Article(id=1322954234303492395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954180431847810, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346468759, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346468759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346468759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346468759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954180431847810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='23', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3008', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765728000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346455915, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346455915, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2922, endPage=2932, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954234542567724, articleId=1322954234303492395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=SLC38A1 drives malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating PI3K/AKT signaling via enhanced glutamine uptake, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the mechanism by which SLC38A1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression through glutamine transport-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was employed to assess the correlation between SLC38A1 expression and clinicopathological features/prognosis in HCC patients, with functional enrichment analysis of SLC38A1 conducted. SLC38A1 was silenced or over expressed via transfection in Huh-7 cells, with glutamine inhibited using DRP-104 and the PI3K/AKT pathway suppressed using LY294002. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and glutamine concentration were evaluated using CCK-8, EdU staining, scratch wound healing assay, Transwell chamber assay, and glutamine assay kits, respectively. PI3K/AKT pathway activity was assessed by Western blotting.

Results

SLC38A1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in HCC tumor tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). HCC patients with high SLC38A1 expression exhibited significantly lower overall survival than those with low expression (P<0.05). SLC38A1 expression correlated significantly with pathologic T-stage (pT), N-stage (pN), M-stage (pM), survival status, and immune infiltration in HCC patients (P<0.05). SLC38A1 silencing markedly reduced glutamine uptake in HCC cells (P<0.001), suppressing cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and PI3K/AKT pathway activity (P<0.001). Conversely, SLC38A1 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and PI3K/AKT activation (P<0.001). DRP-104-mediated glutamine inhibition suppressed HCC cell malignancy and PI3K/AKT signaling while abolishing the oncogenic effects of SLC38A1 overexpression (P<0.001). PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition blocked the pro-tumorigenic effects of SLC38A1 overexpression (P<0.001).

Conclusion

SLC38A1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in HCC by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway through enhanced glutamine transport.

, authors=Yuanyuan YANG1, Ping ZHANG1, Peng HU1, Maonian LIU1, Yanjiao OU2, authorsList=Yuanyuan YANG, Ping ZHANG, Peng HU, Maonian LIU, Yanjiao OU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Maonian LIU, Yanjiao OU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954236081877307, articleId=1322954234303492395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=SLC38A1通过促进谷氨酰胺摄取激活PI3K/AKT信号通路驱动肝细胞癌恶性进展, columnId=1322954194918965639, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学·论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究SLC38A1通过促进谷氨酰胺运转激活PI3K/AKT信号传导促进肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的机制。

方法

通过生物信息学分析SLC38A1与HCC患者临床病理特征、预后的关系,并通过富集分析探究SLC38A1的功能。通过转染来沉默和过表达Huh-7细胞中SLC38A1,通过DRP-104抑制谷氨酰胺,通过LY294002抑制PI3K/AKT通路。采用CCK-8、EdU染色实验、划痕愈合实验、Transwell和谷氨酰胺试剂盒分别检测细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭能力和谷氨酰胺浓度。采用 Western blot检测PI3K/AKT通路。

结果

HCC肿瘤样本中SLC38A1的mRNA和蛋白水平均高于正常组织(P<0.05),SLC38A1高表达的HCC患者的生存率显著低于SLC38A1低表达HCC患者(P<0.05)。SLC38A1高低表达与HCC患者的pT分期、pN分期、pM分期、生存状态、免疫浸润之间存在相关性(P<0.05)。沉默SLC38A1后,HCC细胞中谷氨酰胺的摄取显著减少(P<0.001),抑制细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭和PI3K/AKT通路(P<0.001)。过表达SLC38A1促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭、并激活PI3K/AKT通路(P<0.001),DRP-104抑制谷氨酰胺抑制HCC细胞和PI3K/AKT通路,并阻断SLC38A1过表达对HCC细胞和PI3K/AKT通路的促进(P<0.001)。抑制PI3K/AKT通路阻断过表达SLC38A1对 HCC细胞的促进作用(P<0.001)。

结论

SLC38A1 通过促进谷氨酰胺运转激活PI3K/AKT促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。

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刘茂年,E-mail:
欧晏娇,E-mail:
LIU Maonian,E-mail:
OU Yanjiao,E-mail:
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a:P<0.05,compared with Normal A:Comparison of SLC38A1 mRNA expression levels in HCC and normal tissues in the TCGA database; B and C:Analysis of SLC38A1 protein expression in HCC and normal tissues in the HPA database. HCC:hepatocellular carcinoma; TCGA:The Cancer Genome Atlas Program; HPA:human protein atlas

, figureFileSmall=qwv6CdxDGI7nYZQo5sGbYg==, figureFileBig=sX4fhq2PI8KnUbc98a+o0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954240548811109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The relationship between SLC38A1 expression level and clinicopathological features of HCC patients,and the construction of immune interaction networks, figureFileSmall=2VzgiQO1KRZaramalw+Fsg==, figureFileBig=T8Syr4lG74p4z956/WKbAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954240649474405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SLC38A1表达与HCC患者临床病理学特征以及免疫相互作用网络构建

A and B:Correlation between SLC38A1 high/low expression and clinicopathological features; C:Immune interaction network between SLC38A1 and immune cells in HCC

, figureFileSmall=2VzgiQO1KRZaramalw+Fsg==, figureFileBig=T8Syr4lG74p4z956/WKbAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242323001702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Construction of SLC38A1 interaction network and functional enrichment analysis of SLC38A1-related genes, figureFileSmall=Y+z9RrR72csln1T9Lb33pQ==, figureFileBig=DjdVcI+KX85CTujEQK6Nwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242394304871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SLC38A1相互作用网络构建及SLC38A1相关基因功能富集分析

A:Gene-gene interaction network of SLC38A1 with other genes generated using GeneMANIA; B~D:GO analysis of SLC38A1 co-expressed genes; E:KEGG analysis of SLC38A1 co-expressed genes. GO:Gene Ontology; KEGG:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

, figureFileSmall=Y+z9RrR72csln1T9Lb33pQ==, figureFileBig=DjdVcI+KX85CTujEQK6Nwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242461413736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Expression characteristics of SLC38A1 in HCC cells, figureFileSmall=50pu49bUq1YPQd/ArwGKpw==, figureFileBig=V7pewqwp3FGnfFxAY6mV/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242536911209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SLC38A1在HCC细胞中的表达特点

a:P<0.001,compared with HL-7702 A:qRT-PCR analysis of SLC38A1 mRNA expression characteristics in Huh-7,SMMC-7721,Bel-7402,and HL-7702 cells; B and C:Western blot analysis of SLC38A1 protein expression characteristics in Huh-7,SMMC-7721,Bel-7402,and HL-7702 cells

, figureFileSmall=50pu49bUq1YPQd/ArwGKpw==, figureFileBig=V7pewqwp3FGnfFxAY6mV/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242641768810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of silencing SLC38A1 on HCC cells,the PI3K/AKT pathway,and glutamine concentration, figureFileSmall=sol4cmmXwFHf5jGxX4gPkA==, figureFileBig=dR/hKOje1JPzPbsm002mbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242713071979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=CN, label=图5, caption=沉默SLC38A1对HCC细胞、PI3K/AKT通路和谷氨酰胺浓度的影响

a:P<0.001,compared with si-NC A:qRT-PCR detection of SLC38A1 mRNA after transfection; B and C:Western blot detection of SLC38A1 protein after transfection; D:Effects of SLC38A1 silencing on cell vitality via CCK-8 assay; E:Effects of SLC38A1 silencing on Huh-7 cell proliferation via EdU assays; F:Effects of SLC38A1 silencing on migration via scratch healing assay; G:Effects of SLC38A1 silencing on invasion via Transwell assay; H and I:Effects of SLC38A1 silencing on the PI3K/AKT pathway; J:Effects of SLC38A1 silencing on glutamine metabolism in Huh-7 cells. Si:small interfering; NC:negative control; OD:optical density; CCK-8:cell counting kit-8; EdU:5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine

, figureFileSmall=sol4cmmXwFHf5jGxX4gPkA==, figureFileBig=dR/hKOje1JPzPbsm002mbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242801152364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and glutamine inhibition on HCC cells and the PI3K/AKT pathway, figureFileSmall=gRuXHD4UGo7bXq15Li2m1A==, figureFileBig=vYEM+e1IFS8gmC2/aCyVhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242872455533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=CN, label=图6, caption=过表达SLC38A1以及抑制谷氨酰胺对HCC细胞和PI3K/AKT通路的影响

a:P<0.001,compared with NC; b:P<0.001,compared with SLC38A1 A:qRT-PCR detection of SLC38A1 mRNA after transfection; B and C:Western blot detection of SLC38A1 protein after transfection; D:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and the glutamine inhibitor DRP-104 on cell vitality via CCK-8 assay; E:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and the glutamine inhibitor DRP-104 on proliferation via EdU assay; F:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and DRP-104 on glutamine via radioisotope assay; G:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and DRP-104 on migration via scratch healing assay; H:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and DRP-104 on invasion via Transwell assay; I and J:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and DRP-104 on the PI3K/AKT pathway via Western blotting. NC:negative control; OD:optical density; EdU:5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine

, figureFileSmall=gRuXHD4UGo7bXq15Li2m1A==, figureFileBig=vYEM+e1IFS8gmC2/aCyVhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954242968924526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and PI3K/AKT inhibition on HCC cells, figureFileSmall=jkCU71+XUIRrbsWWZ6Bz6w==, figureFileBig=Ts86WUhh3AoRwl6QtvEYTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954243061199215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954234303492395, language=CN, label=图7, caption=过表达SLC38A1以及抑制PI3K/AKT对HCC细胞的影响

a:P<0.001,compared with NC; b:P<0.001,compared with SLC38A1 A:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition on cell vitality via CCK-8 assay; B:Effects of SLC38A1 overexpression and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition on proliferation via EdU assay; C:Effects of SLC38A1 expression and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition on migration via scratch healing assay; D:Effects of SLC38A1 expression and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition on invasion via Transwell assay. NC:negative control; OD:optical density; EdU:5-ethynyl-2'- deoxyuridine

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SLC38A1通过促进谷氨酰胺摄取激活PI3K/AKT信号通路驱动肝细胞癌恶性进展
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杨媛媛 1 , 张平 1 , 胡鹏 1 , 刘茂年 1 , 欧晏娇 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学·论著 2025,47(23): 2922-2932
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学·论著 2025 , 47 (23) : 2922 -2932
SLC38A1通过促进谷氨酰胺摄取激活PI3K/AKT信号通路驱动肝细胞癌恶性进展
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杨媛媛1, 张平1, 胡鹏1, 刘茂年1 , 欧晏娇2
作者信息
  • 1重庆海吉亚医院消化疾病中心,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院肝胆外科,重庆
通讯作者:
刘茂年,E-mail:
欧晏娇,E-mail:
LIU Maonian,E-mail:
OU Yanjiao,E-mail:
SLC38A1 drives malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating PI3K/AKT signaling via enhanced glutamine uptake
Yuanyuan YANG1, Ping ZHANG1, Peng HU1, Maonian LIU1 , Yanjiao OU2
Affiliations
  • 1Digestive Disease Center,Chongqing Hygeia Hospital,Chongqing
  • 2Department of Hepatobiliary,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508018
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目的

探究SLC38A1通过促进谷氨酰胺运转激活PI3K/AKT信号传导促进肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的机制。

方法

通过生物信息学分析SLC38A1与HCC患者临床病理特征、预后的关系,并通过富集分析探究SLC38A1的功能。通过转染来沉默和过表达Huh-7细胞中SLC38A1,通过DRP-104抑制谷氨酰胺,通过LY294002抑制PI3K/AKT通路。采用CCK-8、EdU染色实验、划痕愈合实验、Transwell和谷氨酰胺试剂盒分别检测细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭能力和谷氨酰胺浓度。采用 Western blot检测PI3K/AKT通路。

结果

HCC肿瘤样本中SLC38A1的mRNA和蛋白水平均高于正常组织(P<0.05),SLC38A1高表达的HCC患者的生存率显著低于SLC38A1低表达HCC患者(P<0.05)。SLC38A1高低表达与HCC患者的pT分期、pN分期、pM分期、生存状态、免疫浸润之间存在相关性(P<0.05)。沉默SLC38A1后,HCC细胞中谷氨酰胺的摄取显著减少(P<0.001),抑制细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭和PI3K/AKT通路(P<0.001)。过表达SLC38A1促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭、并激活PI3K/AKT通路(P<0.001),DRP-104抑制谷氨酰胺抑制HCC细胞和PI3K/AKT通路,并阻断SLC38A1过表达对HCC细胞和PI3K/AKT通路的促进(P<0.001)。抑制PI3K/AKT通路阻断过表达SLC38A1对 HCC细胞的促进作用(P<0.001)。

结论

SLC38A1 通过促进谷氨酰胺运转激活PI3K/AKT促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。

肝细胞癌  /  谷氨酰胺  /  SLC38A1
Objective

To investigate the mechanism by which SLC38A1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression through glutamine transport-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was employed to assess the correlation between SLC38A1 expression and clinicopathological features/prognosis in HCC patients, with functional enrichment analysis of SLC38A1 conducted. SLC38A1 was silenced or over expressed via transfection in Huh-7 cells, with glutamine inhibited using DRP-104 and the PI3K/AKT pathway suppressed using LY294002. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and glutamine concentration were evaluated using CCK-8, EdU staining, scratch wound healing assay, Transwell chamber assay, and glutamine assay kits, respectively. PI3K/AKT pathway activity was assessed by Western blotting.

Results

SLC38A1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in HCC tumor tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05). HCC patients with high SLC38A1 expression exhibited significantly lower overall survival than those with low expression (P<0.05). SLC38A1 expression correlated significantly with pathologic T-stage (pT), N-stage (pN), M-stage (pM), survival status, and immune infiltration in HCC patients (P<0.05). SLC38A1 silencing markedly reduced glutamine uptake in HCC cells (P<0.001), suppressing cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and PI3K/AKT pathway activity (P<0.001). Conversely, SLC38A1 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and PI3K/AKT activation (P<0.001). DRP-104-mediated glutamine inhibition suppressed HCC cell malignancy and PI3K/AKT signaling while abolishing the oncogenic effects of SLC38A1 overexpression (P<0.001). PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition blocked the pro-tumorigenic effects of SLC38A1 overexpression (P<0.001).

Conclusion

SLC38A1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in HCC by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway through enhanced glutamine transport.

hepatocellular carcinoma  /  glutamine  /  SLC38A1
杨媛媛, 张平, 胡鹏, 刘茂年, 欧晏娇. SLC38A1通过促进谷氨酰胺摄取激活PI3K/AKT信号通路驱动肝细胞癌恶性进展. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (23) : 2922 -2932 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508018
Yuanyuan YANG, Ping ZHANG, Peng HU, Maonian LIU, Yanjiao OU. SLC38A1 drives malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating PI3K/AKT signaling via enhanced glutamine uptake[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (23) : 2922 -2932 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508018
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)位列全球第五大常见恶性肿瘤,并且是第四大癌症致死病因[1]。乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒感染被视为HCC的首要风险因素[2]。目前,手术、肝移植、放疗、化疗和靶向治疗等方法是治疗HCC的主要手段[3]。然而,由于HCC通常在晚期才被诊断出来,且其具有高侵袭性和易复发的特点,疗效常不尽如人意[4]。因此,早期发现和探究HCC进展机制对于降低HCC的发病率和病死率至关重要。
代谢失调在肿瘤发生中扮演关键角色,研究显示,HCC细胞中谷氨酰胺水平显著升高,进而促进有氧糖酵解从而提供大量能量[5]。此外,谷氨酰胺能够激活PI3K/AKT通路,进而促进癌症发展[6]。SLC38A1是溶质载体家族的蛋白质的基因,主要负责谷氨酰胺的运转提高细胞内谷氨酰胺浓度,SLC38A1也是促进癌症发生和发展的关键蛋白[7]。据此,本研究主要探究SLC38A1通过调控细胞内谷氨酰胺浓度激活PI3K/AKT通路对HCC的影响,从而为HCC的诊断和治疗提供新的思路和理论基础。
利用癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas Program,TCGA)数据库(https://www.cancer.gov/)、和人类蛋白质图谱(Human Protein Atlas,HPA)数据库(https://www.proteinatlas.org/)分析HCC中SLC38A1的mRNA和蛋白水平,借助阿拉巴马大学癌症数据分析平台(University of ALabama CANcer data analysis portal,UALCAN)(https://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html)分析SLC38A1与HCC患者临床病理特征的关系。利用TIMER 2.0数据库(http://timer.cistrome.org/)研究SLC38A1与免疫细胞浸润之间的相关性。
利用相互作用基因/蛋白质检索工具(https://string-db.org/)分析SLC38A1相关基因,然后通过基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)对这些基因进行功能富集分析。
从上海iCell Bioscience技术公司获取3个HCC肿瘤细胞系,包括Huh-7,SMMC-7721,Bel-7402,以及正常的HL-7702肝细胞。细胞培养过程中,采用了10 cm的培养皿,并使用含有10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基(美国Life Technologies公司)。所有细胞均被保存在温度为37 ℃、含有5%CO2的培养箱中。为了抑制细胞内谷氨酰胺水平,在培养基中加入终浓度为1 μmol/L的谷氨酰胺拮抗剂DRP-104(中国MedChemExpress公司)。为了抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,在培养基中加入终浓度为20 μmol/L的LY294002(中国MedChemExpress公司)。
使用Lipofectamine 3000 Regent试剂盒(美国Invitrogen公司),并根据试剂盒说明书转染SLC38A1过表达质粒(中国Generay公司)和靶向SLC38A1的siRNA(siSLC38A1-1、siSLC38A1-2、siSLC38A1-3)质粒(中国Tsingke公司)。当达到约70%细胞汇合时,向Huh-7细胞添加50 nmol siRNA-或10 µg质粒- Lipofectamine 3000。转染6 h后,使用新鲜的完全培养基更换细胞培养基。48 h后收集细胞进行后续实验。
总RNA提取采用TRIzol试剂盒(中国Maokang公司)。PrimeScript Ⅱ first-strand cDNA合成试剂盒(中国TaKaRa公司)用于cDNA合成。然后,使用SYBR Green PCR Master Mix 试剂盒(中国SolarBio公司)通过Applied Biosystems 7500实时PCR系统进行定量qRT-PCR测定。反应条件:95 ℃持续15 s、60 ℃持续30 s,进行40个循环的扩增,最后在72 ℃下进行30 s的延伸。SLC38A1的相对表达标准化为GAPDH,通过2-ΔΔCt方法计算。引物(中国Songjiang公司)序列如下,SLC38A1:(上游引物)5'-TGACAGTGCCCGAGGATG-ATA-3',(下游引物)5'-AGACATGCCTAAGGAGGTT-GTA-3';GAPDH:(上游引物)5’-TGTTCGTCATGGGT-GTGAAC-3’;(下游引物)5’-ATGGCATGGACTGT-GGTCAT-3’。
采用RIPA裂解缓冲液试剂盒(中国SolarBio公司)来获取各实验组的总细胞裂解物。将蛋白质样品加载到4%~12%的梯度凝胶上,进行SDS-PAGE电泳。电泳结束后,对膜进行封闭处理(使用5%的BSA),分别与并与以下一抗在4 °C条件下孵育12 h:SLC38A1(1∶800,美国Abcam公司)、PI3K(1∶1 000,中国ProteinTech公司)、p-PI3K(1∶800,中国ProteinTech公司)、AKT(1∶1 000,中国ProteinTech公司)、p-AKT(1∶1 200,美国Abcam公司)和GAPDH(1∶1 000,美国Abcam公司)。在第2天,使用相应的二抗与膜共同孵育,随后利用ECL试剂盒(中国ZOMAN bio公司)来观察和分析蛋白条带,以GAPDH为内参。
将转染后的Huh-7细胞放入96孔板(每孔5×103个细胞)中,再培养12 h以贴壁。分别于24、48、72、96 h向每孔加入CCK-8试剂,37 ℃孵育2 h后,使用酶标仪(ELx800,美国BioTek公司)读取450 nm处的吸光度[OD(450)]值。
取2 µL的10 mmol/L的EdU试剂(中国碧云天公司)稀释于1 mL细胞培养基。将预热后的EdU溶液与细胞混合,在适宜条件下孵育3 h,让细胞充分摄取EdU。之后用PBS清洗细胞2次,去除未结合的EdU和杂质。再用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞15 min,保持细胞形态,接着用0.3% Triton X-100溶液透化细胞15 min,增加通透性。充分洗涤后,加点击反应液,在避光条件下孵育30 min。然后将Hoechst 33342与PBS按1∶500稀释,对细胞核染色5 min。洗涤后收集细胞,荧光显微镜下观察拍照。
Huh-7细胞在8孔板中培养以构成单层细胞形态,利用200 µL移液枪的吸头通过其自重在尺子的辅助下在细胞层划出一条直线伤痕。之后,使用PBS缓冲液洗涤3次,清除漂浮的细胞,并添加无血清培养基。在0 h时,记录下各组细胞的初始状态,然后在37 ℃、5%CO2的培养箱中继续培养。24 h后,再次拍摄并记录细胞状态。
使用Matrigel基质胶稀释后包被Transwell小室底部膜的上室面,然后放置在37 ℃环境中使其聚合成凝胶。吸出残余液体,加入含BSA的无血清培养液进行水化。让细胞撤血清饥饿12 h,消化细胞后离心弃去培养液,用PBS洗涤后用无血清培养基重悬细胞并加入到Transwell小室的上室中。将Transwell系统放置在37 ℃、5%CO2的培养箱中进行培养。24 h后取出Transwell小室,去除上室中未侵袭的细胞。对下室中已侵袭的细胞进行固定、染色和计数,以评估细胞的侵袭能力。
将各组Huh-7细胞置于6孔板中(每孔3×105个细胞),然后添加3H-谷氨酰胺(美国PerkinElmer公司)。细胞贴壁后,将细胞培养基更换为无谷氨酰胺培养基,37 ℃培养0.5 h,并向细胞中加入400 nmol/L浓度的3H-谷氨酰胺,然后再孵育20 min。使用96孔板收集器收集细胞并转移到滤纸上,干燥处理后暴露于闪烁液(美国PerkinElmer公司)中反应。最后,通过使用液体闪烁计数器(美国PerkinElmer公司)测量3H水平。
所有统计计算均采用SPSS 16.0软件进行。计量数据以x¯±s 表示,两组比较采用独立样本t检验,多组比较采用ANOVA和Tukey事后检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
通过生物信息学分析SLC38A1的mRNA表达水平和蛋白在HCC组织中的表达特点。结果显示,HCC肿瘤样本中SLC38A1的mRNA和蛋白水平均高于正常组织(P<0.05,图1A)。此外,HPA数据库的免疫组织化学分析显示HCC肿瘤组织中SLC38A1高表达(P<0.05,图1B、C)。并且SLC38A1表达水平与HCC的pT分期、pN分期、pM分期、生存状态相关(图2A、B)。SLC38A1与HCC中的各种免疫细胞显著相关(图2C)。提示SLC38A1在HCC中过表达且参与HCC进展。
通过蛋白互作和富集分析探究SLC38A1的功能。SLC38A1和20个邻近基因(GLUL、GLS2、GLS、SSU72 和其他溶质载体家族成员)的相互作用网络如图3A 所示。GO分析表明,SLC38A1相关基因主要富集于代谢过程、膜、抑制剂和因子活性(图3B~D)。KEGG分析显示,SLC38A1相关基因与内吞作用、粘着斑、癌症中的蛋白聚糖、志贺氏菌病、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢、脂肪酸降解和色氨酸代谢相关(图3E)。提示SLC38A1参与HCC中的代谢调控。
分别通过qRT-PCR和Western blot检测正常肝细胞HL-7702和HCC细胞中SLC38A1 mRNA和蛋白水平。结果显示,HCC细胞中SLC38A1 mRNA和蛋白水平显著高于正常肝细胞(P<0.001,图4)。提示SLC38A1在HCC细胞中过表达。
通过转染构建SLC38A1沉默的HCC细胞模型,并通过CCK-8、EdU染色、划痕愈合实验、Transwell实验、Western blot和谷氨酰胺试剂盒分别检测沉默SLC38A1对HCC细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭、PI3K/AKT蛋白磷酸化水平和细胞内谷氨酰胺浓度的影响。结果显示成功构建SLC38A1沉默的HCC细胞模型(P<0.001,图5A~C)。si-SLC38A1组的细胞增殖活力、迁移和侵袭能力显著低于si-NC组(P<0.001,图5D~G)。沉默SLC38A1降低了PI3K和AKT的磷酸化水平(P<0.001,图5H、I)。并且si-SLC38A1组细胞内谷氨酰胺浓度能力也显著低于si-NC组(P<0.001,图5J)。提示沉默SLC38A1抑制HCC细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭能力、提高细胞内谷氨酰胺水平、并降低PI3K和AKT蛋白磷酸化水平。
通过转染过表达SLC38A1并利用谷氨酰胺拮抗剂DRP-104抑制HCC细胞内谷氨酰胺水平,然后通过CCK-8、EdU染色、划痕愈合实验、Transwell实验和Western blot分别检测过表达SLC38A1以及抑制谷氨酰胺对HCC细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭以及PI3K和AKT蛋白磷酸化水平的影响。结果显示,转染过表达SLC38A1显著促进HCC细胞中SLC38A1的mRNA表达水平和蛋白水平(P<0.001,图6A~C)。SLC38A1组的细胞增殖能力显著高于NC组,NC+DRP-104组的增殖能力低于NC组,SLC38A1+DRP-104组的增殖能力显著低于SLC38A1组(P<0.001,图6D、E)。过表达SLC38A1促进了谷氨酰胺浓度,使用DRP-104不但降低了谷氨酰胺浓度,还阻断了过表达SLC38A1对细胞内谷氨酰胺浓度的促进(P<0.001,图6F)。并且与NC组比较,SLC38A1组的迁移和侵袭能力升高,NC+DRP-104组迁移侵袭能力降低,SLC38A1+DRP-104组的迁移和侵袭能力低于SLC38A1组(P<0.001,图6G、H)。SLC38A1组的PI3K和AKT磷酸化水平显著高于NC组,NC+DRP-104组PI3K和AKT磷酸化水平显著低于NC组,并且SLC38A1+DRP-104组的PI3K和AKT磷酸化水平低于SLC38A1组(P<0.001,图6I、J)。抑制谷氨酰胺阻断SLC38A1对HCC细胞及PI3K/AKT通路的促进作用,提示SLC38A1促进HCC以及PI3K/AKT通路的作用机制与谷氨酰胺密不可分。
通过转染过表达SLC38A1并通过LY294002抑制PI3K/AKT通路探究SLC38A1通过PI3K/AKT通路对HCC细胞的影响,通过CCK-8、EdU染色、划痕愈合实验、Transwell实验分别检测细胞活力、增殖、迁移、侵袭。SLC38A1组的细胞增殖能力显著高于NC组,SLC38A1+LY294002组的增殖能力低于SLC38A1组(P<0.001,图7A、B)。并且与NC组比较,SLC38A1组的迁移和侵袭能力升高,SLC38A1+LY294002组的迁移和侵袭能力低于SLC38A1组(P<0.001,图7C、D)。抑制PI3K/AKT通路阻断过表达SLC38A1对 HCC细胞的促进作用,提示SLC38A1对HCC的促进作用与PI3K/AKT通路密不可分。
HCC是一种高度侵袭性的恶性疾病,预后普遍较差,HCC的预后受到多种因素的影响,包括肿瘤大小、分期、细胞分化程度、浸润深度以及患者的整体健康状况[8]。早期诊断和治疗通常与更好的预后相关,然而HCC往往缺乏明显的早期症状,多数患者确诊时已属晚期,预后较差[9]。因此,确定可靠的生物标志物对于HCC的早期诊断和预后评估至关重要。
代谢失调在肿瘤的发生和发展中起着至关重要的作用[10]。SLC38A1是溶质载体家族的蛋白质的基因,SLC38A1编码的SLC38A1蛋白质是一种氨基酸转运蛋白[11-12]。SLC38A1广泛表达于各种组织和细胞类型中,特别是在大脑、肝脏和肾脏中表达水平较高[12]。SLC38A1在细胞内发挥调节氨基酸转运的作用,参与细胞生长、能量代谢、蛋白质合成等多种生理过程[13]。研究发现SLC38A1可能在癌症中发挥重要作用。其异常表达与多种癌症类型的发生和进展有关,包括结直肠癌、胃癌和黑色素瘤,SLC38A1的高表达与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移增强以及不良预后有关[14-16]。有研究显示,癌细胞中的SLC38A1可能调节氨基酸的供应,从而满足肿瘤细胞增殖和生长的营养需求[17]。此外,SLC38A1还与肿瘤免疫逃逸、耐药性和肿瘤微环境的调节相关[18]。然而,SLC38A1在HCC中的潜在功能鲜有报道。
本次研究结果显示,HCC肿瘤样本中SLC38A1的mRNA和蛋白水平均高于正常组织。SLC38A1高低表达与HCC患者的pT分期、pN分期、pM分期、生存状态之间存在相关性,并且SLC38A1也与HCC中的各种免疫细胞显著相关。GO分析显示,SLC38A1相关基因主要富集于代谢过程、膜、抑制剂或因子活性,KEGG分析显示,SLC38A1相关基因与内吞作用、粘着斑、癌症中的蛋白聚糖、志贺氏菌病、甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢、脂肪酸降解和色氨酸代谢相关。此外,本研究还发现,HCC细胞系中SLC38A1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平也上调,细胞实验也显示了沉默SLC38A1抑制 HCC细胞的增殖和转移能力,而过表达SLC38A1也进一步促进了增殖、迁移和侵袭能力,这初步证实了SLC38A1在HCC中的重要作用。
通过进一步的蛋白功能分析,发现SLC38A1相关基因与谷氨酰胺有关。谷氨酰胺是一种广泛存在于人体内的氨基酸,在细胞代谢中发挥着重要作用[19]。谷氨酰胺可以通过谷氨酰胺合成酶的催化反应合成,以谷氨酸和氨为底物[20]。谷氨酰胺可以作为能量产生的底物,参与三羧酸循环,供给ATP等能量分子以满足肿瘤细胞的能量需求[21]。研究表明,谷氨酰胺可能通过抑制细胞凋亡来促进肿瘤细胞的存活和增殖,这种作用可能与谷氨酰胺调节细胞信号通路、抑制线粒体通透性转变的作用有关[22]。此外,通过富集分析,发现SLC38A1也与PI3K/AKT通路有关,而PI3K/AKT通路也是促进HCC进展的重要通路[23]。
本研究了检测HCC细胞系中谷氨酰胺的摄取和PI3K/AKT通路水平,结果显示,沉默SLC38A1后,HCC细胞中谷氨酰胺的摄取显著减少,并且PI3K/AKT通路被显著抑制,而提高SLC38A1的表达则显著促进谷氨酰胺的摄取并激活PI3K/AKT通路。此外,通过DRP-104抑制细胞内谷氨酰胺水平不但显著降低了HCC细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力、抑制PI3K/AKT通路,还阻断了SLC38A1过表达对其的促进作用。PI3K/AKT通路是促进HCC重要通路[24],而该通路的活性会被氨基酸直接或间接影响,例如,在肺癌中,源自氨基酸可以作为信号分子,直接调节PI3K/AKT通路内的蛋白激酶活性[25]。此外,PI3K/AKT通路也反向调控谷氨酰胺水平功能障碍相关[26]。HUANG等[27]的研究显示,谷氨酰胺能够通过激活PI3K/AKT通路促进骨肉瘤进展。也有研究表明,黄芩汤能够降低细胞内谷氨酰胺浓度并抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制结直肠癌进展[28]。本次细胞实验结果也表明,降低细胞内谷氨酰胺水平阻断了SLC38A1对HCC细胞中PI3K/AKT通路的激活作用,并且抑制PI3K/AKT通路阻断过表达SLC38A1对 HCC细胞的促进作用。这提示SLC38A1可能成为临床检测HCC的生物标志物,并且靶向SLC38A1可能成为治疗HCC的新方向。
本研究仍存在一定局限性。首先,SLC38A1对HCC的影响尚需在多种细胞株中进一步验证,并通过荷瘤裸鼠等体内实验模型加以确认;其次,关于SLC38A1在HCC中的临床意义及其与谷氨酰胺代谢的关联,仍需更多临床样本实验予以阐明;另外,SLC38A1调控PI3K/AKT信号通路的具体分子机制尚未完全揭示,值得深入探索;最后,SLC38A1介导的谷氨酰胺转运及其上下游信号调控网络亦有待进一步解析,这也将是未来研究的重点方向。
综上所述,SLC38A1过表达通过促进谷氨酰胺运转调控PI3K/AKT通路,进而促进HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和迁移。SLC38A1可能是未来HCC诊断和治疗的潜在靶点。

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2025年第47卷第23期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508018
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
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    1重庆海吉亚医院消化疾病中心,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院肝胆外科,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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