Article(id=1322954217538855553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954180431847810, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758902400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-27, revisedDate=1763049600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346464762, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346464762, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346464762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346464762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954180431847810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='23', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3008', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346455915, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346455915, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2953, endPage=2962, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954217979257474, articleId=1322954217538855553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Loss-of-function MAVS mutation causes antiviral immunodeficiency: unveiling a novel mechanism linking viral infection to generalized pustular psoriasis in children, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the role of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) in viral infection-triggered generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) in children.

Methods

This retrospective case-control study enrolled 80 GPP patients aged 0~18 years from Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (from October 2013 to April 2019). Whole-exome sequencing identified rare MAVS variants associated with GPP. Pathogenicity of variants was predicted using Mutation Taster, Disease Association, SIFT, and CADD bioinformatics tools. Sanger sequencing validated variants, followed by construction of wild-type (WT) and mutant MAVS expression plasmids transfected into HEK 293 cells. Protein expression was assessed by Western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays measured IFNB1 and NF-κB transcriptional activity. Genotype distribution of the MAVS c.171dupT/p.H57fs variant was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test.

Results

This study enrolled 80 pediatric GPP patients (aged 0~18 years). Whole-exome sequencing identified five rare MAVS variants, with bioinformatics analyses predicting deleterious effects on protein stability and function. Western blot demonstrated that the c.171dupT mutation in GPP patients significantly reduced full-length MAVS expression (P<0.001); dual-luciferase assays further revealed this variant impaired MAVS-mediated IFNB1 transcriptional activation by 85% (P<0.001), abrogated NF-κB signaling pathway activation (P<0.001), but exhibited no dominant-negative effect on wild-type MAVS function(P>0.05).

Conclusion

The MAVS c.171dupT frameshift variant may contribute to infection-triggered GPP in children, suggesting its potential as a genetic biomarker for GPP susceptibility.

, authors=Yanan SUN1, Jiahong ZHOU1, Yaqin LIU1, Juan YANG1, Shasha MENG1, Hongmei LI2, Weihui ZHOU1, authorsList=Yanan SUN, Jiahong ZHOU, Yaqin LIU, Juan YANG, Shasha MENG, Hongmei LI, Weihui ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weihui ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954221200482959, articleId=1322954217538855553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=MAVS功能丧失性突变导致抗病毒免疫缺陷:揭示病毒感染触发儿童泛发性脓疱性银屑病的新机制, columnId=1322954218075726467, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学·论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究线粒体抗病毒蛋白(mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein,MAVS)在病毒感染诱发儿童泛发性脓疱性银屑病(generalized pustular psoriasis,GPP)中的作用。

方法

本研究是一项病例对照研究,招募了于2013年10月至2019年4月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院皮肤科就诊的0~18岁GPP患儿。采用外显子组测序技术挖掘与GPP相关的MAVS罕见基因变异,并通过Mutation Taster、Disease association、SIFT、CADD 4种生物信息学软件预测变异的有害性。采用Sanger测序验证外显子组测序的结果,构建MAVS野生型和突变型表达质粒,并在人胚胎肾(human embryonic kidney 293,HEK 293)细胞中过表达,采用Western blot测量MAVS蛋白水平的差异。采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验测量MAVS野生型与突变型在激活IFNB1及NF-κB转录活性方面的差异。采用Fisher精确检验统计、整理GPP组与对照组在MAVS基因c.171dupT/p.57His frameshift变异位点的基因型分布。

结果

本研究纳入了80例0~18岁GPP患儿,采用外显子组测序技术共发现5种MAVS基因的罕见变异,生物信息学工具软件预测分析显示突变会损害蛋白质稳定性与功能;Western blot结果表明GPP患儿携带的MAVS罕见变异c.171dupT突变导致全长MAVS蛋白表达量减少(P<0.001);双荧光素酶报告基因实验结果表明,c.171dupT突变导致MAVS诱导IFNB1转录活性的能力显著下降(P<0.001),且激活NF-κB信号通路的能力丧失(P<0.001),但不会干扰野生型MAVS的功能(P>0.05)。

结论

GPP患者携带的MAVS罕见变异c.171dupT可能参与感染触发的儿童GPP,有助于确定MAVS基因变异作为GPP患者潜在的遗传标记的作用。

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周卫辉,E-mail:
ZHOU Weihui,E-mail:
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Cell,1989,57(2):287-294., articleTitle=The involvement of NF-kappa B in beta-interferon gene regulation reveals its role as widely inducible mediator of signal transduction, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954221418586768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954221426975377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, companyId=1322954221418586768, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatric Research Institute,Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954221443752594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, companyId=1322954221418586768, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954221515055763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954221523444372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, companyId=1322954221515055763, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Dermatology,Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954221531832981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, companyId=1322954221515055763, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院皮肤科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954226204287681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=MAVS variants identified in GPP patients, figureFileSmall=WL6aoyReOo4QjlDd4wMkcQ==, figureFileBig=d8sE/VYfMH6t/eJElrY+9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954226275590850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GPP病人携带的MAVS变异情况

A:Location of MAVS variants in genomic domains,green indicating coding exons and yellow indicating non-coding exons; B:Representative Sanger sequencing chromatograms confirming the MAVS variant in a GPP patient

, figureFileSmall=WL6aoyReOo4QjlDd4wMkcQ==, figureFileBig=d8sE/VYfMH6t/eJElrY+9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954226648883907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Comparison of amino acid sequences between wild-type and mutant MAVS proteins, figureFileSmall=Trj1a13muCCzxRWYJpULsw==, figureFileBig=eOUyX04LS4QYXA+NyYE0ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954226992816836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=CN, label=图2, caption=野生型MAVS与突变后的蛋白序列对比

A:Amino acid sequence (residues 40-79) of the wild-type full-length MAVS protein;B:Amino acid sequence of the full-length MAVS protein after the c.171dupT frameshift insertion; C:Amino acid sequence (residues 142-160) of the wild-type mini MAVS protein; D:Amino acid sequence of the mini MAVS protein with the p.Met142Ile missense mutation

, figureFileSmall=Trj1a13muCCzxRWYJpULsw==, figureFileBig=eOUyX04LS4QYXA+NyYE0ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954227110257349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Western blot analysis of mutant protein expression in HEK 293 cells, figureFileSmall=28+5ar3hugiXA0zwgjWhqg==, figureFileBig=cB8IEJh6DBL4LY3naSr64Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954227185754822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Western blot 检测突变蛋白在HEK 293细胞中的表达

a:P<0.001 A:Western blot analysis of mutant protein expression levels; B:Statistical analysis of full-length MAVS protein expression levels; C:Statistical analysis of mini MAVS protein expression levels

, figureFileSmall=28+5ar3hugiXA0zwgjWhqg==, figureFileBig=cB8IEJh6DBL4LY3naSr64Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954227429024455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The c.171dupT variant impairs MAVS-mediated IFNB1 and NF-κB transcriptional activation, figureFileSmall=o7bGoQh6yGveU+JZFfumHg==, figureFileBig=gb1aqKrzKm8FN1nfB//NgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954228959945416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=CN, label=图4, caption=c.171dupT变异削弱MAVS介导的IFNB1与NF-κB转录激活

a:P<0.001 A:Dual-luciferase reporter assay measuring the effect of wild-type and mutant MAVS on IFNB1 promoter activity; B:Dual-luciferase reporter assay evaluating the effect of wild-type and mutant MAVS on NF-κB activation

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Primers of PCR reaction for Sanger sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer NamePrimer sequence(5′→3′)
MAVS_171Forward Primer:AACCGGGACACCCTCTGGCATTCTCTTCAATACCCTTCAG
Reverse Primer:TGAAGGGTATTGAAGAGAATGCCAGAGGGTGTCCCGGTTCCCT
MAVS_426Forward Primer :CCCAAAGTGCTGAGATTACAGG
Reverse Primer:GGCTGCCACAGGGTGAAGA
MAVS_890/902Forward Primer:AAGCCGCTTGCCTGGACCCACAGGGTCAGTTGTATCTACT
Reverse Primer:TAGTAGGCACTTTGGATGGCACCATGCCAGCACGGGTT
MAVS_1582Forward Primer:ATGGGGCCCTGCCATGGCCCAGAGGAGAAT
Reverse Primer:CTAGTGCAGACGCCGCCGGTACAGCACC
), ArticleFig(id=1322954229308072652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

一代测序的PCR反应引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer NamePrimer sequence(5′→3′)
MAVS_171Forward Primer:AACCGGGACACCCTCTGGCATTCTCTTCAATACCCTTCAG
Reverse Primer:TGAAGGGTATTGAAGAGAATGCCAGAGGGTGTCCCGGTTCCCT
MAVS_426Forward Primer :CCCAAAGTGCTGAGATTACAGG
Reverse Primer:GGCTGCCACAGGGTGAAGA
MAVS_890/902Forward Primer:AAGCCGCTTGCCTGGACCCACAGGGTCAGTTGTATCTACT
Reverse Primer:TAGTAGGCACTTTGGATGGCACCATGCCAGCACGGGTT
MAVS_1582Forward Primer:ATGGGGCCCTGCCATGGCCCAGAGGAGAAT
Reverse Primer:CTAGTGCAGACGCCGCCGGTACAGCACC
), ArticleFig(id=1322954229408735949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Prediction of MAVS variants by four bioinformatics softwares

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Nucleotide variationsAmino acid variationsDisease associationSIFTCADDMutation taster
c.171dupTp.57His frameshift----
c.426G>Tp.142Met>IleBenignTolerableTolerableDisease causing
c.890A>Tp.297Lys>IleProbably damagingTolerableDamagingPolymorphism
c.902C>Tp.301Thr>IleProbably damagingTolerableTolerablePolymorphism
c.1582G>Cp.528Val>LeuBenignDamagingTolerablePolymorphism
), ArticleFig(id=1322954229501010638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954217538855553, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MAVS变异的生物信息学预测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Nucleotide variationsAmino acid variationsDisease associationSIFTCADDMutation taster
c.171dupTp.57His frameshift----
c.426G>Tp.142Met>IleBenignTolerableTolerableDisease causing
c.890A>Tp.297Lys>IleProbably damagingTolerableDamagingPolymorphism
c.902C>Tp.301Thr>IleProbably damagingTolerableTolerablePolymorphism
c.1582G>Cp.528Val>LeuBenignDamagingTolerablePolymorphism
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MAVS功能丧失性突变导致抗病毒免疫缺陷:揭示病毒感染触发儿童泛发性脓疱性银屑病的新机制
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孙亚楠 1 , 周家红 1 , 刘雅琴 1 , 杨涓 1 , 孟莎莎 1 , 李红梅 2 , 周卫辉 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学·论著 2025,47(23): 2953-2962
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学·论著 2025 , 47 (23) : 2953 -2962
MAVS功能丧失性突变导致抗病毒免疫缺陷:揭示病毒感染触发儿童泛发性脓疱性银屑病的新机制
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孙亚楠1, 周家红1, 刘雅琴1, 杨涓1, 孟莎莎1, 李红梅2, 周卫辉1
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,重庆
  • 2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院皮肤科,重庆
通讯作者:
周卫辉,E-mail:
ZHOU Weihui,E-mail:
Loss-of-function MAVS mutation causes antiviral immunodeficiency: unveiling a novel mechanism linking viral infection to generalized pustular psoriasis in children
Yanan SUN1, Jiahong ZHOU1, Yaqin LIU1, Juan YANG1, Shasha MENG1, Hongmei LI2, Weihui ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pediatric Research Institute,Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing
  • 2Department of Dermatology,Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509092
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目的

探究线粒体抗病毒蛋白(mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein,MAVS)在病毒感染诱发儿童泛发性脓疱性银屑病(generalized pustular psoriasis,GPP)中的作用。

方法

本研究是一项病例对照研究,招募了于2013年10月至2019年4月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院皮肤科就诊的0~18岁GPP患儿。采用外显子组测序技术挖掘与GPP相关的MAVS罕见基因变异,并通过Mutation Taster、Disease association、SIFT、CADD 4种生物信息学软件预测变异的有害性。采用Sanger测序验证外显子组测序的结果,构建MAVS野生型和突变型表达质粒,并在人胚胎肾(human embryonic kidney 293,HEK 293)细胞中过表达,采用Western blot测量MAVS蛋白水平的差异。采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验测量MAVS野生型与突变型在激活IFNB1及NF-κB转录活性方面的差异。采用Fisher精确检验统计、整理GPP组与对照组在MAVS基因c.171dupT/p.57His frameshift变异位点的基因型分布。

结果

本研究纳入了80例0~18岁GPP患儿,采用外显子组测序技术共发现5种MAVS基因的罕见变异,生物信息学工具软件预测分析显示突变会损害蛋白质稳定性与功能;Western blot结果表明GPP患儿携带的MAVS罕见变异c.171dupT突变导致全长MAVS蛋白表达量减少(P<0.001);双荧光素酶报告基因实验结果表明,c.171dupT突变导致MAVS诱导IFNB1转录活性的能力显著下降(P<0.001),且激活NF-κB信号通路的能力丧失(P<0.001),但不会干扰野生型MAVS的功能(P>0.05)。

结论

GPP患者携带的MAVS罕见变异c.171dupT可能参与感染触发的儿童GPP,有助于确定MAVS基因变异作为GPP患者潜在的遗传标记的作用。

银屑病  /  线粒体抗病毒蛋白  /  感染  /  炎症
Objective

To investigate the role of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) in viral infection-triggered generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) in children.

Methods

This retrospective case-control study enrolled 80 GPP patients aged 0~18 years from Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (from October 2013 to April 2019). Whole-exome sequencing identified rare MAVS variants associated with GPP. Pathogenicity of variants was predicted using Mutation Taster, Disease Association, SIFT, and CADD bioinformatics tools. Sanger sequencing validated variants, followed by construction of wild-type (WT) and mutant MAVS expression plasmids transfected into HEK 293 cells. Protein expression was assessed by Western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays measured IFNB1 and NF-κB transcriptional activity. Genotype distribution of the MAVS c.171dupT/p.H57fs variant was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test.

Results

This study enrolled 80 pediatric GPP patients (aged 0~18 years). Whole-exome sequencing identified five rare MAVS variants, with bioinformatics analyses predicting deleterious effects on protein stability and function. Western blot demonstrated that the c.171dupT mutation in GPP patients significantly reduced full-length MAVS expression (P<0.001); dual-luciferase assays further revealed this variant impaired MAVS-mediated IFNB1 transcriptional activation by 85% (P<0.001), abrogated NF-κB signaling pathway activation (P<0.001), but exhibited no dominant-negative effect on wild-type MAVS function(P>0.05).

Conclusion

The MAVS c.171dupT frameshift variant may contribute to infection-triggered GPP in children, suggesting its potential as a genetic biomarker for GPP susceptibility.

psoriasis  /  mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein  /  infections  /  inflammation
孙亚楠, 周家红, 刘雅琴, 杨涓, 孟莎莎, 李红梅, 周卫辉. MAVS功能丧失性突变导致抗病毒免疫缺陷:揭示病毒感染触发儿童泛发性脓疱性银屑病的新机制. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (23) : 2953 -2962 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509092
Yanan SUN, Jiahong ZHOU, Yaqin LIU, Juan YANG, Shasha MENG, Hongmei LI, Weihui ZHOU. Loss-of-function MAVS mutation causes antiviral immunodeficiency: unveiling a novel mechanism linking viral infection to generalized pustular psoriasis in children[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (23) : 2953 -2962 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509092
泛发性脓疱性银屑病(generalized pustular psoriasis,GPP)是一种罕见的脓疱性银屑病亚型[1],以广泛分布的无菌性脓疱为主要特征,脓疱内有大量中性粒细胞浸润[2]。该病病程长、易复发,常伴有关节炎、感染、心肺衰竭、疲劳乏力等全身症状[3-4],病死率为2%~16%[5]。GPP是一种炎症性疾病,患者体内多种炎症因子(如IL1B、IL36A、IL19、CXCL8、CXCL1和CCL2等)水平显著升高,其表皮细胞因子激活程度约为寻常型银屑病(psoriasis vulgaris,PV)的10倍[6]。此外,银屑病中铁调素上升亦有报道,但在GPP中的表达情况尚不明确[7]。银屑病的总体不同性别人群的患病率相近,但GPP患者中女性比例较高[8]。然而,约30%的GPP患者常伴发PV[9],具有高度异质性和复杂的临床表现[10]。
遗传学研究揭示,约50%的GPP与IL-36RN基因缺陷有关[11-12],其编码的拮抗剂IL-36Ra功能丧失引发IL36信号通路过度活化,因此携带该基因致病性变异的GPP也称IL-36受体拮抗剂缺乏症(deficiency of interleukin 36 receptor antagonist,DITRA)[13]。针对该通路的单克隆抗体Spesolimab已成功应用于GPP治疗,标志着其进入靶向治疗新阶段[14]。除IL-36RN外,CARD14[15-17]、AP1S3[18-19]、SERPINA3[20]、MPO[21-22]等基因陆续被报道与GPP发病有关。然而,仍有较多GPP患者并不携带上述基因突变,提示该病具有复杂的遗传背景。
GPP是遗传背景与环境因素共同作用的结果,环境因素包括感染、药物、日光灼伤、情绪压力、妊娠、疫苗接种、低钙血症和皮质类固醇停用等[23],但是这些诱发因素与GPP具体机制鲜有报道。WANG等[24]报告的66例儿童型GPP中,上呼吸道感染(upper respiratory tract infection,URTI)是最常见的诱发因素,超过一半的患儿(53%)主诉 GPP 开始之前有感染史,然而感染诱导 GPP 发病的机制尚不清楚。URTI多由RNA病毒引起,这类病毒可被RIG-I等RNA传感器识别并通过激活线粒体抗病毒蛋白(mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein,MAVS)聚集[25-26],诱导下游NF-κB、IRF3/7等信号通路,上调I型干扰素及炎症因子的释放[27],在GPP病人中也表现出炎症因子的高表达,然而URTI与GPP遗传背景之间的具体机制未见阐明。
因此,本研究基于儿童GPP患者的外显子组测序结果及相关功能实验探讨MAVS变异是否参与了病毒感染诱发的儿童GPP的发病,旨在探索GPP与外界诱因之间的可能分子机制。
本研究连续招募了于2013年10月至2019年4月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院皮肤科就诊的80例0~18岁银屑病患儿,参考日本GPP诊断指南及欧洲罕见和严重银屑病专家共识[1,28],根据反复发作、典型的临床表现和/或皮肤组织的病理检查做出诊断,并排除伴发或有斑块性银屑病病史的患儿。本研究已获得所有患者监护人的知情同意,同意其样本被收集并用于外显子组测序及后续基因分析。全外显子组测序由艾吉泰康生物科技(北京)有限公司完成。本研究对已经收集的80例GPP患儿样本进行外显子组测序,按照突变在正常亚洲人群中的频率<0.01对测序结果进行筛选,本研究已通过重庆医科大学附属儿童医院伦理审查委员会的审核[(2023)年伦审(研)第(23)号]。
人胚胎肾(human embryonic kidney 293,HEK 293)细胞是一种来源于人类胚胎肾细胞的永生化细胞,购自美国模式培养物保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC)细胞库。c.171dupT/p.57His frameshift突变质粒以野生型MAVS质粒(重庆优宝生物有限公司)为构建模板,通过同源重组法构建,所用引物序列为MAVS_171dupT:(上游引物)AACCGGGACACCCTCTGGCATTCTCTTCAATACCCTTCAG,(下游引物)TGAAGGGTATTGAAGAGAATGCC-AGAGGGTGTCCCGGTTCCCT;MAVS_CDS:(上游引物)TTAAGCTTGCCACCATGCCGTTTGCTGAAGACA-AGACCTA,(下游引物)TAGACTCGAGCGGCCGCCT-AGTGCAGACGCCGCCGGTA,质粒已经测序鉴定。
采用Sanger测序验证全外显子组测序筛选出的变异。使用表1所列引物扩增包含目标位点的DNA片段,并委托擎科生物(北京)有限公司对PCR产物进行测序。因c.890A>T/p.297Lys>Ile和c.902C>T/p.301Thr>Ile两种突变的位点接近,故测序引物相同。所得测序结果与人类基因组参考序列[NC_000020.11:3846834-3876118(+)]进行比对分析。
DMEM、胎牛血清、胰酶购自美国Gibco公司,PBS磷酸盐缓冲剂购自北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限责任公司,同源重组连接酶和Buffer购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司,限制性核酸内切酶购自日本TaKaRa公司,蛋白上样缓冲液、凝胶快速制备试剂盒购自南京雅酶生物医药有限公司,双荧光素酶检测试剂盒购自美国Promega公司。生物发光检测仪购自美国Promega公司,普通温度梯度PCR扩增仪、QPCR仪购自美国Bio-Rad Laboratories,双色红外激光成像系统购自美国LI-COR Biosciences公司,BCA试剂盒购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。
将HEK 293细胞计数后接种于48孔板,共转染NF-κB报告基因质粒(pNL3.2NF-κB-RE)、内参质粒(p4SV40promoter)及野生型或突变型MAVS基因表达质粒。转染24 h后,使用50~80 μL (1×)Passive Lysis Buffer裂解细胞,取5 μL裂解液,依次加入5 μL含底物的荧光素酶检测试剂缓冲液测定荧光值,随后加入含底物的Nano DLR反应停止缓冲液5 μL,测定内参荧光值。所有步骤按固定顺序操作,样本数<20可静置10 min后统一检测。
将HEK 293细胞计数后接种于48孔板,共转染IFNB1报告基因质粒(p4IFNB1-55)、内参质粒(pGL4.75Rluc)及野生型或突变型MAVS基因表达质粒,其余步骤同上。取2 μL裂解液,加入含底物的荧光素酶检测试剂缓冲液10 μL后,检测第一次荧光值,再加入含底物的反应停止缓冲液10 μL混匀后检测第二次荧光值,将第二次与第一次检测结果相比即得IFNB1报告基因结果。上述实验体系已通过验证,与既往研究一致,野生型MAVS能有效激活NF-κB和IFNB1报告基因[29]。
HEK 293细胞以70%~80%汇合度接种于6孔板,分别转染1 μg野生型或突变型MAVS真核表达质粒。转染24 h后,收集细胞,加入含蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液100 μL,超声破碎,冰上裂解30 min,在4 ℃下以14 000×g离心15 min,上清即为细胞总蛋白。采用BCA法检测蛋白浓度,以BSA绘制标准曲线。根据蛋白浓度配制等量蛋白样品,98 ℃加热变性5~10 min。10%雅酶SDS-PAGE分离后转膜,5%脱脂牛奶封闭,4 ℃孵育一抗过夜,PBST洗膜后以荧光二抗显影。
本研究共纳入80例GPP患儿作为病例组。对照组数据来源于基因组聚集数据库(Genome Aggregation Database version 3.1.2,gnomAD v3.1.2),包括1 215名东亚裔健康个体的基因型数据,以确保人群遗传背景的一致性。本研究重点分析了MAVS基因上的c.171dupT/p.57His frameshift变异,与公共数据库中的对照数据进行比对。采用Fisher精确检验统计GPP组与对照组在MAVS基因c.171dupT/p.57His frameshift变异位点的基因型分布(包括杂合子Aa与野生纯合子AA)。
变异的有害性通过Mutation Taster、Disease association、SIFT、CADD 4种生物信息学软件进行预测,Mutation Taster通过整合进化保守性、剪接位点及蛋白功能域等多种证据,直接评估变异的致病性[30]。SIFT基于同源蛋白序列的保守性分析,预测错义变异的功能影响,评分<0.05提示有害[31]。CADD则综合多种基因组注释信息,通过机器学习给出有害性评分,通常以Phred评分>20作为有害性阈值[32]。Disease association软件中疾病关联数据通过查询ClinVar、OMIM等权威数据库,获取变异与疾病的已知临床关联证据[33]。
采用SPSS 27.0软件统计分析,数据以x¯±s表示;多组比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),满足方差齐性时采用Tukey’s HSD事后检验,方差不齐时采用Welch ANOVA和Dunnett’s T3检验;误差线标注为SEM,以P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。每组实验至少进行3次生物学重复。GPP与MAVS基因变异的相关性分析中,鉴于对照组中变异基因型的观察频数为0,为精确评估两组间基因变异频率的差异,选用Fisher确切概率法进行统计学检验。统计显著性水平设定为α=0.05。计算该变异与GPP发病关联的比值比(odds ratio,OR)及其95%CI。
对80例GPP患儿的全外显子组测序数据进行分析后发现,6例患儿携带MAVS基因的5种低频杂合突变(亚洲人群频率<0.01),分别为c.171dupT/p.57His frameshift、c.426G>T/p.142Met>Ile、c.890A>T/p.297Lys>Ile、c.902C>T/p.301Thr>Ile、c.1582G>C/p.528Val>Leu,其中c.902C>T/p.301Thr>Ile变异重复出现在2例患儿中,以上变异均通过Sanger测序验证且位于外显子区(图1)。
突变位点分析提示,c.171dupT/p.57His frameshift突变在171 bp处插入碱基T导致移码,致使全长MAVS蛋白在第79位亮氨酸提前终止翻译,且从第57位组氨酸至第79位亮氨酸间的蛋白序列与野生型存在差异(图2A、B)。鉴于其位于第2个翻译起始位点(424 bp)上游,推测不影响截短MAVS(mini MAVS)的翻译。而c.426G>T/p.142Met>Ile变异位于MAVS基因的第2个翻译起始位点(图2C),将起始密码子atg变为att(图2D),可能因此阻断mini MAVS的翻译启动。
利用生物信息学工具软件预测变异的影响,4种软件均提示上述错义突变会损害蛋白质稳定性与功能(表2)。而c.171dupT为插入突变,预测软件不能得到预测结果。
通过Western blot在HEK 293细胞中验证突变对蛋白表达水平的影响,使用可同时识别全长 MAVS和截短MAVS蛋白的羧基端抗体进行检测。细胞水平结果显示,c.171dupT突变导致全长MAVS蛋白完全缺失,且截短MAVS表达降低(P<0.001);c.426G>T突变后截短MAVS蛋白检测不到条带(P<0.001),但全长 MAVS表达未受影响;其余突变较野生型相比无显著变化(图3)。
为从功能层面对各突变型MAVS进行致病性评估,本研究通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测了上述变异在激活IFNB1转录与诱导NF-κB入核的能力差异。结果显示,野生型MAVS可激活IFNB1和NF-κB的转录活性,而c.171dupT变异完全丧失了激活IFNB1转录的能力,并显著削弱了NF-κB的入核诱导,表明其为功能丧失型突变。与之相反,c.426G>T突变对IFNB1转录激活与NF-κB诱导入核的能力并未受到影响(图4)。
为评估c.171dupT变异是否通过干扰全长 MAVS的聚合过程而影响其功能,进一步的研究表明,c.171dupT变异并未影响全长 MAVS功能聚集体的形成(P>0.05,图5),提示其功能丧失与聚集过程无关。
通过生物信息学分析预测和功能实验,本研究鉴定的c.171dupT变异为MAVS功能丧失型变异。该突变完全丧失诱导激活IFNB1转录活性的能力,提示其无法启动抗病毒的免疫反应。在GPP与MAVS基因变异的相关性分析中,基因型分析结果显示,GPP组中杂合子(Aa)变异携带者为1例(突变频率1.25%),而对照组中未发现该变异(突变频率0);野生型(AA)在病例组为79例,对照组为1 215例。c.171dupT突变在GPP人群中发生频率呈升高趋势,但未达统计学显著性(P=0.062)。
本研究在GPP患儿中发现MAVS基因存在罕见的插入移码突变(c.171dupT),MAVS作为定位于线粒体外膜的关键抗病毒蛋白,在激活后可聚合形成功能性聚集体,进而启动下游NF-κB与IRF3/7信号通路,诱导干扰素产生以发挥抗病毒作用。
蛋白质多样性是免疫信号通路的关键调控方式之一,如MyD88和TRAM可以通过选择性剪接产生多功能亚型[34-35]。此外,蛋白质多样性还可以通过多顺反子结构实现,即在同一个mRNA中通过不同的翻译起始位点启动翻译,从而生成不同的蛋白质[36-38]。MAVS为多顺反子机制在真核生物中的代表,其mRNA内含6个翻译起始位点,每个位点均可起始翻译一段多肽。其中,从第一位点起始翻译的全长MAVS(Full-length MAVS)包含CARD、PRR和TM 3个结构域,其中TM区负责将其定位于线粒体。病毒感染时,单个全长 MAVS通过其CARD结构域迅速形成多分子的功能性聚集体,从而激活下游信号通路,诱导抗病毒因子的表达。信号传导完成后,该聚集体主动解离并通过线粒体介导的机制降解[39],防止免疫过度激活,实现免疫反应的精准调控。
由第二位点起始翻译的mini MAVS蛋白虽缺失CARD域无法抗病毒,但在生理状态下可与全长 MAVS蛋白结合,而当其缺乏时,全长 MAVS蛋白易发生自发聚集并被Nix介导的线粒体自噬降解[40];激活后二者发生解离,全长 MAVS蛋白得以激活下游IRF3/7和NF-κB等信号通路,诱导表达IFNB1对抗病毒感染。同时,二者均可诱导感染细胞凋亡[41],以阻止病毒复制及传播。而其余起始位点翻译的多肽则可能主要参与稳定全长 MAVS。全长 MAVS是激活IFNB1转录的主要功能形式[42],c.426G>T突变不影响IFNB1转录活性,因其对主要功能蛋白全长MAVS的表达无影响。
MAVS蛋白除通过激活IFNB1基因的转录活性发挥抗病毒作用外,还可诱导NF-κB入核,激活下游细胞因子的转录。除干扰素通路外,MAVS还可介导细胞凋亡反应,抑制病毒的复制与扩散,是抗病毒的重要反应之一[43-44]。本研究发现,c.426G>T突变并未影响到MAVS激活IFNB1转录活性的功能,但由于该突变位于第二个翻译起始位点,导致mini MAVS蛋白的表达缺失,考虑其可能干扰MAVS诱导的凋亡过程。已有研究表明,mini MAVS不仅可诱导细胞凋亡,还能稳定全长 MAVS的构象[40]。c.426G>T突变导致mini MAVS缺失,推测可能干扰MAVS介导的凋亡过程,但该假设尚未通过凋亡相关功能实验验证,需后续研究进一步证实。
MAVS激活NF-κB信号通路诱导下游促炎和抗炎细胞因子表达也是其参与抗病毒和免疫调节的另一重要机制。本研究显示,野生型MAVS显著诱导NF-κB入核,而c.171dupT变异完全丧失该功能。NF-κB作为一经典促炎通路的核心转录因子,可调控多种细胞因子的转录表达。但是,发现IFNB1的启动子区域也有NF-κB的结合元件,且文献亦有报道NF-κB的激活可以上调IFNB1的表达[45]。因此,NF-κB在不同细胞类型中的功能可能具有一定的特异性,其调控作用在不同生理或病理状态下可能存在差异,值得进一步深入探讨。
综合功能实验结果与突变筛查数据,c.171dupT变异仅在GPP患者中检出,而正常人群中暂未发现,结合其在蛋白表达及功能方面的缺失,提示该突变与GPP的发病风险相关。本研究推测:①携带该突变的GPP患儿在病毒感染后无法产生足量的IFNB1以抵御病毒入侵,病毒在体内迅速扩增并播散,当病毒随血液来到皮肤组织时,对于合并有其他的参与GPP发病的基因变异的患儿,就可诱发GPP的发作;②皮肤(包括黏膜)作为重要的免疫屏障,在病毒感染过程中应起到阻断和清除病原体的作用,但由于患儿存在MAVS的变异,其皮肤作为免疫器官却无法正常抵抗病毒入侵,最终发生GPP的皮损和炎症反应。本研究采用HEK 293细胞完成初步功能验证,其结果在皮肤靶细胞中的适用性需后续实验确认。
本研究将MAVS基因新增为GPP的潜在致病基因,丰富了GPP的遗传学图谱。对于未携带IL36RN等已知基因突变的患者,进行MAVS基因筛查有助于实现更全面的遗传诊断。这标志着GPP的诊疗正向精准医疗迈进,即根据患者不同的遗传背景,评估其特定的发病风险(如对病毒感染的敏感性),从而实现个体化的预防和管理。
本研究仍存在局限性:①当前的功能验证主要基于体外细胞实验,尚未在动物模型中进行验证;②关于突变对MAVS诱导凋亡功能的影响未做深入研究;③尚未系统探讨IFNB1下游信号及其诱导因子的表达变化。④本研究未收集患者具体病毒感染史信息,MAVS突变与病毒感染诱发GPP的临床关联性需结合流行病学调查进一步验证。⑤c.171dupT突变在GPP患者中仅检出1例,样本量较小可能导致统计效力不足,其与GPP的关联性需扩大样本量进一步验证。
综上所述,本研究证实在GPP患儿中发现的MAVS c.426G>T突变未削弱MAVS介导的IFNB1转录活性,而 c.171dupT变异显著降低IFNB1介导的抗病毒能力,c.171dupT变异可能与GPP的发生相关,这为感染诱发GPP提供了遗传学理论依据。

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2025年第47卷第23期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509092
  • 接收时间:2025-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-27
  • 修回日期:2025-11-14
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    1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院儿科研究所,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,重庆
    2重庆医科大学附属儿童医院皮肤科,重庆

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