Article(id=1322954470115651587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954356680696647, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=1756742400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346524981, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1761753600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346524981, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346524981, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346524981, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954356680696647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='20', pageStart='2445', pageEnd='2580', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761753600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346497936, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346497936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2495, endPage=2505, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954471768207364, articleId=1322954470115651587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Berberine improves drug-induced liver injury in mice by modulating gut microbiota, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the protective effects of berberine (BBR) against drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in mice and the change profiles in gut microbiota, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which BBR alleviates DILI through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Methods

Acetaminophen (APAP) administration was performed on C57BL/6J mice with or without pre-treatment of ampicillin-neomycin-metronidazole-vancomycin (ABX, depletion of gut microbiota) to establish a DILI model. Based on body weight, 12 mice were randomly divided into an APAP group and a BBR group, with 6 animals in per group. Serum and liver tissue samples were collected from both groups to determine the effects of intragastrical administration of BBR on serum transaminase levels, inflammatory indicators, and liver histopathology. Fresh fecal samples were also collected to profile the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Then the alpha and beta diversity, as well as the overall microbial community structure, were compared between the 2 groups. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to analyze the relationships between differentially abundant bacteria and the serological indicators.

Results

Intragastrical administration of BBR significantly reduced APAP-induced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and ameliorated the proportion of hepatocellular necrosis caused by APAP. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that there were no statistical differences in the alpha diversity indices (Chao1 and Shannon) between the APAP-BBR and APAP groups, but a significant difference was observed in beta diversity (P<0.05). Compared to the APAP-BBR group, the relative abundances of Alloprevotella and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 were significantly increased in the APAP group (P<0.05). Conversely, the relative abundance of Parabacteroides was significantly higher in the APAP-BBR group than the APAP group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that Alloprevotella was strongly correlated with AST level (P<0.05), while both Ruminococcaceae and Parabacteroides showed strong correlations with ALT and AST levels (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Intragastric administration of BBR can mitigate the progression of DILI in mice, potentially through modulating the gut microbiota.

, authors=Dianji TU, Jiyin ZHOU, authorsList=Dianji TU, Jiyin ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiyin ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954477204025361, articleId=1322954470115651587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=小檗碱调节肠道菌群改善小鼠药物性肝损伤, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究小檗碱(berberine,BBR)缓解药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)小鼠的作用及小鼠肠道菌群的变化特征,明确BBR通过肠道菌群对DILI的改善机制。

方法

构建对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)DILI动物模型,将12只C57BL/6J小鼠按体质量采用随机区组法分为2组(即APAP组和APAP-BBR组),每组6只,收集2组小鼠的血清及肝脏组织,检测灌胃BBR对DILI小鼠的血清酶学、炎症相关指标及肝脏病理的作用;收集2组小鼠的新鲜粪便,对粪便菌群进行16S测序,比较2组小鼠肠道微生物的α和β多样性和肠道菌群结构特征,运用Pearson法分析2组之间的差异菌与小鼠血清学指标之间的相关性。

结果

灌胃BBR显著降低了APAP诱导的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平,改善了APAP诱导的肝细胞坏死比例。16S测序分析结果显示,APAP-BBR组相比于APAP组小鼠,α多样性的Chao1和Shanon指数无统计学差异,而β多样性有统计学差异(P<0.05);与APAP-BBR组比较,APAP组中Alloprevotella和Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014相对丰度明显升高(P<0.05);与APAP组比较,Parabacteroides在APAP-BBR组中相对丰度升高,且具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明,Alloprevotella与AST(P<0.05)强相关,Ruminococcaceae与ALT、AST强相关(P<0.05),Parabacteroides与ALT、AST强相关(P<0.05)。

结论

灌胃BBR能够通过肠道菌群改变减缓DILI小鼠疾病的进展。

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周吉银,E-mail:
ZHOU Jiyin,E-mail:
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Annu Rev Pathol,2024,19:453-478., articleTitle=Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity:paradigm for understanding mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954477740896274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954477963194387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, companyId=1322954477740896274, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Clinical Medical Research Center,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954477984165908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, companyId=1322954477740896274, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院临床医学研究中心,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954482677592103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Berberine (BBR) attenuates acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in mice (n=6), figureFileSmall=L9FNNzVK446qjIbcMj+LGg==, figureFileBig=hHGUnnqSN0xJL6xHjMwQuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954482748895272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小檗碱减缓APAP造模小鼠急性药物性肝损伤 (n=6)

A:HE staining showing hepatic morphology in the control,APAP+PBS,and APAP+BBR groups of mice; B~C:Histograms of serum levels of ALT (B) and AST (C) in 3 groups of mice; D~F:Statistical analysis of mRNA expression levels of TNF-α (D),F4/80 (E) and IL-1β (F) in hepatic tissues

, figureFileSmall=L9FNNzVK446qjIbcMj+LGg==, figureFileBig=hHGUnnqSN0xJL6xHjMwQuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954482992164905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=ABX depletion of gut microbiota and intragastrical administration of berberine (BBR) donot attenuate the progression of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in mice, figureFileSmall=7oJg6M/WY1OqwCMpZpbb3g==, figureFileBig=1CnQJDCKRFc1ocBAnZ9xgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954483059273771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ABX耗竭肠道菌群,灌胃BBR无法减缓APAP造模小鼠疾病病情进展

A:HE staining showing hepatic morphology in the control,APAP+PBS+ABX,and APAP+BBR+ABX groups of mice; B,C:Histograms of serum levels of ALT (B) and AST (C) in 3 groups of mice; D~F:Statistical analysis of mRNA expression levels of TNF-α (D),F4/80 (E) and IL-1β (F) in hepatic tissues. ABX:Ampicillin-neomycin-metronidazole-vancomycin

, figureFileSmall=7oJg6M/WY1OqwCMpZpbb3g==, figureFileBig=1CnQJDCKRFc1ocBAnZ9xgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954483147354156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Analysis of gut microbiota between acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute drug-induced liver injury (DILI) mice and DILI mice with BBR treatment, figureFileSmall=ptM2ajpjdWwmHpfbjHDkuw==, figureFileBig=UX5g3eH01tuwiV9IcgeioA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954483457732653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=CN, label=图3, caption=APAP造模灌胃PBS/BBR实验组间肠道菌群分析

A:Chao1 richness; B:Shannon diversity index; C:Jaccard-based hierarchical clustering; D:Taxonomic composition at the phylum level; E:Taxonomic composition at the species level; F~H:Relative abundance of individual significantly differential taxa compared with the APAP group

, figureFileSmall=ptM2ajpjdWwmHpfbjHDkuw==, figureFileBig=UX5g3eH01tuwiV9IcgeioA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954483570978862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=LEfSe analysis of inter-group gut microbiota between acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute drug-induced liver injury (DILI) mice and DILI mice with BBR treatment, figureFileSmall=YkO4NL/r2KarrgG7h02I9w==, figureFileBig=vXcFcEROK4RJN3NW0iuHUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954485437444146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=CN, label=图4, caption=APAP造模灌胃PBS/BBR实验中组间肠道菌群LEFse分析

A:Effect size distribution between the APAP and APAP+BBR groups by linear discriminant analysis (LDA),with the X-axis representing LDASCORE (Log10) and the Y-axis representing significantly different bacterial genera (LDASCORE>2); B:Arc-shaped diagram of the classification evolutionary branches with significant differences between the 2 groups,showing the hierarchical relationships of different bacterial genera from the inside out,with node sizes corresponding to the average relative abundance of different bacterial genera

, figureFileSmall=YkO4NL/r2KarrgG7h02I9w==, figureFileBig=vXcFcEROK4RJN3NW0iuHUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954485567467571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation between differential gut microbial taxa and serological indices in mice, figureFileSmall=S3fSycdKW+gkKF1MgvG/4Q==, figureFileBig=1k67T39M84I3R2bXEc/vvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954485630382132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954470115651587, language=CN, label=图5, caption=肠道菌群中差异菌与小鼠血清学指标的相关性分析

A:Correlation analysis between differential gut microbial taxa and serum transaminases ALT/AST in mice; B~G:Correlation parameters of individual genera with serum transaminases

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小檗碱调节肠道菌群改善小鼠药物性肝损伤
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涂奠基 , 周吉银
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(20): 2495-2505
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (20) : 2495 -2505
小檗碱调节肠道菌群改善小鼠药物性肝损伤
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涂奠基, 周吉银
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院临床医学研究中心,重庆
通讯作者:
周吉银,E-mail:
ZHOU Jiyin,E-mail:
Berberine improves drug-induced liver injury in mice by modulating gut microbiota
Dianji TU, Jiyin ZHOU
Affiliations
  • 1Clinical Medical Research Center,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508007
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目的

探究小檗碱(berberine,BBR)缓解药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)小鼠的作用及小鼠肠道菌群的变化特征,明确BBR通过肠道菌群对DILI的改善机制。

方法

构建对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen,APAP)DILI动物模型,将12只C57BL/6J小鼠按体质量采用随机区组法分为2组(即APAP组和APAP-BBR组),每组6只,收集2组小鼠的血清及肝脏组织,检测灌胃BBR对DILI小鼠的血清酶学、炎症相关指标及肝脏病理的作用;收集2组小鼠的新鲜粪便,对粪便菌群进行16S测序,比较2组小鼠肠道微生物的α和β多样性和肠道菌群结构特征,运用Pearson法分析2组之间的差异菌与小鼠血清学指标之间的相关性。

结果

灌胃BBR显著降低了APAP诱导的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平,改善了APAP诱导的肝细胞坏死比例。16S测序分析结果显示,APAP-BBR组相比于APAP组小鼠,α多样性的Chao1和Shanon指数无统计学差异,而β多样性有统计学差异(P<0.05);与APAP-BBR组比较,APAP组中Alloprevotella和Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014相对丰度明显升高(P<0.05);与APAP组比较,Parabacteroides在APAP-BBR组中相对丰度升高,且具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明,Alloprevotella与AST(P<0.05)强相关,Ruminococcaceae与ALT、AST强相关(P<0.05),Parabacteroides与ALT、AST强相关(P<0.05)。

结论

灌胃BBR能够通过肠道菌群改变减缓DILI小鼠疾病的进展。

小檗碱  /  药物性肝损伤  /  肠道菌群  /  16S rRNA
Objective

To investigate the protective effects of berberine (BBR) against drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in mice and the change profiles in gut microbiota, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which BBR alleviates DILI through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Methods

Acetaminophen (APAP) administration was performed on C57BL/6J mice with or without pre-treatment of ampicillin-neomycin-metronidazole-vancomycin (ABX, depletion of gut microbiota) to establish a DILI model. Based on body weight, 12 mice were randomly divided into an APAP group and a BBR group, with 6 animals in per group. Serum and liver tissue samples were collected from both groups to determine the effects of intragastrical administration of BBR on serum transaminase levels, inflammatory indicators, and liver histopathology. Fresh fecal samples were also collected to profile the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Then the alpha and beta diversity, as well as the overall microbial community structure, were compared between the 2 groups. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to analyze the relationships between differentially abundant bacteria and the serological indicators.

Results

Intragastrical administration of BBR significantly reduced APAP-induced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and ameliorated the proportion of hepatocellular necrosis caused by APAP. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that there were no statistical differences in the alpha diversity indices (Chao1 and Shannon) between the APAP-BBR and APAP groups, but a significant difference was observed in beta diversity (P<0.05). Compared to the APAP-BBR group, the relative abundances of Alloprevotella and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 were significantly increased in the APAP group (P<0.05). Conversely, the relative abundance of Parabacteroides was significantly higher in the APAP-BBR group than the APAP group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that Alloprevotella was strongly correlated with AST level (P<0.05), while both Ruminococcaceae and Parabacteroides showed strong correlations with ALT and AST levels (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Intragastric administration of BBR can mitigate the progression of DILI in mice, potentially through modulating the gut microbiota.

berberine  /  drug-induced liver injury  /  gut microbiota  /  16S rRNA
涂奠基, 周吉银. 小檗碱调节肠道菌群改善小鼠药物性肝损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2495 -2505 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508007
Dianji TU, Jiyin ZHOU. Berberine improves drug-induced liver injury in mice by modulating gut microbiota[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2495 -2505 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508007
药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury,DILI)是由药物或其代谢产物直接或间接引发的肝脏病理损害,作为临床常见的药物不良反应类型,其严重程度可从无症状生化指标异常进展至急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)甚至死亡。尽管多种免疫性及代谢性疾病(如自身免疫性肝炎、Wilson病)可能表现为ALF,但流行病学研究明确提示,DILI仍是急性肝衰竭最主要的诱因[1]。在美国,APAP过量是导致ALF的独立危险因素,约占全部病例的50%[2]。在治疗剂量范围内,APAP主要通过Ⅱ相代谢酶介导的磺基转移酶(sulfotransferases,SULTs)和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases,UGTs)催化,转化为无毒的硫酸化及葡萄糖醛酸化代谢物,经胆汁与肾脏途径排泄。然而,当药物超负荷或Ⅱ相代谢通路饱和时,5%~10%的APAP会经由细胞色素P450酶(尤其是CYP2E1同工酶)氧化代谢,生成高反应性毒性中间体N-乙酰基对苯醌亚胺(N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine,NAPQI)。在生理状态下,NAPQI可迅速被谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)结合解毒;但一旦肝细胞内GSH储备耗竭至临界阈值(通常降至正常水平的30%以下),过量NAPQI将不可逆地与线粒体关键蛋白(如腺嘌呤核苷酸转位酶)发生共价结合,形成APAP-蛋白加合物。这一过程直接触发线粒体氧化应激风暴,最终导致能量代谢衰竭、DNA损伤级联反应,并诱发肝细胞程序性坏死或凋亡。此外,坏死的肝细胞释放有害物质,进一步激活Kupffer细胞和中性粒细胞浸润,形成“二次打击”炎症放大效应,共同推动肝实质细胞的大规模死亡与器官功能衰竭。
BBR是一种天然来源的五环异喹啉类生物碱,作为传统中药黄连的核心活性成分,其临床应用可追溯至近3 000年前的中国古代医学典籍《神农本草经》。在传统医学体系中,BBR因其显著的抗菌特性被广泛应用于感染性腹泻及各类胃肠道疾病的治疗,其作用机制涉及抑制病原体毒力因子表达(如霍乱弧菌毒素)、干扰细菌生物膜形成以及阻断肠道致病菌黏附等过程[3]。现代药理学研究进一步揭示,BBR具有超越传统抗感染效应的多重生物活性。在代谢性疾病领域,BBR通过激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)增强胰岛素敏感性、促进肝脏脂肪酸β-氧化,并抑制固醇的脂质合成,从而显著改善高脂血症(降低血清总胆固醇20%~25%)、肥胖(减少内脏脂肪沉积)及2型糖尿病(糖化血红蛋白下降1.5%)[4]。在肿瘤防治方面,BBR可诱导细胞周期、激活半胱天冬酶依赖性凋亡通路(caspase-3/9活化)、抑制肿瘤转移相关基因(如MMP-9、VEGF)表达,对结直肠癌、肝癌等实体瘤展现出剂量依赖性抑制作用。值得注意的是,BBR还能通过调节肠道菌群结构(增加产丁酸菌丰度)和增强肠屏障功能发挥系统性健康效应。广泛的临床研究(累计纳入>500例患者)证实,BBR在长期治疗中表现出优异的安全性特征,主要不良反应仅限于轻度胃肠不适(发生率<5%),无肝肾功能损伤或严重药物相互作用报告,这使其作为多靶点治疗药物在代谢综合征、肿瘤辅助治疗等现代医学领域的转化应用提供了重要科学依据。本研究旨在探究BBR缓解DILI小鼠的作用及小鼠肠道菌群的变化特征,明确BBR通过肠道菌群对DILI的改善机制。
C57BL/6J雄性小鼠购自维通利华实验室。实验开始时体质量20~22 g,出生6~8周。小鼠饲养于SPF级环境中,维持于温度(21±1)℃、湿度(50±5)%的条件下,并采用12 h/12 h明暗交替循环。小鼠自由进食饮水。实验所用小鼠均为同品系、同性别、周龄一致,由陆军军医大学第二附属医院统一饲养,饲养条件保持一致。实验分组采用完全随机化方法。动物实验均通过陆军军医大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会审批(AMUWEC20240143)。
为了诱导DILI动物模型,通过灌胃APAP对小鼠进行造模,APAP经灌胃给予,剂量为300 mg/kg;BBR同样采用灌胃给药,剂量为20 mg/kg,每日1次,连续7 d。
隔夜进食12 h后收集血液样本。离心(3 000×g,15 min)收集血清。血清中检测项目ALT、AST由陆军军医大学第二附属医院全自动生化分析仪检测。
肝脏HE染色,新鲜的肝脏固定于10%的福尔马林溶液中,石蜡包埋。使用5 μm的相邻组织块切片。HE染色由委员会认证的兽医病理学家进行半定量评分。肝脏组织学图像用立式荧光显微镜拍摄。
小鼠每日灌胃由甲硝唑(200 mg/kg)、硫酸新霉素(200 mg/kg)、氨苄西林(200 mg/kg)和万古霉素(100 mg/kg)组成的四联广谱抗生素(ampicillin-neomycin-metronidazole-vancomycin,ABX),共1周已清除肠道菌群。在接下来的1周里,小鼠进行APAP给药造模和BBR灌胃,造模给药过程中为防止小鼠菌群恢复,小鼠在含有硫酸新霉素(1 g/L)、甲硝唑(1 g/L)、氨苄西林(1 g/L)和万古霉素(500 mg/L)的饮用水中接受ABX。含抗生素的水每隔1 d更换1次。
将肝组织在液氮中冷冻。使用TRizonRNA Extract试剂盒提取总RNA。使用PrimeScript RT试剂盒合成cDNA。使用TB绿色Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ试剂盒进行qRT-PCR,β-actin用作内参。
粪便样本使用磁珠法进行总DNA提取,保存于-80 ℃。粪便DNA样本终体积为100 μL,用紫外分光光度计检测浓度及纯度后,置于干冰中外送至诺和生物科技有限公司进行PCR扩增及16S rRNA基因V4区测序。
测序得到的原始数据经过质量控制后进行序列拼接。在99%相似度下聚类得到操作分类单元并去除嵌合体序列。菌群丰度分析运用Mann-Whitney U和Kruskal-Wallis检验,并用算法校正。LEfSe分析法将非参数统计检验(Kruskal-Wallis多组检验与Wilcoxon秩和检验)与线性判别分析相结合。
正态分布数据的组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布数据的组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。Pearson法分析肠道菌群与血清酶学指标间的相关性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
APAP模型组小鼠肝脏呈现广泛性肝细胞坏死(图1A),ALT和AST水平较对照组显著升高(P<0.01,图1B、C);而APAP-BBR组治疗不仅有效逆转肝组织病理损伤(坏死面积明显缩小),且使ALT与AST水平与APAP组比较明显降低(P<0.01),接近正常范围(图1B、C)。进一步通过q-PCR分析肝脏炎症反应发现,APAP模型组中促炎因子TNF-α、巨噬细胞浸润标志物F4/80及IL-1β的mRNA表达均显著上调(P<0.05,图1D~F),而APAP-BBR治疗组三者的表达量较APAP模型组分别降低52.3%、48.7%和61.5%(P<0.05,图1D~F),提示BBR可能通过抑制巨噬细胞浸润及下游促炎因子级联反应(TNF-α/F4/80/IL-1β信号轴)减轻炎症损伤。结果证实口服BBR在急性药物性肝损伤中表现出有益的作用。
鉴于BBR口服后低生物利用度<1%,而在肠道高度富集的特征,本研究通过ABX构建肠道菌群耗竭模型,系统探究了肠道菌群是否介导BBR对DILI的改善作用。在APAP诱导的DIL动物模型中,ABX预处理显著消除了BBR的肝保护效应,组织病理学分析显示,菌群清除后,BBR治疗组(APAP+BBR+ABX)与安慰剂对照组(APAP+Vehicle+ABX)的肝实质坏死面积差异无统计学意义(图2A)。血清生化指标进一步证实,BBR干预未能显著降低模型小鼠的ALT及AST水平(图2B、C)。ABX处理完全阻断了BBR的治疗作用,qPCR检测揭示,BBR治疗组肝脏组织中炎症关键因子TNF-α、巨噬细胞标志物F4/80及IL-1β的表达量与对照组相比均未呈现显著下调(图2D~F)。上述结果表明,肠道菌群的存在是BBR缓解DILI的必要条件,其保护效应的丧失与菌群依赖性抗炎通路抑制直接相关。
本研究通过系统评估α多样性与β多样性指标,深入解析了APAP诱导的DILI模型中肠道菌群结构特征及BBR的干预效应。α多样性作为反映肠道微生物群落丰富度(Chao1指数)和均匀度(Shannon指数)的核心参数,其变化直接关联微生态系统稳定性。分析显示,与APAP模型组相比,APAP-BBR治疗组的Chao1指数(物种丰富度)及Shannon指数(群落均匀度)组间差异无统计学意义(图3A、B),表明BBR干预未显著改变肠道菌群的总体多样性水平。相较之下,β多样性分析(用于量化不同样本间微生物群落结构异质性)则揭示出显著组间差异。基于Bray-Curtis距离矩阵的主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCoA)显示,APAP组与APAP-BBR组的菌群组成在二维排序空间(PCoA1 vs PCoA2)中形成明显分离的聚类分布PERMANOVA检验(P<0.05,图3C)。这一结果证实,尽管BBR未显著影响菌群α多样性,但其可特异性重塑肠道微生物的群落结构特征,这种结构重组可能通过调节特定功能菌群的丰度,进而介导BBR的肝保护效应。
在门水平分类分析中,APAP诱导的DILI模型组(APAP组)与BBR干预组(APAP-BBR组)的肠道菌群结构均以Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes及Verrucomicrobia为主导,三者合计占比超过总菌群的85.0%。定量比较显示,与APAP组(47.9%)比较,APAP-BBR组的拟杆菌门相对丰度显著提升至58.1%,而厚壁菌门(20.3% vs 27.8%)与疣微菌门(12.8% vs 17.7%)丰度呈下降趋势(图3D)。进一步在属水平(筛选标准:平均相对丰度>1%)鉴定出13个核心菌属(图3E),其中两组间存在显著差异的菌属包括:APAP组中Alloprevotella和Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05,图3F、G),而BBR干预特异性促进了Parabacteroides的增殖,其丰度在APAP-BBR组中较APAP组显著增加(P<0.05,图3H)。值得注意的是,Parabacteroides作为公认的产短链脂肪酸功能菌,其富集与BBR介导的肠道屏障修复及抗炎效应存在潜在功能联系。相反,Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014(参与初级胆汁酸转化)的减少可能通过调节胆汁酸代谢轴影响肝损伤进程。这些门-属水平的特异性改变,从微生物分类学层面证实了BBR对肠道菌群结构的定向重塑作用。
为精准识别APAP诱导DILI模型组(APAP组)与BBR干预组(APAP-BBR组)间具有显著分类学差异的微生物标志物,本研究采用LEfSe分析方法(LDA score >3.0作为显著性阈值)进行多级生物标志物筛选。结果表明(图4A、B),两组间共鉴定出10个显著差异物种(APAP组8个,APAP-BBR组2个),其分类学分布呈现层级化特征。在APAP组中,Tenericutes被识别为门水平的关键标志物,其下级分类单元Mollicutes、Anaeroplasmatales依次成为纲、目水平的代表性差异类群;进一步在科水平,Anaeroplasmataceae和Ruminococcaceae显著富集,对应的属水平标志物为Anaeroplasma、Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014及Alloprevotella。值得注意的是,这些APAP组特征菌属(如产乳酸菌Anaeroplasma)与肠道通透性增加及促炎微环境形成相关。相较之下,APAP-BBR组的标志性类群集中于Tannerellaceae及其下属的Parabacteroides,后者作为具备抗炎特性的短链脂肪酸产生菌,其富集与BBR介导的肠-肝轴保护效应形成机制关联。
为探求属水平上显著差异菌属是否与临床血清学指标具有相关性,本文对APAP造模DILI小鼠与BBR治疗组小鼠的肠道菌群及小鼠肝脏血清学指标进行相关性分析,结果如图5所示,Alloprevotella与AST强相关(P<0.05),Ruminococcaceae与ALT、AST强相关(P<0.05),Parabacteroides与ALT、AST强相关(P<0.05)。此外,结果显示,Ralstonia、Rikenella、Leucobacter与ALT相关(P<0.05),Mucispirillum、Eubacterium_oxidoreducens_group、Roseimarinus、Butyricicoccus、Defluviitaleaceae_UCG_011、Odoribacter与AST相关(P<0.05)。Candidatus_Arthromitus、Tyzzerella_4、Candidatus_Saccharimonas、UBA1819与ALT、AST相关(P<0.05)。
胃肠道是人体拥有的一个庞大的微生物生态系统,其中定植的微生物数量高达百万亿(1014)个,远超人体自身细胞总数(约30万亿)。微生物与宿主形成了共生、互惠或拮抗的动态关系,共同构成了一个精密的“超级生物体”[5]。研究表明,肠道菌群在人体内发挥重要作用,其核心功能远超越简单的共生关系:在黏膜防御层面,菌群通过竞争性定植抑制(如分泌抗菌肽Bacteriocins)及强化上皮紧密连接(ZO-1/Occludin蛋白表达上调)构建生物屏障,有效阻遏病原体定植[6-8]。在代谢整合方面,菌群发酵膳食纤维产生短链脂肪酸(SCFAs,丁酸/丙酸/乙酸占比>90%),贡献宿主每日能量需求的5%~10%,并通过激活GPR41/43受体调控GLP-1分泌与脂肪沉积[9-10]。菌群通过7α-脱羟基化转化初级胆汁酸为次级胆汁酸(如脱氧胆酸),调节FXR/TGR5信号通路影响脂质代谢,其表达的β-葡萄糖醛酸酶、偶氮还原酶等代谢酶,既参与200余种药物生物转化(如苏灵大激活),又可双向调控外源毒素(降解多环芳烃或激活前致癌物)[11-13]。最新研究揭示菌群通过SCFAs-M2巨噬细胞轴调节骨重塑,经迷走神经-下丘脑通路影响摄食中枢。这些功能模块交织成“微生物-宿主代谢对话网络”,其失衡与代谢综合征、神经退行性疾病及药物性肝损伤等密切相关[14-16]。
本研究采用16S rRNA高通量测序方法检测了BBR治疗DILI组和对照组的肠道群,组间Chao1和Shannon指数差异无统计学意义,β多样性反映组间物种多样性有统计学差异(P<0.05)。PCoA分析显示,两组菌群大部分Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes、Verrucomicrobia为主导,小檗碱治疗组与对照组肠道菌群门水平结构相比,APAP药物造模组相对治疗组中Alloprevotella和Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014相对丰度显著升高占比更大(P<0.05)。研究显示,Firmicutes与Bacteroidetes的比值(F/B比值)在肠道微生物群落动态平衡中具有重要地位,其异常变化(升高或降低)与多种疾病状态密切相关,可作为评估肠道系统性疾病病理状况的潜在生物学标志物。肝硬化患者肠道中厚壁菌门丰度显著降低,拟杆菌门丰度显著升高,F/B比值显著下降(如门水平占比:厚壁菌门↓,拟杆菌门↑)。肠道菌群组成失衡和肠屏障受损、炎症介质释放,以及重金属暴露(例如镉、铅)等情况有关[17]。但也有研究显示,F/B比值和ICU患者并发症发生率以及总体生存率之间并没有显著的统计学相关性。当厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度都升高时,F/B比值仍可能会下降,出现“比值解离”现象。这也对F/B比值作为危重症患者微生物组生物标志物的普适性提出了挑战,表明肠道菌门水平的比值并不能很好地解释复杂疾病环境中的动态变化[18]。在属水平上,普雷沃氏菌属和瘤胃菌科_UCG_014属在APAP组中明显增多。既往研究报道,普雷沃氏菌属中的某些菌种和肠道炎症相关,肠道内普雷沃菌属丰度的上升与肠道黏膜屏障破坏、继而引发的肠道炎症有关[19]。瘤胃菌科_UCG_014属相对丰度的显著上升可能与肠道菌群失调有关[20],该菌属丰度的变化可能通过影响短链脂肪酸代谢间接影响肝脏[21]。
LEfSe分析表明,APAP造模DILI组中Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014及Alloprevotella占绝对优势,BBR治疗组以Parabacteroides为优势菌属。Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014和Alloprevotella与肝脏疾病之间存在一定的关联。Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014可能通过影响肝脏脂肪代谢和炎症反应参与肝脂肪变性和肝损伤的发展;而Alloprevotella可能通过引发肠道炎症、影响代谢物产生以及激活免疫反应等方式,促进肝脏炎症和纤维化的进展。近期研究报道,Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014和Alloprevotella作为主导菌群时,可能通过多种机制影响肝脏疾病的发生和发展。这些机制包括引发肠道炎症、影响代谢物产生(如短链脂肪酸、脂多糖等)以及通过肠-肝轴影响肝脏代谢和免疫反应。在一项关于NAFLD的研究中,发现患者的肠道菌群中Ruminococcaceae的丰度发生了显著变化[22]。这表明Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014可能与NAFLD的发病机制相关,尤其是在疾病进展和严重程度方面。另一项研究指出,Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014的丰度变化与肝脏炎症和脂肪堆积有关,可能通过影响肠道代谢物的产生进而影响肝脏代谢。在肝细胞癌患者中,Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014的丰度变化被观察到与疾病进展相关。某些研究发现,Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014的丰度增加可能与肝脏肿瘤发生和炎症反应相关[23]。Parabacteroides中的多种菌具有益生菌的作用。研究报道,副拟杆菌属的丰度增加可能与疾病进展相关,其可能通过破坏肠道屏障功能和引发炎症反应加剧肝脏损伤[24]。研究表明,Parabacteroides特别是狄氏副拟杆菌(Parabacteroides distasonis)在NAFLD和NASH的发病机制中可能发挥重要作用。例如,一项研究发现,膳食纤维(如菊粉)可以通过富集Parabacteroides distasonis及其代谢物(如十五烷酸)来恢复肠道屏障功能,抑制NASH的发展[25]。在肝纤维化患者中,Parabacteroides distasonis的丰度显著降低。补充Parabacteroides distasonis可以改善肝纤维化,其机制可能与调节肠道胆汁酸代谢和抑制肝细胞凋亡有关[26]。Parabacteroides distasonis通过降低肝脏中的毒性胆汁酸(如TCDCA)水平,减少肝细胞线粒体通透性转变(MPT)和caspase-11焦亡,进而抑制肝星状细胞的激活,改善肝纤维化[26]。此外,Parabacteroides goldsteinii衍生的外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles,OMVs)能够通过传递关键的抗炎分子(如十五烷酸)调节宿主的免疫系统,这些OMVs可以抑制IL-23/Th17轴,改善全身免疫稳态,从而显著缓解银屑病症状[27]。Parabacteroides goldsteinii与Bacteroides sartorii的双联益生菌组合被证明具有抗肥胖潜力。这种组合可以通过下调肝脏FTO基因、上调AMPK表达来改善肥胖表型[28]。益生元与副拟杆菌属的联合应用可以增加短链脂肪酸的产生,抑制促炎因子(如TNF-α和IL-6)的分泌,促进抗炎因子(如TGF-β和IL-10)的分泌,从而缓解溃疡性结肠炎。Parabacteroides在多种疾病中表现出益生菌的潜力,其作用机制主要包括代谢调节、免疫调节和肠道屏障功能增强。
近期的研究表明,BBR在其他炎症相关疾病中的临床应用也得到了广泛研究。例如,在治疗溃疡性结肠炎的随机对照临床试验中,BBR显示出显著的疗效,能够有效改善患者的症状[29]。这些研究为BBR在急性肝损伤治疗中的潜在应用提供了有力的理论支持。BBR的临床应用潜力不仅在于其直接的抗炎和抗氧化作用,还在于其通过调节肠道菌群来发挥间接的保护作用。这种多机制的作用方式使其在治疗APAP诱导的DILI方面具有独特的优势。例如,BBR可以通过抑制炎症信号通路(如NF-κB和MAPK)来减轻肝脏的炎症损伤[30]。这些作用机制也可能对急性肝损伤的治疗有益。尽管已有研究表明BBR在治疗APAP诱导的急性肝损伤方面具有潜力,但仍需进一步的临床研究来验证其安全性和有效性。本课题组将在未来的研究中进一步完善实验设计,探索BBR的最佳治疗方案,并深入研究其作用机制,以期为临床治疗提供更多的科学依据。
本研究实验方案设计存局限,先对小鼠进行BBR预处理一段时间,待粪便肠道菌群发生预期改变后,再进行APAP处理以观察肝损伤情况,这一方案能够更清晰地展示BBR通过影响肠道菌群来发挥护肝作用的机制,而非直接的抗炎护肝作用,后续本课题组将在机制研究中完善这一实验方案。本研究主要分析了APAP诱导的DILI造模组和BBR治疗组之间肠道菌群的多样性以及结构组成差异,并探讨了差异菌和小鼠血清学指标之间的相关性,但并没有深入研究菌群结构发生变化的机制。结果显示,BBR能减轻APAP诱导的DILI,且肠道菌群出现了特征性的改变,但BBR的具体作用机制还有待研究。在APAP诱导的DILI中,肝细胞的损伤主要通过氧化应激、炎症反应和细胞凋亡等途径发生。BBR作为一种多靶点的天然产物,其在治疗DILI中的潜在分子机制可能涉及以下几个方面:①BBR可能通过调节氧化应激反应来减轻肝损伤。APAP代谢产生的大量活性氧(ROS)会超过细胞内抗氧化系统的清除能力,导致氧化应激和肝细胞损伤。BBR能够增强细胞内的抗氧化防御机制,例如通过上调抗氧化酶的表达,如SOD、GSH-Px和CAT,从而提高细胞对ROS的清除能力[31]。②BBR可能通过抑制炎症反应来发挥保护作用。APAP诱导的肝损伤会激活炎症信号通路,如NF-κB和MAPK信号通路,导致促炎细胞因子的过度表达,如TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6。BBR能够抑制这些炎症信号通路的激活,减少炎症因子的产生,从而减轻肝脏的炎症反应[32]。③BBR可能通过调节细胞凋亡途径来保护肝细胞。APAP诱导的肝损伤会导致线粒体功能障碍,释放细胞色素C,激活半胱天冬酶级联反应,从而诱导细胞凋亡。BBR能够通过多种途径保护线粒体功能,减少细胞色素C的释放,并抑制caspase-3、caspase-9等凋亡相关蛋白的活化,从而减轻细胞凋亡[33]。后续本课题组会进一步探索肠道菌群在BBR治疗APAP肝损伤中的作用,以验证当前的发现,并为临床诊疗提供可靠的理论支撑。

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2025年第47卷第20期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508007
  • 接收时间:2025-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07
  • 修回日期:2025-09-02
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院临床医学研究中心,重庆

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周吉银,E-mail:
ZHOU Jiyin,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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