Article(id=1322954379451564769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954356680696647, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=1759939200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346503364, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1761753600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346503364, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346503364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346503364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954356680696647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='20', pageStart='2445', pageEnd='2580', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761753600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346497936, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346497936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2451, endPage=2460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954379812274914, articleId=1322954379451564769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Immunosuppressive microenvironment of TGIF1-overexpressing gastric cancers and its clinical significance, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To determine the expression level of TG-interacting factor 1 (TGIF1) in gastric cancer (GC) and its correlation with prognosis, and investigate the characteristics of immune microenvironment of TGIF1-overexpressing GCs and its clinical significance.

Methods

Integrated analysis was performed using transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG), and our in-house GC transcriptome database. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was employed to compare TGIF1 expression between GC and normal gastric mucosa tissues. Based on Kaplan-Meier Plotter online database, the correlation between TGIF1 expression and clinical prognosis was evaluated. Transcriptomic data were analyzed to identify functional enrichment features of GC with high TGIF1 expression. The GENIE3 toolkit and STRING database were utilized to predict TGIF1-regulated target genes and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, respectively to explore the potential immune-related signaling pathways regulated by TGIF1. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was applied to analyze the association between TGIF1 expression and tumor microenvironment (TME) disorder.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis revealed significantly higher TGIF1 expression in GC tissues compared to normal tissues (P<0.01). Patients with high TGIF1 expression exhibited poorer clinical prognosis (P<0.05). IHC assay confirmed elevated TGIF1 expression in GC tissues than normal tissues (P<0.01). GC with high TGIF1 expression was enriched in immune regulatory pathways, including immunosuppressive cytokines such as chemokine C-C motif ligand 20 (CCL20). These tumors displayed an immunosuppressive TME, characterized by abundant immunosuppressive NK cells, mast cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid cells, and exhausted CD8+ T cells. Cell interaction analysis suggested that TGIF1-overexpressing GC cells may engage with Tregs via the CCL20-CCR6 axis. Co-high expression of signature gene sets from these interacting cells was associated with significantly shorter survival in the patients (P<0.05).

Conclusion

TGIF1 is highly expressed in GC tissues and may serve as a biomarker for immunosuppressive TME and poor prognosis. TGIF1-overexpressing GC cells may interact with multiple immune cells, particularly Tregs, to induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment.

, authors=Huyun TONG1, Xu CHEN1, Wenjie ZHANG2, Tao WANG1, Xianfeng LI1, Qiu QIU3, Bin WANG1, authorsList=Huyun TONG, Xu CHEN, Wenjie ZHANG, Tao WANG, Xianfeng LI, Qiu QIU, Bin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiu QIU, Bin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954382848951023, articleId=1322954379451564769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=转录因子TGIF1高表达胃癌的免疫抑制性微环境特征及临床意义分析, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析转录因子转化生长因子β诱导因子同源框1(TG-interacting factor 1,TGIF1)在胃癌中的表达水平及与胃癌患者预后相关性,研究TGIF1高表达胃癌的免疫微环境特征和临床意义。

方法

整合分析癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)、亚洲癌症研究组织(Asian Cancer Research Group,ACRG)和本课题组建立的胃癌转录组数据库,结合免疫组化实验分析胃癌和正常胃黏膜组织TGIF1表达情况,分析Kaplan-Meier Plotter 在线数据库,探讨TGIF1表达与胃癌临床预后相关性。利用转录组数据分析TGIF1高表达胃癌的功能富集特征,通过GENIE3工具包预测TGIF1调控靶基因,STRING数据库推断蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络,探讨TGIF1可能调控的肿瘤免疫信号网络。结合单细胞转录组测序等技术分析TGIF1表达与胃癌微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)紊乱的相关性。

结果

分析转录组数据表明TGIF1在胃癌组织显著高表达(P<0.01),TGIF1高表达胃癌患者的临床预后较差(P<0.05)。免疫组织化学染色发现TGIF1在胃癌组织中的表达显著高于正常组织(P<0.01)。TGIF1高表达胃癌显著富集免疫调控信号通路,包含趋化因子配体20 (chemokine C-C motif ligand 20,CCL20)等一系列免疫抑制性细胞因子。TGIF1高表达胃癌具有免疫抑制性TME,富含免疫抑制性NK细胞、肥大细胞、调节性T细胞、髓系细胞和耗竭性CD8+T细胞。细胞互作分析发现,TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞可能通过CCL20识别调节性T细胞的CCR6受体,这两种互作细胞的特征性基因集高表达时,胃癌患者生存期显著缩短(P<0.05)。

结论

TGIF1在胃癌组织中高表达,可能是免疫抑制性TME和临床不良预后的生物标志物,TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞可能与调节性T细胞等多种细胞互作,诱导TME免疫抑制状态。

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王 斌,E-mail:
邱 秋,E-mail:
WANG Bin,E-mail:
QIU Qiu,E-mail:
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Gastric Cancer,2023,26(6):904-917., articleTitle=PPARδ dysregulation of CCL20/CCR6 axis promotes gastric adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis by remodeling gastric tumor microenvironment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954392491656014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Inhibition of the CCR6-CCL20 axis prevents regulatory T cell recruitment and sensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to radiation therapy[EB/OL]. [2025-07-10]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36326893/., articleTitle=Inhibition of the CCR6-CCL20 axis prevents regulatory T cell recruitment and sensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to radiation therapy, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954383239021296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954383247409905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, companyId=1322954383239021296, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Prevention and Treatment for Digestive System Tumors,Department of Gastroenterology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954383259992818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, companyId=1322954383239021296, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954383335490291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954383343878900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, companyId=1322954383335490291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954383356461813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, companyId=1322954383335490291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2重庆大学医学院,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954383423570678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954383431959287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, companyId=1322954383423570678, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Gastroenterology,Chongqing Hechuan District People’s Hospital,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954383440347896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, companyId=1322954383423570678, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954387701760804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=High expression of TGIF1 in gastric cancer (GC) is associated with poor clinical prognosis, figureFileSmall=7ZH+KN0CKNrVWfBuwSJrKA==, figureFileBig=MsfuDsY6rEB0ZMgvDGAutA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954387789841189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TGIF1在胃癌中高表达且临床预后不良

A:Analysis of TGIF family expression levels in normal gastric mucosa and GC tissues using TCGA-STAD,ACRG,and self-testing datasets; TCGA:The Cancer Genome Atlas; ACRG:Asian Cancer Research Group; a:P<0.01; B:Expression level of TGIF1 in normal gastric mucosa and GC tissues; a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=7ZH+KN0CKNrVWfBuwSJrKA==, figureFileBig=MsfuDsY6rEB0ZMgvDGAutA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388016333606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=EN, label=Figure 1(continued), caption=High expression of TGIF1 in gastric cancer (GC) is associated with poor clinical prognosis, figureFileSmall=9JIvD1Wutnvzr3ff6MIy+Q==, figureFileBig=aBjjKfKjZNX12XuIEU3BOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388091831079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=CN, label=续图1, caption=TGIF1在胃癌中高表达且临床预后不良

C:Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free survival and overall survival in high and low TGIF1 expression groups

, figureFileSmall=9JIvD1Wutnvzr3ff6MIy+Q==, figureFileBig=aBjjKfKjZNX12XuIEU3BOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388175717160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Features of immune dysregulation in gastric cancer (GC) subtype with high-expression TGIF1, figureFileSmall=0B/hKc3ViYKlSOVgTZdI9A==, figureFileBig=E+fYIGHljHsOTyIpB9ecGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388238631721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TGIF1高表达胃癌亚型的免疫紊乱特征

A:Flowchart of the analysis strategy for the bulk transcriptome data in this study; B:Immune-related pathways enriched by GSEA in the TGIF1 high-expression GC subtype; C:Top 6 biological pathways identified by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses in the TGIF1 high-expression GC subtype. DEG:Differentially expressed genes; GO:Gene ontology; KEGG:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; GSEA:Gene set enrichment analysis; NES:Normalized enrichment score

, figureFileSmall=0B/hKc3ViYKlSOVgTZdI9A==, figureFileBig=E+fYIGHljHsOTyIpB9ecGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388309934890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Expression of immunosuppressive genes in gastric cancer (GC) subtype with high-expression TGIF1, figureFileSmall=iTA+CilN+92S4vHTvyDE8Q==, figureFileBig=9IqsuPhlv8YPjPYsfKrnYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388372849451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TGIF1高表达胃癌亚型具有免疫抑制性基因表达

A:Tumor immune signaling network related to TGIF1; B:Heatmap of gene correlations within the tumor immune signaling network; C,D:Core genes in the tumor immune signaling network and their expression levels; E:Kaplan-Meier survival curves for overall survival in high and low expression groups of the core gene set regulated by TGIF1 in the tumor immune signaling network

, figureFileSmall=iTA+CilN+92S4vHTvyDE8Q==, figureFileBig=9IqsuPhlv8YPjPYsfKrnYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388444152620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Immunosuppressive microenvironment characteristics of gastric cancer (GC) subtype with TGIF1 high expression, figureFileSmall=bMq+s6yvn/9LWDIUhdCzJg==, figureFileBig=GByE3QG6U88BniT5iOheAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388532233005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TGIF1高表达胃癌亚型的免疫抑制性微环境特征

A:Flowchart of the analysis strategy for single-cell transcriptome data in this study; B,C:Expression level of TGIF1 in GC with high(B) and low(C) expression and dimensionality reduction clustering distribution map of its cell subpopulations; D:Heatmap of marker genes for cell subpopulations; E:Stacked bar chart of cell subpopulation proportions in GC with high and low TGIF1 expression; Log2 fold change plot of cell subpopulation proportion changes in GC subtype with high TGIF1 expression

, figureFileSmall=bMq+s6yvn/9LWDIUhdCzJg==, figureFileBig=GByE3QG6U88BniT5iOheAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388595147566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=TGIF1High gastric cancer (GC) cells may act on regulatory T cells through the CCL20-CCR6 signaling axis, figureFileSmall=Hmrd6ae9HP2W8A5p/ust5w==, figureFileBig=P9OONzGkeuVaWoJcevx8Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954388695810863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954379451564769, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TGIF1High胃癌细胞可能通过CCL20-CCR6信号轴作用于调节性T细胞

A:Number of interaction signals between TGIF1High and TGIF1Low GC cells with other cell subpopulations in the microenvironment; B,C:Interaction signal map of CCL20-CCR6 between TGIF1High GC cells and regulatory T cells(B),and their receptor-ligand expression levels(C); D:Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves for high and low expression groups of CCL20+TGIF1High GC cells and CCR6+ regulatory T cell gene set

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转录因子TGIF1高表达胃癌的免疫抑制性微环境特征及临床意义分析
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童湖云 1 , 陈旭 1 , 张文杰 2 , 王涛 1 , 李先锋 1 , 邱秋 3 , 王斌 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(20): 2451-2460
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (20) : 2451 -2460
转录因子TGIF1高表达胃癌的免疫抑制性微环境特征及临床意义分析
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童湖云1, 陈旭1, 张文杰2, 王涛1, 李先锋1, 邱秋3 , 王斌1
作者信息
  • 1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 2重庆大学医学院,重庆
  • 3重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆
通讯作者:
王 斌,E-mail:
邱 秋,E-mail:
WANG Bin,E-mail:
QIU Qiu,E-mail:
Immunosuppressive microenvironment of TGIF1-overexpressing gastric cancers and its clinical significance
Huyun TONG1, Xu CHEN1, Wenjie ZHANG2, Tao WANG1, Xianfeng LI1, Qiu QIU3 , Bin WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Prevention and Treatment for Digestive System Tumors,Department of Gastroenterology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing
  • 2School of Medicine,Chongqing University,Chongqing
  • 3Department of Gastroenterology,Chongqing Hechuan District People’s Hospital,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508003
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目的

分析转录因子转化生长因子β诱导因子同源框1(TG-interacting factor 1,TGIF1)在胃癌中的表达水平及与胃癌患者预后相关性,研究TGIF1高表达胃癌的免疫微环境特征和临床意义。

方法

整合分析癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)、亚洲癌症研究组织(Asian Cancer Research Group,ACRG)和本课题组建立的胃癌转录组数据库,结合免疫组化实验分析胃癌和正常胃黏膜组织TGIF1表达情况,分析Kaplan-Meier Plotter 在线数据库,探讨TGIF1表达与胃癌临床预后相关性。利用转录组数据分析TGIF1高表达胃癌的功能富集特征,通过GENIE3工具包预测TGIF1调控靶基因,STRING数据库推断蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络,探讨TGIF1可能调控的肿瘤免疫信号网络。结合单细胞转录组测序等技术分析TGIF1表达与胃癌微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)紊乱的相关性。

结果

分析转录组数据表明TGIF1在胃癌组织显著高表达(P<0.01),TGIF1高表达胃癌患者的临床预后较差(P<0.05)。免疫组织化学染色发现TGIF1在胃癌组织中的表达显著高于正常组织(P<0.01)。TGIF1高表达胃癌显著富集免疫调控信号通路,包含趋化因子配体20 (chemokine C-C motif ligand 20,CCL20)等一系列免疫抑制性细胞因子。TGIF1高表达胃癌具有免疫抑制性TME,富含免疫抑制性NK细胞、肥大细胞、调节性T细胞、髓系细胞和耗竭性CD8+T细胞。细胞互作分析发现,TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞可能通过CCL20识别调节性T细胞的CCR6受体,这两种互作细胞的特征性基因集高表达时,胃癌患者生存期显著缩短(P<0.05)。

结论

TGIF1在胃癌组织中高表达,可能是免疫抑制性TME和临床不良预后的生物标志物,TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞可能与调节性T细胞等多种细胞互作,诱导TME免疫抑制状态。

胃癌  /  预后  /  肿瘤免疫微环境  /  TGIF1
Objective

To determine the expression level of TG-interacting factor 1 (TGIF1) in gastric cancer (GC) and its correlation with prognosis, and investigate the characteristics of immune microenvironment of TGIF1-overexpressing GCs and its clinical significance.

Methods

Integrated analysis was performed using transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG), and our in-house GC transcriptome database. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was employed to compare TGIF1 expression between GC and normal gastric mucosa tissues. Based on Kaplan-Meier Plotter online database, the correlation between TGIF1 expression and clinical prognosis was evaluated. Transcriptomic data were analyzed to identify functional enrichment features of GC with high TGIF1 expression. The GENIE3 toolkit and STRING database were utilized to predict TGIF1-regulated target genes and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, respectively to explore the potential immune-related signaling pathways regulated by TGIF1. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was applied to analyze the association between TGIF1 expression and tumor microenvironment (TME) disorder.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis revealed significantly higher TGIF1 expression in GC tissues compared to normal tissues (P<0.01). Patients with high TGIF1 expression exhibited poorer clinical prognosis (P<0.05). IHC assay confirmed elevated TGIF1 expression in GC tissues than normal tissues (P<0.01). GC with high TGIF1 expression was enriched in immune regulatory pathways, including immunosuppressive cytokines such as chemokine C-C motif ligand 20 (CCL20). These tumors displayed an immunosuppressive TME, characterized by abundant immunosuppressive NK cells, mast cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid cells, and exhausted CD8+ T cells. Cell interaction analysis suggested that TGIF1-overexpressing GC cells may engage with Tregs via the CCL20-CCR6 axis. Co-high expression of signature gene sets from these interacting cells was associated with significantly shorter survival in the patients (P<0.05).

Conclusion

TGIF1 is highly expressed in GC tissues and may serve as a biomarker for immunosuppressive TME and poor prognosis. TGIF1-overexpressing GC cells may interact with multiple immune cells, particularly Tregs, to induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment.

gastric cancer  /  prognosis  /  tumor immune microenvironment  /  TGIF1
童湖云, 陈旭, 张文杰, 王涛, 李先锋, 邱秋, 王斌. 转录因子TGIF1高表达胃癌的免疫抑制性微环境特征及临床意义分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2451 -2460 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508003
Huyun TONG, Xu CHEN, Wenjie ZHANG, Tao WANG, Xianfeng LI, Qiu QIU, Bin WANG. Immunosuppressive microenvironment of TGIF1-overexpressing gastric cancers and its clinical significance[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2451 -2460 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508003
胃癌是我国常见消化性系统恶性肿瘤,占我国癌症发病数第五、死亡人数第三位,临床疗效较差、预后不佳[1]。免疫治疗作为一种新兴的治疗方法,显著提高胃癌等实体瘤的临床疗效[2],但免疫治疗耐药现象凸显,亟需深入研究肿瘤免疫逃逸机理,研发免疫治疗新靶点[3]。肿瘤微环境具有显著异质性,根据其抗肿瘤免疫应答程度可分为免疫热肿瘤或免疫冷肿瘤[4]。癌细胞与免疫细胞互作在免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME),即免疫冷肿瘤形成中具有重要作用,也是免疫治疗失败重要原因[5]。肿瘤细胞可通过趋化免疫抑制性细胞,诱导免疫抑制性TME,促进免疫逃逸和肿瘤进展[6]。其中免疫抑制性细胞,如调节性T细胞,通过分泌IL-10和TGF-β抑制效应T细胞功能[7],髓系来源抑制细胞则通过精氨酸酶和一氧化氮合酶抑制T细胞活化[8],从而塑造免疫抑制性TME。然而胃癌细胞如何诱导免疫抑制性TME的细胞和分子尚不清楚。
癌细胞高表达关键转录因子,在诱导免疫抑制性TME中发挥重要作用。TG相互作用因子(TG-interacting factor,TGIF)属于人类TALE(three-amino acid loop extension)同源结构域蛋白家族转录因子成员,包括转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor beta,TGF-β)诱导因子同源框1(TG-interacting factor 1,TGIF1)、TGF-β诱导因子同源框2(TG-interacting factor 2,TGIF2)和TGF-β诱导因子同源框2类似X/Y连锁(TG-interacting factor 2-like,X-linked/Y-linked,TGIF2LX/Y)[9]。其中TGIF1调控多种细胞过程,包括发育、增殖和分化[10],是TGF-β信号转导的转录阻遏物[11]。最近研究表明,TGIF1参与肺癌[12]、乳腺癌[13]和结直肠癌[14]等多种肿瘤发生发展,调控肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭等恶性生物学行为[15],但TGIF1如何影响TME特征尚不清楚。本研究基于普通转录组和单细胞转录组测序数据分析,发现TGIF1在一部分胃癌显著高表达,并且TGIF1高表达胃癌具有免疫抑制性TME,富含大量调节性T细胞、髓系细胞和耗竭性T细胞;TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞可能通过CCL20-CCR6轴与调节性T细胞互作,从而诱导免疫抑制性TME,导致疾病进展与不良预后。这些结果在为进一步解析胃癌免疫抑制性TME成因提供新见解,为逆转免疫抑制提供潜在干预靶点。
本研究的自测转录组数据来自于既往的临床样本所得的测序数据,共包括120例正常胃黏膜组织和115例胃癌组织,均来自既往在陆军特色医学中心消化内科就诊的患者。本研究已通过陆军特色医学中心伦理委员会审批[医研伦审(2025)第173号]。
对于普通转录组测序数据,使用FastQC进行质量控制分析,Fastp过滤低质量碱基,识别与切除接头序列。随后使用Hisat2工具,依据人参考基因组GRCh38进行序列比对,再利用Samtools工具过滤掉低质量和重复片段。数据通过质控后,运用FeatureCounts工具对基因表达进行定量分析。整理得到原始表达矩阵并标准化后,根据不同样本的TGIF1表达水平,将前5%和后5%的样本分为TGIF1高表达组和TGIF1低表达组,利用limma包进行差异基因分析[差异基因表达的log2倍数变化(log2FC)的绝对值>1,同时假发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)<0.05],然后运用基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)数据库和clusterProfiler包对差异基因进行富集分析。此外还按照差异倍数排序后的差异基因进行基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)。
从TCGA数据库获得36例正常样本和412份胃癌样本的mRNA表达谱,自测数据得到的120例正常样本和115例胃癌样本的mRNA表达谱,ACRG GSE66229队列的100例正常样本和300例胃癌的基因表达芯片数据,分别比较TGIF1在正常与胃癌的mRNA表达水平。
使用免疫组织化学染色技术检测TGIF1在癌旁和胃癌组织中的表达。将石蜡切片在65 ℃烘箱中烘烤3 h,依次置于二甲苯和不同浓度乙醇中脱蜡水化,然后用磷酸盐缓冲液洗涤3次。切片在柠檬酸钠缓冲液中煮沸8 min进行抗原修复,冷却至室温后洗涤,加入3%过氧化氢溶液室温浸泡15 min去除过氧化物酶,再次洗涤。用免疫组织笔圈出组织,滴加封闭液,37 ℃孵育1 h,甩去血清后滴加稀释后的抗体(sc-17800),稀释比例为1∶50,4 ℃孵育过夜。次日复温10 min后洗涤,滴加二抗(福州迈新生物技术开发有限公司,Cat No:Kit-5020),37 ℃孵育1 h,洗涤后进行DAB显色,苏木精染核。显色后切片依次置于不同浓度乙醇和二甲苯中脱水,干燥后滴加中性树脂封片。TGIF1抗体(sc-17800)购自Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司。
显微镜下观察细胞染色情况,比较两组样本中蛋白的表达。根据染色强度评分为4级:无阳性(0分),淡黄色(1分),棕黄色(2分),棕褐色(3分);根据染色面积评分为4级:≤25%(1分),26%~50%(2分),51%~75%(3分),>75%(4分)。将两项评分相乘得出最终评分[16]。
通过分析基因表达数据,利用GENIE3工具包预测转录因子TGIF1与靶基因之间的调控关系,调控关系权重阈值为0.2,并输出每对调控关系的权重,通过权重排序筛选调控网络中的核心靶基因。通过将TGIF1高表达组的高表达基因,TGIF1高表达组富集的免疫通路的相关基因和TGIF1转录调控网络的核心靶基因取交集后得到的基因集为TGIF1调控肿瘤免疫信号网络。相关性热图是通过linkET工具包所绘制。利用STRING数据库构建蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络,利用Cytoscape软件进行可视化,Cytohubba插件筛选关键基因,获取打分位于前10位的基因作为核心基因。
本研究共纳入了来自公共数据的8例胃癌样本,分别从国家生物信息中心(Genome Sequence Archive,GSA)数据库下载HRA000704,从基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibu,GEO)下载GSE183904,从欧洲核酸数据库(European Nucleotide Archive,ENA)下载PRJEB40416,dna-discovery.stanford.edu下载Gastric scRNAseq相应表达矩阵,得到一系列单细胞转录组测序数据。使用Omicverse工具包(1.6.10)进行质控,计算基因总数、单个细胞表达基因数及线粒体含量,排除表达不足的细胞和基因,以及高线粒体基因表达的细胞,最终获得41 986个细胞用于聚类分析。使用Harmony算法(0.1.0)矫正不同样本的批次效应。
根据Omicverse官方流程,对质控整合后的数据进行标准化处理。然后对基因的表达量进行归一化使其符合均值为0、方差为1的正态分布;使用寻找高变基因函数选择高变基因;对数据进行主成分分析后,选取前20个主成分进行后续数据分析;选定合适分辨率后进行细胞聚类;使用均匀流形近似和投影(uniform manifold approximation and projection,UMAP)对细胞的聚类分群进行非线性降维以及可视化;使用“FindAllMarkers”函数识别每个亚群的差异表达基因,再利用以往文献提供的细胞亚群标志物[17],手动对细胞亚群进行注释。使用气泡图展示每个细胞亚群特异性高表达基因。
利用文献已有的恶性和非恶性基因集和Scanpy包计算每个上皮细胞的恶性得分和非恶性得分,并且用恶性得分减去非恶性得分,>0被注释为恶性细胞,<0则被注释为非恶性细胞。
采用CellChat工具推断细胞间的相互作用,通过分析配体-受体对的活性,以揭示不同细胞类型之间的信号传导并比较差异细胞的相互作用。
使用Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库(http://kmplot.com/analysis/)的胃癌数据集,分析TGIF1、TGIF1调控的肿瘤免疫关键基因,以及CCL20+TGIF1High胃癌细胞和CCR6+调节性T细胞标志基因的表达水平与患者生存预后的关系。
所有数据均使用R软件4.3.2版本进行分析。Wilcoxon秩和检验比较正常与胃癌的TGIF1表达差异以及TGIF1免疫组化得分的差异;Kaplan-Meier法对首次进展和总生存率进行单因素生存分析,患者分组信息基于最佳切点进行分组;所有多重比较均采用Benjamini-Hochberg校正方法,报告校正后的q值或者Padjust值;log-rank检验比较高低表达组的生存曲线差异。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
收集TCGA-STAD、ACRG以及自测胃癌转录组测序数据,分析胃癌组织及正常胃黏膜组织TGIF家族成员的表达情况,发现TGIF1、TGIF2在胃癌组织的表达水平均显著高于正常组织(P<0.01,图1A)。由于公共胃癌转录组数据中(TCGA-STAD、ACRG)TGIF1表达水平均高于TGIF2,本文聚焦分析TGIF1的潜在胃癌生物学功能。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,相比于正常胃黏膜细胞,TGIF1在胃癌细胞中高表达(P<0.01,图1B)。结合Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析TGIF1表达与胃癌患者的首次进展生存期与总生存期相关性,发现TGIF1高表达胃癌患者的首次进展生存期较短,总生存期也显著缩短(P<0.05,图1C),提示TGIF1高表达胃癌进展较快,患者临床预后较差。
为探讨TGIF1促进胃癌进展的潜在机理,从115例胃癌转录组测序数据中,筛选TGIF1表达水平前5%和后5%的胃癌测序数据各6例(图2A),分析TGIF1高表达胃癌的差异基因表达谱。GSEA富集分析显示,中性粒细胞趋化、髓系细胞迁移和细胞因子反应通路在TGIF1高表达胃癌中显著富集(图2B)。GO/KEGG富集分析结果与GSEA数据相似,TGIF1高表达胃癌的激活基因中富集大量免疫调控信号通路,比如“细胞因子介导的信号通路”“细胞因子产生的正调控”“细胞因子-受体相互作用”和“IL-17信号通路”(图2C)。上述结果提示TGIF1高表达胃癌存在免疫调控信号通路紊乱,初步提示其可能处于免疫逃逸状态。
进一步分析TGIF1高表达胃癌的前500个激活基因及其富集的免疫调控基因,将上述基因与TGIF1潜在转录调控靶基因取交集,得到40个基因(图3A)。相关性热图发现,这些基因中的大部分基因之间表达正相关性较强(r=0.14,P<0.05,图3B),提示他们可能共同受到TGIF1调控,进而构成一个免疫调控网络。将这些基因输入STRING在线工具,进一步提示TGIF1可能调控的核心互作网络(图3C)。热图可视化发现上述核心互作网络基因在TGIF1高表达胃癌中显著激活(图3D)。TGIF1核心免疫调控靶基因中包含多个免疫抑制性细胞因子,以往研究提示这些细胞因子能够诱导免疫抑制性TME,从而抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应,促进肿瘤进展。由于上述免疫抑制性因子高表达一致,TGIF1核心免疫调控靶基因的表达水平与临床预后显著相关,该靶基因集高表达胃癌的临床预后更差(图3E)。上述结果提示TGIF1高表达胃癌是一种免疫抑制性胃癌亚型,TGIF1核心免疫调控靶基因激活与临床预后差显著相关。
为进一步分析TGIF1高表达胃癌TME特征,从整合的243例胃癌单细胞转录组数据中选取目前公开发表研究中TGIF1表达水平最高和TGIF1表达水平最低的各两项胃癌测序数据,一共纳入了8例胃癌样本,且高表达组和低表达组的总细胞数目相近(图4A、B)。标准化质控降维聚类流程和细胞亚群注释,一共获得41 986个细胞进行整合分析(图4C、D),用于比较两类胃癌TME的免疫细胞组成差异(图4E)。发现TGIF1高表达胃癌TME的免疫抑制特征更强,免疫抑制性NK细胞、肥大细胞、调节性T细胞、髓系细胞和耗竭性CD8+T细胞的比例明显增加(图4E)。在癌细胞中发现了两群细胞,其中一群的TGIF1以及胃癌上皮细胞标志物表达明显更高,因此命名为TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞。并且该群TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞特异性激活CCL20、CXCL2和CXCL3,这些基因也是TGIF1核心免疫调控靶基因。结果表明,TGIF1高表达胃癌可能通过招募多种免疫抑制性细胞,诱导促进免疫抑制性TME形成。
为解析免疫抑制性TME形成机制,进一步分析TGIF1高表达和低表达癌细胞与TME细胞亚群的细胞互作情况,发现TGIF1High癌细胞与多种免疫抑制性细胞的互作强度较高(图5A)。在与调节性T细胞互作方面,TGIF1High癌细胞可能通过CCL20-CCR6信号通路介导二者对话(图5B)。值得一提的是,CCL20主要在TGIF1High癌细胞中高表达(图5C),并且属于TGIF1核心免疫调控靶基因,提示CCL20可能在TGIF1高表达胃癌细胞招募调节性T细胞中发挥重要作用,进而诱导免疫抑制TME形成。与此推测一致,本研究构建CCL20+TGIF1High胃癌细胞与CCR6+调节性T细胞的联合特征基因集,发现这个基因集激活状态与胃癌患者总生存期显著缩短相关(图5D)。这些数据提示CCL20-CCR6轴可能介导TGIF1High癌细胞与调节性T细胞互作,并且这种细胞互作机制可能在胃癌恶性进展中具有重要作用。
免疫抑制性微环境是肿瘤进展和免疫治疗耐药的重要原因[5],本研究发现TGIF1高表达胃癌具有免疫抑制性TME,为评估TME免疫抑制状态提供了一个新的分子标志物,也为逆转TME免疫治疗提供潜在干预靶标。TGIF1在胶质瘤[18]、三阴性乳腺癌[19]和口腔鳞状细胞癌[20]等多种肿瘤组织中表达增加,发挥促癌作用,但尚无相关研究报道TGIF1与免疫抑制性TME之间的关系。本研究发现TGIF1高表达胃癌激活大量免疫调控基因,其中TGIF1核心免疫调控靶基因包含CCL20、CSF3、CXCL3、CXCL1、CXCL5和CXCL2等趋化因子。大量研究显示这些趋化因子募集免疫抑制性细胞,促进免疫抑制性TME形成[21]。例如CCL20在结直肠癌中募集调节性T细胞,促进免疫抑制性TME形成[22]。粒细胞集落刺激因子(colony stimulating factor 3,CSF3)诱导免疫抑制性TME,抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应促进结直肠癌进展[23]。在多形性胶质母细胞瘤中,CXC趋化因子配体1[chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1,CXCL1]或CXC趋化因子配体2[chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2,CXCL2]促进髓系细胞迁移,抑制CD8+ T细胞浸润和肿瘤免疫应答[24]。早期生长反应1(early growth response 1,EGR1)是淋巴瘤PD-L1表达和免疫逃逸的关键调节因子。本研究提示胃癌细胞可能通过高表达TGIF1,上调上述核心免疫调控靶基因,进而诱导免疫抑制性TME,导致疾病进展。
本研究从单细胞分辨率解析TGIF1高表达胃癌的免疫抑制性TME特征,发现这种胃癌富集调节性T细胞、髓系细胞和耗竭性CD8+T细胞等免疫抑制性细胞。TGIF1High胃癌细胞可能调控趋化因子CCL20,通过CCR6招募调节性T细胞,从而诱导免疫抑制TME。临床分析显示,这两种细胞互作水平高的胃癌患者总生存期显著缩短。这些结果也表明,分析TGIF1核心免疫调控靶基因或表征CCL20+TGIF1High胃癌细胞与CCR6+调节性T细胞互作强度,有助于评估临床预后。既往研究发现,结肠上皮细胞中的转录因子Smad4能够调控CCL20/CCR6 信号轴从而影响炎症反应,通过敲除CCR6能够抑制调节性T细胞的浸润和预防结肠炎相关肿瘤发生[25]。其他研究发现,CCL20-CCR6轴重塑TME促进肿瘤发生发展[26],抑制CCR6-CCL20轴可抑制调节性T细胞浸润,增强放射治疗敏感性[27],推测阻断CCL20-CCR6轴可作为针对TGIF1高表达胃癌的潜在干预治疗靶点。
综上所述,本研究发现TGIF1高表达胃癌可能是一类免疫抑制性胃癌亚型,TGIF1在胃癌中高表达且与较差的临床生存预后相关。TGIF1高表达胃癌可能激活多种免疫抑制性的趋化因子,诱导免疫抑制细胞浸润,形成免疫抑制性TME,CCL20-CCR6可能是TGIF1发挥作用的关键调控信号轴。这些结果为解析和评估胃癌免疫抑制性TME提供新视角,但仍有局限性,本文生物信息学分析还有待进一步扩大样本量,相关结果需要进一步肿瘤免疫学实验验证,例如在临床样本中TGIF1与CCL20和CCR6表达的相关性,以及CCL20-CCR6轴在TGIF1高表达胃癌免疫抑制性TME形成中的作用机制尚需深入研究,相关工作有望为胃癌免疫治疗提供干预新靶点,值得进一步探索。

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2025年第47卷第20期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202508003
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01
  • 修回日期:2025-10-09
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    1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)消化内科,消化系统肿瘤精准防治重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    2重庆大学医学院,重庆
    3重庆市合川区人民医院消化内科,重庆

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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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