Article(id=1320435198190277441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507090, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=1762704000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792745883748, onlineDateStr=2026-10-23, pubDate=1769702400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792745883748, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792745883748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792745883748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320435149154669015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2026', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='107', pageEnd='250', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769702400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792745872057, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792749692151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320451171886682716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1320435149154669015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=229, endPage=241, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320435198790062915, articleId=1320435198190277441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Etiological factors for coronary heart disease and construction of a risk prediction model using two-sample MR and interpretable machine learning, columnId=1320435198676816706, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Intelligent Medicine and Prediction Model, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the risk factors and causal relationships of coronary heart disease (CHD) by utilizing clinical data and genetic variation data, and construct an interpretable risk prediction model for the disease.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on the clinical data and genetic variation data collected from the Kaggle platform and the IEU OpenGWAS Project database, respectively. SMOTEENN mixed sampling was used to balance the data. Logistic regression models and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) were combined to screen risk factors and analyze their causal effects. Then risk prediction models were further constructed using random forest (RF), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and artificial neural networks (ANN), and feature importance was assessed with the SHAP algorithm.

Results

Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, education level, smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and blood glucose were significantly associated with CHD (P<0.05), while body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), history of stroke, and diabetes had no such association. Two-sample MR analysis indicated that BMI (OR=1.014, 95%CI: 1.011 to 1.017, P=1.720×10-22), age (OR=1.015, 95%CI: 1.012 to 1.019, P=3.455×10-18), number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day (OR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.002 to 1.011, P=0.005), hypertension (OR=1.057, 95%CI: 1.046 to 1.067, P=5.870×10-28) were positively associated with CHD; Education level (OR=0.970, 95%CI: 0.960 to 0.979, P=1.231×10-9) and high-density lipoprotein (OR=0.990, 95%CI: 0.986 to 0.993, P=0.002) were negatively associated with CHD. In the machine learning models, the SMOTEENN-RF performed best, with an accuracy rate of 0.887 and an AUC value of 0.962. SHAP analysis indicated that age, gender, hypertension, SBP, and cigarettes smoked per day contributed most to the model.

Conclusion

Key risk factors such as age, hypertension, and blood lipid levels are significantly correlated with CHD. A high-performing SMOTEENN-RF prediction model is successfully constructed, providing reliable methodological support and practical tool for CHD risk early warning and precision prevention and treatment.

, authors=Ju WU1, 2, Guangyang LIU1, 2, Tianjiao MING3, Yazhou WU1, Fang LI1, authorsList=Ju WU, Guangyang LIU, Tianjiao MING, Yazhou WU, Fang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2026 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320435206272701268, articleId=1320435198190277441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=基于两样本孟德尔随机化与可解释机器学习算法的冠心病风险预测模型构建及发病因素探究, columnId=1320435199041721156, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=智能医学与预测模型, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究旨在利用临床数据和基因变异数据,探究冠心病(coronary heart disease, CHD)的危险因素及其因果关联,并构建可解释的风险预测模型。

方法

本研究为回顾性研究,从Kaggle平台和IEU OpenGWAS Project数据库分别收集临床数据和基因变异数据队列。利用SMOTEENN混合采样技术平衡数据,结合Logistic回归模型和两样本MR方法筛选危险因素并分析其因果效应。进一步基于随机森林(random forest, RF)、极限梯度提升算法(eXtreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)和神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)构建风险预测模型,并通过SHAP算法评估特征重要性。

结果

Logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、教育程度、吸烟、高血压、总胆固醇、收缩压和血糖与CHD显著相关(P<0.05),而BMI、舒张压、中风和糖尿病等无显著关联。两样本MR分析表明,BMI(OR=1.014,95%CI:1.011~1.017,P=1.720×10-22)、年龄(OR=1.015,95%CI:1.012~1.019,P=3.455×10-18)、日吸烟量(OR=1.007,95%CI:1.002~1.011,P=0.005)、高血压(OR=1.057,95%CI:1.046~1.067,P=5.870×10-28)等11个因素与CHD呈正向因果关系;教育程度(OR=0.970,95%CI:0.960~0.979,P=1.231×10-9)和高密度脂蛋白(OR=0.990,95%CI:0.986~0.993,P=0.002)呈负向因果关系。机器学习模型中,SMOTEENN-RF模型表现最优,准确率达0.887,AUC为0.962。SHAP分析显示,年龄、性别、高血压、收缩压和日吸烟量对模型贡献最大。

结论

年龄、高血压、血脂等关键因素与冠心病显著相关,并成功构建了性能优异的SMOTEENN-RF预测模型,为冠心病的风险预警与精准防治提供了可靠的方法学支持和实用工具。

, authors=吴炬1, 2, 刘光阳1, 2, 明天娇3, 伍亚舟1, 李芳1, authorsList=吴炬, 刘光阳, 明天娇, 伍亚舟, 李芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李芳, authorNote=

同等贡献者

WU Ju and LIU Guangyang contributed equally to the article.

, correspAuthorsNote=
李 芳,E-mail:
LI Fang,E-mail:
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Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2023, 20(4): 3693., articleTitle=Association of cardiovascular disease risk and health-related behaviors in stroke patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320435262451209156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2017.07.001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=25, issue=7, pageStart=361, pageEnd=371, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=31, authorNames=洪天配, 母义明, 纪立农, journalName=中国介入心脏病学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=洪天配, 母义明, 纪立农, 等. 2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者降糖药物应用专家共识[J]. 中国介入心脏病学杂志, 2017, 25(7): 361-371., articleTitle=2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者降糖药物应用专家共识, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320435262811919301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2017.07.001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=25, issue=7, pageStart=361, pageEnd=371, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=32, authorNames=HONG T P, MU Y M, JI L N, journalName=Chin J Interv Cardiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HONG T P, MU Y M, JI L N, et al. Chinese expert consensus on anti-diabetic agents in treating patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease[J]. Chin J Interv Cardiol, 2017, 25(7): 361-371., articleTitle=Chinese expert consensus on anti-diabetic agents in treating patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320435262904193990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.09.016, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=128, issue=3, pageStart=219, pageEnd=228, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=33, authorNames=BÖHM M, REIL J C, DEEDWANIA P, journalName=J Tird Mil Med Univ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BÖHM M, REIL J C, DEEDWANIA P, et al. Resting heart rate: risk indicator and emerging risk factor in cardiovascular disease[J]. 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Lancet, 2002, 359(9300): 57-61., articleTitle=An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320435208285967189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435208315327318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, companyId=1320435208285967189, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Health Statistics, College of Military Preventive Medicine, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435208348881751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, companyId=1320435208285967189, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系军队卫生统计学教研室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435208726369112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435208747340633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, companyId=1320435208726369112, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Brigade of Non-Military Students, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435208759923546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, companyId=1320435208726369112, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院无军籍大队,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320435209099662171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435209112245084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, companyId=1320435209099662171, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of International Economics and Trade, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320435209154188125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, companyId=1320435209099662171, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3对外经济贸易大学国际经济贸易学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320435225449059206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Technology roadmap, figureFileSmall=zII2beK7Pwcjoytal7fX0Q==, figureFileBig=lhH+5Lqyxcr/IMjbs+rafA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435225902044039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=图1, caption=技术路线

RF: Random forest; XGBoost: eXtreme gradient boosting; ANN: Artificial neural network

, figureFileSmall=zII2beK7Pwcjoytal7fX0Q==, figureFileBig=lhH+5Lqyxcr/IMjbs+rafA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435228850639752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Scatter plot and forest plot of BMI and education level, figureFileSmall=KgXlcAfERLMfPRBHBJZ+qQ==, figureFileBig=41+5M4gV6sJTcqq9IA01eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320435229303624585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=图2, caption=BMI与教育程度的散点图及森林图

A: Scatter plot of BMI; B: Forest plot of BMI; C: Scatter plot of education level; D: Forest plot of education level. BMI: Body mass index

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A: Funnel chart of BMI; B: LOOA chart of BMI; C: Funnel chart of education level; D: LOOA chart of education level; BMI: Body mass index; LOOA: Leave one out analysis

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A: RF; B: XGBoost; C: ANN. RF: Random forest; XGBoost: eXtreme gradient boosting; ANN: Artificial neural network

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A: RF; B: XGBoost; C: ANN. RF: Random forest; XGBoost: eXtreme gradient boosting; ANN: Artificial neural network

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A: Patients with CHD; B: Normal individuals. CHD: Coronary heart disease

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Overview of basic GWAS information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableSourcePopulationSample sizeID
BMI/(kg/m2)UK BiobankEuropean461 460ukb-b-19953
SexUK BiobankEuropean462 725ukb-b-8446
Age/yearsUK BiobankEuropean361 194ukb-d-age
EducationEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean470 941ebi-a-GCST90029012
SmokeGWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine useEuropean41 969ieu-a-963
cigsPerDayUK BiobankEuropean337 334ieu-b-25
BPMedsEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean152 380ebi-a-GCST90018984
StrokeUK BiobankEuropean361 194ukb-d-C_STROKE
HypertensionUK BiobankEuropean361 194ukb-d-I9_HYPERTENSION
DiabetesUK BiobankEuropean337 159ukb-a-74
Diabetes2EBI GWAS CatalogEuropean655 666ebi-a-GCST006867
Diabetes1EBI GWAS CatalogEuropean520 580ebi-a-GCST90014023
totCholEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean437 878ebi-a-GCST90025953
LDL-CUK BiobankEuropean440 546ieu-b-110
HDL-CUK BiobankEuropean403 943ieu-b-109
SBPEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean810 865ebi-a-GCST90000062
DBPEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean810 865ebi-a-GCST90000059
Pulse pressureEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean810 865ebi-a-GCST90000061
Heart rateUK BiobankEuropean463 010ukb-b-9270
GlucoseEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean400 458ebi-a-GCST90025986
Coronary heart diseaseFinngenEuropean412 181finn-b-I9_CHD
), ArticleFig(id=1320435238103274389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GWAS基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableSourcePopulationSample sizeID
BMI/(kg/m2)UK BiobankEuropean461 460ukb-b-19953
SexUK BiobankEuropean462 725ukb-b-8446
Age/yearsUK BiobankEuropean361 194ukb-d-age
EducationEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean470 941ebi-a-GCST90029012
SmokeGWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine useEuropean41 969ieu-a-963
cigsPerDayUK BiobankEuropean337 334ieu-b-25
BPMedsEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean152 380ebi-a-GCST90018984
StrokeUK BiobankEuropean361 194ukb-d-C_STROKE
HypertensionUK BiobankEuropean361 194ukb-d-I9_HYPERTENSION
DiabetesUK BiobankEuropean337 159ukb-a-74
Diabetes2EBI GWAS CatalogEuropean655 666ebi-a-GCST006867
Diabetes1EBI GWAS CatalogEuropean520 580ebi-a-GCST90014023
totCholEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean437 878ebi-a-GCST90025953
LDL-CUK BiobankEuropean440 546ieu-b-110
HDL-CUK BiobankEuropean403 943ieu-b-109
SBPEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean810 865ebi-a-GCST90000062
DBPEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean810 865ebi-a-GCST90000059
Pulse pressureEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean810 865ebi-a-GCST90000061
Heart rateUK BiobankEuropean463 010ukb-b-9270
GlucoseEBI GWAS CatalogEuropean400 458ebi-a-GCST90025986
Coronary heart diseaseFinngenEuropean412 181finn-b-I9_CHD
), ArticleFig(id=1320435238539482006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Baseline features after SMOTE-ENN processing [n(%),(x¯±s)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableTrain
(n=2 896)
Test
(n=1 242)
PVariableTrain
(n=2 896)
Test
(n=1 242)
P
Sex0.085Hypertension0.213
Female1 285 (44)582 (47)No1 707 (59)758 (61)
Male1 611 (56)660 (53)Yes1 189 (41)484 (39)
Age/years50.570±8.40050.260±8.4440.303Diabetes0.453
Education0.963No2 748 (95)1 197 (96)
Below high school999 (34)414 (33)Yes148 (5)45 (4)
High school964 (33)441 (36)TC239.090±45.651237.270±44.6480.276
Vocational School569 (20)237 (19)SBP134.710±23.560133.510±22.1070.206
University364 (13)150 (12)DBP83.960±12.49983.340±12.0170.160
Smoker0.662BMI/(kg/m2)25.960±3.80225.890±3.7520.717
No1 324 (46)578 (47)Heart rate75.990±11.50675.280±11.3360.073
Yes1 572 (54)664 (53)Blood glucose level84.730±31.68484.030±29.1550.681
cigsPerDay9.450±11.9879.150±11.5820.770Coronary heart disease0.318
BPMeds0.746No1 417 (49)632 (51)
No2 688 (93)1 161 (93)Yes1 479 (51)610 (49)
Yes208 (7)81 (7)
Stroke0.874
No2 849 (98)1 218 (98)
Yes47 (2)24 (2)
), ArticleFig(id=1320435239726470039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SMOTEENN处理后的基线特征 [例(%),x¯±s]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariableTrain
(n=2 896)
Test
(n=1 242)
PVariableTrain
(n=2 896)
Test
(n=1 242)
P
Sex0.085Hypertension0.213
Female1 285 (44)582 (47)No1 707 (59)758 (61)
Male1 611 (56)660 (53)Yes1 189 (41)484 (39)
Age/years50.570±8.40050.260±8.4440.303Diabetes0.453
Education0.963No2 748 (95)1 197 (96)
Below high school999 (34)414 (33)Yes148 (5)45 (4)
High school964 (33)441 (36)TC239.090±45.651237.270±44.6480.276
Vocational School569 (20)237 (19)SBP134.710±23.560133.510±22.1070.206
University364 (13)150 (12)DBP83.960±12.49983.340±12.0170.160
Smoker0.662BMI/(kg/m2)25.960±3.80225.890±3.7520.717
No1 324 (46)578 (47)Heart rate75.990±11.50675.280±11.3360.073
Yes1 572 (54)664 (53)Blood glucose level84.730±31.68484.030±29.1550.681
cigsPerDay9.450±11.9879.150±11.5820.770Coronary heart disease0.318
BPMeds0.746No1 417 (49)632 (51)
No2 688 (93)1 161 (93)Yes1 479 (51)610 (49)
Yes208 (7)81 (7)
Stroke0.874
No2 849 (98)1 218 (98)
Yes47 (2)24 (2)
), ArticleFig(id=1320435240141706136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of logistic regression analysis of potential risk variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable βSE P OR(95%CI) VIF
Sex1.1740.105<0.0103.236(2.636~3.972)1.207
Age/years0.1220.007<0.0101.130(1.114~1.146)1.374
Education0.2370.048<0.0101.267(1.153~1.393)1.077
Smoker0.9640.149<0.0102.622(1.960~3.508)2.479
cigsPerDay-0.0010.0060.8770.999(0.987~1.011)2.522
BPMeds0.9100.249<0.0102.485(1.524~4.052)1.084
Stroke0.8850.5320.0962.423(0.854~6.872)1.013
Hypertension0.6130.135<0.0101.846(1.418~2.404)1.918
Diabetes0.2090.3510.5521.233(0.619~2.455)1.536
TC0.0040.001<0.0101.004(1.002~1.007)1.078
SBP0.0120.0040.0041.013(1.004~1.021)3.488
DBP0.0040.0070.5381.004(0.990~1.019)2.947
BMI-0.0040.0140.7700.996(0.969~1.023)1.234
Heart rate0.0030.0040.5011.003(0.994~1.012)1.100
Blood glucose0.0080.0030.0051.008(1.002~1.014)1.561
), ArticleFig(id=1320435240603079577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

潜在风险变量Logistic回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variable βSE P OR(95%CI) VIF
Sex1.1740.105<0.0103.236(2.636~3.972)1.207
Age/years0.1220.007<0.0101.130(1.114~1.146)1.374
Education0.2370.048<0.0101.267(1.153~1.393)1.077
Smoker0.9640.149<0.0102.622(1.960~3.508)2.479
cigsPerDay-0.0010.0060.8770.999(0.987~1.011)2.522
BPMeds0.9100.249<0.0102.485(1.524~4.052)1.084
Stroke0.8850.5320.0962.423(0.854~6.872)1.013
Hypertension0.6130.135<0.0101.846(1.418~2.404)1.918
Diabetes0.2090.3510.5521.233(0.619~2.455)1.536
TC0.0040.001<0.0101.004(1.002~1.007)1.078
SBP0.0120.0040.0041.013(1.004~1.021)3.488
DBP0.0040.0070.5381.004(0.990~1.019)2.947
BMI-0.0040.0140.7700.996(0.969~1.023)1.234
Heart rate0.0030.0040.5011.003(0.994~1.012)1.100
Blood glucose0.0080.0030.0051.008(1.002~1.014)1.561
), ArticleFig(id=1320435242381464474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Estimated causal effects of 11 exposure factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureMethod βSE OR(95%CI) P
BMI/(kg/m2)MR-Egger0.0140.0041.014(1.005~1.022)1.605×10-3
WME0.0130.0021.013(1.009~1.018)6.500×10-11
IVW0.0140.0011.014(1.011~1.017)1.720×10-22
Age/yearsMR-Egger0.0190.0101.019(0.100~1.039)6.015×10-2
WME0.0130.0021.013(1.009~1.018)2.259×10-8
IVW0.0150.0021.015(1.012~1.019)3.455×10-18
EducationMR-Egger-0.0380.0210.963(0.924~1.005)8.203×10-2
WME-0.0320.0070.968(0.955~0.982)3.614×10-6
IVW-0.0310.0050.970(0.960~0.979)1.231×10-9
SmokerMR-Egger-0.0160.0450.984(0.900~1.075)0.724
WME0.0180.0111.018(0.996~1.041)0.117
IVW0.0270.0101.027(1.008~1.046)0.005
cigsPerDayMR-Egger0.0130.0071.013(0.998~1.027)0.099
WME0.0070.0031.007(1.001~1.014)0.030
IVW0.0070.0021.007(1.002~1.011)0.005
HypertensionMR-Egger0.0560.0131.058(1.031~1.085)2.249×10-5
WME0.0530.0061.054(1.041~1.068)1.101×10-16
IVW0.0550.0051.057(1.046~1.067)5.870×10-28
DiabetesMR-Egger-0.0060.0530.994(0.896~1.102)0.911
WME0.0690.0211.071(1.029~1.116)0.001
IVW0.0770.0261.080(1.027~1.136)0.003
TCMR-Egger0.0130.0051.013(1.003~1.024)9.725×10-3
WME0.0100.0021.010(1.005~1.015)4.000×10-5
IVW0.0070.0031.007(1.002~1.013)6.461×10-3
SBPMR-Egger0.0180.0071.018(1.004~1.033)1.203×10-2
WME0.0180.0031.018(1.011~1.025)1.575×10-7
IVW0.0160.0031.017(1.011~1.023)5.323×10-8
DBPMR-Egger0.0180.0071.017(1.005~1.031)7.246×10-3
WME0.0190.0031.019(1.013~1.026)7.198×10-9
IVW0.0180.0031.018(1.013~1.024)9.769×10-11
Blood glucoseMR-Egger0.0020.0071.002(0.988~1.015)0.827
WME0.0070.0031.007(1.001~1.013)0.032
IVW0.0090.0031.009(1.002~1.015)0.006
), ArticleFig(id=1320435242775729051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

11个暴露因素的因果效应估计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureMethod βSE OR(95%CI) P
BMI/(kg/m2)MR-Egger0.0140.0041.014(1.005~1.022)1.605×10-3
WME0.0130.0021.013(1.009~1.018)6.500×10-11
IVW0.0140.0011.014(1.011~1.017)1.720×10-22
Age/yearsMR-Egger0.0190.0101.019(0.100~1.039)6.015×10-2
WME0.0130.0021.013(1.009~1.018)2.259×10-8
IVW0.0150.0021.015(1.012~1.019)3.455×10-18
EducationMR-Egger-0.0380.0210.963(0.924~1.005)8.203×10-2
WME-0.0320.0070.968(0.955~0.982)3.614×10-6
IVW-0.0310.0050.970(0.960~0.979)1.231×10-9
SmokerMR-Egger-0.0160.0450.984(0.900~1.075)0.724
WME0.0180.0111.018(0.996~1.041)0.117
IVW0.0270.0101.027(1.008~1.046)0.005
cigsPerDayMR-Egger0.0130.0071.013(0.998~1.027)0.099
WME0.0070.0031.007(1.001~1.014)0.030
IVW0.0070.0021.007(1.002~1.011)0.005
HypertensionMR-Egger0.0560.0131.058(1.031~1.085)2.249×10-5
WME0.0530.0061.054(1.041~1.068)1.101×10-16
IVW0.0550.0051.057(1.046~1.067)5.870×10-28
DiabetesMR-Egger-0.0060.0530.994(0.896~1.102)0.911
WME0.0690.0211.071(1.029~1.116)0.001
IVW0.0770.0261.080(1.027~1.136)0.003
TCMR-Egger0.0130.0051.013(1.003~1.024)9.725×10-3
WME0.0100.0021.010(1.005~1.015)4.000×10-5
IVW0.0070.0031.007(1.002~1.013)6.461×10-3
SBPMR-Egger0.0180.0071.018(1.004~1.033)1.203×10-2
WME0.0180.0031.018(1.011~1.025)1.575×10-7
IVW0.0160.0031.017(1.011~1.023)5.323×10-8
DBPMR-Egger0.0180.0071.017(1.005~1.031)7.246×10-3
WME0.0190.0031.019(1.013~1.026)7.198×10-9
IVW0.0180.0031.018(1.013~1.024)9.769×10-11
Blood glucoseMR-Egger0.0020.0071.002(0.988~1.015)0.827
WME0.0070.0031.007(1.001~1.013)0.032
IVW0.0090.0031.009(1.002~1.015)0.006
), ArticleFig(id=1320435243165799324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sensitivity analysis for 11 exposure factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureQ-test.PMR-Egger interceptintercept P
BMI/(kg/m2) 1.997×10-5 1.175×10-50.879
Age/years0.110 -1.204×10-40.709
Education0.012 4.640×10-50.757
Smoker 1.782×10-4 3.032×10-40.339
cigsPerDay0.536 -2.748×10-40.399
Hypertension 4.318×10-15 -1.036×10-50.920
Diabetes 1.157×10-30 4.347×10-40.080
TC 2.555×10-56 -1.919×10-40.167
SBP 7.232×10-24 -3.292×10-50.784
DBP 7.012×10-16 7.005×10-60.950
Blood glucose 1.091×10-19 2.021×10-40.248
), ArticleFig(id=1320435243924968349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

11个暴露因素的敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureQ-test.PMR-Egger interceptintercept P
BMI/(kg/m2) 1.997×10-5 1.175×10-50.879
Age/years0.110 -1.204×10-40.709
Education0.012 4.640×10-50.757
Smoker 1.782×10-4 3.032×10-40.339
cigsPerDay0.536 -2.748×10-40.399
Hypertension 4.318×10-15 -1.036×10-50.920
Diabetes 1.157×10-30 4.347×10-40.080
TC 2.555×10-56 -1.919×10-40.167
SBP 7.232×10-24 -3.292×10-50.784
DBP 7.012×10-16 7.005×10-60.950
Blood glucose 1.091×10-19 2.021×10-40.248
), ArticleFig(id=1320435244365370270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Estimated causal effects of 4 expansion factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureMethod β se OR(95%CI) P
Diabetes (II)MR-Egger0.0110.0971.011(0.998~1.024)0.007
WME0.0070.0001.007(1.005~1.010)0.001
IVW0.0070.0001.006(1.004~1.009)0.001
LDLMR-Egger0.0380.0001.039(1.024~1.053)0.007
WME0.0150.0001.015(1.010~1.021)0.003
IVW0.0140.0001.015(1.007~1.022)0.004
HDLMR-Egger-0.0080.0070.992(0.987~0.998)0.003
WME-0.0070.0000.993(0.989~0.997)0.002
IVW-0.0100.0000.990(0.986~0.993)0.002
Pulse pressureMR-Egger0.0050.5231.005(0.989~1.021)0.008
WME0.0130.0001.013(1.006~1.020)0.004
IVW0.0120.0001.012(1.005~1.018)0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1320435244793189279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

4个细分因素的因果效应估计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureMethod β se OR(95%CI) P
Diabetes (II)MR-Egger0.0110.0971.011(0.998~1.024)0.007
WME0.0070.0001.007(1.005~1.010)0.001
IVW0.0070.0001.006(1.004~1.009)0.001
LDLMR-Egger0.0380.0001.039(1.024~1.053)0.007
WME0.0150.0001.015(1.010~1.021)0.003
IVW0.0140.0001.015(1.007~1.022)0.004
HDLMR-Egger-0.0080.0070.992(0.987~0.998)0.003
WME-0.0070.0000.993(0.989~0.997)0.002
IVW-0.0100.0000.990(0.986~0.993)0.002
Pulse pressureMR-Egger0.0050.5231.005(0.989~1.021)0.008
WME0.0130.0001.013(1.006~1.020)0.004
IVW0.0120.0001.012(1.005~1.018)0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1320435246907118496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Sensitivity analysis for 4 expansion factors

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ExposureQ-test.PMR-Egger interceptIntercept P
Diabetes (Ⅱ)0.549 -2.490×10-40.502
LDL0.219 -6.813×10-40.228
HDL1.259×10-24 -7.808×10-50.265
Pulse pressure4.140×10-26 1.138×10-40.380
), ArticleFig(id=1320435247301383073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

4个细分因素的敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ExposureQ-test.PMR-Egger interceptIntercept P
Diabetes (Ⅱ)0.549 -2.490×10-40.502
LDL0.219 -6.813×10-40.228
HDL1.259×10-24 -7.808×10-50.265
Pulse pressure4.140×10-26 1.138×10-40.380
), ArticleFig(id=1320435247712424866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Evaluation of model prediction

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DataBalance technologyModelAccuracyPrecisionRecall F1 AUC
TrainSMOTEENNRF0.9520.9560.9490.9530.994
XGBoost0.8640.8760.8530.8650.944
ANN0.8180.8280.8120.8200.896
SMOTERF0.9340.9670.8990.9320.985
XGBoost0.8650.9190.8000.8550.932
ANN0.7820.8080.7380.7720.866
NullRF0.8801.0000.2040.3380.963
XGBoost0.8620.9750.0870.1600.796
ANN0.8600.7500.1070.1880.757
TestSMOTEENNRF0.8870.8850.8850.8850.962
XGBoost0.8660.8660.8590.8630.946
ANN0.7910.7970.7700.7830.871
SMOTERF0.8730.9040.8350.8680.941
XGBoost0.8510.9020.7900.8420.923
ANN0.7720.8000.7330.7640.853
NullRF0.8490.6470.0560.1030.739
XGBoost0.8490.6320.0600.1100.734
ANN0.8490.5800.1000.1700.731
), ArticleFig(id=1320435248136049571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1320435198190277441, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

模型预测结果评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DataBalance technologyModelAccuracyPrecisionRecall F1 AUC
TrainSMOTEENNRF0.9520.9560.9490.9530.994
XGBoost0.8640.8760.8530.8650.944
ANN0.8180.8280.8120.8200.896
SMOTERF0.9340.9670.8990.9320.985
XGBoost0.8650.9190.8000.8550.932
ANN0.7820.8080.7380.7720.866
NullRF0.8801.0000.2040.3380.963
XGBoost0.8620.9750.0870.1600.796
ANN0.8600.7500.1070.1880.757
TestSMOTEENNRF0.8870.8850.8850.8850.962
XGBoost0.8660.8660.8590.8630.946
ANN0.7910.7970.7700.7830.871
SMOTERF0.8730.9040.8350.8680.941
XGBoost0.8510.9020.7900.8420.923
ANN0.7720.8000.7330.7640.853
NullRF0.8490.6470.0560.1030.739
XGBoost0.8490.6320.0600.1100.734
ANN0.8490.5800.1000.1700.731
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基于两样本孟德尔随机化与可解释机器学习算法的冠心病风险预测模型构建及发病因素探究
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吴炬 1, 2 , 刘光阳 1, 2 , 明天娇 3 , 伍亚舟 1 , 李芳 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 智能医学与预测模型 2026,48(2): 229-241
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陆军军医大学学报 |智能医学与预测模型 2026 , 48 (2) : 229 -241
基于两样本孟德尔随机化与可解释机器学习算法的冠心病风险预测模型构建及发病因素探究
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吴炬1, 2, 刘光阳1, 2, 明天娇3, 伍亚舟1, 李芳1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系军队卫生统计学教研室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院无军籍大队,重庆
  • 3对外经济贸易大学国际经济贸易学院,北京
通讯作者:
李 芳,E-mail:
LI Fang,E-mail:
作者简介:

同等贡献者

WU Ju and LIU Guangyang contributed equally to the article.

Etiological factors for coronary heart disease and construction of a risk prediction model using two-sample MR and interpretable machine learning
Ju WU1, 2, Guangyang LIU1, 2, Tianjiao MING3, Yazhou WU1, Fang LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Health Statistics, College of Military Preventive Medicine, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
  • 2Brigade of Non-Military Students, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
  • 3School of International Economics and Trade, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-01-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507090
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目的

本研究旨在利用临床数据和基因变异数据,探究冠心病(coronary heart disease, CHD)的危险因素及其因果关联,并构建可解释的风险预测模型。

方法

本研究为回顾性研究,从Kaggle平台和IEU OpenGWAS Project数据库分别收集临床数据和基因变异数据队列。利用SMOTEENN混合采样技术平衡数据,结合Logistic回归模型和两样本MR方法筛选危险因素并分析其因果效应。进一步基于随机森林(random forest, RF)、极限梯度提升算法(eXtreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)和神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)构建风险预测模型,并通过SHAP算法评估特征重要性。

结果

Logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄、教育程度、吸烟、高血压、总胆固醇、收缩压和血糖与CHD显著相关(P<0.05),而BMI、舒张压、中风和糖尿病等无显著关联。两样本MR分析表明,BMI(OR=1.014,95%CI:1.011~1.017,P=1.720×10-22)、年龄(OR=1.015,95%CI:1.012~1.019,P=3.455×10-18)、日吸烟量(OR=1.007,95%CI:1.002~1.011,P=0.005)、高血压(OR=1.057,95%CI:1.046~1.067,P=5.870×10-28)等11个因素与CHD呈正向因果关系;教育程度(OR=0.970,95%CI:0.960~0.979,P=1.231×10-9)和高密度脂蛋白(OR=0.990,95%CI:0.986~0.993,P=0.002)呈负向因果关系。机器学习模型中,SMOTEENN-RF模型表现最优,准确率达0.887,AUC为0.962。SHAP分析显示,年龄、性别、高血压、收缩压和日吸烟量对模型贡献最大。

结论

年龄、高血压、血脂等关键因素与冠心病显著相关,并成功构建了性能优异的SMOTEENN-RF预测模型,为冠心病的风险预警与精准防治提供了可靠的方法学支持和实用工具。

冠心病  /  孟德尔随机化  /  可解释机器学习  /  预测模型  /  SMOTEENN
Objective

To investigate the risk factors and causal relationships of coronary heart disease (CHD) by utilizing clinical data and genetic variation data, and construct an interpretable risk prediction model for the disease.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on the clinical data and genetic variation data collected from the Kaggle platform and the IEU OpenGWAS Project database, respectively. SMOTEENN mixed sampling was used to balance the data. Logistic regression models and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) were combined to screen risk factors and analyze their causal effects. Then risk prediction models were further constructed using random forest (RF), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and artificial neural networks (ANN), and feature importance was assessed with the SHAP algorithm.

Results

Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, education level, smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and blood glucose were significantly associated with CHD (P<0.05), while body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), history of stroke, and diabetes had no such association. Two-sample MR analysis indicated that BMI (OR=1.014, 95%CI: 1.011 to 1.017, P=1.720×10-22), age (OR=1.015, 95%CI: 1.012 to 1.019, P=3.455×10-18), number of cigarettes smoked per smoker per day (OR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.002 to 1.011, P=0.005), hypertension (OR=1.057, 95%CI: 1.046 to 1.067, P=5.870×10-28) were positively associated with CHD; Education level (OR=0.970, 95%CI: 0.960 to 0.979, P=1.231×10-9) and high-density lipoprotein (OR=0.990, 95%CI: 0.986 to 0.993, P=0.002) were negatively associated with CHD. In the machine learning models, the SMOTEENN-RF performed best, with an accuracy rate of 0.887 and an AUC value of 0.962. SHAP analysis indicated that age, gender, hypertension, SBP, and cigarettes smoked per day contributed most to the model.

Conclusion

Key risk factors such as age, hypertension, and blood lipid levels are significantly correlated with CHD. A high-performing SMOTEENN-RF prediction model is successfully constructed, providing reliable methodological support and practical tool for CHD risk early warning and precision prevention and treatment.

coronary heart disease  /  Mendelian randomization  /  interpretable machine learning  /  prediction model  /  SMOTEENN
吴炬, 刘光阳, 明天娇, 伍亚舟, 李芳. 基于两样本孟德尔随机化与可解释机器学习算法的冠心病风险预测模型构建及发病因素探究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2026 , 48 (2) : 229 -241 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507090
Ju WU, Guangyang LIU, Tianjiao MING, Yazhou WU, Fang LI. Etiological factors for coronary heart disease and construction of a risk prediction model using two-sample MR and interpretable machine learning[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2026 , 48 (2) : 229 -241 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507090
冠心病(coronary heart disease, CHD)是由于冠状动脉粥样硬化导致管腔狭窄或闭塞,引发心肌缺血、缺氧甚至坏死的心脏疾病,是全球主要的健康负担之一[1]。据世界卫生组织统计,心血管疾病是全球死亡的首要原因,其中CHD占比尤为突出[2-3]。2021年中国心血管病报告显示,我国CHD死亡率持续上升,年住院费用高达1169.59亿元,给社会经济和公共卫生带来沉重压力。为落实《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》战略目标,深入探究CHD的危险因素及防治策略具有重要意义。
近年来,机器学习在医学领域的应用为CHD的风险预测和诊断提供了新思路。多项研究利用Logistic回归、随机森林(random forest, RF)、支持向量机等方法构建预测模型,并识别血糖、胆固醇等关键影响因素[4-9]。然而,现有研究仍存在样本量不足、混杂因素控制不充分、危险因素影响机制不明确,以及模型可解释性不足等问题。孟德尔随机化(mendelian randomization,MR)方法基于孟德尔第二定律,利用单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)作为工具变量,推断暴露因素与疾病之间的因果关联。全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association studies,GWAS)为MR提供了遗传学数据支撑,用于检验非实验数据中的因果假设[10]。相较于随机对照试验,MR研究在效率、成本及伦理方面具有明显优势,尤其适用于评估潜在有害暴露对疾病发生的影响。
鉴于此,本研究基于冠心病患者的临床和基因数据,采用SMOTEENN混合采样技术解决数据不平衡问题,联合Logistic回归与两样本MR方法筛选危险因素及其因果关联。进一步利用RF、极限梯度提升算法(eXtreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)和神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)构建预测模型,并通过SHAP算法增强模型可解释性,旨在为CHD的早期风险评估和精准干预提供科学依据。
本研究为回顾性研究。通过公共数据Kaggle平台[23]收集CHD患者的临床数据资料。数据集来自马萨诸塞州佛雷明汉镇居民的一项心血管疾病风险调查,包括4 240名调查对象的15个人口学特征、行为习惯和临床检查指标等潜在疾病危险因素,以及未来10年内是否发生CHD的结局事件(表1)。
通过IEU OpenGWAS Project数据库[24]获取暴露与结局的GWAS数据,确保暴露与结局间的GWAS数据不存在人群样本重叠的可能。利用R 4.3.1软件TwoSampleMR包完成工具变量的筛选与整合。具体要求为:①基因变异与暴露相关(P<5×10-8);②保证工具变量间的独立性,排除连锁不平衡对结果的影响(r2<0.01);③基因变异只通过暴露因素影响结局(P暴露<P结局);④效应等位基因对齐,采用harmonise方法合并数据集,确保不同基因型或等位基因之间数据的一致性。
SMOTEENN算法是一种结合过采样与欠采样的混合数据平衡方法。本研究采用两阶段处理策略:首先通过SMOTE算法对少数类样本进行过采样,为每个少数类样本生成插值新样本[新样本=原样本+n近邻样本差异,n∈(0,1)];随后应用ENN算法剔除多数类中的边界噪声样本[11-13]。
应用软件R 4.3.1和Python 3.11编程进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以M(P25,P75)表示,采用两独立样本Mann-Whitney U 检验;计数资料用例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
采用随机森林多重插补方法对缺失数据进行填补。利用Logistic回归进行CHD相关因素筛选,并通过两样本孟德尔随机化分析相关因素对CHD的因果效应[14-18]。将数据集按7∶3随机分为训练集和测试集,在构建预测模型时,本研究选择随机森林(random forest, RF)、神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)、极限梯度提升算法(eXtreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)3种机器学习算法,旨在综合应对临床数据中常见的复杂性非线性关系,同时兼顾模型的预测性能、稳健性与可解释性[19-21]。通过计算准确率、精确率、召回率、F1、AUC评价指标比较各模型的预测性能,并引入SHAP算法解释各特征变量对CHD的重要程度[15-22]。见图1。
原始4 240例样本中,非CHD患者与CHD患者比例为5.58∶1。为消除类别失衡带来的结果偏倚,采用SMOTEENN混合采样获得4 138例样本,其中,CHD患者2 089例,非CHD患者2 049例,比例接近1∶1。数据以7∶3的比例随机划分训练集和测试集,训练集2 896例,其中1 479例为CHD患者;测试集1 242例,其中610例为CHD患者。两组基线特征差异无统计学意义(表2)。
表3显示,性别、年龄、教育程度、吸烟、服用降压药、高血压、总胆固醇、收缩压及血糖等9个变量与CHD的关联具有统计学意义(P<0.05);舒张压、BMI、日吸烟量、中风、糖尿病及心率等6个变量与CHD的关联无统计学意义。未发现模型的共线性问题(VIF<5)。
为避免因变量信息遗漏增加决策风险,本研究将15个候选暴露全部纳入初步因果推断。在工具变量筛选阶段,性别、中风、服用降压药及心率因有效SNP数据较少,无法获得稳定的因果效应估计,予以剔除。最终对BMI、年龄、教育程度、吸烟、日吸烟量、高血压、糖尿病、总胆固醇、收缩压、舒张压及血糖共11个暴露与CHD的因果关系展开分析。
通过MR-PRESSO剔除异常SNP后,总体因果效应估计变化不显著,结果稳健。表4中MR-Egger、WME和IVW结果均显示,BMI、高血压、总胆固醇、收缩压及舒张压均与CHD风险呈正向因果关系(P<0.05),基于随机效应的IVW结果显示,11个暴露均与CHD的因果关联显著(P<0.05)。需要注意的是,糖尿病与吸烟在3种方法中的效应方向不一致,提示其因果关系尚存在不确定性,有待进一步验证。教育程度表现为负向关系,其余暴露均与CHD呈现正向关系,见图4。
表5的Cochran’s Q检验显示,除年龄和日吸烟量外,其余9个暴露因素的工具变量SNP间均存在异质性(P<0.05)。MR-Egger回归截距项在11个暴露中均不显著,提示不存在明显的水平多效性。漏斗图与LOOA图也未发现异质性及水平多效性(图3)。
进一步对糖尿病和总胆固醇进行了细分,分别使用1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病以及LDL、HDL的GWAS数据进行MR分析,结果显示2型糖尿病、LDL和HDL均与CHD存在因果关联。此外,尝试将收缩压和舒张压合并,采用脉压的GWAS数据进行MR分析,结果同样支持脉压与冠心病之间存在因果关联,结果见表6。敏感性分析表明,上述各变量与CHD之间均不存在水平多效性(表7)。
表8显示,训练集与测试集的表现高度一致,提示模型未出现过拟合。测试集中,未做类别平衡的RF、XGBoost模型的各项指标均明显低于经SMOTEENN处理后的对应模型。平衡后,3种机器学习算法的预测性能全面提升,其中RF表现最优,准确率、精确率与AUC值分别达到0.887、0.885和0.962。图5 ROC曲线表明,3种模型对CHD正负样本均有出色的区分能力,RF模型整体性能最佳。
图6显示,3种模型一致认为年龄是CHD的首要风险因子,而糖尿病、中风及BMI的贡献相对有限。研究以性能最优的RF模型为代表进行特征重要性可视化,SHAP值排序前5位的危险因素依次为:年龄、性别、高血压、收缩压、日吸烟量。除教育程度呈负向关联外,其余变量均与CHD呈正向关联。
为直观展示模型在临床决策中的辅助价值,分别选取典型病例进行解释。图7A病例:高龄男性,受教育程度较高,舒张压正常但收缩压与血糖均偏高,并伴高血压及吸烟史。模型输出CHD风险为94%,其中受教育程度起负向调节作用,舒张压几乎无贡献。图7B病例:年轻女性,无高血压,收缩压、舒张压及总胆固醇均正常。模型预测其CHD概率仅7%。
本研究基于Kaggle公开的CHD临床数据,探讨了CHD危险因素及其预测模型构建。在危险因素分析方面,本研究采用Logistic回归和两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)相结合的方法,发现虽然舒张压、BMI、日吸烟量等指标在临床指南中被广泛认可为CHD危险因素[23-28],但在本研究的Logistic回归中未显示显著关联。这一差异可能与数据分布及混杂因素控制有关。后续机器学习模型比较表明,保留这些变量仍有助于提升预测性能,提示变量在预测中的贡献可能不仅依赖于其在传统回归中的显著性,还应考虑其在不同模型中的稳健性和互补性。因此,在冠心病预测建模中,需结合多种分析方法审慎评估变量作用,避免仅依赖单一统计模型的结果进行变量筛选。
在因果关系验证方面,MR分析揭示了多个因素与CHD的因果关联。值得注意的是,本研究对糖尿病和血脂指标进行了更细致的分层分析:将糖尿病细分为1型和2型,发现2型糖尿病与CHD存在正向因果关系;对总胆固醇进行细分后,明确LDL-C的正向作用和HDL-C的保护作用。特别值得关注的是脉压指标,研究证实其作为心血管疾病独立危险因素的价值,建议在预测模型中可考虑用脉压替代传统的收缩压和舒张压指标[29-31]。虽然Cochran's Q检验显示部分SNP存在异质性,但综合LOOA、漏斗图和MR-Egger等敏感性分析结果,认为这种异质性在可接受范围内,不影响主要结论的可靠性。
值得说明的是,尽管本研究的Logistic回归和MR分析中糖尿病整体未显示与CHD的显著关联,与部分临床观察性研究结果存在差异,但本研究认为这恰恰反映了方法学差异和人群异质性的影响。后续使用细分变量进行的MR分析为糖尿病的因果作用提供了更深入的见解,2型糖尿病表现出明确的阳性因果关联,与临床共识高度一致。这一结果不仅强化了2型糖尿病作为CHD独立危险因素的证据,也凸显了在因果推断中区分糖尿病亚型的重要性。
在预测模型构建方面,采用SMOTEENN混合采样技术处理数据不平衡问题,并比较了RF、XGBoost和ANN 3种机器学习算法的性能。结果显示,SMOTEENN-RF模型表现最优,其SHAP解释结果与临床经验高度吻合,证实年龄、性别、高血压等关键因素的重要预测价值。
尽管本研究取得了一定成果,但仍存在以下不足。研究数据的代表性可能受到样本来源地域局限性的影响,主要基于美国特定地区的临床数据可能无法完全反映其他人群的特征差异。同时,部分具有潜在临床价值的预测因子由于缺乏相应的遗传标记数据而未能纳入分析,这对建立更全面的预测体系造成了一定限制。在数据处理环节,虽然使用了采样技术来平衡数据集,但这一过程本身可能引入新的复杂性。未来研究若能整合多中心、多地域的临床数据,特别是纳入具有不同遗传背景的人群队列,并开发更精细的数据处理方法,将有望构建更具普适性的预测模型,为临床决策提供更可靠的依据。

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2026年第48卷第2期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507090
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
  • 修回日期:2025-11-10
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系军队卫生统计学教研室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院无军籍大队,重庆
    3对外经济贸易大学国际经济贸易学院,北京

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