Article(id=1322954140074259016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954116858782668, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=1762790400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346446293, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1767024000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346446293, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346446293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346446293, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954116858782668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='24', pageStart='3009', pageEnd='3159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767024000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346440757, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346440757, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3022, endPage=3032, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954140263002697, articleId=1322954140074259016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Accessible chromatin upregulates circadian rhythm transcription factor NPAS2 to promote Ferroptosis Resistance in Gastric Cancer Cells, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact of epigenetic remodeling-mediated regulation of circadian genes on ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Methods

The data from Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were integrated to identify candidate transcription factors recruited by open chromatin regions in gastric cancer. Then, NPAS2, a circadian rhythm-related transcription factor, was identified as a key regulator. Immunohistochemical assay and survival analysis were performed to investigate the relationship of NPAS2 overexpression with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between NPAS2 and the ferroptosis pathway. Functional experiments were carried out through NPAS2 knockdown and overexpression in gastric cancer cell lines. Cell viability (CCK-8), malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement, BODIPY fluorescence staining, and flow cytometry were employed to confirm the role of NPAS2 in inhibiting ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Results

NPAS2 was significantly highly expressed at both mRNA and protein levels during gastric cancer progression, and its high expression was strongly correlated with poor prognosis. Its high expression was associated with inactivation of ferroptosis pathway, and ferroptosis-suppressive genes such as SLC7A11 and ACSL3 were markedly up-regulated in NPAS2-high gastric cancer tissues. In vitro, NPAS2 overexpression enhanced ferroptosis resistance, whereas NPAS2 knockdown significantly promoted ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Conclusion

Open chromatin in gastric cancer can upregulate the rhythm factor NPAS2, which promotes tumor progression by conferring ferroptosis resistance to gastric cancer cells and serves as a potential therapeutic target.

, authors=Yaping LI1, 2, Xiao HU1, 2, Ziyun QIN2, 3, Qiaoqiao ZHANG2, Zhaole CHU2, 4, Zhili ZHOU2, Bin WANG2, 5, Qiu QIU6, authorsList=Yaping LI, Xiao HU, Ziyun QIN, Qiaoqiao ZHANG, Zhaole CHU, Zhili ZHOU, Bin WANG, Qiu QIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin WANG, Qiu QIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954141479350868, articleId=1322954140074259016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=染色质可及性重塑上调节律因子NPAS2表达促进胃癌铁死亡抵抗的作用研究, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索表观重塑调控生物钟基因对胃癌细胞铁死亡的影响。

方法

整合分析染色质可及性测序(assay for Transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing,ATAC-seq)、组织转录组测序(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)及单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)数据,从染色质可及性调控癌细胞基因表达的角度,筛选发现胃癌开放染色质可能招募与生物节律相关的关键转录因子NPAS2。胃癌组织免疫组化染色和生存分析发现NPAS2高表达与胃癌进展和临床预后相关。调控功能方面,生物信息学分析提示节律因子NPAS2与铁死亡通路显著相关;构建敲低及过表达NPAS2胃癌细胞株,结合CCK-8、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量测定、BODIPY荧光染色及流式细胞术等功能实验,证实NPAS2对胃癌细胞铁死亡的抑制作用。

结果

昼夜节律转录因子NPAS2在胃癌进展中 mRNA和蛋白水平表达量均显著上升,且其高表达与患者不良预后密切相关。NPAS2高表达与铁死亡通路失活相关,NPAS2高表达会使胃癌组织中多个铁死亡抑制基因(如SLC7A11、ACSL3)表达显著升高。细胞生物学实验表明,在胃癌细胞中过表达NPAS2增强铁死亡抵抗能力,敲低NPAS2则促进细胞发生铁死亡。

结论

胃癌中开放染色质可上调节律因子NPAS2,其通过赋予胃癌细胞铁死亡抵抗特性促进肿瘤进展,是潜在的治疗靶点。

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王斌:
邱秋:
WANG Bin:
QIU Qiu:
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Lancet,2025,405(10494):2087-2102., articleTitle=Gastric cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954154154537680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202405076, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=20, pageStart=2313, pageEnd=2321, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=38, authorNames=王磊, 万凌红, 王涛, journalName=陆军军医大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王磊,万凌红,王涛,等. 新辅助免疫化疗对比新辅助化疗用于局部进展期胃癌的临床疗效分析[J]. 陆军军医大学学报,2024,46(20):2313-2321., articleTitle=新辅助免疫化疗对比新辅助化疗用于局部进展期胃癌的临床疗效分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954154255200977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202405076, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=20, pageStart=2313, pageEnd=2321, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=39, authorNames=WANG L, WAN L H, WANG T, journalName=J Army Med Univ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG L,WAN L H,WANG T,et al. Clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy for local advanced gastric adenocarcinoma[J]. J Army Med Univ,2024,46(20):2313-2321., articleTitle=Clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy for local advanced gastric adenocarcinoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954154326504146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, doi=10.1093/abbs/gmab105, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=53, issue=10, pageStart=1257, pageEnd=1265, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=40, authorNames=PENG L U, BAI G G, PANG Y X, journalName=Acta Biochim Biophys Sin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PENG L U,BAI G G,PANG Y X. Roles of NPAS2 in circadian rhythm and disease[J]. 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954148550947486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Identification of NPAS2 as a key up-regulated transcription factor in gastric cancer through integrative epigenomic analysis, figureFileSmall=kCGt4QOzbjirtZjPhPWU+w==, figureFileBig=UiZXIZDdn4BDNt+wN0RXtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148634833567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=CN, label=图1, caption=表观多组学整合分析鉴定NPAS2为胃癌关键上调转录因子

A:Workflow of multi-omics analysis in this study; B:Strategy for screening key transcription factors involved in gastric cancer progression; C:Validation of NPAS2 overexpression in gastric cancer across multiple independent cohorts. ACRG:Asian Cancer Research Group; DEGs:Differential expressed genes; GC:Gastric cancer tissues; Normal:Normal gastric mucosa tissues; TCGA-STAD:The Cancer Genome Atlas Stomach Adenocarcinoma

, figureFileSmall=kCGt4QOzbjirtZjPhPWU+w==, figureFileBig=UiZXIZDdn4BDNt+wN0RXtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148840354464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=NPAS2 is highly expressed in gastric cancer and associated with poor prognosis, figureFileSmall=XFrce/hk3kUVht4NnGaLnw==, figureFileBig=i2u/v/XubPecL3IEgH7u7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954148924240545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=CN, label=图2, caption=转录因子NPAS2在胃癌中高表达且与不良预后相关

A,B:Immunohistochemical assay and quantification of NPAS2 expression in gastric cancer; C,D:Kaplan-Meier curves for NPAS2 expression in gastric cancer. GC:Gastric cancer tissues; HR:Hazard ratio; Normal:Normal gastric mucosa tissues

, figureFileSmall=XFrce/hk3kUVht4NnGaLnw==, figureFileBig=i2u/v/XubPecL3IEgH7u7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149024903842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Correlation of NPAS2 expression with ferroptosis-related features in gastric cancer cells, figureFileSmall=RbzrXpN1wk7+ujnP21VwhQ==, figureFileBig=3be4Bw2Aa1LUHktMfOQLig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149096207011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=CN, label=图3, caption=NPAS2表达与胃癌细胞铁死亡特性相关

A:Schematic diagram of the analytical workflow for Figure 3; B:KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of high- versus low-NPAS2 groups; C:Scatter plot showing the correlation between NPAS2 expression and GSVA scores of ferroptosis pathway; D:Correlation between NPAS2 expression and key ferroptosis-related genes; E:Wilcoxon test of key ferroptosis-related genes between high- and low-NPAS2 groups

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A:RT-qPCR analysis of NPAS2 overexpression efficiency; B:Western blotting validation of NPAS2 overexpression; C:Cell viability under different concentrations of erastin treatment; D:Relative intracellular MDA levels after erastin treatment. Ctrl:negative control

, figureFileSmall=QZ285EJeSgHojx2/PZAq7A==, figureFileBig=ikLgsUeqsX2F2NYcmNzcWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149297533606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=NPAS2 knockdown increases ferroptosis sensitivity in gastric cancer cells, figureFileSmall=jOW4Y3ZgHu7RF1pQGukUvg==, figureFileBig=1EoN5pqOSfGzrPbGtXZyLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954149356253863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954140074259016, language=CN, label=图5, caption=敲低NPAS2增强胃癌细胞铁死亡敏感性

A:RT-qPCR analysis of NPAS2 knockdown efficiency; B:Western blotting validation of NPAS2 knockdown; C:Cell viability under different concentrations of erastin treatment; D:Relative intracellular MDA levels after erastin treatment; E,F:Analysis and quantification of intracellular lipid peroxidation levels following erastin treatment. Ctrl:negative control

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染色质可及性重塑上调节律因子NPAS2表达促进胃癌铁死亡抵抗的作用研究
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李雅萍 1, 2 , 胡晓 1, 2 , 秦紫芸 2, 3 , 张巧巧 2 , 储召乐 2, 4 , 周智利 2 , 王斌 2, 5 , 邱秋 6
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(24): 3022-3032
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (24) : 3022 -3032
染色质可及性重塑上调节律因子NPAS2表达促进胃癌铁死亡抵抗的作用研究
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李雅萍1, 2, 胡晓1, 2, 秦紫芸2, 3, 张巧巧2, 储召乐2, 4, 周智利2, 王斌2, 5 , 邱秋6
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学医学院,重庆
  • 2金凤实验室,重庆
  • 3西南大学医学研究院,重庆
  • 4西南大学药学院,重庆
  • 5陆军军医大学大坪医院消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室
  • 6重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆
通讯作者:
Accessible chromatin upregulates circadian rhythm transcription factor NPAS2 to promote Ferroptosis Resistance in Gastric Cancer Cells
Yaping LI1, 2, Xiao HU1, 2, Ziyun QIN2, 3, Qiaoqiao ZHANG2, Zhaole CHU2, 4, Zhili ZHOU2, Bin WANG2, 5 , Qiu QIU6
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing
  • 2Jinfeng Laboratory,Chongqing
  • 3Southwest University Medical Research Institute,Chongqing
  • 4College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southwest University,Chongqing
  • 5Department of Gastroenterology,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention and Treatment of Digestive Malignancies,Daping Hospital,Army Medical University,Chongqing
  • 6Department of Gastroenterology,People’s Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-12-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509102
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目的

探索表观重塑调控生物钟基因对胃癌细胞铁死亡的影响。

方法

整合分析染色质可及性测序(assay for Transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing,ATAC-seq)、组织转录组测序(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)及单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)数据,从染色质可及性调控癌细胞基因表达的角度,筛选发现胃癌开放染色质可能招募与生物节律相关的关键转录因子NPAS2。胃癌组织免疫组化染色和生存分析发现NPAS2高表达与胃癌进展和临床预后相关。调控功能方面,生物信息学分析提示节律因子NPAS2与铁死亡通路显著相关;构建敲低及过表达NPAS2胃癌细胞株,结合CCK-8、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量测定、BODIPY荧光染色及流式细胞术等功能实验,证实NPAS2对胃癌细胞铁死亡的抑制作用。

结果

昼夜节律转录因子NPAS2在胃癌进展中 mRNA和蛋白水平表达量均显著上升,且其高表达与患者不良预后密切相关。NPAS2高表达与铁死亡通路失活相关,NPAS2高表达会使胃癌组织中多个铁死亡抑制基因(如SLC7A11、ACSL3)表达显著升高。细胞生物学实验表明,在胃癌细胞中过表达NPAS2增强铁死亡抵抗能力,敲低NPAS2则促进细胞发生铁死亡。

结论

胃癌中开放染色质可上调节律因子NPAS2,其通过赋予胃癌细胞铁死亡抵抗特性促进肿瘤进展,是潜在的治疗靶点。

胃肿瘤  /  染色质重塑  /  铁死亡  /  人 NPAS2 蛋白  /  昼夜节律
Objective

To explore the impact of epigenetic remodeling-mediated regulation of circadian genes on ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Methods

The data from Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were integrated to identify candidate transcription factors recruited by open chromatin regions in gastric cancer. Then, NPAS2, a circadian rhythm-related transcription factor, was identified as a key regulator. Immunohistochemical assay and survival analysis were performed to investigate the relationship of NPAS2 overexpression with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between NPAS2 and the ferroptosis pathway. Functional experiments were carried out through NPAS2 knockdown and overexpression in gastric cancer cell lines. Cell viability (CCK-8), malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement, BODIPY fluorescence staining, and flow cytometry were employed to confirm the role of NPAS2 in inhibiting ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Results

NPAS2 was significantly highly expressed at both mRNA and protein levels during gastric cancer progression, and its high expression was strongly correlated with poor prognosis. Its high expression was associated with inactivation of ferroptosis pathway, and ferroptosis-suppressive genes such as SLC7A11 and ACSL3 were markedly up-regulated in NPAS2-high gastric cancer tissues. In vitro, NPAS2 overexpression enhanced ferroptosis resistance, whereas NPAS2 knockdown significantly promoted ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Conclusion

Open chromatin in gastric cancer can upregulate the rhythm factor NPAS2, which promotes tumor progression by conferring ferroptosis resistance to gastric cancer cells and serves as a potential therapeutic target.

stomach neoplasms  /  chromatin assembly and disassembly  /  ferroptosis  /  NPAS2 protein,human  /  circadian rhythm
李雅萍, 胡晓, 秦紫芸, 张巧巧, 储召乐, 周智利, 王斌, 邱秋. 染色质可及性重塑上调节律因子NPAS2表达促进胃癌铁死亡抵抗的作用研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (24) : 3022 -3032 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509102
Yaping LI, Xiao HU, Ziyun QIN, Qiaoqiao ZHANG, Zhaole CHU, Zhili ZHOU, Bin WANG, Qiu QIU. Accessible chromatin upregulates circadian rhythm transcription factor NPAS2 to promote Ferroptosis Resistance in Gastric Cancer Cells[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (24) : 3022 -3032 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509102
铁死亡是一种新型的铁依赖性细胞程序性死亡,其特征是铁依赖性脂质过氧化物的积累和氧化损伤积累诱导细胞膜破裂。铁死亡的发生主要依赖三个关键环节:铁代谢紊乱、脂质过氧化及抗氧化系统功能失衡[1]。近年来大量研究表明,铁死亡既是肿瘤抑制的有效途径[2],也是影响肿瘤治疗敏感性的重要机制,通过诱导铁死亡可以抑制肿瘤生长并增强抗肿瘤效果[3-5],因此将铁死亡作为癌症治疗的新靶点正成为肿瘤学研究的前沿方向。此外,肿瘤细胞为了生存,会激活多种抗氧化通路[6-8]、调控铁代谢[9]或脂质代谢通路[10]等以获得“铁死亡抵抗”潜能,进而促进肿瘤发生发展与治疗抵抗,但肿瘤铁死亡抵抗的调控机制尚未完全阐明。
生物钟是生物体进化形成的一种内源性时间调控机制,核心时钟基因(如 CLOCK、BMAL1、PER、CRY等)通过转录-翻译反馈回路,周期性地调控大量下游基因的表达,进而参与多种生物过程[11]。研究表明,昼夜节律紊乱与多种癌症的发生风险显著相关[12]。当时钟基因(如 BMAL1,PER1,PER2)发生突变或表达异常时,可直接调控周期/增殖基因及蛋白表达,参与肝癌、肺癌、胶质母细胞瘤等肿瘤发生。此外,节律紊乱还可诱导髓系来源抑制细胞的扩增并降低CD8⁺ T细胞比例,从而促进肿瘤免疫逃逸和远处转移[13]。PER2突变引发肺癌细胞糖酵解异常增强及代谢重编程 [14]。NPAS2作为重要时钟调控因子,可通过调控HIF-1α信号、糖酵解及DNA损伤应答,在多种恶性肿瘤进展中发挥重要作用[15-18]。然而,NPAS2等节律因子为什么在肿瘤组织表达异常,它们表达异常是否调控肿瘤铁死亡抵抗均尚待研究。
表观遗传重塑是肿瘤发生与进展中的核心生物学过程[19],主要包括DNA甲基化[20]、组蛋白修饰[21-23]、染色质重塑[24]和高阶染色质结构[25]等。开放的染色质区域通常对应功能性DNA调控元件,例如增强子、启动子及转录因子结合位点,通过影响转录因子和转录复合体的结合与活性来决定基因表达谱[26]。大量研究表明,肿瘤发生过程中的广泛染色质可及性重塑可通过改变转录因子的结合亲和力,驱动其下游调控网络重编程,最终促成细胞增殖、侵袭和转移等恶性表型[27,28]。然而,目前尚不清楚染色质可及性重塑是否调控生物钟基因表达,亦不明确是否调控铁死亡等细胞死亡过程。
本研究回顾性分析胃癌染色质可及性测序(assay for Transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing,ATAC-seq)、组织转录组测序(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)及单细胞转录组测序(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)多组学数据,系统筛选发现染色质可及性重塑上调昼夜节律转录因子NPAS2。生物信息学分析和功能实验提示NPAS2与铁死亡通路密切相关:其过表达增强胃癌细胞铁死亡抵抗特性,而NPAS2敲低则促进铁死亡。该研究揭示表观遗传重塑诱导生物节律紊乱,促进肿瘤细胞铁死亡抵抗的关键调控分子,为靶向NPAS2增强胃癌铁死亡敏感性提供干预新靶点。
本研究共纳入38例正常胃黏膜组织及392例胃癌组织,均取自2021年12月至2023年12月于陆军军医大学大坪医院消化内科就诊的患者。胃癌样本纳入标准:①年龄、性别不限;②经内镜、病理检查确诊为胃癌。排除标准:孕妇、凝血功能障碍者。样本由内镜下活检或内镜下胃黏膜剥离术获取后液氮保存。组织病理类型均由两名病理医师确认。本研究经陆军军医大学大坪医院伦理委员会批准[医研伦审(2021)第260号],所有样本采集前均获得患者知情同意。
取组织样本在预冷裂解液中机械匀浆,采用蔗糖梯度离心法提取细胞核,经细胞筛网过滤去除碎片后获得纯净细胞核悬液。取10万个细胞核与Tn5转座酶(Vazyme,TD-501)在37 ℃下孵育30 min,完成基因组DNA片段化与接头连接。纯化后的片段经PCR扩增引入索引序列,再通过磁珠筛选获取目标大小文库,经验证合格后进行测序。
提取组织总RNA并进行质控,检测RNA完整性(RIN≥7)及浓度(RNA≥1 μg)。利用oligo(dT)引物反转录富集poly(A) mRNA,合成cDNA后进行片段化、加接头和PCR扩增。纯化扩增产物并检测文库质量,合格文库进行上机测序。
使用fastp进行原始数据质控,去除低质量碱基和接头序列;使用Bowtie2将高质量测序读段(reads)比对至GRCh38参考基因组,Sambamba用于排序、移除未比对和多重比对、过滤线粒体reads和PCR重复。采用MACS2进行全基因组Peak calling,要求Peak总数≥150 000,DNA片段比例(fraction of reads in peaks,FRiP)>20%,基因转录起始位点(transcription start site,TSS)富集分数>5。利用 chromVAR 计算转录因子结合基序(transcription factor binding motif,TFBM)的染色质可及性偏差,随后通过 differentialDeviations 函数比较不同组别间偏差的差异,以P.adjust<0.05 为阈值筛选有显著差异的motif,用于后续转录因子推断。
使用Fastp去除接头和低质量reads,SortMeRNA识别并去除rRNA reads,Hisat2将高质量reads比对至GRCh38基因组,Samtools过滤低质量和重复reads,RSeQC检测测序饱和度和RNA片段分布。FeatureCounts进行基因定量,DESeq2识别胃癌组织与癌旁正常胃黏膜组织之间的差异表达基因[|log2FC(Fold change)|≥ 0.85,P.adjust<0.05]。
从NCBI数据库获取胃癌单细胞转录组数据(PRJNA762312)[29],包含26例进展期胃癌样本。使用Cell Ranger进行比对和定量,Scanpy完成下游分析。质控标准为:基因数500~25 000,线粒体基因占比<50%。对合格细胞进行标准化、对数化,选取3 000个高变基因进行PCA分析,Harmony校正批次效应,基于前50个主成分构建邻域图,Leiden聚类(分辨率=0.1),UMAP可视化。依据已发表标志基因注释细胞亚群[29-30],上皮细胞(EPCAM,MUC5AC)、成纤维细胞(COL1A1,DCN)、周细胞(RGS5,PDGFRB)、内皮细胞(PECAM1)、T细胞(CD3D,CD3E)、B细胞(CD19,MS4A1)、浆细胞(IGHG1,IGHA1)、髓系细胞(ITGAX,CD14,CD68)以及肥大细胞(TPSAB1,TPSB2)。使用sc.tl.rank_genes_groups进行差异分析。上皮细胞特征基因阈值设为log2FC>3且P.adjust<0.05。
基于NPAS2表达水平分组,使用clusterProfiler软件包(P<0.05时为显著)对差异表达基因进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路富集分析,以探究其参与的生物学通路。采用基因集变异分析(gene set variation analysis,GSVA)方法评估铁死亡通路的整体活性。在 log2[CPM(Counts Per Million)+1] 标准化表达矩阵的基础上,计算各样本在铁死亡相关基因集上的富集得分。进一步,使用Spearman相关分析,评估NPAS2的表达水平与铁死亡通路GSVA评分及铁死亡核心调控分子(如GPX4、SLC7A11、ACSL3等)表达水平之间的相关性,并计算相关系数及显著性P值。
采用免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)检测NPAS2在胃癌及癌旁组织中的表达。石蜡切片经脱蜡、水化、抗原修复及内源酶阻断后,与NPAS2一抗(1∶200,ABclonal,A16930)4 ℃孵育过夜,再与辣根过氧化物酶标记二抗(迈新生物,KIT-5020)室温孵育1 h,DAB显色,苏木素复染核。由两名不知分组信息的病理医师依据染色强度(0~3分)和阳性细胞百分比(0~4分)进行半定量评分(总分0~12分),分歧通过共阅解决。
NPAS2过表达载体pLV3-CMV-NPAS2-CopGFP-Puro购自淼灵质粒平台(P61919);NPAS2敲低载体由针对NPAS2的shRNA序列经合成后克隆至pLKO.1(Addgene,8453)慢病毒载体,并经测序验证正确。使用QuickShuttle-293转染试剂(Biodragon,KX0110044),将上述目的载体分别与包装质粒pSPAX2和pMD2.G共转染至293T细胞中进行慢病毒包装。转染48~72 h后收集病毒上清,经0.45 μm滤膜过滤,感染处于对数生长期的SNU-719和HGC-27人胃癌细胞,并加入聚凝胺(10 μg/mL)增强感染。感染24 h后换液,培养至80%~90%汇合时用嘌呤霉素筛选至对照组细胞死亡,最终获得相应的稳转细胞株。
采用逆转录定量聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)技术检测细胞中NPAS2 mRNA的表达水平。使用RNA提取试剂盒提取细胞总RNA,测定浓度及纯度后,按照逆转录试剂盒说明书将等量RNA反转录为cDNA。以cDNA为模板,使用针对NPAS2的特异性引物(F:5′-TGCCTAGCCCCTCCTGTAAT-3′;R:5′-ACGGTGGCAATGAAGCAAAC-3′)进行qPCR扩增。以GAPDH作为内参基因,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算NPAS2 mRNA的相对表达量。
采用蛋白质印迹法(western blot,WB)技术检测细胞中NPAS2蛋白的表达水平。使用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液在冰上裂解细胞,提取总蛋白,并通过BCA法进行定量检测。等量蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE电泳分离后,湿转法转移至PVDF膜。用5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h后,加入NPAS2一抗(1∶750稀释,ABclonal,A16930)4 ℃孵育过夜。TBST洗膜后,加入相应HRP标记的二抗(1∶10 000稀释,Beyotime,A0208)室温孵育1 h,充分洗涤后进行曝光显影。β-actin作为内参蛋白(1∶20 000稀释,Proteintech,81115-1-RR)。
为评估NPAS2过表达/敲低对铁死亡敏感性的影响,将稳定转染的NPAS2敲低/过表达细胞接种于96孔板,培养过夜后,分别加入不同浓度Erastin(MCE,HY-15763),处理24 h。随后,加入CCK-8试剂(Beyotime,C0042)孵育4 h,使用酶标仪于450 nm波长下测定吸光度。以DMSO组为对照计算相对存活率。
采用硫代巴比妥酸法(Elabscience,E-BC-K028-M)检测细胞中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,以评估脂质过氧化水平。细胞裂解液与硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)工作液在100 ℃水浴中反应40 min,冷却后离心取上清,使用酶标仪于532 nm波长下测定吸光度值。
使用荧光探针BODIPY 581/591 C11(MCE,HY-D1301)检测细胞内脂质过氧化水平。细胞与2 μmol/L的探针37 ℃避光孵育30 min,PBS洗涤,过滤网后,立即经流式细胞仪检测。使用FITC通道检测氧化态荧光信号,FlowJo分析脂质过氧化水平。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0进行统计分析。满足正态分布且方差齐性的两组间比较,采用独立样本t检验;对于不满足正态分布的连续变量,采用Wilcoxon 秩和检验。对于多组间比较,满足正态性和方差齐性的数据,单因素设计采用单因素方差分析,事后两两比较采用Tukey’s HSD检验;多因素设计采用多因素方差分析,事后检验采用Sidak’s检验。组学数据进行多重假设检验时采用 Benjamini-Hochberg 方法进行 错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)校正,报告校正后的q值或P.adjust 值。P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
为筛选染色质可及性重塑调控胃癌进展的关键转录因子,本研究整合了表观多数据分析策略(图1A)。通过ATAC-seq识别在胃癌组织中可及性显著增强的染色质区域及其富集的转录因子结合motif; Bulk RNA-seq筛选在胃癌组织中表达显著上调的基因;scRNA-seq则用于解析肿瘤微环境中的细胞组成。分析结果显示,存在104个可及性显著升高的转录因子motif(包括与肿瘤发生密切相关的REL、MYBL1、JUN和RELA等);基因表达方面,共发现1 878个基因显著上调(如MYC、CDX2、ERBB2等)、3 437个基因显著下调;细胞组成分析表明胃癌组织主要包括上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞等亚群。
将上述三类基因集进行交叉整合,筛选出两个在胃癌进展中可能起关键转录调控作用的转录因子SOX9与NPAS2(图1B)。与SOX9在胃癌中已有较多研究不同,昼夜节律转录因子NPAS2在胃癌中的功能尚不明确。通过对多个独立队列验证分析发现,NPAS2在胃癌组织中的mRNA表达水平显著高于正常胃黏膜组织(图1C)。综上表明,节律转录因子NPAS2在胃癌中结合位点的染色质可及性和基因表达水平均显著上调。
为探究NPAS2在胃癌中的作用及其临床意义,采用免疫组织化学(IHC)检测了NPAS2在正常胃黏膜组织及胃癌组织中的表达。结果显示,NPAS2蛋白主要定位于细胞核;与正常胃黏膜组织相比,其在胃癌组织中的表达水平显著升高(图2A)。由两位不知分组信息的病理医师进行半定量盲法评分,结果显示胃癌组织的NPAS2 IHC评分显著高于正常黏膜组织(P<0.000 1,图2B),从蛋白水平确认了NPAS2在胃癌中的高表达。
为进一步评估NPAS2的临床预后价值,基于Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库中的胃癌转录组数据,根据NPAS2 mRNA表达的最佳截断值将患者分为高表达组和低表达组,并进行生存分析。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,NPAS2高表达组患者的总体生存期显著短于低表达组患者(P<0.001,图2C、D)。
为阐明NPAS2调控胃癌进展的相关机制,本课题组基于本中心Bulk RNA-seq数据,根据NPAS2的表达水平,将表达量最高的10%样本划分为高表达组,将表达量最低的10%样本划分为低表达组,并进行差异表达分析与KEGG通路富集分析(图3A)。结果显示,NPAS2高、低表达组间的差异表达基因显著富集于多个关键生物学通路,包括如NPAS2生物钟功能直接相关的昼夜节律调控(Circadian rhythm)、节律同步(Circadian entrainment)通路(图3B),证实了NPAS2在胃癌中仍保持核心时钟转录调节功能。值得注意的是,差异基因也显著富集于铁死亡(Ferroptosis) 通路,提示NPAS2表达与胃癌细胞铁死亡过程密切相关。此外,多个与脂质代谢密切相关的通路也显示广泛富集,如鞘脂信号通路(Sphingolipid signaling pathway)、甘油磷脂代谢(Glycerophospholipid metabolism)及抗坏血酸代谢(Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism)。已有研究表明,这些代谢过程可共同为铁死亡提供脂质过氧化底物,参与氧化还原平衡调节。
为探究昼夜节律因子NPAS2与铁死亡通路的关系,采用GSVA方法评估铁死亡相关基因集的富集活性,并分析NPAS2表达与通路活性及铁死亡关键基因表达之间的相关性。Spearman相关分析显示(图3C),NPAS2的表达水平与“负调控铁死亡”和“谷胱甘肽代谢”通路的GSVA评分呈显著正相关(R=0.35,P<0.05;R=0.331,P<0.05)。同时,NPAS2也与多个铁死亡关键抑制基因(包括GPX4、SLC7A11、ACSL3等)的表达存在显著正相关关系,如相关性最为显著的ACSL3(R=0.40,P.adjust<0.05)和SLC7A11(R=0.38,P.adjust<0.05,图3D)。
此外,基于本中心Bulk RNA-seq数据,通过Wilcoxon秩和检验比较NPAS2高、低表达组间铁死亡相关基因的表达差异,发现NPAS2高表达组中ACSL3、SLC7A11等铁死亡关键抑制基因的表达水平显著上调(P<0.05)(图3E)。
为探究NPAS2在胃癌细胞铁死亡过程中的作用,分别在SNU-719和HGC-27细胞系中构建了稳定过表达NPAS2的细胞株。RT-qPCR及Western blot检测结果表明,OE-NPAS2细胞中NPAS2的mRNA和蛋白水平均显著上调(图4A、B)。随后,检测了NPAS2过表达对铁死亡敏感性的影响。CCK-8检测结果显示,在Erastin处理下,NPAS2过表达细胞的存活率较对照组显著增高,且差异随药物浓度升高而更加明显(图4C)。同时,MDA水平检测结果显示,OE-NPAS2细胞内丙二醛含量显著低于对照组(图4D),提示NPAS2过表达抑制了脂质过氧化反应。这些结果提示,NPAS2的上调增强了胃癌细胞铁死亡抵抗能力。
为研究内源性NPAS2在胃癌细胞铁死亡抵抗中的作用,本课题组在SNU-719细胞系中构建了稳定敲低NPAS2细胞株(图5A、B)。CCK-8检测结果显示,在Erastin处理下,NPAS2敲低细胞的存活率较对照组显著下降,且差异随药物浓度升高而更加明显(图5C)。在Erastin诱导下,shNPAS2细胞内丙二醛含量显著升高(图5D),提示NPAS2敲低增强了脂质过氧化反应。与此一致,利用BODIPY 581/591 C11荧光探针检测脂质过氧化水平,也显示NPAS2敲低细胞在Erastin处理后绿色荧光强度显著增强,脂质过氧化水平升高(图5E、F)。综上,敲低NPAS2显著增强胃癌细胞对Erastin诱导铁死亡的敏感性。
胃癌是全球常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一,具有发病率高、进展快及预后差等特点。根据国际癌症研究机构(IARC)的统计,2022年全球新发胃癌病例超过90万例,死亡病例接近66万例,分别位列所有肿瘤的第5位[31]。尽管在分子机制研究及靶向和免疫疗法开发方面取得了进展[32],其术后复发率和转移率仍然较高[33,34]。因此,探索新的治疗靶点对于改善胃癌患者预后具有重要意义。
本研究通过整合ATAC-seq、Bulk RNA-seq 及 scRNA-seq 三种组学数据,系统筛选并验证了胃癌开放染色质招募的关键节律转录因子NPAS2。NPAS2在胃癌组织及其来源的上皮细胞中均显著高表达,并在多个胃癌队列中得到一致验证。通过对ATAC-seq数据进行转录因子motif分析,本课题组发现NPAS2的结合motif在胃癌细胞中呈现出显著的染色质可及性升高,提示NPAS2可能作为重要的转录调控因子。免疫组化进一步证实 NPAS2 蛋白在胃癌组织中显著高表达,且其高表达与患者不良预后密切相关。这些结果提示,NPAS2 可能是促进胃癌进展的关键转录因子。
NPAS2 作为核心昼夜节律转录因子家族成员,主要通过调控昼夜节律相关基因维持生物有机体功能平衡[35]。已有研究表明,NPAS2作为昼夜节律核心转录因子,在多种肿瘤中发挥重要的促癌作用。在肝细胞癌和前列腺癌中,NPAS2可激活HIF-1α信号通路,促进糖酵解和缺氧适应,从而增强细胞代谢可塑性与抗氧化能力[15,17]。在肝细胞癌中,NPAS2还可转录激活CDC25A,促进细胞增殖及抑制凋亡[18]。在肺癌中,其高表达与DNA损伤修复增强和化疗耐药密切相关[16]。本研究进一步发现NPAS2 的表达水平与“负调控铁死亡”和“谷胱甘肽代谢”通路的GSVA评分呈显著正相关,并与SLC7A11、ACSL3 等抑制铁死亡的关键基因表达水平呈正相关。功能实验进一步证实,NPAS2 过表达能够增强胃癌细胞对 Erastin 诱导的铁死亡抵抗能力,而其敲低则显著促进铁死亡。结合本研究的多组学数据及表型验证,推测NPAS2可能结合至SLC7A11、ACSL3等铁死亡关键抑制基因的调控区域,增强其转录表达,从而抑制脂质过氧化进程并增强胃癌细胞对铁死亡的抵抗能力,但相关转录调控机制尚待进一步研究。本研究首次揭示NPAS2可通过抑制铁死亡增强胃癌细胞存活。临床数据显示,胃癌NPAS2高表达与患者不良预后显著相关,提示其可能作为预后评估的候选分子标志物。靶向 NPAS2 或其下游通路有望增强胃癌细胞对铁死亡的敏感性,从而为铁死亡诱导剂(如 Erastin 等)治疗提供新的联合治疗策略。然而,本研究仍存在一定局限性:首先,本研究的部分机制推断主要依赖组学分析和体外实验,尚需更多体内实验及临床样本验证;其次,NPAS2 与铁死亡核心分子的直接调控关系仍需通过染色质免疫沉淀(ChIP-seq)等实验加以确认。此外,NPAS2在不同胃癌分子分型及免疫微环境中的调控特征和临床意义仍需深入探讨。未来可结合更大样本量及分型明确的队列进行验证。
综上所述,本研究系统揭示了节律因子 NPAS2 在胃癌中的异常高表达及其与铁死亡过程的紧密联系,发现节律因子NPAS2抑制胃癌铁死亡的新功能,为阐明昼夜节律紊乱在胃癌发生发展中的作用机制提供新视角,也为靶向 NPAS2 以增强铁死亡敏感性、改善胃癌治疗效果提供了新的理论依据和潜在策略。

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2025年第47卷第24期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509102
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
  • 修回日期:2025-11-11
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    1重庆大学医学院,重庆
    2金凤实验室,重庆
    3西南大学医学研究院,重庆
    4西南大学药学院,重庆
    5陆军军医大学大坪医院消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室
    6重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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