Article(id=1320441032773325003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509052, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=1769097600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792747274820, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792747274820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792747274820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792747274820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320440935603880850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='523', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792747251654, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749737175, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451360810713529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320440935603880850, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=634, endPage=642, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320441032924319948, articleId=1320441032773325003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=U-shaped developmental trajectory of depression in middle-aged and older adults: childhood trauma enhancing the initial risk and cognitive function alleviating the process, columnId=1320435226828980311, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Medical Psychology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the dynamic developmental trajectory of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China, and to analyze the influences of childhood trauma and cognitive function on the trajectory.

Methods

Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2020, a prospective cohort study was conducted on 7 916 middle-aged and older adults across 5 waves of surveys (T1=2011, T2=2013, T3=2015, T4=2018, T5=2020). Childhood trauma questionnaire, cognitive function questionnaire, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were used to measure the experience of childhood trauma, cognitive function level, and depression level respectively. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to explore the correlations among variables. A latent growth curve model was constructed, and the fit of the model was evaluated based on indicators such as comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The nonlinear characteristics of the developmental trajectory of depression were depicted through intercept (I), slope (S), and quadratic slope (Q) parameters. The regression coefficient (β) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the Bootstrap method to explore the influencing factors of the developmental trajectory of depression in middle-aged and older adults.

Results

① Childhood trauma was significantly positively correlated with cognitive function at each time point (r=0.044 to 0.077, P<0.001), and with depression at each time point (r=0.057 to 0.095, P<0.001). Cognitive function was significantly negatively correlated with depression at each time point (r=-0.257 to -0.133, P<0.001). ② Quadratic growth model demonstrated good fit (CFI=0.997, TFI=0.995, SRMR=0.017, RMSEA=0.029). Depressive symptoms exhibited a quadratic growth trend of “decreasing first, then increasing” over time (I=8.067, S=-0.158, Q=0.033, P<0.001). ③ After incorporating the variable of childhood trauma, childhood trauma significantly positively predicted the initial level of depression (β=0.294, 95%CI: 0.208 to 0.381, P<0.001), but had no significant predictive effect on the linear slope or quadratic slope. ④After further incorporating the cognitive function variable, the cognitive function at each of the 5 time points could significantly negatively predict the depression at the same time period (TI: β=-0.194, 95%CI: -0.233 to -0.155; T2: β=-0.135, 95%CI: -0.161 to -0.109; T3: β=-0.131, 95%CI:-0.161 to -0.100; T4: β=-0.134, 95%CI: -0.163 to -0.106; T5: β=-0.177, 95%CI:-0.220 to -0.134; all P<0.001).

Conclusion

The development trajectory of depression among middle-aged and older adults displays a nonlinear trend of quadratic growth. Childhood trauma is a risk factor for the initial level of depression in them, while cognitive function serves as a protective factor for the developmental trajectory of depression.

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目的

探究我国中老年人抑郁情绪的动态发展轨迹,并分析童年创伤与认知功能对抑郁情绪发展轨迹的影响。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查项目2011—2020年数据。采用前瞻性队列研究,对7 916名中老年人进行5次调查(T1=2011年,T2=2013年,T3=2015年,T4=2018年,T5=2020年)。使用童年创伤问卷、认知功能问卷及流调中心抑郁简易量表分别测量童年创伤经历、认知功能水平及抑郁情绪水平。采用Pearson相关分析探讨各变量间的关联性。构建潜增长曲线模型,根据比较拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)、塔克-刘易斯指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)、标准化均方根残差(standardized root mean square residual,SRMR)、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)等指标评价模型的拟合度,并通过截距(intercept, I)、线性斜率(slope, S)与二次斜率(quadratic slope, Q)参数刻画抑郁发展轨迹的非线性特征。采用Bootstrap法估计回归系数(β)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI),以探究中老年人抑郁发展轨迹的影响因素。

结果

①童年创伤与各时间点的认知功能呈显著正相关(r=0.044~0.077,P<0.001),与各时间点的抑郁情绪亦呈显著正相关(r=0.057~0.095,P<0.001)。各时间点的认知功能与抑郁情绪呈显著负相关(r=-0.257~-0.133,P<0.001)。②二次增长模型拟合良好(CFI=0.997,TFI=0.995,SRMR=0.017,RMSEA=0.029),中老年人抑郁情绪随时间呈现“先降后升”的二次增长趋势(I=8.067,S=-0.158,Q=0.033,P<0.001)。③纳入童年创伤变量后,发现童年创伤对抑郁初始水平具有显著正向预测作用(β=0.294,95%CI:0.208~0.381,P<0.001),但对线性斜率和曲线斜率的预测作用无统计学意义。④进一步纳入认知功能变量后,发现5个时间点的认知功能均能显著负向预测同期的抑郁情绪(T1:β=-0.194,95%CI:-0.233~-0.155,P<0.001;T2:β=-0.135,95%CI:-0.161~-0.109,P<0.001;T3:β=-0.131,95%CI:-0.161~-0.100,P<0.001;T4:β=-0.134,95%CI:-0.163~-0.106,P<0.001;T5:β=-0.177,95%CI:-0.220~-0.134,P<0.001)。

结论

中老年人抑郁情绪发展轨迹呈现二次增长的非线性趋势。童年创伤是影响中老年人抑郁情绪初始水平的风险因素,认知功能是影响中老年人抑郁情绪发展轨迹的保护因素。

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高 斌,E-mail:
GAO Bin, E-mail:
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T1 to T5: The years of 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2020, respectively

, figureFileSmall=F8GROmutKoUVcCbbptl56w==, figureFileBig=mSQ+LyfErvfLaCL6OchqLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441037533860086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The quadratic growth model of depression among middle-aged and older adults, figureFileSmall=m9fe240Tmbsa1O7OyqDgGg==, figureFileBig=le03JPBaRgLuwFpAa+17WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441037613551863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中老年人抑郁情绪的二次增长模型图

T1 to T5: The years of 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2020, respectively; DP: Depression. a: P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=m9fe240Tmbsa1O7OyqDgGg==, figureFileBig=le03JPBaRgLuwFpAa+17WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441037680660728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Impact of childhood trauma on the developmental trajectory of depression, figureFileSmall=awKMSbNo3ZDOJjkFIQGEWg==, figureFileBig=zqwr0VXvSDb0MM5w9tgHmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441037747769593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=CN, label=图3, caption=童年创伤对抑郁发展轨迹的影响

T1 to T5: The years of 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2020, respectively; CT: Childhood trauma; DP: Depression. a: P<0.001, b: P<0.01

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T1 to T5: The years of 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018 and 2020, respectively; CT: Childhood trauma; CF: Cognitive function; DP: Depression. a: P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=Wk7bUe0+IKnPmKeD8KH1Dw==, figureFileBig=vxqtZ+N03V7W9Mba5nJwCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320441037932318972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic information of the participants (n=7 916)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablenProportion (%)
Gender
Male3 65146.12
Female4 26553.88
Age
45~492 05425.95
50~593 20840.53
60~692 16727.37
≥704876.15
Regions
Eastern regions2 47631.28
Central regions2 34029.56
Western regions2 56832.44
Northeastern regions5326.72
Residence registration
Urban household1 41117.82
Rural household6 50582.18
Place of residence
City1 45018.32
Urban-rural fringe82010.36
Rural area5 64671.32
Educational attainment
No education received1 83723.21
Junior high school and below5 12264.70
High school and above95712.09
Marital status
Married6 89687.11
Unmarried1 02012.89
), ArticleFig(id=1320441038016205053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

被试者的人口学信息(n=7 916)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablenProportion (%)
Gender
Male3 65146.12
Female4 26553.88
Age
45~492 05425.95
50~593 20840.53
60~692 16727.37
≥704876.15
Regions
Eastern regions2 47631.28
Central regions2 34029.56
Western regions2 56832.44
Northeastern regions5326.72
Residence registration
Urban household1 41117.82
Rural household6 50582.18
Place of residence
City1 45018.32
Urban-rural fringe82010.36
Rural area5 64671.32
Educational attainment
No education received1 83723.21
Junior high school and below5 12264.70
High school and above95712.09
Marital status
Married6 89687.11
Unmarried1 02012.89
), ArticleFig(id=1320441038125256958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix of childhood trauma, cognitive function and depression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
x¯±sCTT1 CFT2 CFT3 CFT4 CFT5 CFT1 DPT2 DPT3 DPT4 DPT5 DP
CT1.93±1.571——————————
T1 CF15.36±4.470.077a1—————————
T2 CF15.53±4.470.044a0.515a1————————
T3 CF14.96±4.630.067a0.528a0.568a1———————
T4 CF15.61±5.170.067a0.479a0.507a0.569a1——————
T5 CF17.96±3.420.063a0.384a0.438a0.495a0.506a1—————
T1 DP8.12±6.150.057a-0.257a-0.230a-0.203a-0.190a-0.155a1————
T2 DP7.82±5.710.095a-0.183a-0.227a-0.193a-0.181a-0.133a0.499a1———
T3 DP7.95±6.320.075a-0.195a-0.222a-0.254a-0.198a-0.152a0.484a0.545a1——
T4 DP8.71±6.530.074a-0.186a-0.196a-0.204a-0.224a-0.152a0.435a0.487a0.532a1—
T5 DP9.28±6.570.072a-0.215a-0.235a-0.246a-0.230a-0.211a0.444a0.483a0.522a0.551a1
), ArticleFig(id=1320441038213337343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

童年创伤、认知功能与抑郁情绪的描述性统计与相关系数矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
x¯±sCTT1 CFT2 CFT3 CFT4 CFT5 CFT1 DPT2 DPT3 DPT4 DPT5 DP
CT1.93±1.571——————————
T1 CF15.36±4.470.077a1—————————
T2 CF15.53±4.470.044a0.515a1————————
T3 CF14.96±4.630.067a0.528a0.568a1———————
T4 CF15.61±5.170.067a0.479a0.507a0.569a1——————
T5 CF17.96±3.420.063a0.384a0.438a0.495a0.506a1—————
T1 DP8.12±6.150.057a-0.257a-0.230a-0.203a-0.190a-0.155a1————
T2 DP7.82±5.710.095a-0.183a-0.227a-0.193a-0.181a-0.133a0.499a1———
T3 DP7.95±6.320.075a-0.195a-0.222a-0.254a-0.198a-0.152a0.484a0.545a1——
T4 DP8.71±6.530.074a-0.186a-0.196a-0.204a-0.224a-0.152a0.435a0.487a0.532a1—
T5 DP9.28±6.570.072a-0.215a-0.235a-0.246a-0.230a-0.211a0.444a0.483a0.522a0.551a1
), ArticleFig(id=1320441038293029120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting indicators of the latent growth curve model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelAICBICaBICCFITLISRMRRMSEA(95%CI)
Linear growth model244 173.019244 242.785244 211.0070.9840.9840.0320.052(0.047~0.058)
Quadratic growth model243 998.989244 096.662244 052.1730.9970.9950.0170.029(0.021~0.037)
Piecewise growth model244 005.648244 103.321244 058.8320.9970.9940.0150.031(0.024~0.039)
), ArticleFig(id=1320441038360137985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320441032773325003, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

潜增长曲线模型的拟合指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ModelAICBICaBICCFITLISRMRRMSEA(95%CI)
Linear growth model244 173.019244 242.785244 211.0070.9840.9840.0320.052(0.047~0.058)
Quadratic growth model243 998.989244 096.662244 052.1730.9970.9950.0170.029(0.021~0.037)
Piecewise growth model244 005.648244 103.321244 058.8320.9970.9940.0150.031(0.024~0.039)
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中老年人抑郁的U型发展轨迹:童年创伤增加初始风险而认知功能缓解进程的纵向证据
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陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·医学心理研究 2026,48(5): 634-642
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·医学心理研究 2026 , 48 (5) : 634 -642
中老年人抑郁的U型发展轨迹:童年创伤增加初始风险而认知功能缓解进程的纵向证据
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骆贵1, 2, 高斌3
作者信息
  • 1华中师范大学:大学生心理健康教育中心,湖北 武汉
  • 2华中师范大学:心理学院,湖北 武汉
  • 3湖北民族大学教师教育学院,湖北 恩施
通讯作者:
高 斌,E-mail:
GAO Bin, E-mail:
U-shaped developmental trajectory of depression in middle-aged and older adults: childhood trauma enhancing the initial risk and cognitive function alleviating the process
Gui LUO1, 2, Bin GAO3
Affiliations
  • 1Mental Health Center, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
  • 2School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
  • 3School of Teacher Education, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509052
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目的

探究我国中老年人抑郁情绪的动态发展轨迹,并分析童年创伤与认知功能对抑郁情绪发展轨迹的影响。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查项目2011—2020年数据。采用前瞻性队列研究,对7 916名中老年人进行5次调查(T1=2011年,T2=2013年,T3=2015年,T4=2018年,T5=2020年)。使用童年创伤问卷、认知功能问卷及流调中心抑郁简易量表分别测量童年创伤经历、认知功能水平及抑郁情绪水平。采用Pearson相关分析探讨各变量间的关联性。构建潜增长曲线模型,根据比较拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)、塔克-刘易斯指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)、标准化均方根残差(standardized root mean square residual,SRMR)、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)等指标评价模型的拟合度,并通过截距(intercept, I)、线性斜率(slope, S)与二次斜率(quadratic slope, Q)参数刻画抑郁发展轨迹的非线性特征。采用Bootstrap法估计回归系数(β)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI),以探究中老年人抑郁发展轨迹的影响因素。

结果

①童年创伤与各时间点的认知功能呈显著正相关(r=0.044~0.077,P<0.001),与各时间点的抑郁情绪亦呈显著正相关(r=0.057~0.095,P<0.001)。各时间点的认知功能与抑郁情绪呈显著负相关(r=-0.257~-0.133,P<0.001)。②二次增长模型拟合良好(CFI=0.997,TFI=0.995,SRMR=0.017,RMSEA=0.029),中老年人抑郁情绪随时间呈现“先降后升”的二次增长趋势(I=8.067,S=-0.158,Q=0.033,P<0.001)。③纳入童年创伤变量后,发现童年创伤对抑郁初始水平具有显著正向预测作用(β=0.294,95%CI:0.208~0.381,P<0.001),但对线性斜率和曲线斜率的预测作用无统计学意义。④进一步纳入认知功能变量后,发现5个时间点的认知功能均能显著负向预测同期的抑郁情绪(T1:β=-0.194,95%CI:-0.233~-0.155,P<0.001;T2:β=-0.135,95%CI:-0.161~-0.109,P<0.001;T3:β=-0.131,95%CI:-0.161~-0.100,P<0.001;T4:β=-0.134,95%CI:-0.163~-0.106,P<0.001;T5:β=-0.177,95%CI:-0.220~-0.134,P<0.001)。

结论

中老年人抑郁情绪发展轨迹呈现二次增长的非线性趋势。童年创伤是影响中老年人抑郁情绪初始水平的风险因素,认知功能是影响中老年人抑郁情绪发展轨迹的保护因素。

中老年人  /  抑郁  /  童年创伤  /  认知功能  /  潜增长曲线模型
Objective

To explore the dynamic developmental trajectory of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China, and to analyze the influences of childhood trauma and cognitive function on the trajectory.

Methods

Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2020, a prospective cohort study was conducted on 7 916 middle-aged and older adults across 5 waves of surveys (T1=2011, T2=2013, T3=2015, T4=2018, T5=2020). Childhood trauma questionnaire, cognitive function questionnaire, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were used to measure the experience of childhood trauma, cognitive function level, and depression level respectively. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to explore the correlations among variables. A latent growth curve model was constructed, and the fit of the model was evaluated based on indicators such as comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The nonlinear characteristics of the developmental trajectory of depression were depicted through intercept (I), slope (S), and quadratic slope (Q) parameters. The regression coefficient (β) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the Bootstrap method to explore the influencing factors of the developmental trajectory of depression in middle-aged and older adults.

Results

① Childhood trauma was significantly positively correlated with cognitive function at each time point (r=0.044 to 0.077, P<0.001), and with depression at each time point (r=0.057 to 0.095, P<0.001). Cognitive function was significantly negatively correlated with depression at each time point (r=-0.257 to -0.133, P<0.001). ② Quadratic growth model demonstrated good fit (CFI=0.997, TFI=0.995, SRMR=0.017, RMSEA=0.029). Depressive symptoms exhibited a quadratic growth trend of “decreasing first, then increasing” over time (I=8.067, S=-0.158, Q=0.033, P<0.001). ③ After incorporating the variable of childhood trauma, childhood trauma significantly positively predicted the initial level of depression (β=0.294, 95%CI: 0.208 to 0.381, P<0.001), but had no significant predictive effect on the linear slope or quadratic slope. ④After further incorporating the cognitive function variable, the cognitive function at each of the 5 time points could significantly negatively predict the depression at the same time period (TI: β=-0.194, 95%CI: -0.233 to -0.155; T2: β=-0.135, 95%CI: -0.161 to -0.109; T3: β=-0.131, 95%CI:-0.161 to -0.100; T4: β=-0.134, 95%CI: -0.163 to -0.106; T5: β=-0.177, 95%CI:-0.220 to -0.134; all P<0.001).

Conclusion

The development trajectory of depression among middle-aged and older adults displays a nonlinear trend of quadratic growth. Childhood trauma is a risk factor for the initial level of depression in them, while cognitive function serves as a protective factor for the developmental trajectory of depression.

middle-aged and older adults  /  depression  /  childhood trauma  /  cognitive function  /  latent growth curve model
骆贵, 高斌. 中老年人抑郁的U型发展轨迹:童年创伤增加初始风险而认知功能缓解进程的纵向证据. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (5) : 634 -642 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509052
Gui LUO, Bin GAO. U-shaped developmental trajectory of depression in middle-aged and older adults: childhood trauma enhancing the initial risk and cognitive function alleviating the process[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (5) : 634 -642 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509052
随着我国人口老龄化进程持续加快,中老年人群体的心理健康问题日益凸显,其中抑郁情绪尤为普遍[1]。元分析数据表明,全球老年人群中抑郁症的患病率为28.4%[2],中国老年人群中抑郁症的检出率亦高达25.55%[3]。抑郁不仅会损害中老年人的身体健康,还可能导致生活质量下降、社交隔离、自杀风险等一系列不良后果[4-6]。目前,学术界对中老年人抑郁情绪的探讨多集中于横断面研究[7-9],尚缺乏针对中老年人抑郁情绪发展轨迹的全国性队列研究。在此背景下,潜增长曲线模型(latent growth curve model,LGCM)为刻画个体心理特质随时间变化的发展规律提供了方法学工具。该模型不仅能够描述群体层面的整体发展趋势,还能揭示个体间的差异及其影响因素[10]。因此,本研究创新性地采用LGCM对我国中老年人抑郁情绪的发展轨迹进行建模,以深入探讨抑郁的动态变化规律。
现有研究表明,中老年人抑郁情绪受多种因素的影响[11-12]。其中,童年创伤经历与认知功能障碍作为关键变量,近年来受到广泛关注。童年创伤作为远端风险因素,其负面影响具有跨时间性。依据生命历程理论,早期创伤经历会对个体的脑结构发育、心理适应功能及情绪调节能力造成持久性损害,进而构成个体抑郁易感的脆弱性基础,显著增加成年后罹患抑郁症的风险[13-14]。认知功能障碍作为近端风险因素,可能会直接影响中老年阶段的情绪调节过程。已有研究证实,认知功能障碍与老年抑郁密切相关,认知功能水平较低的老年人其抑郁症状显著高于认知功能正常者[15]。基于上述证据,本研究旨在探讨童年创伤和认知功能如何共同影响中老年人抑郁情绪的发展轨迹。
本研究拟采用LGCM对中老年人抑郁情绪进行队列研究,以探究抑郁情绪的变化轨迹,并检验童年创伤与认知功能对抑郁发展轨迹的预测作用,从而为中老年人抑郁情绪的评估与干预提供科学依据。
本研究数据源自中国健康与养老追踪调查项目(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)[16]。该项目从2011年开展全国基线调查,随后于2013、2015、2018和2020年在全国150个地区、450个村庄和社区开展随访调查,采用实地走访等方式调查45岁以上中老年人群的人口学信息、社会经济和身心健康状况。作为国内最具有代表性、权威性和时效性的中老年人调查数据库之一,CHARLS为中老年人心理健康领域研究提供了丰富的数据资源,因此能够满足本研究的需要[17]。该项目已完成5轮全国性调查,最新的第5轮(2020年)调查结果于2023年11月正式公开发布。CHARLS项目的各轮调查已获北京大学生物医学伦理委员会审批(IRB00001052-11015)。
考虑到研究对象在调查过程中可能出现迁徙、死亡等情况,为避免缺失值对数据造成影响,剔除存在缺失信息的研究对象后,最终选取2011—2020年5次测评均有完整作答的中老年人,共计7 916人。本研究已获华中师范大学生命科学伦理审查委员会批准(CCNU-IRB-202501021b)。
本研究纳入童年创伤作为时间不变变量。选用CHARLS项目基线时期(2011年)的童年创伤问卷进行测量,该工具是专门为适应全国性大规模调查而设计的简化版本。问卷包括躯体虐待、情感忽视和同伴欺凌3个部分,共8个条目。躯体虐待包含受父亲虐待、受母亲虐待以及受兄弟姐妹虐待;情感忽视包含父亲管教严厉、母亲管教严厉以及父母经常争吵;同伴欺凌包含邻居同辈欺凌和在校同学欺凌。以上每个条目有4个选项,依次为“经常”“有时”“很少”和“从不”。参照前人研究,将“经常”和“有时”选项赋值1分,将“很少”和“从不”赋值0分[18]。8个条目累加计分,总得分越高代表童年创伤越严重。
本研究纳入认知功能作为时间变化变量。选取CHARLS项目中2011—2020年(T1=2011年,T2=2013年,T3=2015年,T4=2018年,T5=2020年)五轮认知功能的测评数据。该问卷设计参考了简易精神状态检查量表,被广泛应用于老年人认知功能的测量,具有良好的信效度[19]。认知功能问卷包括时间定向力、绘图能力、计算能力及情景记忆4个部分,共计30个题目[20]。其中,时间定向力通过要求受访者报告当前日期(包括年、月、日和星期)进行评估,每项正确回答计1分,最高计4分。绘图能力评估要求受访者根据访员展示的图像,画出2颗相互重叠的五角星,绘图符合结构特征者得1分,最高计1分。计算能力采用“连续减7”任务进行测量,每答对1次得1分,最高计5分。情景记忆通过10个即时回忆词组和10个延迟回忆词组进行评估,每正确回忆1个词语计1分,最高计20分。认知功能问卷总分为0~30分,得分越高表明认知功能水平越好。
采用流调中心抑郁简易量表(Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale,CES-D10)测评中老年人的抑郁情绪[21]。该量表共有10个项目,包含“我的情绪低落”“我感觉孤独”等条目。各条目采用4级计分,4个选项分别赋值0~3分,量表总评分范围为0~30分。通常将量表总得分≥10分,评定为有抑郁症状。已有基于CHARLS的研究也常使用CES-D10量表来评估中老年人的抑郁情绪,该量表对我国中老年人具有良好的适用性[22-23]。
将中老年人的个体因素和社会地位因素作为控制变量,包括年龄、性别、省市地区、居住地、户口、受教育程度和婚姻状况。
采用SPSS 22.0和Mplus 7.0进行统计分析。定性资料采用例(%)表示,符合正态分布的计量资料使用x¯±s表示。①对各变量进行Pearson相关分析,以探究童年创伤和认知功能与抑郁之间的关联性(P<0.05表示相关系数具有统计学意义)。②构建LGCM,依据模型拟合指标评估中老年人抑郁发展轨迹的形态。模型拟合指标主要包括赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)、调整后贝叶斯信息准则(adjusted Bayesian information criterion,aBIC)、比较拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)、塔克-刘易斯指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)、标准化均方根残差(standardized root mean square residual,SRMR)、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)。其中,AIC、BIC与aBIC数值越低,表示模型拟合效果越好;CFI和TLI数值越接近1,表示模型拟合越优(>0.9为可接受水平);SRMR和RMSEA越小,拟合越佳(<0.08为可接受阈值)。在模型设定中,5个时间点的截距(intercept, I)因子载荷均固定为1,线性斜率(slope,S)因子载荷设定为0、2、4、7、9。③探究中老年人抑郁情绪发展轨迹的影响因素。控制协变量后,将童年创伤作为时间不变变量纳入模型,进一步将认知功能作为时间变化变量纳入模型,考察二者对抑郁情绪发展轨迹的影响。采用Bootstrap法(重复抽样5 000次)估计回归系数(β)及其95%置信区间(confidence Interval,CI),若置信区间不包含0,则表示回归系数具有统计学意义。
本研究共纳入7 916名被试者,基线时期平均年龄为(56.20±8.13)岁。其余数据见表1。
相关分析结果表明,童年创伤与各时间点的认知功能呈显著正相关(r=0.044~0.077,P<0.001),与各时间点的抑郁情绪呈显著正相关(r=0.057~0.095,P<0.001)。各时间点的认知功能与抑郁情绪均呈显著负相关(r=-0.257~-0.133,P<0.001)。结果显示,5个时间点的抑郁情绪得分先降低后升高。T1抑郁的平均值为(8.12±6.15)分,T2抑郁的平均值为(7.82±5.71)分,T3抑郁的平均值为(7.95±6.32)分,T4抑郁的平均值为(8.71±6.53)分,T5抑郁的平均值为(9.28±6.57)分。见表2、图1。
基于T1~T5的抑郁情绪数据依次构建线性增长模型、二次增长模型和分段增长模型。结果显示,二次增长模型的各项拟合指标最佳。相较其他模型,二次增长模型的AIC、BIC、aBIC数值最低,CFI和TLI相对较高,SRMR和RMSEA相对较低。因此,选定二次增长模型为中老年人抑郁发展轨迹的最优模型。见表3。
二次增长模型结果显示,I=8.067(P<0.001),S=-0.158(P<0.001),曲线斜率(quadratic slope, Q)=0.033(P<0.001),表明中老年人抑郁情绪随时间呈现“先降后升”的非线性变化趋势。其次,I变异为18.004(P<0.001),S变异为0.453(P<0.001),Q变异为0.005(P<0.001),表明中老年人抑郁情绪在初始水平、线性变化趋势和二次变化趋势上均存在个体差异。最后,S与Q的相关系数为-0.042(P<0.001),表明中老年人抑郁情绪的线性下降趋势越明显,二次上升趋势越弱。见图2。
控制年龄、性别、居住地、户口、婚姻状况和受教育程度变量后,纳入童年创伤作为时间不变变量构建模型,发现模型各项拟合结果良好(χ2 =58.978,df=20,P<0.001,CFI=0.997,TLI=0.993,SRMR=0.009,RMSEA=0.017)。结果显示,童年创伤对截距具有显著正向预测作用(β=0.294,95%CI:0.208~0.381,P<0.001),但对线性斜率(β=0.025,95%CI:-0.010~0.059,P>0.05)和曲线斜率(β=-0.002,95%CI:-0.006~0.001,P>0.05)无显著预测作用。提示童年创伤经历越严重,在中老年时期抑郁情绪的初始水平越高。见图3。
控制年龄、性别、居住地、户口、婚姻状况和受教育程度变量后,在将童年创伤作为时间不变变量的基础上,进一步纳入认知功能作为时间变化变量以构建模型,发现模型各项拟合结果良好(χ2 =184.216,df=40,P<0.001,CFI=0.977,TLI=0.960,SRMR=0.035,RMSEA=0.032)。结果显示,中老年人5个时间点的认知功能均能够显著负向预测同一时间点的抑郁情绪(T1:β=-0.194,95%CI:-0.233~-0.155,P<0.001;T2:β=-0.135,95%CI:-0.161~-0.109,P<0.001;T3:β=-0.131,95%CI:-0.161~-0.100,P<0.001;T4:β=-0.134,95%CI:-0.163~-0.106,P<0.001;T5:β=-0.177,95%CI:-0.220~-0.134,P<0.001)。提示中老年人较高的认知功能水平能显著预测较低的抑郁情绪。见图4。
结果显示,中老年人抑郁情绪的整体轨迹呈现出“先降后升”的二次增长趋势。具体而言,个体进入老年初期后,抑郁情绪有所缓解,但在高龄阶段重新上升并达到顶峰。这一“先降”阶段与中老年抑郁随年龄增长而上升的普遍认知存在差异[24]。根据社会情绪选择理论,中老年个体的生活目标更多转向情绪调节,倾向于主动追求积极情绪、回避消极信息,并在认知上表现出“积极效应”,从而在一定时期内有效缓冲了抑郁情绪[25-26]。然而,这种情绪调节所带来的缓冲器效应无法贯穿整个老年期。随着个体进入高龄阶段,各类累积性压力源逐渐占据主导,如慢性疾病、功能衰退、亲人离世以及社交隔离等负性事件。同时,老年人对生命临近终点的认知可能引发更多的失控感,进而削弱自我价值感,导致抑郁情绪在生命晚期逐渐累积[27]。
此外,本研究涵盖的时间跨度(2011—2020年)经历了不同社会经济与公共卫生发展阶段,外部宏观环境的变化也可能对抑郁发展轨迹产生影响。依据心理健康变迁理论,个体心理健康的动态变化是个体-群体因素、环境因素和社会变迁因素三者交互作用的结果[28]。在抑郁轨迹下降阶段(2011—2015年),全球经济逐步复苏,社会保障和公共服务体系相对健全,这可能为中老年人提供了稳定的心理适应环境。而在后期抑郁轨迹上升阶段(2018—2020年),特别是2020年新型冠状病毒感染的全球暴发,显著加剧了健康风险、社交隔离、经济不确定性及日常生活紊乱等多重压力,这可能加速了高龄人群抑郁情绪的回升[29]。因此,中老年人抑郁情绪的“先降后升”轨迹不仅是老化过程中的心理社会机制所致,也在一定程度上反映了特定历史时期外部环境与突发公共卫生事件的叠加影响。这一发现提示,未来关于中老年人心理健康的研究应充分考虑个体特征、环境因素与社会变迁因素之间的协同作用,以更全面地揭示抑郁情绪的成因及动态变化趋势。
结果显示,童年创伤是中老年人抑郁情绪初始水平的风险因素,这一结果与既往研究一致[30]。具体而言,个体在童年时期经历的创伤越严重,其在中老年时期的抑郁情绪初始水平便越高。原因可能如下:①童年创伤是不安全依恋的预测因素。童年创伤会促使个体与父母之间形成不安全依恋关系,进而影响个体的压力应对系统和情绪调节能力,导致个体表现出较低水平的情绪稳定性,最终引发抑郁情绪[31-32]。②童年创伤与负性认知相关联。童年创伤会促使个体发展出负性思维模式,使其在面对生活压力时易体验到无助感和无望感,进而导致中老年时期抑郁情绪的累积[33]。③童年创伤影响健康生活方式。国外研究表明,个体的童年创伤经历越严重,越容易出现吸烟、缺乏运动等不良健康行为,这些行为会增加中老年人的抑郁风险[34]。鉴于童年创伤对中老年人抑郁情绪的初始水平有促进作用,有必要加强对中老年高风险抑郁群体的关注,并采取有效预防措施以降低抑郁风险。
此外,相关分析结果显示,童年创伤与各时间点的抑郁情绪呈显著正相关,但相关系数较低,表明其直接关联的效应量有限。提示童年创伤作为远端风险因素,其对中老年期抑郁情绪的直接影响较小。在进一步的LGCM分析中,童年创伤未能显著预测抑郁情绪的线性斜率与二次增长斜率,这也支持了其在抑郁情绪长期发展过程中的直接塑造作用较弱。这一结果符合生命历程视角下的累积风险模型,童年创伤更多通过近端因素(如社会支持、生活事件、慢性疾病等)对中老年人心理健康产生间接作用[35]。因此,未来研究可进一步通过纵向中介模型,以探讨童年创伤通过哪些关键心理社会机制影响中老年人抑郁情绪。
结果显示,认知功能是中老年人抑郁情绪发展轨迹的保护因素。具体而言,5个时间点的认知功能均能显著负向预测同时间点的抑郁情绪。这一关联可能源于认知功能障碍和抑郁情绪存在共同的神经生理基础,例如大脑特定区域的功能异常以及去甲肾上腺素能神经元的退行性丧失等[36]。此外,良好的认知功能有助于中老年人更有效地应对生活压力事件,从而降低抑郁情绪的发生风险。干预研究也表明,通过认知训练提升认知功能,可以有效缓解抑郁情绪[37]。因此,在干预实践层面,针对中老年人群开展系统化的认知功能训练与干预,是预防和减轻抑郁情绪的有效途径。
本研究仍存在以下不足:①童年创伤与认知功能的测量未采用标准化量表,而是基于CHARLS项目中已有的题目进行评估。尽管该方法有利于实现数据的纵向衔接与追踪分析,但在测量的信效度方面可能存在一定局限。未来研究可考虑引入成熟的标准化测量工具,以提升结果的可靠性。②本研究主要关注童年创伤与认知功能对中老年人抑郁发展轨迹的影响,尚未纳入积极心理健康指标。未来研究可进一步拓展预测变量的范畴,系统探讨主观幸福感、心理韧性等积极心理因素对抑郁发展轨迹的预测作用,从而更全面地揭示抑郁的动态变化规律。
综上所述,本研究采用前瞻性队列研究设计,揭示了中老年人抑郁情绪呈现“先降后升”的二次增长趋势。研究结果表明,童年创伤是影响中老年人抑郁情绪初始水平的重要风险因素,而认知功能则在抑郁情绪的动态演变过程中发挥保护性作用。上述发现为中老年人群抑郁症状的早期识别、风险评估及干预策略的制定提供了重要的循证依据。

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2026年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202509052
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
  • 修回日期:2026-01-23
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    1华中师范大学:大学生心理健康教育中心,湖北 武汉
    2华中师范大学:心理学院,湖北 武汉
    3湖北民族大学教师教育学院,湖北 恩施

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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