Article(id=1322954351773352454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954308836270447, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=1761062400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346496765, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346496765, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346496765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346496765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954308836270447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='21', pageStart='2581', pageEnd='2724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346486529, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346486529, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2663, endPage=2677, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954351983067655, articleId=1322954351773352454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Screening and validation of key molecular targets for dihydromyricetin in ameliorating diabetic nephropathy, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the potential mechanism by which dihydromyricetin (DHM) ameliorates diabetic nephropathy (DN), and to screen and validate its possible key molecular targets.

Methods

A DN model was established using db/db mice, and 100 mg/(kg·d) DHM was administered via gavage 5 d per week for totally 10 weeks. Renal morphological changes were observed after staining to evaluate the effects of DHM. GSE161885 and GSE270526 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed in combination with the GeneCards database to screen for DN-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and molecular docking were employed to predict potential DHM targets. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect the effects of DHM on pyroptosis-related pathways in the renal tissues of db/db mice and in high glucose (HG)-induced human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). The specific NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor MCC950 was also used to validate the predicted mechanism.

Results

In vivo experiments showed that DHM significantly ameliorated renal pathological damage in db/db mice, alleviated glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial expansion, and markedly reduced Paller scores (P<0.001). Immunofluorescence staining revealed significantly weakened fluorescence signals for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and collagen Ⅰ in renal tissues. Western blot results showed that the expression levels of collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅲ, α-SMA, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were significantly decreased (P<0.05). A total of 16 DN-related DEGs were identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were primarily enriched in pathways such as viral protein interactions, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and were primarily involved in gene functions such as the positive regulation of lymphocyte-mediated immunity, positive regulation of adaptive immune response, and chemokine activity. Molecular docking confirmed NLRP3 as a potential target of DHM. In vivo validation showed that DHM significantly down-regulated gasdermin-D (GSDMD) fluorescence signals and inhibited the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins including NLRP3, Caspase 1, Cleaved-Caspase 1, interleukin 18 (IL-18), and GSDMD (P<0.05). In vitro studies further confirmed that both DHM and the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 alleviate high glucose-induced fibrosis and pyroptosis in HIC-2 cells.

Conclusion

DHM can ameliorate the progression of DN, and its mechanism is related to inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, thereby alleviating renal inflammation and fibrosis.

, authors=Xingran LIU1, 2, Mengzhu NIU1, Yuan GAO3, Dandan CHEN1, 4, Baowen ZHANG1, Dekun LIU1, Xiaoqian LIU1, Xianjuan KOU1, 5, authorsList=Xingran LIU, Mengzhu NIU, Yuan GAO, Dandan CHEN, Baowen ZHANG, Dekun LIU, Xiaoqian LIU, Xianjuan KOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xianjuan KOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954356349338144, articleId=1322954351773352454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=二氢杨梅素改善糖尿病肾病的关键靶分子的筛选与验证, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DHM)改善糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)的潜在作用机制,筛选其可能调控的关键分子靶点并进行验证。

方法

构建db/db小鼠DN模型,给予DHM(每天100 mg/kg,每周5 d)灌胃干预10周,采用病理学染色评估DHM对肾脏病理变化和纤维化的改善作用;从基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)数据库中分别获取GSE161885与GSE270526数据集,结合GeneCards数据库筛选DN相关差异基因;采用PPI网络构建和分子对接预测DHM潜在靶点;利用Western blot和免疫荧光等技术检测DHM对db/db小鼠肾组织及高糖(high glucose,HG)诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)中细胞焦亡相关通路的影响,同时联合NLR家族PYD结构域含蛋白3(NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3,NLRP3)特异性抑制剂MCC950以验证预测机制。

结果

体内实验显示,DHM显著改善db/db小鼠肾病理损伤,减轻肾小球肥大和系膜增生,显著减少Paller评分(P<0.001)。免疫荧光显示肾脏α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、Fibronectin、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(Collagen Ⅰ)细胞荧光染色阳性信号明显减弱,肾脏组织Collagen Ⅲ、α-SMA和转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta 1,TGF-β1)表达水平明显下降(P<0.05)。基因筛选共获得16个DN相关差异基因。富集分析显示,这些基因主要富集于病毒蛋白、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路等相关通路,并在基因功能上主要涉及淋巴细胞介导免疫的正向调节、适应性免疫反应的正向调节和趋化因子活性。分子对接分析确定NLRP3为DHM潜在作用靶点。体内实验证实DHM明显下调膜打孔蛋白(gasdermin-D,GSDMD)荧光染色阳性信号,抑制NLRP3、半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(Caspase 1)、活化的半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(Cleaved-Caspase 1)、白细胞介素18(interleukin 18,IL-18)和GSDMD等焦亡相关蛋白表达(P<0.05)。体外研究进一步证实DHM可减轻高糖诱导的HK-2细胞纤维化和焦亡。体外研究进一步证实DHM与NLRP3特异性抑制剂MCC950均可减轻高糖诱导的HK-2细胞纤维化和焦亡。

结论

DHM可改善DN进展,其机制与抑制NLRP3炎症小体介导的细胞焦亡,进而减轻肾脏炎症和纤维化有关。

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寇现娟,E-mail:
KOU Xianjuan,E-mail:
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A:Blood glucose levels in each group (n=6); B:Urinary protein (UP) levels in each group (n=5); C:Serum creatinine (Scr) levels in each group (n=5)

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A:HE and PAS staining of renal tissues in each group; B:Quantification of Paller score in each group; C:Quantification of PAS-positive area percentage in each group

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A:Masson staining of renal tissue in each group; B and C:Immunofluorescence staining of renal tissue in each group

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A:Western blot analysis of protein expression levels of Collagen Ⅰ,Collagen Ⅲ,α-SMA and TGF-β1 in each group; B~E:Statistical analysis of expression levels of Collagen Ⅰ (B),Collagen Ⅲ (C),α-SMA (D) and TGF-β1 (E)

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A and B:PCA clustering analysis and volcano plot of the GSE161885 dataset; C and D:PCA clustering analysis and volcano plot of the GSE270526 dataset; E:Venn diagram of intersection genes from GSE161885,GSE270526,and DN database

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A and B:Heatmaps of the intersection genes in the GSE161885 and GSE270526 datasets; C:KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the intersection genes; D:GO term enrichment analysis of the intersection genes

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A and B:PPI network analysis of the intersection genes; C~L:Molecular docking of top 10 genes in the PPI network

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A:Representative images of immunofluorescence staining of the kidneys in each group (n=3); B:LDH activity levels in the kidneys of each group (n=5)

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A:Western blot analysis of protein expression in each group; B~H:Relative expression levels of related proteins

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A:Western blot analysis of protein expression in each group; B~D:Relative expression levels of related proteins

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A:Western blot analysis of protein expression in each group; B~F:Relative expression levels of related proteins. G:LDH level in cell supernatant of each group

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A:Western blot analysis of protein expression in each group; B~H:Relative expression levels of related proteins

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二氢杨梅素改善糖尿病肾病的关键靶分子的筛选与验证
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刘醒然 1, 2 , 牛梦竹 1 , 高原 3 , 陈丹丹 1, 4 , 张宝文 1 , 刘德坤 1 , 刘小倩 1 , 寇现娟 1, 5
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(21): 2663-2677
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (21) : 2663 -2677
二氢杨梅素改善糖尿病肾病的关键靶分子的筛选与验证
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刘醒然1, 2, 牛梦竹1, 高原3, 陈丹丹1, 4, 张宝文1, 刘德坤1, 刘小倩1, 寇现娟1, 5
作者信息
  • 1武汉体育学院运动医学院,湖北 武汉
  • 2广西医科大学体育与健康学院,广西 南宁
  • 3哈尔滨体育学院运动科学与健康学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨
  • 4广西科技大学体育学院,广西 柳州
  • 5武汉体育学院运动训练监控湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉
通讯作者:
寇现娟,E-mail:
KOU Xianjuan,E-mail:
Screening and validation of key molecular targets for dihydromyricetin in ameliorating diabetic nephropathy
Xingran LIU1, 2, Mengzhu NIU1, Yuan GAO3, Dandan CHEN1, 4, Baowen ZHANG1, Dekun LIU1, Xiaoqian LIU1, Xianjuan KOU1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1College of Sports Medicine,Wuhan Sports University,Wuhan,Hubei
  • 2College of Physical Education and Health,Guangxi Medical University,Nanning,Guangxi
  • 3School of Sports Science and Health,Harbin Sport University,Harbin,Heilongjiang
  • 4School of Physical Education,Guangxi University of Science and Technology,Liuzhou,Guangxi
  • 5Hubei Key Laboratory of Sport Training and Monitoring,Wuhan,Hubei,China
出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507095
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目的

探讨二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DHM)改善糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)的潜在作用机制,筛选其可能调控的关键分子靶点并进行验证。

方法

构建db/db小鼠DN模型,给予DHM(每天100 mg/kg,每周5 d)灌胃干预10周,采用病理学染色评估DHM对肾脏病理变化和纤维化的改善作用;从基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)数据库中分别获取GSE161885与GSE270526数据集,结合GeneCards数据库筛选DN相关差异基因;采用PPI网络构建和分子对接预测DHM潜在靶点;利用Western blot和免疫荧光等技术检测DHM对db/db小鼠肾组织及高糖(high glucose,HG)诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)中细胞焦亡相关通路的影响,同时联合NLR家族PYD结构域含蛋白3(NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3,NLRP3)特异性抑制剂MCC950以验证预测机制。

结果

体内实验显示,DHM显著改善db/db小鼠肾病理损伤,减轻肾小球肥大和系膜增生,显著减少Paller评分(P<0.001)。免疫荧光显示肾脏α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、Fibronectin、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(Collagen Ⅰ)细胞荧光染色阳性信号明显减弱,肾脏组织Collagen Ⅲ、α-SMA和转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta 1,TGF-β1)表达水平明显下降(P<0.05)。基因筛选共获得16个DN相关差异基因。富集分析显示,这些基因主要富集于病毒蛋白、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路等相关通路,并在基因功能上主要涉及淋巴细胞介导免疫的正向调节、适应性免疫反应的正向调节和趋化因子活性。分子对接分析确定NLRP3为DHM潜在作用靶点。体内实验证实DHM明显下调膜打孔蛋白(gasdermin-D,GSDMD)荧光染色阳性信号,抑制NLRP3、半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(Caspase 1)、活化的半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(Cleaved-Caspase 1)、白细胞介素18(interleukin 18,IL-18)和GSDMD等焦亡相关蛋白表达(P<0.05)。体外研究进一步证实DHM可减轻高糖诱导的HK-2细胞纤维化和焦亡。体外研究进一步证实DHM与NLRP3特异性抑制剂MCC950均可减轻高糖诱导的HK-2细胞纤维化和焦亡。

结论

DHM可改善DN进展,其机制与抑制NLRP3炎症小体介导的细胞焦亡,进而减轻肾脏炎症和纤维化有关。

糖尿病肾病  /  二氢杨梅素  /  细胞焦亡  /  NLRP3炎症小体
Objective

To investigate the potential mechanism by which dihydromyricetin (DHM) ameliorates diabetic nephropathy (DN), and to screen and validate its possible key molecular targets.

Methods

A DN model was established using db/db mice, and 100 mg/(kg·d) DHM was administered via gavage 5 d per week for totally 10 weeks. Renal morphological changes were observed after staining to evaluate the effects of DHM. GSE161885 and GSE270526 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed in combination with the GeneCards database to screen for DN-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and molecular docking were employed to predict potential DHM targets. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect the effects of DHM on pyroptosis-related pathways in the renal tissues of db/db mice and in high glucose (HG)-induced human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). The specific NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inhibitor MCC950 was also used to validate the predicted mechanism.

Results

In vivo experiments showed that DHM significantly ameliorated renal pathological damage in db/db mice, alleviated glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial expansion, and markedly reduced Paller scores (P<0.001). Immunofluorescence staining revealed significantly weakened fluorescence signals for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and collagen Ⅰ in renal tissues. Western blot results showed that the expression levels of collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅲ, α-SMA, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were significantly decreased (P<0.05). A total of 16 DN-related DEGs were identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were primarily enriched in pathways such as viral protein interactions, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and were primarily involved in gene functions such as the positive regulation of lymphocyte-mediated immunity, positive regulation of adaptive immune response, and chemokine activity. Molecular docking confirmed NLRP3 as a potential target of DHM. In vivo validation showed that DHM significantly down-regulated gasdermin-D (GSDMD) fluorescence signals and inhibited the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins including NLRP3, Caspase 1, Cleaved-Caspase 1, interleukin 18 (IL-18), and GSDMD (P<0.05). In vitro studies further confirmed that both DHM and the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 alleviate high glucose-induced fibrosis and pyroptosis in HIC-2 cells.

Conclusion

DHM can ameliorate the progression of DN, and its mechanism is related to inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, thereby alleviating renal inflammation and fibrosis.

diabetic nephropathy  /  dihydromyricetin  /  pyroptosis  /  NLRP3 inflammasome
刘醒然, 牛梦竹, 高原, 陈丹丹, 张宝文, 刘德坤, 刘小倩, 寇现娟. 二氢杨梅素改善糖尿病肾病的关键靶分子的筛选与验证. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2663 -2677 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507095
Xingran LIU, Mengzhu NIU, Yuan GAO, Dandan CHEN, Baowen ZHANG, Dekun LIU, Xiaoqian LIU, Xianjuan KOU. Screening and validation of key molecular targets for dihydromyricetin in ameliorating diabetic nephropathy[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2663 -2677 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507095
糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)是糖尿病较为常见且严重的并发症之一,已成为全球范围内终末期肾病的首要病因[1]。随着全球糖尿病患病率的持续攀升,DN的发病率亦逐年增加,给患者的健康和生命带来巨大威胁,同时也造成沉重的医疗和社会经济负担[2-3]。尽管近年来在DN的治疗方面取得了一些进展,但其病理机制复杂,缺乏特效疗法,因此迫切需要开发新的治疗策略。
DN的发病机制涉及多种因素,包括高血糖、高血压、炎症反应、氧化应激等[4]。越来越多的研究表明,细胞死亡途径在DN的发生发展中发挥着重要作用。除了传统的细胞凋亡外,细胞焦亡也是DN进展的关键因素之一。焦亡是一种新型的炎症性调控细胞死亡,在形态学特征上与坏死性凋亡、细胞凋亡、自噬、铁死亡和铜死亡有所区别。现有观点认为焦亡可以通过强大的炎症反应消除真菌、细菌和病毒病原体,对于维持机体稳态至关重要[5]。但另有研究表明,高血糖环境可以诱导肾脏细胞焦亡,导致肾脏功能衰竭和纤维化[6]。目前炎症反应被认为是驱动焦亡发生发展的重要因素之一[7]。在糖尿病病理条件下,肾脏组织长期处于高糖(high glucose,HG)、氧化应激和炎症微环境中,多种炎症因子和细胞内信号通路被激活,进而参与调控焦亡的发生[8]。因此深入理解DN中焦亡的关键调控机制,对于寻找更精准的治疗靶点至关重要。
二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DHM)是一种天然的黄酮类化合物,主要来源于葡萄科植物蛇葡萄属的显齿蛇葡萄等。研究显示DHM具有广泛的生物活性,包括抗氧化、抗炎、保肝、降血糖、保护心血管等作用[9]。近年来,研究发现DHM在多种肾脏疾病中也展现出潜在的保护作用。证据表明,DHM可明显改善慢性肾衰竭中的肾纤维化和肾损伤[10]。此外,DHM还可以通过减少氧化应激、炎症和铁死亡来减轻顺铂诱导的急性肾损伤等[11]。同时在代谢性疾病发展过程中DHM也展现出肾脏保护的潜力。对于链脲佐菌素处理的高脂肪饮食诱导的糖尿病小鼠和HG诱导的肾小球系膜细胞中观察发现,DHM减轻糖尿病小鼠肾小球中细胞外基质的过度表达、系膜扩张和基底膜增厚,并稳定肾脏炎症和纤维化因子的蛋白水平,进而改善糖尿病小鼠的肾损伤和纤维化[12]。然而DHM在改善DN方面的研究仍显不足,DHM是否能通过调节细胞焦亡相关通路来改善DN也鲜有研究,其作用机制尚待进一步探讨。
本研究在观察到DHM改善DN的基础上,通过数据集挖掘、数据库预测,富集分析以及分子对接筛选DHM改善DN潜在靶点,结合体外细胞实验验证进一步探索DHM可能调控的关键分子,以期阐明DHM改善DN的潜在机制,为DN的防治提供新的思路。
纯度98%的DHM购自美国ALB Technology Limited公司;Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(Collagen Ⅰ)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)、含CARD结构域的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)、膜打孔蛋白(gasdermin-D,GSDMD)抗体购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)抗体购自美国CST公司;β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(Caspase 1)、活化的半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(Cleaved-Caspase 1)抗体购自中国Affinity Biosciences公司;NLR家族PYD结构域含蛋白3(NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3,NLRP3)、转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta 1,TGF-β1)、Collagen Ⅲ抗体购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;IL-18抗体购自科鹿(武汉)生物科技有限责任公司;HK-2细胞、HK-2细胞专用培养液购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司;胰蛋白酶-EDTA溶液、青霉素-链霉素、低糖DMEM购自美国Gibco公司;葡萄糖购自德国Sigma公司;NLRP3抑制剂MCC950购自美国MedChemExpress公司;小鼠尿蛋白(urinary protein,UP) ELISA试剂盒购自南京卡米洛生物工程有限公司;血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)与乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。
选用6周龄雄性db/db小鼠为模型小鼠,体质量(39±2)g;另选6周龄雄性db/m小鼠为对照,体质量(23±2)g,均购自常州卡文斯实验动物有限公司,生产许可证:SCXK(苏)2016-0010,饲养于武汉体育学院SPF级动物房,湿度40%~55%,温度22~26 ℃,自由饮水,标准饲养喂养,饲料由武汉市万千佳兴生物科技有限公司提供。所有动物实验程序按照中国实验动物福利立法进行,并经武汉体育学院动物伦理委员会批准(S0087-20231206-02)。
将db/m小鼠为对照组(db/m组,n=8),所有db/db小鼠采用随机数字表法分为(n=8):模型组(db/db组)、DHM组(db/db+DHM组)。其中db/m组正常饲养不做干预;db/db+DHM组进行每周5 d、共计10周的DHM灌胃干预,灌胃剂量基于课题组前期研究基础筛选的DHM最佳剂量(每天100 mg/kg)[13-14];db/db组灌入等体积的生理盐水。
细胞采用人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2),待细胞融合度达到80%时将细胞接种于6孔板中,分为正常葡萄糖(normal glucose,NG)干预组(NG组)、高糖干预组(HG组)、DHM干预组(HG+DHM组),以探索DHM对高糖环境下HK-2的保护作用。其中HG+DHM组在200 μmol/L DHM干预2 h后,采用30 mmol/L葡萄糖孵育24 h;HG组采用30 mmol/L葡萄糖孵育24 h;NG组的细胞采用5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖孵育。各组处理后收集细胞样本。
另将融合度为80%的HK-2细胞接种于6孔板并分为NG组、HG组、MCC950组用于验证NLRP3在DHM改善HK-2纤维化过程中的作用机制。其中MCC950以10 μmol/L终浓度干预MCC950组4 h后,更换为含30 mmol/L葡萄糖培养液继续孵育24 h;HG组为含30 mmol/L葡萄糖培养液孵育24 h;NG组为含5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖培养液孵育24 h。各组处理后收集细胞样本。
10周干预结束后,收集小鼠尿液,次日麻醉小鼠,眼球取血,随后摘取双侧肾脏,取一侧肾脏于多聚甲醛固定,其余液氮冻存后转-80 ℃冰箱保存。
干预期间,定期禁食6 h后尾静脉取血进行小鼠空腹血糖测试;另将小鼠尿液与血清分别根据试剂盒说明书测试小鼠UP与Scr。将小鼠肾脏组织和各组细胞上清液参照LDH试剂盒操作步骤于酶标仪450 nm处测定吸光度[A(450)]值。依据试剂盒检测各组LDH释放程度,结束后按照要求计算相应的值。
肾脏组织于4%多聚甲醛固定后,石蜡切片厚度约5 μm,按照乙醇脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋,制备石蜡切片进行HE、Masson、PAS和免疫荧光染色,光镜下观察各组小鼠肾组织病理学改变。根据HE染色结果采用Paller评分法[15]评估肾小管损伤程度,即每个肾脏选取10个以上不同区域的100个肾小管进行评分。采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0分析软件对PAS染色结果进行累积光密度(integrated optical density,IOD)统计,并计算阳性面积占比。
取小鼠肾脏组织与细胞样本,经过RIPA裂解液裂解、研磨、离心、取上清、煮样变性提取肾脏组织与细胞样本总蛋白,取适量上清,用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。制胶、上样、电泳、PVDF转膜、5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭2 h,TBST洗膜后,加入对应的一抗(1∶1 000),4 ℃孵育过夜,TBST洗膜,二抗室温孵育1 h(1∶10 000),ECL发光液显影,凝胶成像分析仪摄取图像,曝光并保存结果。
从基因表达综合(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)数据库中分别获取GSE161885与GSE270526数据集。其中在GSE161885获取此数据集包含的m/m小鼠与db/db小鼠肾脏数据,GSE270526获取此数据集中由HBZY-1大鼠系膜细胞构建的体外DN模型数据。下载前2个数据集均经过标准化处理。通过GeneCards数据库(www.genecards.org)以“Diabetic Nephropathy”为检索词检索DN相关靶点。
将GSE161885与GSE270526数据集采用R软件中的“limma”包进行差异性分析,其中阈值设置为|Log2 (fold change)|≥0.5且P<0.05。将2个数据库差异基因与GeneCards数据库检索得到的相关基因上传至微生信平台(www.bioinformatics.com.cn)进行Venn分析,并获取交集基因。
将以上交集基因上传至Metascape数据库(www.metascape.org)进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)与基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)富集分析,并使用微生信平台进行可视化处理。
为进一步分析交集基因在DHM改善DN过程中的治疗潜力,本研究进一步通过String(www.string-db.org)平台进行PPI网络互作分析,并获取前10基因逐一与DHM进行分子对接验证亲和力。分子对接采用CB-Dock2平台(cadd.labshare.cn/cb-dock2/php/index.php)预处理小分子配体和靶蛋白,进行加氢、去水。以Vina评分最低的停靠位点作为最佳结合模式,并计算结合能,最后对结果进行3D形式处理以可视化结合模式。
采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行统计分析,采用x¯±s进行统计描述,组间差异比较使用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
血糖结果显示,db/db组小鼠表现出显著的血糖升高(P<0.001),经DHM干预后血糖水平明显降低(P<0.001)。此外,db/db组小鼠UP与Scr水平较db/m组小鼠明显增加(P<0.01),而db/db+DHM组小鼠UP与Scr水平有所下降(P<0.05,图1)。表明DHM可降低db/db小鼠血糖水平,减轻db/db小鼠肾脏损伤程度。
采用HE染色、PAS染色观察DHM对db/db小鼠肾脏病理发展的影响。结果显示,与db/m组相比,db/db组小鼠肾脏表现出明显的病理损伤,包括肾小球体积增大伴有系膜细胞和基质的弥漫性增生,基底膜显著增厚;肾小管出现不同程度的扩张、萎缩和上皮细胞的空泡变性;Paller评分明显增加(P<0.001),PAS阳性面积占比升高(P<0.01)。经DHM治疗后,db/db小鼠的肾脏病理学改变得到显著改善,表现为肾小球形态结构趋于正常,系膜增生和肾小球硬化程度减轻,肾小囊囊腔相对扩张;肾小管病变减轻,肾小管基底膜的厚度有所恢复;肾间质纤维化程度明显降低,炎症细胞浸润减少;Paller评分明显下降(P<0.001,图2)。以上结果表明DHM能够有效缓解DN引起的肾脏组织病理学损伤。
为了评估肾脏纤维化的程度,本研究对肾脏组织切片行Masson和免疫荧光染色。Masson染色结果显示db/db小鼠肾脏间质细胞外基质和肾小管观察到胶原纤维沉积,提示db/db小鼠肾脏纤维化;免疫荧光染色分析发现在小鼠肾皮质和肾髓质中α-SMA、Fibronectin、Collagen Ⅰ细胞荧光染色阳性信号显著增强。经DHM治疗后,db/db组小鼠肾脏组织中蓝色染色的胶原纤维沉积减少,纤维化程度减轻,表明DHM能够减缓DN进展过程中肾脏纤维化的进展;同时肾脏中α-SMA、Fibronectin、Collagen Ⅰ细胞荧光染色阳性信号明显减弱,提示DHM可以改善db/db小鼠肾纤维化(图3)。Western blot结果证实,与db/m组相比,db/db组小鼠肾脏组织Collagen Ⅰ、Collagen Ⅲ、α-SMA蛋白表达增加(P<0.05)。而db/db+DHM组Collagen Ⅲ、α-SMA、TGF-β1蛋白表达明显下降(P<0.05,图4)。
本研究通过GSE161885数据集获得DN相关差异性基因1 359个,其中上调基因707个,下调基因652个;在GSE270526数据集中获取差异基因959个,其中上调基因443个,下调基因516个。另通过GeneCards数据库获取DN相关基因2 153个,与GSE161885数据集与GSE270526数据集进行交集后共获得基因16个,包括:基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase 2,MMP2)、骨桥蛋白(osteoglycin,Ogn)、羧肽酶E(carboxypeptidase E,Cpe)、趋化因子配体12(chemokine ligand 12,Cxcl12)、IL-33、血管生成素1(angiopoietin 1,Angpt1)、甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(parathyroid hormone-like hormone,Pthlh)、5-羟色胺受体2A(5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A,Htr2a)、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白α1链(collagen type Ⅲ alpha 1 chain,Col3A1)、补体C3(complement component 3,C3)、X趋化因子配体1(X chemokine ligand 1,Xcl1)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶1(gamma glutamyl transferase 1,Ggt1)、分泌性磷酸蛋白1(secreted phosphoprotein 1,Spp1)、锌指和BTB结构域蛋白16(zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16,Zbtb16)、细胞因子诱导的SH2蛋白(cytokine-inducible SH2 protein,Cish)、NLRP3(图5)。随后进一步对交集基因进行富集分析后发现,KEGG主要富集在病毒蛋白、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、糖尿病并发症中的晚期糖基化终末产物-受体信号通路(AGE-RAGE信号通路)中;GO分析显示在淋巴细胞介导免疫的正向调节、适应性免疫反应的正向调节、趋化因子活性等方面(图6)。
为探索DHM改善DN相关的作用靶点,本研究进一步对以上16个交集基因进行了PPI分析发现其中Angpt1、Col3A1、Cxcl12、IL-33、MMP2、NLRP3、Ogn、Pthlh、Spp1、Xcl1相互关系较为紧密。为此本研究采用分子对接技术进行逐一分析后发现MMP2、NLRP3 2个基因编码蛋白与DHM结合能均为-9.5 kcal/mol,较其他基因编码蛋白结合能低,可能是DHM改善DN的潜在靶点(图7)。
结合前期研究基础和NLRP3与细胞焦亡的密切关系,本研究对DN中的焦亡水平进行了验证。通过免疫荧光对各组小鼠肾脏观察发现,与db/m组比较,db/db组小鼠肾脏中焦亡执行分子GSDMD荧光染色阳性信号增强;而db/db+DHM组GSDMD荧光染色阳性信号减弱(图8A)。为进一步评估肾脏组织的损伤程度,本研究对各组小鼠肾脏中的LDH水平进行检测。结果表明,db/db组小鼠血清LDH活性显著高于db/m组(P<0.001),而DHM干预则有效降低了LDH的释放(P<0.01,图8B)。此外本研究继续采用Western blot对小鼠肾脏组织进行检测。与db/m组比较,db/db组小鼠肾组织NLRP3、Caspase 1、Cleaved-Caspase 1、ASC、IL-18、GSDMD蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05);而db/db+DHM组NLRP3、Caspase 1、Cleaved-Caspase 1、IL-18、GSDMD蛋白均有不同程度降低(P<0.05,图9)。以上结果提示NLRP3炎症小体介导的细胞焦亡可能是DHM改善DN的重要途径。
本研究通过HG对HK-2细胞孵育24 h,构建体外DN模型,以便进一步探讨DHM改善DN的相关分子机制。Western blot结果显示,与NG组相比,HG组Collagen Ⅲ、TGF-β1蛋白表达水平显著增加(P<0.05),提示HG处理24 h可以诱导HK-2细胞纤维化;而DHM处理后Collagen Ⅲ、TGF-β1蛋白表达量下降(P<0.01,图10),表明DHM可一定程度上改善HG诱导的HK-2细胞纤维化。
本研究进一步对细胞焦亡相关指标进行了检测。结果显示与NG组相比,HG组细胞焦亡相关蛋白NLRP3、Caspase 1、IL-1β、IL-18、GSDMD蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05),提示HG导致HK-2细胞发生细胞焦亡;与HG组相比,HG+DHM组上述细胞焦亡相关蛋白明显降低(P<0.05,图11A~F)。为验证焦亡执行蛋白GSDMD的激活是否导致了最终的细胞膜破裂,本研究检测了细胞上清中的LDH释放水平。与蛋白表达结果一致,HG刺激显著增加了LDH的释放(P<0.01),而DHM处理则有效减轻了这一状况(P<0.05,图11G)。以上结果证明DHM可在一定程度上减轻HG诱导的HK-2细胞焦亡。
目前认为NLRP3炎症小体是介导细胞焦亡的关键因素之一。为进一步确定DHM是否通过调控NLRP3炎症小体改善DN发展过程中的细胞焦亡与纤维化程度,本研究采用NLRP3特异性抑制剂MCC950对HG诱导的HK-2细胞进行干预。结果显示,MCC950可以有效降低HG环境下NLRP3的异常激活(P<0.05),同时Caspase 1、IL-18、GSDMD等关键焦亡相关蛋白明显降低(P<0.05)。此外,本研究也观察到MCC950的干预显著抑制α-SMA、TGF-β1的升高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明NLRP3可能是DHM稳定DN发展过程中细胞焦亡水平并抑制纤维化发展的重要途径(图12)。
目前证据表明DN发病机制复杂,涉及多个生物过程且仍无有效治疗方法导致大多数患者病情难以控制[4]。DHM是一种来源于天然产物的黄酮化合物,研究表明DHM可通过多种途径对机体各系统发挥保护或预防作用[16-17]。本研究在观察DHM改善DN的基础上结合数据库挖掘、网络药理学以及分子对接等技术寻找可能的作用靶点并进行实验验证,探讨了DHM对DN的改善作用及其潜在机制,为DN的防治提供了新的视角。
动物实验结果显示,DHM干预显著改善了db/db小鼠的肾脏病理损伤,具体表现为减轻肾小球肥大和系膜增生,以及降低肾小管损伤程度。在肾脏纤维化方面,DHM的干预明显减少了Masson染色显示的胶原纤维沉积,同时降低了肾脏组织中α-SMA、Fibronectin、Collagen Ⅰ的荧光染色阳性信号强度。进一步的Western blot结果也证实,DHM干预后,肾组织中Collagen Ⅲ、α-SMA和TGF-β1等纤维化相关蛋白的表达水平明显下降。以上结果表明DHM能够有效缓解DN进展过程中肾脏组织病理学损伤和纤维化,提示其在DN防治中的潜在应用价值。
为了进一步探索DHM在DN中的潜在作用机制,本研究尝试寻找DN在不同模型中的共同差异基因。为此本研究对db/db小鼠模型的GSE161885数据集以及体外肾脏炎症损伤模型的GSE270526数据集进行差异分析,并进一步结合GeneCards数据库中DN相关基因进行Venn交集分析,共获得16个与DN相关的差异基因。功能富集分析显示,这些基因主要富集在病毒蛋白、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路等方面。其中AGEs可在糖尿病和衰老过程中积累,并通过其受体RAGE触发氧化应激和炎症,加剧DN和衰老相关肾脏损伤的发展,而靶向AGE-RAGE可能是改善DN的潜在治疗途径[18-19]。GO分析则显示这些基因在淋巴细胞介导免疫的正向调节、适应性免疫反应的正向调节、趋化因子活性等方面具有重要作用。先前研究显示免疫应答作为异常代谢和DN之间串扰的发病机制为靶向治疗提供了新的前景,而涉及免疫细胞、趋化因子信号传导等或可作为潜在靶点[20-21]。另有研究显示HG环境下免疫调节因子Sting在足细胞中被激活,并参与NLRP3介导的炎症反应。而Sting缺失则可以抑制NLRP3炎症小体激活以及相关的细胞焦亡减缓DN的发展[22]。
在以上结果基础上本研究对所交集的16个相关基因进一步构建PPI网络进行分析,筛选前10个关键基因与DHM进行分子对接分析发现,MMP2和NLRP3 2个基因与DHM的结合能较低,可能是DHM改善DN的潜在靶点。其中MMP2被认为是DN发病机制中的重要基质金属蛋白酶。研究显示MMP2可以作为DN发展中的生物标志物[23-24],而MMP2抑制剂则可以在DN发展过程中显著增加糖萼深度和覆盖率来保护内皮糖萼,改善肾小球毛细血管壁完整性,并减少白蛋白尿的增加[25]。此外,证据显示NLRP3在DN肾脏炎症中起着至关重要的作用。先前的研究表明,NLRP3引起的炎症和细胞损伤与DN的进展密切相关,加剧了肾纤维化、肾小球硬化和肾小管损伤[26],而敲除NLRP3被证明可以显著改善DN小鼠的肾损伤和纤维化[27]。以上证据表明抑制NLRP3的激活及其相关下游病理机制可能是DN的有效治疗方法。结合前期相关研究基础[28-29],本研究将NLRP3所介导的细胞焦亡作为DHM改善DN的潜在途径进行深入验证。
作为一种新型炎症形式,焦亡在肾脏炎症和纤维化的进展中起着双重作用。一方面,轻度炎症反应和肾脏驻留细胞死亡有利于保护肾脏免受病原体感染、氧化应激、其他内部和外部危险信号。然而,肾脏驻留细胞的过度和持续的炎性小体激活、焦亡会导致严重的炎症反应,并加速成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化的进展,最终导致肾纤维化[5]。证据显示,在HG环境中,经典的细胞焦亡途径主要通过刺激NLRP3炎症小体来激活,从而促进足细胞焦亡[30]。研究表明,HG环境能够激活肾脏细胞中的NLRP3炎症小体,导致Caspase 1活化,进而切割GSDMD蛋白形成孔道,释放IL-1β和IL-18等炎症因子,进而触发细胞焦亡加剧肾脏炎症和纤维化[31]。而肾纤维化通常被认为是DN进展至终末期肾病的共同通路。目前认为深入肾脏炎症与纤维化相关的抗焦亡疗法可能是具有较高价值的潜在治疗途径。研究显示,Z-YVAD-FMK作为一种选择性Caspase 1抑制剂可降低血清Caspase 1、IL-1β和IL-18水平,改善肾功能,缓解肾损伤[32]。此外,另有证据表明双硫仑可通过抑制GSDMD的成孔功能来阻止IL-1β释放并抑制细胞焦亡[33],同时还可以减少氧化应激和炎症来减轻输尿管梗阻大鼠的急性肾损伤[34]。关于细胞焦亡在DN的研究中显示,芸香碱可以通过降低VEGFR2的表达来抑制HG刺激的小鼠足细胞焦亡防止肾脏损伤[35]。
基于以上结果,本研究对db/db小鼠肾组织细胞焦亡水平进行了观察。Western blot和免疫荧光结果显示,DHM能够显著降低NLRP3、Caspase 1、Cleaved-Caspase 1、IL-18和GSDMD蛋白的表达。同时,LDH作为细胞膜完整性破坏的重要标志物,本研究发现db/db小鼠肾组织中LDH释放水平显著升高,而DHM干预可明显抑制LDH的释放,提示DHM在降低细胞焦亡相关蛋白表达的同时,亦能维持细胞膜稳定性。以上结果提示DHM改善DN的作用可能与抑制NLRP3炎症小体介导的焦亡通路相关。
HK-2细胞源自正常人肾近曲小管上皮细胞,目前广泛用于研究DN中肾小管上皮细胞在HG刺激下的损伤、纤维化及炎症反应等机制,是构建DN细胞模型的经典体外系统。本研究进一步采用HG处理HK-2细胞构建DN体外模型,结果显示,HG诱导的肾纤维化和细胞焦亡均可被DHM显著抑制。Western blot结果发现DHM能够抑制Collagen Ⅲ和TGF-β1蛋白的升高,同时减少NLRP3、Caspase 1、IL-1β、IL-18和GSDMD蛋白的表达,以及LDH活性的释放,进一步验证了DHM在细胞焦亡中的抑制作用。此外,为确认NLRP3在DHM改善DN过程中的核心作用,本研究引入了其特异性抑制剂MCC950进一步观察。结果显示,在HG环境下,MCC950可以明显抑制NLRP3的活性,同时显著降低焦亡相关蛋白的表达并有效缓解细胞纤维化表型。不仅表明NLRP3所介导的细胞焦亡是驱动DN中肾脏损伤和纤维化的重要途径,也意味着NLRP3及所调控的细胞焦亡可能是DHM改善DN的关键途径。
综上所述,本研究基于动物实验与细胞实验的基础上联合数据库挖掘、网络药理学与分子对接技术,证实DHM具有改善DN肾组织病理损伤、抑制肾纤维化及细胞焦亡的作用。其作用机制可能通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体激活及下游GSDMD介导的焦亡通路,减轻炎症反应和组织损伤,进而延缓DN的进展。

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2025年第47卷第21期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507095
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
  • 修回日期:2025-10-22
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    1武汉体育学院运动医学院,湖北 武汉
    2广西医科大学体育与健康学院,广西 南宁
    3哈尔滨体育学院运动科学与健康学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨
    4广西科技大学体育学院,广西 柳州
    5武汉体育学院运动训练监控湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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