)35(46.05)
>699(49.01)59(77.63)
), ArticleFig(id=1320436329570222272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Multivariate analysis of Bethesda category Ⅲ nodules

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Factorsβ coefficientOR95%CIP
Age ≤ 52 years2.0077.4442.043~27.1210.002
BRAFV600E gene mutation4.684108.21817.924~653.369<0.001
Nuclear morphology (ground glass)1.6845.3891.126~25.7890.035
Abnormal cervical lymph nodes2.59213.3512.303~77.4040.004
), ArticleFig(id=1320436329641525441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factorsβ coefficientOR95%CIP
Age ≤ 52 years2.0077.4442.043~27.1210.002
BRAFV600E gene mutation4.684108.21817.924~653.369<0.001
Nuclear morphology (ground glass)1.6845.3891.126~25.7890.035
Abnormal cervical lymph nodes2.59213.3512.303~77.4040.004
), ArticleFig(id=1320436329754771650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Diagnostic performance comparison of the Bethesda system category Ⅲ thyroid nodules

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Diagnostic methodsAccuracySensitivitySpecificityPPVNPV
Regression model0.8230.8630.9250.9770.649
BRAFV600E gene0.8280.7950.9500.9830.559
ACR TI-RADS0.6990.7530.5000.8460.357
), ArticleFig(id=1320436329830269123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320436319189319811, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节诊断性能对比

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Diagnostic methodsAccuracySensitivitySpecificityPPVNPV
Regression model0.8230.8630.9250.9770.649
BRAFV600E gene0.8280.7950.9500.9830.559
ACR TI-RADS0.6990.7530.5000.8460.357
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超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断效能
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吴爽 , 李欣 , 唐春霖 , 陈萍 , 张君 , 黄海韵 , 郭燕丽
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·临床医学 2026,48(4): 453-460
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·临床医学 2026 , 48 (4) : 453 -460
超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断效能
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吴爽, 李欣, 唐春霖, 陈萍, 张君, 黄海韵, 郭燕丽
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院超声科,重庆
通讯作者:
郭燕丽,E-mail:
GUO Yanli,E-mail:
Diagnostic performance of combining sonographic features with BRAFV600E mutation for differentiating benign and malignant Bethesda category Ⅲ thyroid nodules
Shuang WU, Xin LI, Chunlin TANG, Ping CHEN, Jun ZHANG, Haiyun HUANG, Yanli GUO
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510066
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目的

探究超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良、恶性的诊断效能。

方法

本研究为回顾性队列研究,连续性纳入2020年1月至2024年12月在陆军军医大学第一附属医院超声科经超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查(ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology, US-FNAC)诊断为Bethesda Ⅲ类、且最终经手术病理或重复US-FNAC确诊的甲状腺患者275例(278个结节),以手术病理或重复US-FNAC确诊的病理结果为标准将结节分为良性与恶性,计算年龄、性别、超声特征(9项)、美国放射学会甲状腺超声影像报告与数据系统(American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,ACR TI-RADS)评分、US-FNAC细胞核形态、BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的诊断效能,采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析超声特征及联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良、恶性的诊断效能。

结果

患者年龄、结节边缘、结节纵横比、结节最大径、结节回声、Adler血流分级、ACR TI-RADS分类、US-FNAC细胞核形态以及BRAFV600E基因在甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类良、恶性结节中差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。年龄≤52岁、BRAFV600E基因突变、细胞毛玻璃样核改变、颈部异常淋巴结是恶性结节的独立危险因素(OR值分别为7.444、108.218、5.389、13.351,P<0.05),回归模型的准确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为0.823、0.863、0.925、0.977、0.649,曲线下面积为0.955。

结论

超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类良恶性结节有较高诊断效能。

甲状腺结节  /  超声检查  /  意义不明确的非典型  /  BRAF
Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of combining sonographic features with BRAFV600E mutation for differentiating benign and malignant Bethesda category Ⅲ thyroid nodules.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 275 patients (278 nodules) diagnosed as Bethesda category Ⅲ by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (US-FNAC) at First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between January 2020 and December 2024, with final confirmation via surgical pathology or repeated US-FNAC. Nodules were classified as benign or malignant based on pathological results. Diagnostic efficacy of age, sex, 9 sonographic features, ACR TI-RADS score, US-FNAC nuclear morphology, and BRAFV600E mutation was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Significant differences existed in age, nodule margin, aspect ratio, maximum diameter, echogenicity, Adler blood flow grading, ACR TI-RADS classification, US-FNAC nuclear morphology, and BRAFV600E status between benign and malignant nodules (all P<0.05). Independent risk factors for malignancy included age≤52 years (OR=7.444), BRAFV600E mutation (OR=108.218), ground-glass nuclei (OR=5.389), and abnormal cervical lymph nodes (OR=13.351, P<0.05). The combined model demonstrated accuracy was 0.823, sensitivity was 0.863, specificity was 0.925, positive predictive value was 0.977, negative predictive value was 0.649, and AUC was 0.955.

Conclusion

Integration of sonographic features and BRAFV600E mutation provides high diagnostic performance for Bethesda category Ⅲ thyroid nodules.

thyroid nodule  /  ultrasonography  /  atypia of undetermined significance  /  BRAF
吴爽, 李欣, 唐春霖, 陈萍, 张君, 黄海韵, 郭燕丽. 超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断效能. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (4) : 453 -460 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510066
Shuang WU, Xin LI, Chunlin TANG, Ping CHEN, Jun ZHANG, Haiyun HUANG, Yanli GUO. Diagnostic performance of combining sonographic features with BRAFV600E mutation for differentiating benign and malignant Bethesda category Ⅲ thyroid nodules[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (4) : 453 -460 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510066
如何对甲状腺结节良恶性进行准确判断是临床一直以来所面临的主要问题。美国放射学会甲状腺超声影像报告与数据系统(American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,ACR TI-RADS)通过对甲状腺结节的超声特征进行标准化分析,实现了对结节恶性风险的量化分层和有效规范化管理。在此基础上,超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查(ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology,US-FNAC)技术被也广泛应用于甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断和鉴别诊断[1-2]。然而,在甲状腺细胞病理学Bethesda系统报告的Ⅰ~Ⅵ类结果中,有一类结果争议最大,即Bethesda Ⅲ类结节,归类为意义不明的非典型病变,此类结节恶性率为13%~30%,具有明显不确定性,且重复US-FNAC仍为不确定性结果的概率为15.6%~48.6%,给临床管理带来一定挑战[3-5]。相关研究证实,BRAFV600E基因突变是甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)的最常见基因突变[6],在甲状腺结节行US-FNAC的同时,对甲状腺US-FNAC标本进行BRAFV600E基因检测,将有助于Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的良恶性鉴别诊断和临床管理,但是有关BRAFV600E基因检测结合ACR TI-RADS分类系统超声特征诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的效能还需要进一步明确[7]。基于此,本研究旨在分析甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类结节超声特征,并探讨超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因检测对甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类结节良恶性的诊断效能,以期为此类结节的临床管理决策提供依据。
本研究为回顾性队列研究,收集2020年1月至2024年12月在陆军军医大学第一附属医院超声科行US-FNAC,并诊断为Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节且有明确诊断结果的所有患者为研究对象。纳入标准:①US-FNAC病理分类为Bethesda Ⅲ类;②行手术或重复US-FNAC获得明确良恶性诊断结果;③US-FNAC前行超声检查。排除标准:①超声图像质量差,结节超声特征无法确定;②相关临床资料不完整。患者资料包括年龄、性别、超声特征(结节位置、结节最大径、颈部异常淋巴结、结节血流信号、结节成分、结节边缘、结节回声、结节纵横比、结节钙化)、ACR TI-RADS评分、US-FNAC细胞核形态、BRAFV600E基因等。最终,本研究纳入275例患者的278个结节,其中185例(186个结节)拥有BRAFV600E基因检测结果。以手术病理或重复US-FNAC确诊的病理结果为标准确定良恶性,良性结节76个,恶性结节202个。本研究经陆军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准[(B)KY2025041]。
本研究使用Canon Aplioi800超声诊断仪(日本佳能医疗系统株式会社公司)及MyLab Twice超声诊断仪(意大利百盛公司),探头分别使用i18LX5线阵探头(5~18 MHz)和LA523线阵探头(5~13 MHz)。超声图像分析由2名有>5年甲状腺超声诊断经验的超声医师进行图像分析,记录超声图像一般特征:①结节位置(左叶、右叶、峡部);②结节的最大径;③淋巴结(有、无颈部异常淋巴结);④结节血流信号,根据Adler分级标准[8]分为0级(无血流信号)、1级(1~2个点状血流信号)、2级(3~4个点状血流信号或1条管壁较清晰的血管)、3级(多条网状或片状彩色血流信号或2条管壁清晰的血管)。依据ACR TI-RADS系统[9]描述结节超声特征:①成分(实性、以实性为主、以囊性为主、海绵状);②回声(高回声、等回声、低回声、极低回声);③结节边缘(晕征、光滑、不清、分叶、不规则、侵犯甲状腺外);④纵横比(纵横比>1,纵横比≤1);⑤钙化(无钙化、点状钙化、粗钙化、边缘钙化),记录结节的所有钙化特征。
基于患者甲状腺结节的基因分子检测报告、US-FNAC及手术病理诊断报告,获取BRAFV600E基因检测结果、US-FNAC细胞核形态结果(细胞毛玻璃样核改变,细胞非典型性核改变)及结节最终诊断结果。275例患者中253例(256个结节)通过手术确诊,22例(22个结节)通过重复US-FNAC确诊。
应用SPSS 27.0统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料若符合正态分布,以x¯±s表示,组间比较使用独立样本t检验,若不符合,以M(P25,P75)表示,组间比较使用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以例数(%)表示,采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。通过单因素、多因素分析方法筛选出患者资料中甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的恶性风险因素,再利用筛选出的恶性风险因素构建二元Logistic回归模型,变量赋值见表1。采用DeLong检验对回归模型、BRAFV600E基因、ACR TI-RADS分类系统进行比较。
本研究用于多因素分析的样本量为186,效应量OR为5且显著性水平α=0.05,事后检验把握度(Power)为92.3%,表明本研究有足够的统计学能力检测出预设的效应差异。
本研究共计纳入275例患者278个Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节,患者年龄为16~76(46.45±11.76)岁,主要为女性(75.90%)。经手术或重复穿刺病理证实,良性结节有76个,其中甲状腺腺瘤33个,结节性甲状腺肿28个,炎性病灶15个;恶性结节202个,包括PTC有197个,甲状腺髓样癌5个。278个结节中,进行BRAFV600E基因检测的结节有186个,其中基因突变有118个,未突变有68个,基因突变率有63.44%。患者年龄、US-FNAC细胞核形态以及BRAFV600E基因在甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类良、恶性结节中差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而患者性别在Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺良、恶性结节中差异无统计学意义(表2)。
278个Bethesda Ⅲ类结节超声特征主要以实性(98.92%)、低回声(93.88%)、边缘不清(77.70%)、纵横比≤1(63.67%)为主;结节的钙化特征多样,分别为无钙化(40.29%)、粗钙化(17.27%)、边缘钙化(2.88%)、点状钙化(32.01%)、点状钙化+粗钙化(6.83%)、点状钙化+粗钙化+边缘钙化(0.72%)。ACR TI-RADS分类系统分为2~5类,其中:2类1例,占比0.36%,恶性率0%(0/1);3类8例,占比2.88%,恶性率25%(2/8);4类96例,占比34.53%,恶性率64.58%(62/96);5类173例,占比62.23%,恶性率79.77%(138/173)。ACR TI-RADS分类在Bethesda Ⅲ类良恶性结节中,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,表3)。
边缘、纵横比、最大径、回声以及Adler血流分级在Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺良、恶性结节中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。位置、成分、钙化、颈部异常淋巴结在Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺良、恶性结节中的差异无统计学意义(表3)。
通过ROC曲线获得年龄、最大径的最佳截断值分别为52岁、6 mm;极低回声(占比1.49%),边缘分叶/不规则(占比1.49%)及边缘侵犯甲状腺外(占比0.99%)等结节因数量过少,故回声、边缘特征不考虑纳入回归分析;ACR TI-RADS分类由结节超声特征决定,亦不纳入;考虑到异常淋巴结对临床实际意义较大考虑纳入回归分析。最终将单因素分析有统计学意义的年龄(>52岁,≤52岁)、最大径(>6 mm,≤6 mm)、纵横比、血流(Adler分级)、颈部异常淋巴结、BRAFV600E基因、US-FNAC细胞核形态(细胞毛玻璃样核改变,细胞非典型性核改变)纳入二元Logistic回归分析。结果显示患者年龄≤52岁、BRAFV600E基因突变、细胞毛玻璃样核改变、颈部异常淋巴结为Bethesda Ⅲ类恶性结节的独立危险因素(P<0.05,表4)。
利用上述7项特征绘制二元Logistic回归模型的ROC曲线,曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.955(95%CI:0.921~0.988),得出回归曲线方程为logit(P)=-4.198+2.007×年龄+1.220×纵横比-0.313×最大径+0.694×血流Adler 0级+1.390×血流Adler 1级-0.005×血流Adler 2级+2.592×颈部异常淋巴结+4.684×BRAFV600E基因+1.684×US-FNAC细胞核形态(图1)。利用回归方程评估Bethesda Ⅲ类结节良恶性,将方程预测值大于最佳截断值的结节诊断恶性结节,以重复US-FNAC或手术病理诊断结果为“金标准”,186个结节中共识别恶性结节129个,其中真阳性126个,误诊21个,漏诊20个;回归模型诊断恶性结节的准确度为0.823,灵敏度为0.863,特异度为0.925,阳性预测值为0.977,阴性预测值为0.649。
分别使用BRAFV600E基因、ACR TI-RADS分类系统对Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节良恶性进行评估,将BRAFV600E基因突变、ACR TI-RADS 5类诊断恶性结节,得出BRAFV600E基因的准确度为0.828,灵敏度为0.795,特异度为0.950,阳性预测值为0.983,阴性预测值为0.559;ACR TI-RADS分类的准确度为0.699,灵敏度为0.753,特异度为0.500,阳性预测值为0.846,阴性预测值为0.357(表5,图1)。DeLong检验结果显示,回归模型、BRAFV600E基因和ACR TI-RADS分类系统之间的AUC差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001),回归模型与BRAFV600E基因的AUC差值为0.083,回归模型与ACR TI-RADS分类系统的AUC差值为0.314,BRAFV600E基因与ACR TI-RADS分类系统的AUC差值为0.232,回归模型诊断性能显著优于BRAFV600E基因和ACR TI-RADS分类系统。
甲状腺结节的ACR TI-RADS分类系统与US-FNAC相联合是超声影像学风险评估与精准病理诊断的结合,既能避免甲状腺良性结节的过度治疗,又能确保对恶性病变的及时干预,最终为患者提供更加个性化、高效的诊疗方案。然而,Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺结节的良恶性是不明确的,恶性率约为13%~30%[3],使其后续临床管理存在多种选择。甲状腺Bethesda病理报告系统的重复US-FNAC、分子检测、诊断性腺叶切除术及监测等多种建议中,重复US-FNAC是相对容易接受的选择,然而却有相关研究发现重复US-FNAC后的Bethesda Ⅲ类的结节仍有约41.67%的结节不能获得明确诊断,如此给临床管理造成困扰[10]。因此,寻找一种新的评估方法对Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的良恶性进行更准确的风险评估,明确这类结节的良恶性对减少患者漏诊和误诊具有重要的临床意义。
本研究收集和分析的278个Bethesda Ⅲ类结节中,202个结节为恶性,恶性率为72.66%,显著高于指南的13%~30%[3],与国内学者[6,11]研究相似,原因可能是本研究所纳入的Bethesda Ⅲ类结节为手术结节或重复US-FNAC结节,结节本身存在较高恶性风险因素,如较高的ACR TI-RADS分类、BRAFV600E基因突变,本研究纳入结节ACR TI-RADS 4类和5类总占比为96.76%,BRAFV600E基因突变率为63.44%,导致临床做出手术或US-FNAC的决策。本研究中,整体Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的超声特征分布要以实性、低回声、边缘不清、纵横比≤1为主,钙化多样,ACR TI-RADS分类主要在4~5类,这些特征是临床决定US-FNAC的原因,但具有这些特征是否更容易出现Bethesda Ⅲ类结果,需要进一步研究。
单因素分析中显示,Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的良、恶性与性别、结节位置、成分、钙化、颈部异常淋巴结无关。既往研究普遍认为钙化或某些类型钙化是结节的恶性风险因素[12-13],而本研究中结节的钙化特征共有6类,但差异无统计学意义,这表明一种可能,尽管在整体的甲状腺结节中钙化特征能提示恶性,但在特定的Bethesda Ⅲ类结节中钙化特征却无法提示恶性。本研究单因素分析结果显示结节的最大径、回声、边缘、纵横比、血流(Adler分级)、ACR TI-RADS分类在Bethesda Ⅲ类甲状腺良、恶性结节中的差异均有统计学意义,提示超声特征可作为Bethesda Ⅲ类良恶性结节的基本判断依据,ACR TI-RADS分类系统依旧能对甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类结节进行风险评估,与GUO等[14]研究相似。既往研究发现,丰富的血流信号是甲状腺结节的恶性风险因素[15],而本研究中却是较大的良性可能,本研究推测,这可能是一种“诊断偏倚”:①血流信号丰富的结节被临床认为是恶性风险因素,导致血流信号丰富的良性Bethesda Ⅲ类结节增加了重复US-FNAC和手术的可能性;②拥有丰富血流的恶性结节中癌细胞营养供给充足,在第一次US-FNAC时就更容易获取到足够的典型细胞而被确诊,从而使得Bethesda Ⅲ类丰富血流的结节反而更偏向良性可能。同理,本研究中结节的最大径≤6 mm提示恶性风险较大,一方面较大的结节更容易获取足够的典型细胞被确诊,另一方面根据指南临床会较少推荐较小结节行US-FNAC。
BRAFV600E基因检测是目前被广泛用于甲状腺恶性结节的分子检测方式,本研究中BRAFV600E基因突变检测Bethesda Ⅲ类恶性结节的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为0.795、0.950、0.828,表明BRAFV600E基因具有极高的特异度,BRAFV600E基因突变结节经手术证实绝大多数为恶性,与既往研究[11,16-17]一致,表明BRAFV600E基因检测是区分Bethesda Ⅲ类结节良恶性良好的辅助检查方法。
本研究多因素Logistic回归分析显示患者年龄≤52岁、BRAFV600E基因突变、细胞毛玻璃样核改变、颈部异常淋巴结为Bethesda Ⅲ类结节恶性独立危险因素。本研究发现,年龄≤52岁是独立危险因素,与国内研究者的研究结果相似[18-19],提示甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的恶性结节更可能出现在中青年人群,可能与激素有关,研究表明[20],雌激素可通过ERα受体结合通过ERK/AKT途径促进PTC细胞增殖,而中青年人群中该激素水平相对较高,这可能是这部分年龄人群恶性风险相对较高的原因。虽然本研究中恶性结节在性别中差异不明显,可能是样本量不足导致,需下一步研究。本研究光镜下US-FNAC细胞毛玻璃样核改变是独立危险因素,是Bethesda系统指南恶性结节特征描述中的一部分[21],提示Bethesda Ⅲ类结节US-FNAC病理结果描述中,细胞核毛玻璃核改变较非典型性核改变更有可能提示恶性。本研究中,单因素分析颈部异常淋巴结差异无统计学,但在多因素分析中为独立危险因素,提示对于Bethesda Ⅲ类结节需要特别关注颈部异常淋巴结情况。本研究中构建的多因素二元Logistic回归模型准确度为0.823,灵敏度为0.863,特异度为0.925,阳性预测值为0.977,阴性预测值为0.649,模型诊断对比BRAFV600E基因准确度、特异度相似,灵敏度提高,对比ACR TI-RADS分类系统均提高,提示超声特征联合US-FNAC形态学与BRAFV600E基因,能对甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的良恶性进行有效诊断,具有进一步研究价值。
根据《2023年Bethesda系统指南》[3],针对Bethesda Ⅲ类结节的管理策略包括重复US-FNAC、分子检测及手术。然而,重复US-FNAC依然会出现不确定性结果,有的研究中概率甚至高达48.6%[5],而额外的分子检测会增加患者成本,不必要的手术更对患者健康无益。本研究所构建的联合诊断模型(AUC=0.955)对Bethesda Ⅲ类结节展现出了优异的诊断效能,其灵敏度(0.863)和特异度(0.925)综合而言要优于单一的ACR TI-RADS分类(0.753,0.500)或BRAFV600E检测(0.795,0.950)。因此,本研究模型可对现有指南提供新补充的可能,用于优化临床诊疗路径,例如对于超声特征和临床特征(如年老、无异常淋巴结)提示低风险的患者,可考虑进行密切超声随访,避免不必要的重复穿刺。对于模型预测为高风险的患者,则可直接推荐手术,缩短诊疗周期,以减少重复US-FNAC带来的心理、经济负担。因此,该模型有望与现行指南相互协同,提升现行指南的决策能力,实现对患者更准确、更有利的临床管理。
本研究尚存在一些局限性:①本研究是单中心回顾性研究,且样本量较少,尚需扩大样本量,进一步验证本研究结果的可靠性及可重复性;②本研究纳入的278例结节为手术病例或重复US-FNAC病例,代表临床实践中被认为恶性风险较高的患者,结果可能高估Bethesda Ⅲ类结节整体恶性概率,存在显著选择偏倚,未来需在更广泛的人群中进行前瞻性验证。
综上所述,超声特征联合BRAFV600E基因对甲状腺Bethesda Ⅲ类良恶性结节有较高诊断效能,具有重要价值,可为临床管理决策提供参考。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202510066
  • 接收时间:2025-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-22
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院超声科,重庆

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