Article(id=1322190517790683663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753286400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-24, revisedDate=1756483200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164384553, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1759161600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164384553, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164384553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164384553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190415911043621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='2145', pageEnd='2288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1759161600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164360263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164574764, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191316100960652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191316105154957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2223, endPage=2236, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190518201725458, articleId=1322190517790683663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Screening and identification of genes for exiting naïve pluripotency in embryonic stem cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 knockout system, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To systematically identify the key genes regulating the exit from naïve pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in order to provide novel targets and theoretical insights into the mechanisms for pluripotency transition and early cell fate determination.

Methods

Nanog-green fluorescent protein (Nanog-GFP) reporter-labeled ESCs were infected with a genome-wide Brie knockout library, and further cultured under leukemia inhibitory factor/serum (LIF/S) conditions for 14 d. Flow cytometry was used to sort Nanog-GFP⁺(naïve-state) and Nanog-GFP- (primed state) cell populations, followed by genomic DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing. Model-based Analysis of Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout (MAGeCK) was applied to identify differential genes between GFP⁻/Input, GFP⁺/Input, and GFP⁺/GFP⁻ groups. Metascape and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were conducted for functional enrichment analysis. Then the obtained candidate genes were employed to construct knockout models, and their roles were assessed through cell morphology observation, Nanog-positive rate detection, colony formation assays, and pluripotency gene expression analysis.

Results

The GFP⁺/Input screening revealed 2 921 negatively regulated genes (mainly enriched in basic life processes, such as RNA metabolism and cell cycle) and 1 393 positively regulated genes (enriched in the processes of nervous system development, carbohydrate metabolism, and vascular system development). In the GFP⁻/Input screening, 2 765 negatively regulated genes (enriched in RNA metabolism, cell cycle, and other fundamental processes) and 1 303 positively regulated genes (enriched in neural development, cell survival, and endothelial migration) were identified. The GFP⁺/GFP⁻ comparison identified 1 001 negatively regulated genes [involved in stress response and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling] and 983 positively regulated genes [related to fibroblast growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (FGF/ERK) signaling pathway and glucose metabolism). These genes, were not only known pluripotency regulators (e.g., Nanog, Nr5a2, Klf2, Klf4) and exit-associated genes (e.g., Gata6, Grb2, Zeb1, Fgfr1), but also some novel candidates (e.g., Dmrt1, Rxra, Zbtb14 and Tmem41b). Functional validation showed that transient knockout of Dmrt1, Tmem41b, and Hic2 significantly increased the proportion of Nanog⁺ cells (P<0.01), suggesting their role in suppressing ground-state exit. ESCs with stable Dmrt1 knockout exhibited a more naïve-state phenotype, presenting compact, dome-shaped colonies, with increased ratio of undifferentiated colonies (P<0.01), up-regulation of ground-state markers (Nanog, Nr5a2, Dppa3, P<0.01), and down-regulation of primed-state markers (Fgf5, Lefty1, Dnmt3b, P<0.01). Rescue experiments for Dmrt1 expression reversed these above phenotypes.

Conclusion

A candidate gene set regulating exit from naïve pluripotency in ESC is screened out and identified with genome-wide CRISPR. Our findings implicate Dmrt1 plays a critical role in promoting the exit.

, authors=Yi YANG1, Yan RUAN2, Junlei ZHANG2, Yanping TIAN2, Meng YU3, Hongli LI1, authorsList=Yi YANG, Yan RUAN, Junlei ZHANG, Yanping TIAN, Meng YU, Hongli LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meng YU, Hongli LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190522056290846, articleId=1322190517790683663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=基于CRISPR-Cas9敲除系统的胚胎干细胞基态多能性退出调控基因的筛选与鉴定, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

系统性鉴定调控胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESC)基态多能性退出的关键基因,为深入解析多能性状态转换及早期细胞命运决定机制提供新靶点和理论依据。

方法

利用全基因组Brie敲除文库感染Nanog-绿色荧光蛋白(Nanog-green fluorescent protein,Nanog-GFP)报告基因标记的ESC,在白血病抑制因子/血清(leukemia inhibitory factor/serum,LIF/S)条件下持续培养14 d;通过流式细胞术分选Nanog-GFP⁺(基态)与Nanog-GFP⁻(始发态)细胞群,提取基因组DNA进行高通量测序;采用MAGeCK软件分析GFP⁻/Input、GFP+/Input与GFP⁺/GFP⁻组的差异基因,利用Metascape和基因集富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)进行功能富集分析;基于筛选结果构建候选基因敲除模型,通过细胞形态观察、Nanog阳性率检测、克隆形成实验及分子标志物检测评估候选基因功能。

结果

在GFP⁺/Input筛选中,鉴定出2 921个负向变化基因(主要富集于RNA代谢、细胞周期等基础生命过程)和1 393个正向变化基因(主要富集于神经系统发育、糖代谢和脉管系统发育等过程)。在GFP-/Input筛选中,鉴定到2 765个负向变化基因(主要富集于RNA代谢、细胞周期等基础生命过程)和1 303个正向变化基因(主要富集于神经发育、细胞存活、内皮迁移等过程)。在GFP⁺/GFP-筛选中,鉴定出1 001个负向变化基因[主要参与细胞应激响应和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路抑制]和983个正向变化基因[主要参与成纤维细胞生长因子/细胞外信号调节激酶(fibroblast growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,FGF/ERK)信号通路和糖代谢过程],其中不仅包括已知的多能性维持因子(如Nanog、Nr5a2、Klf2、Klf4)及多能性退出相关基因(如Gata6、Grb2、Zeb1、Fgfr1),还包括一些在基态多能性退出过程中功能尚未明确的基因(如Dmrt1、Rxra、Zbtb14和Tmem41b)。候选基因功能验证显示,瞬时敲除Dmrt1、Tmem41b和Hic2的ESC中Nanog⁺细胞比例显著升高(P<0.01),表明这些基因可能抑制基态多能性退出。Dmrt1稳定敲除使ESC呈现更基态的表型,表现为克隆形态变紧密、呈穹隆状,未分化克隆比例增加(P<0.01),基态多能性标志基因(如Nanog、Nr5a2、Dppa3)表达上调(P<0.01),而始发态标志基因(如Fgf5、Lefty1、Dnmt3b)表达下调(P<0.01)。回复表达Dmrt1可逆转上述表型。

结论

本研究通过全基因组CRISPR-Cas9筛选鉴定出调控ESC基态多能性退出的候选基因集,明确Dmrt1在促进ESC基态多能性退出过程中的关键作用。

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余 梦,E-mail:
李红丽,E-mail:
YU Meng,E-mail:
LI Hongli,E-mail:
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Nat Commun,2021,12(1):5041., articleTitle=DMRT1-mediated reprogramming drives development of cancer resembling human germ cell tumors with features of totipotency, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190522886763039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190522907734560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, companyId=1322190522886763039, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Pu’er,Yunnan,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190522941288994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, companyId=1322190522886763039, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:基础医学教学实验中心,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190523260056100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190523301999141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, companyId=1322190523260056100, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Histology and Embryology,College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing, Pu’er,Yunnan,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190523599794726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, companyId=1322190523260056100, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:组织胚胎学教研室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190523754983975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190523780149800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, companyId=1322190523754983975, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Neuroendocrine,Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases,No. 927 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force,Pu’er,Yunnan,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190523809509929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, companyId=1322190523754983975, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3联勤保障部队第九二七医院神经内分泌风湿免疫科,云南 普洱)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190532168757849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flowchart and quality control of genome-wide screening of CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library, figureFileSmall=Pcz+kzElYMtaCQdVlTy8Yg==, figureFileBig=U2V5IK2w0T3PUzdxT1tmYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190532294586970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CRISPR-Cas9全基因组敲除文库筛选流程与质控

A:Characterization of the stable Cas9-expressing Nanog-GFP mESC line; B:Validation of the Nanog-GFP-mESC reporter line; Under LIF/serum conditions,GFP⁺ and GFP⁻ populations were sorted by flow cytometry,and the 2 fractions were subjected to Western blotting for GFP and Nanog expression; C:Immunofluorescence imaging of Nanog and GFP subcellular localization in Nanog-GFP-mESCs; D:Schematic diagram of the protocol of genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening; E:Density distribution of sgRNA read counts in the plasmid library and the Input sample; F:Scatter plots comparing sgRNA read counts between the plasmid library and Input,between 2 independent Input replicates,and between 2 replicates of the GFP⁺ and GFP⁻ populations; Pearson correlation coefficients are indicated

, figureFileSmall=Pcz+kzElYMtaCQdVlTy8Yg==, figureFileBig=U2V5IK2w0T3PUzdxT1tmYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190532634325595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=CRISPR screening identifies genes required for maintaining both naïve and primed pluripotency, figureFileSmall=fIolABFn6MK7aCi5biSWGQ==, figureFileBig=SgDhEcKfmAJbebwOhQFbPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190532848235100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CRISPR筛选鉴定基态和始发态维持相关基因

A and B:Identification of negatively and positively changed genes from the GFP⁺/Input CRISPR screening; C:Bar plot of functional enrichment for negatively changed genes in GFP⁺/Input; D:Bar plot of functional enrichment for positively changed genes in GFP⁺/Input; E,F:Identification of negatively and positively changed genes from the GFP⁻/Input CRISPR screening; E:Bar plot showing the numbers of negatively and positively changed genes; F:Rank plot displaying the fold changes of genes in the screening; G:Bar plot of functional enrichment for negatively changed genes in GFP⁻/Input; H:Bar plot of functional enrichment for positively changed genes in GFP⁻/Input; I:Functional enrichment analysis of common negatively changed genes identified in both GFP⁻/Input and GFP⁺/Input screening; J:Functional enrichment analysis of common positively changed genes identified in both GFP⁻/Input and GFP⁺/Input screening

, figureFileSmall=fIolABFn6MK7aCi5biSWGQ==, figureFileBig=SgDhEcKfmAJbebwOhQFbPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190532944704093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=GFP⁺/GFP⁻ CRISPR screening identifies factors related to exit from naïve pluripotency, figureFileSmall=cWVaEb4yDZWd5hgdydMYtg==, figureFileBig=DmavBT/VFqzWcLCzymSGvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190533045367390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=CN, label=图3, caption=GFP+/GFP- CRISPR筛选鉴定基态多能性退出因子

A:Bar plot showing 1 001 negatively changed and 983 positively changed genes identified from the GFP⁺/GFP⁻ CRISPR screening; B:Rank plot displaying the fold changes of genes in the GFP⁺/GFP⁻ screening,with highlighted known pluripotency-maintenance and differentiation-associated genes; C:GSEA of negatively changed genes from the results of GFP⁺/GFP⁻ screening; D:GSEA of positively changed genes from the results of GFP⁺/GFP⁻ screening; E:Bar plot of functional enrichment for negatively changed genes in GFP⁺/GFP⁻; F:Bar plot of functional enrichment for positively changed genes in GFP⁺/GFP⁻. NES:Normalized enrichment score; GSEA:Gene Set Enrichment Analysis

, figureFileSmall=cWVaEb4yDZWd5hgdydMYtg==, figureFileBig=DmavBT/VFqzWcLCzymSGvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190533263471199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Functional validation of candidate regulators of naïve pluripotency exit, figureFileSmall=LPpW86PZUlkkNr/G65uEZQ==, figureFileBig=YzKdYWKiPy6ieUMLAWR+Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190533385106017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基态多能性退出候选基因的功能验证

A~C:Expression profiles of the 5 candidate genes during mesodermal,endodermal,and ectodermal differentiation,respectively; D:Expression kinetics of the 5 candidate genes during naïve pluripotency exit (2i withdrawal); E:RT-qPCR validation of knockdown efficiency for each candidate gene; F:Flow cytometric quantification of the Nanog-GFP⁺ cell fraction after knockdown of each candidate gene. a:P<0.01,compared with the control group

, figureFileSmall=LPpW86PZUlkkNr/G65uEZQ==, figureFileBig=YzKdYWKiPy6ieUMLAWR+Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190534962164323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Functional role of Dmrt1 in naïve pluripotency exit of mESCs, figureFileSmall=STPyOdAFy9pGq1YVrzBwzA==, figureFileBig=XAHYUk4wiRMdSfnx0yOoaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190535025078884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Dmrt1在mESC基态多能性退出中的功能

A:Western blotting confirming the generation and rescue of Dmrt1-knockout mESC lines; B and C:Bright-field images and colony formation assay showing morphology and colony characteristics of Dmrt1-knockout and rescue cells cultured in LIF/serum (LIF/S); D:Cell counts after 3-day proliferation in LIF/S medium containing 100 U or 1 000 U LIF; E:Colony number and percentage distribution of colony types in LIF/S medium with 1 000 U LIF; F and G:RT-qPCR results of naïve- and primed-state marker expression on day 3 of EpiLC induction in Dmrt1-knockout and rescue cells. LIF:Leukemia inhibitory factor. a:P <0.01,compared with the control group

, figureFileSmall=STPyOdAFy9pGq1YVrzBwzA==, figureFileBig=XAHYUk4wiRMdSfnx0yOoaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190535138325094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene NamePrimer Sequences (5′→3′)
mDmrt1上游:AGGGAGTTCTGGAATGTGAGT
下游:TCGTCCTCATCCTCTTCCAG
mEtv4上游:GCCTACCTCCCAGAACTCAC
下游:CTGAGCAACCCCACCATGTC
mEtv5上游:ACAACCCTGCTTACCTCCTG
下游:CTCGGCCATTCAGAAACTTAG
mTmem41b上游:CCTTCTTTCTATCCTGCCAGC
下游:TGGTGGTGGCAGGAGTGATG
mHic2上游:GCCTCACAGAGCACATGCGT
下游:TCTAGGAAGGGGAAGTGTGC
GAPDH上游:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
下游:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1322190535234794087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190517790683663, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene NamePrimer Sequences (5′→3′)
mDmrt1上游:AGGGAGTTCTGGAATGTGAGT
下游:TCGTCCTCATCCTCTTCCAG
mEtv4上游:GCCTACCTCCCAGAACTCAC
下游:CTGAGCAACCCCACCATGTC
mEtv5上游:ACAACCCTGCTTACCTCCTG
下游:CTCGGCCATTCAGAAACTTAG
mTmem41b上游:CCTTCTTTCTATCCTGCCAGC
下游:TGGTGGTGGCAGGAGTGATG
mHic2上游:GCCTCACAGAGCACATGCGT
下游:TCTAGGAAGGGGAAGTGTGC
GAPDH上游:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
下游:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
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基于CRISPR-Cas9敲除系统的胚胎干细胞基态多能性退出调控基因的筛选与鉴定
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杨艺 1 , 阮艳 2 , 张俊磊 2 , 田衍平 2 , 余梦 3 , 李红丽 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(18): 2223-2236
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (18) : 2223 -2236
基于CRISPR-Cas9敲除系统的胚胎干细胞基态多能性退出调控基因的筛选与鉴定
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杨艺1, 阮艳2, 张俊磊2, 田衍平2, 余梦3 , 李红丽1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:基础医学教学实验中心,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:组织胚胎学教研室,重庆
  • 3联勤保障部队第九二七医院神经内分泌风湿免疫科,云南 普洱
通讯作者:
余 梦,E-mail:
李红丽,E-mail:
YU Meng,E-mail:
LI Hongli,E-mail:
Screening and identification of genes for exiting naïve pluripotency in embryonic stem cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 knockout system
Yi YANG1, Yan RUAN2, Junlei ZHANG2, Yanping TIAN2, Meng YU3 , Hongli LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Pu’er,Yunnan,China
  • 2Department of Histology and Embryology,College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing, Pu’er,Yunnan,China
  • 3Department of Neuroendocrine,Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases,No. 927 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force,Pu’er,Yunnan,China
出版时间: 2025-09-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507082
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目的

系统性鉴定调控胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESC)基态多能性退出的关键基因,为深入解析多能性状态转换及早期细胞命运决定机制提供新靶点和理论依据。

方法

利用全基因组Brie敲除文库感染Nanog-绿色荧光蛋白(Nanog-green fluorescent protein,Nanog-GFP)报告基因标记的ESC,在白血病抑制因子/血清(leukemia inhibitory factor/serum,LIF/S)条件下持续培养14 d;通过流式细胞术分选Nanog-GFP⁺(基态)与Nanog-GFP⁻(始发态)细胞群,提取基因组DNA进行高通量测序;采用MAGeCK软件分析GFP⁻/Input、GFP+/Input与GFP⁺/GFP⁻组的差异基因,利用Metascape和基因集富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)进行功能富集分析;基于筛选结果构建候选基因敲除模型,通过细胞形态观察、Nanog阳性率检测、克隆形成实验及分子标志物检测评估候选基因功能。

结果

在GFP⁺/Input筛选中,鉴定出2 921个负向变化基因(主要富集于RNA代谢、细胞周期等基础生命过程)和1 393个正向变化基因(主要富集于神经系统发育、糖代谢和脉管系统发育等过程)。在GFP-/Input筛选中,鉴定到2 765个负向变化基因(主要富集于RNA代谢、细胞周期等基础生命过程)和1 303个正向变化基因(主要富集于神经发育、细胞存活、内皮迁移等过程)。在GFP⁺/GFP-筛选中,鉴定出1 001个负向变化基因[主要参与细胞应激响应和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路抑制]和983个正向变化基因[主要参与成纤维细胞生长因子/细胞外信号调节激酶(fibroblast growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,FGF/ERK)信号通路和糖代谢过程],其中不仅包括已知的多能性维持因子(如Nanog、Nr5a2、Klf2、Klf4)及多能性退出相关基因(如Gata6、Grb2、Zeb1、Fgfr1),还包括一些在基态多能性退出过程中功能尚未明确的基因(如Dmrt1、Rxra、Zbtb14和Tmem41b)。候选基因功能验证显示,瞬时敲除Dmrt1、Tmem41b和Hic2的ESC中Nanog⁺细胞比例显著升高(P<0.01),表明这些基因可能抑制基态多能性退出。Dmrt1稳定敲除使ESC呈现更基态的表型,表现为克隆形态变紧密、呈穹隆状,未分化克隆比例增加(P<0.01),基态多能性标志基因(如Nanog、Nr5a2、Dppa3)表达上调(P<0.01),而始发态标志基因(如Fgf5、Lefty1、Dnmt3b)表达下调(P<0.01)。回复表达Dmrt1可逆转上述表型。

结论

本研究通过全基因组CRISPR-Cas9筛选鉴定出调控ESC基态多能性退出的候选基因集,明确Dmrt1在促进ESC基态多能性退出过程中的关键作用。

CRISPR-Cas9  /  胚胎干细胞  /  基态  /  始发态  /  多能性退出
Objective

To systematically identify the key genes regulating the exit from naïve pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in order to provide novel targets and theoretical insights into the mechanisms for pluripotency transition and early cell fate determination.

Methods

Nanog-green fluorescent protein (Nanog-GFP) reporter-labeled ESCs were infected with a genome-wide Brie knockout library, and further cultured under leukemia inhibitory factor/serum (LIF/S) conditions for 14 d. Flow cytometry was used to sort Nanog-GFP⁺(naïve-state) and Nanog-GFP- (primed state) cell populations, followed by genomic DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing. Model-based Analysis of Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout (MAGeCK) was applied to identify differential genes between GFP⁻/Input, GFP⁺/Input, and GFP⁺/GFP⁻ groups. Metascape and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were conducted for functional enrichment analysis. Then the obtained candidate genes were employed to construct knockout models, and their roles were assessed through cell morphology observation, Nanog-positive rate detection, colony formation assays, and pluripotency gene expression analysis.

Results

The GFP⁺/Input screening revealed 2 921 negatively regulated genes (mainly enriched in basic life processes, such as RNA metabolism and cell cycle) and 1 393 positively regulated genes (enriched in the processes of nervous system development, carbohydrate metabolism, and vascular system development). In the GFP⁻/Input screening, 2 765 negatively regulated genes (enriched in RNA metabolism, cell cycle, and other fundamental processes) and 1 303 positively regulated genes (enriched in neural development, cell survival, and endothelial migration) were identified. The GFP⁺/GFP⁻ comparison identified 1 001 negatively regulated genes [involved in stress response and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling] and 983 positively regulated genes [related to fibroblast growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (FGF/ERK) signaling pathway and glucose metabolism). These genes, were not only known pluripotency regulators (e.g., Nanog, Nr5a2, Klf2, Klf4) and exit-associated genes (e.g., Gata6, Grb2, Zeb1, Fgfr1), but also some novel candidates (e.g., Dmrt1, Rxra, Zbtb14 and Tmem41b). Functional validation showed that transient knockout of Dmrt1, Tmem41b, and Hic2 significantly increased the proportion of Nanog⁺ cells (P<0.01), suggesting their role in suppressing ground-state exit. ESCs with stable Dmrt1 knockout exhibited a more naïve-state phenotype, presenting compact, dome-shaped colonies, with increased ratio of undifferentiated colonies (P<0.01), up-regulation of ground-state markers (Nanog, Nr5a2, Dppa3, P<0.01), and down-regulation of primed-state markers (Fgf5, Lefty1, Dnmt3b, P<0.01). Rescue experiments for Dmrt1 expression reversed these above phenotypes.

Conclusion

A candidate gene set regulating exit from naïve pluripotency in ESC is screened out and identified with genome-wide CRISPR. Our findings implicate Dmrt1 plays a critical role in promoting the exit.

CRISPR-Cas9  /  embryonic stem cells  /  ground-state  /  primed-state  /  pluripotency exit
杨艺, 阮艳, 张俊磊, 田衍平, 余梦, 李红丽. 基于CRISPR-Cas9敲除系统的胚胎干细胞基态多能性退出调控基因的筛选与鉴定. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2223 -2236 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507082
Yi YANG, Yan RUAN, Junlei ZHANG, Yanping TIAN, Meng YU, Hongli LI. Screening and identification of genes for exiting naïve pluripotency in embryonic stem cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 knockout system[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2223 -2236 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507082
小鼠胚胎植入期发育过程(E4.5-E7.5)涉及细胞多能性状态的动态转变[1-3]。植入前,上胚层细胞(E4.5)具有分化为所有胚层谱系(包括生殖系)的潜能,被认为是“基态”多能性状态[4-5]。植入后,上胚层细胞向“始发态”转变(E5.5-E7.5),其特征表现为:基态多能性状态逐渐消退和体细胞胚层特异性因子开始表达[6]。从“基态”到“始发态”的转化(即基态多能性退出)是胚层分化的起始,对其调控机制的研究是实现人工操控胚胎命运的基础。
基态多能性的维持由“核心”转录因子(Oct4/Pou5f1、Sox2)与“辅助”转录因子(Esrrb、Nanog、Tbx3、Prdm14)协同构成,这些因子共同建立广泛的转录调控网络[4,7-9]。从基态向始发态多能性状态的转变过程必然涉及基态多能性基因表达的消退或沉默[6]。尽管近年来已有一些影响胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC)基态多能性退出的调控基因如Foxd3、Zic3等被报道[10-11],但还有很多调控基因及其作用机制尚未发现和阐明。
由于早期发育过程中特定细胞状态群体数量稀少且存在时间短暂,对胚胎植入期发育过程的研究较难在体内进行。特定的体外培养体系可使ESC处于不同的多能性状态,如加入GSK3β和MEK抑制剂(2i),通过活化Wnt及抑制细胞外信号调节激酶(fibroblast growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)信号通路,可使小鼠胚胎干细胞(mouse embryonic stem cell,ESC)获得基态多能性[12]。而活化成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)和Activin/Nodal信号通路,可诱导mESC处于分化始发态[13]。在卵磷脂鞘磷脂(lecithin/sphingomyetin,L/S)条件下(同时活化LIF-Stat3与BMP4-Smad信号通路),ESC表现为亚稳态多能性[10,14]。该培养体系中,核心多能性因子Nanog呈异质性表达,Nanog+细胞亚群接近基态,而Nanog-细胞亚群近似始发态,二者可相互转化并保持动态平衡,因此可作为研究基态向始发态转化分子机制的理想模型。
为挖掘调控ESC基态多能性退出的关键基因以及潜在调控机制,本研究拟采用CRISPR-Cas9敲除文库在ESC“亚稳态”(L/S)条件下筛选ESC基态多能性退出的关键基因,旨在为ESC命运决定机制提供新线索和理论基础。
mESC细胞系R1、HEK 293FT细胞(人胚肾细胞)购自ATCC细胞库,Nanog-GFP-mESC细胞株由本课题组实验室在R1细胞的基础上构建。lenti-Guide(Addgene:#52963)、lenti Cas9-Blast(Addgene:#52962)、sgRNA文库[Mouse CRISPR Knockout Pooled Library(Brie),Addgene:Pooled Library #73633]购自Addgene公司。
超净工作台购自中国苏州净化设备有限公司;微量高速冷冻离心机(Thermo Legend Micro 21R/21)、Nano Drop分光光度计、荧光定量PCR仪均购自美国Thermofisher公司;流式细胞仪购自安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司。DMEM-高糖购于美国Hyclone公司;胎牛血清(BIO01)、胰酶消化液、小牛血清购自美国Gibco公司;NEAA、GlutaMAX购自美国Invitrogen公司;β巯基乙醇、嘌呤霉素、明胶购自美国Sigma公司;白血病抑制因子(eukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)购于美国Milipore公司;KnockoutTM血清替代物(KnockoutTM serum replacement,KSR)购自美国Invitrogen公司;逆转录试剂盒购于美国Roche公司;TRIzol购于美国Thermofisher公司;氯仿、无水乙醇、异丙醇购于成都科龙化工试剂厂。
L/S条件培养:mESC细胞系R1在0.2%明胶包被板(康宁)上培养,培养基为Dulbecco改良Eagle培养基(DMEM;Hyclone),培养基中添加5%胚胎干细胞级胎牛血清(Gibco)、15%KSR(Gibco)、2 mmol/L谷氨酰胺(Gibco)、0.1 mmol/L非必需氨基酸(Gibco)、0.1 mmol/L β-巯基乙醇(Gibco)、10 ng/mL LIF或1 ng/mL LIF (Millipore)。每2天更换培养基,每2~3天用胰蛋白酶消化细胞并传代。ESC始发态(EpiLCs)培养:首先用0.2%明胶包被培养板1 h,再以15%胎牛血清 37 ℃过夜包被。细胞经复苏后,在完全培养基中预培养,随后用®酶解液消化传代至2i/LIF培养基中培养2 d。最后将细胞接种于血清包被培养板,EpiLC分化培养基(DMEM/F12和Neurobasal 1∶1体积混合液,添加0.5%N2、0.5%B27、12.5 μg/mL胰岛素、5 mg/mL BSA、0.1 mmol/L非必需氨基酸、2 mmol/L谷氨酰胺及0.1 mmol/L β-巯基乙醇,加入20 ng/mL activin A、12 ng/mL bFGF和1%KSR)诱导分化3 d。
病毒在HEK293FT细胞中进行包装。慢病毒载体、pSPAX2和pMD2G通过磷酸钙转染法共转染到HEK293FT细胞中,具体方法见课题组前期文章的方法“慢病毒制备部分”[15]。将12.5 μg质粒与50 μL氯化钙(2.5 mmol/L)混合,用Tris-EDTA缓冲液稀释至0.5 mL。将混合物逐滴加入0.5 mL 2×HBS中,充分混合。再次混合溶液,然后在1 min内逐滴加入培养基中。12 h后,更换新鲜培养基,转染后48/72 h收获病毒,并通过离心浓缩。用于Cas9病毒生产的LentiCas9-Blast购自Addgene公司(质粒编号52962)。
本课题组已有Nanog-GFP-mESC报告细胞模型[15],该细胞的GFP信号与内源Nanog表达同步。在此细胞的基础以上,使用携带杀稻瘟菌素抗性基因的Cas9慢病毒感染该细胞,并设置未感染细胞作为阴性对照。感染48 h后,向2组细胞均添加5 μg/mL稻瘟菌素进行筛选,以筛选出富集表达Cas9的细胞。待阴性对照组细胞完全死亡后,收集感染组细胞,并以极低密度接种培养,确保每个克隆均来源于单个细胞。通过Western blot检测Cas9蛋白表达,以建立稳定表达Cas9的Nanog-GFP-mESC细胞系。将此细胞在L/S条件下培养,通过流式细胞分选技术分选出GFP+与GFP-细胞并收集样本,采用Western blot检测两组样本的GFP及Nanog的表达情况,以确保GFP信号能够反映内源性Nanog蛋白的表达水平,建立成功后用于后续的CRISPR-Cas9敲除文库筛选。
全基因组CRISPR-Cas9敲除文库靶向19 674个基因(每个基因设计4条sgRNA),并包含1 000条对照sgRNA(用于评估gRNA丰度的随机漂移影响)。病毒制备量为文库容量的400倍(即400×覆盖率)。感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)设定为0.4,较低的感染系数可以避免单个细胞中出现多个sgRNA拷贝,整合后的sgRNA序列会永久存在于该细胞及其子代基因组中,整合的sgRNA会持续表达且引导Cas9蛋白靶向特定基因位点、产生DNA双链断裂(double-strand break,DSB),细胞通过NHEJ修复机制引入Indel突变,导致基因功能缺失。感染时,使用8 μg/mL polybrene辅助感染,将4.8×107 sgRNA病毒库感染1.2×10⁸的Nanog-GFP-mESC。感染后,细胞在室温下振荡孵育2 h,随后接种于16块10 cm培养皿中(记为-4 d)。继续培养48 h后(-2 d),加入2 μg/mL嘌呤霉素进行筛选。再经48 h(即第0天),收集4.8×10⁷个细胞作为初始样本(Input),另取4.8×10⁷个细胞作为F0代开始传代培养(每2天传代一次,每代维持4.8×10⁷个细胞)。第14天时,通过流式细胞分选技术分选出GFP+与GFP-细胞并收集。最后将质粒样本、第0天的Input样本与第14天的GFP+与GFP-样本一同进行深度测序分析,该实验独立重复2次。
分别收集第0天(Input)和第14天GFP+/GFP-的细胞样本,使用Blood & Cell Culture Mini Kits (Qiagen)按照制造商说明书提取基因组DNA。提取的基因组DNA以及质粒文库(作为对照)的扩增方法参照文献[16]描述。对于DNA样本,使用KOD FX DNA聚合酶(TOYOBO)进行PCR扩增。设置30个独立的100 μL反应体系,每个反应中加入7 μg基因组DNA。扩增完成后,将所有反应的产物合并。用于扩增sgRNA插入片段的引物序列如下:Crispr_seqF:5'-TTGTGGAAA-GGACGAAACACCG-3',Crispr_seqR:5'-TCTACTATT-CTTTCCCCTGCACTGT-3'。使用凝胶提取试剂盒(Omega)纯化合并后的PCR产物。纯化产物送至上海伯豪生物技术有限公司(BIOZERON,中国),在Illumina NextSeq平台上进行高通量测序,测序检测的是整合到每个细胞基因组中的sgRNA序列,对下机数据进行处理以量化sgRNA丰度。首先,识别并定位所有测序读段(read) 5'端的恒定序列CACCG(该序列存在于所有gRNA插入片段的起始位置)。随后,提取CACCG序列之后的20个碱基作为gRNA插入序列。最后,使用Bowtie 2 (v2.3.4.1)[17]将这些gRNA序列比对(align)到包含文库中所有可能sgRNA序列的参考文件,从而统计每个gRNA的测序读段数(reads count),通过比较不同组中(GFP-/Input、GFP+/Input、GFP+/GFP-)sgRNA的reads变化推测其对应靶基因发挥的功能。
CRISPR筛选数据的分析采用MAGeCK软件[18]进行。以P<0.05且|Log2 fold change|>1为阈值筛选显著富集或耗竭的候选靶基因。利用Metascape在线平台[19]对候选靶基因进行基因功能富集分析,选取显著性排名前10的条目进行展示。同时,利用基因集富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)软件[20],评估LI等[21]利用Rex1报告系统鉴定到的“多能性退出调控基因集”在本研究GFP+/GFP-细胞群中的分布特征。退出基态多能性(撤除2i培养条件)相关数据来源于GEO数据库(GSE117896)[22];三胚层分化相关数据来源于ArrayExpress数据库(E-MTAB-4904)[23]。
基于初步筛选结果,选取部分候选靶基因进行敲除效率验证。针对每个选定的靶基因,设计特异性sgRNA。按照前述方法(1.2.5),将Nanog-GFP-mESC在悬浮状态下(经胰蛋白酶消化后),在聚凝胺(polybrene)存在下,分别感染对应靶基因的慢病毒(30 min)。随后,将细胞以1×104个细胞/孔的密度接种于24孔板中培养。感染48 h后,消化细胞并重悬,以1×105个细胞/孔的密度接种于含有嘌呤霉素(筛选浓度)的ESC培养基(置于12孔板中)进行筛选。持续筛选培养4~6 d(传代约2次),直至未感染对照细胞完全死亡且实验组细胞死亡趋于稳定。收集各组细胞,经胰蛋白酶消化制备成单细胞悬液。收集细胞并用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)重悬至浓度为5×10⁵个细胞/mL。随后,使用流式细胞仪(NovoCyte D3130,ACEA Biosciences)对Nanog阳性细胞比例(Nanog-GFP+%)进行分析,非靶向sgRNA(non-targeting sgRNA,NT-sgRNA)感染的细胞作为阴性对照。流式数据采用FlowJo软件(Tree Star,Inc.)进行分析。
Western blot检测采用标准方法分析所构建细胞中Cas9、Nanog、GFP蛋白的表达。收集5×10⁵个细胞后,用蛋白裂解液冰上裂解30 min,离心取上清并使用BCA法测定蛋白浓度。等量蛋白样品经煮沸变性后进行10%SDS-PAGE电泳(80 V浓缩胶,120 V分离胶),随后通过湿转法(220 mA,90 min)将蛋白转移至PVDF膜。转膜后用5%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h,先后与一抗(4 ℃过夜)和HRP标记的二抗(37 ℃,1 h)孵育,Tris-缓冲盐溶液-吐温20洗涤后采用增强化学发光试剂显影,用VILBER成像系统采集图像。
采用RT-qPCR检测各目标基因的敲除效率。使用TRIzol试剂按照制造商说明书提取各组基因敲除细胞的总RNA。使用Transcriptor First Strand cDNA合成试剂盒(Roche),以1 μg总RNA为模板,采用寡聚dT和随机引物进行反转录合成第一链cDNA。合成的cDNA用无核酸酶水稀释10倍备用。qPCR反应使用FastStart Essential DNA Green Master试剂(Roche),在LightCycler 96 qPCR系统(Roche)上进行。本研究所用的基因特异性引物序列见表1。
为构建mDmtr1基因敲除(KO)模型,针对mDmrt1基因翻译起始密码子区域设计单向导RNA。将以下2条向导序列(Int1 sgRNA:5'-GACTTGCTGTCTGTGCTTCC-3';Int2 sgRNA:5'-CGCTGCCTCAGGTAACCAAG-3')克隆至pLv2-Casa-Puromycin载体。使用mDmrt1引物(表1)从小鼠胚胎干细胞cDNA中PCR扩增该基因全长开放阅读框。扩增后的开放阅读框首先克隆至pGEM-T Easy载体(Promega)进行测序验证,再亚克隆至pPGK.2AP载体。随后,将质粒进行病毒包装,对Nanog-GFP-mESC细胞进行感染及抗生素筛选,通过挑取单克隆扩增培养及逐个验证的方式,选取建立Dmrt1-KO稳定敲除细胞株。基于Tet-On系统在Dmrt1-KO稳定敲除细胞株中,通过病毒感染(质粒:FCW-teto-RFP-mDmrt1)、RFP荧光筛选及挑取单克隆的方式构建Dmrt1-KO-Rescue细胞模型。Tet-On系统作用机制:当不存在强力霉素时,ttR-KRAB融合蛋白结合TRE元件并抑制CAG启动子,即此时为Dmrt1-KO细胞;当存在强力霉素时,ttR-KRAB不与TRE结合,从而解除靶基因的表达抑制,即外源性的RFP-mDmrt1表达从而回复Dmrt1-KO,即此时为Dmrt1-KO-Rescue细胞。模型建立及培养过程采用L/S(LIF:1 000 U/mL)条件,强力霉素诱导RFP-mDmrt1表达时,其添加浓度为0.1 mg/mL。模型验证所用抗体为Santa的DMRT1抗体 (A-9):sc-377167。
细胞增殖与形态学观察:将细胞以5×10³个细胞/孔的密度接种于明胶包被的12孔板中,分别在含有2种不同浓度LIF的L/S培养条件下培养[低浓度LIF(100 U/mL)和高浓度LIF(1 000 U/mL)]。培养至第3天,使用光学显微镜对各组细胞进行明场图像采集,记录细胞形态。随后,消化收集细胞,采用台盼蓝染色排除法鉴别活细胞,并使用血细胞计数板在光学显微镜下进行手动计数,以评估细胞增殖情况。
集落形成实验:将细胞以低密度(200个细胞/孔,12孔板)接种,并在高浓度LIF(1 000 U/mL)的LIF/血清培养条件下培养。培养6 d后,使用BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AP)染色试剂盒(Beyotime)对集落进行染色。根据染色结果和形态特征,将集落分为3类:未分化(AP强阳性,形态致密)、半分化(AP部分阳性或弱阳性,形态松散)和分化(AP阴性,形态扁平铺展)。
为验证Nanog-GFP-mESC细胞系中Nanog蛋白被GFP有效标记,将该细胞接种于细胞爬片上培养。细胞贴壁后,进行细胞核染色(DAPI复染细胞核)。使用蔡司(Zeiss)LSM 780 NLO共聚焦显微镜采集细胞的荧光图像,观察Nanog-GFP(绿色荧光)与细胞核(DAPI,蓝色荧光)的共定位情况。
所有统计分析和图表绘制均使用SPSS 23.0软件、GraphPad Prism 9软件以及R语言完成。RT-qPCR检测结果和流式细胞术测得的Nanog阳性率数据均以x¯±s表示。组间差异的显著性评估采用t检验或单因素方差分析。P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
为系统性鉴定调控ESC基态多能性相关基因,首先在本课题组已有Nanog-GFP-mESC报告细胞模型基础以上,感染Cas9蛋白,建立能够稳定表达Cas9蛋白的Nanog-GFP报告系统(Nanog-GFP-mESC)(图1A)。在该模型中,GFP表达受内源性Nanog启动子调控。Western blot和免疫荧光染色(DAPI)结果证实,GFP信号能够准确反映内源性Nanog蛋白的表达水平(图1B、C)。
筛选流程见图1D。使用靶向小鼠全基因组的Brie sgRNA敲除文库(包含19 674个编码基因,每个基因设计4条sgRNA,以及1 000条非靶向对照sgRNA)感染Nanog-GFP-mESC。MOI控制在约0.4,同1.2.4描述。感染后细胞持续培养于L/S养基中。筛选起始时(第0天,Input),收集部分细胞作为基线对照。培养至第14天,通过流式细胞术分选出GFP⁺(高Nanog表达,代表基态)和GFP⁻(低/无Nanog表达,代表始发态)细胞群。随后,提取各样本(转染前的质粒文库、Input、GFP⁺、GFP⁻)的基因组DNA,对其中包含的sgRNA进行PCR扩增和高通量测序。
测序数据质量分析显示:在Input样本和质粒文库样本中,测序读数少于100的sgRNA比例均低于1%(图1E)。样本间相关性分析表明,Input样本、GFP⁺样本及GFP⁻样本的2次生物学重复测序数据间均呈现高度一致性(图1F)。这些结果表明该筛选具有高覆盖度和可重复性,可用于后续深入分析。
本研究采用MAGeCK工具分析测序数据,评估sgRNA的变化程度。在代表基态细胞群相对于初始文库变化的GFP+/Input筛选中,鉴定到2 921个负向变化基因和1 393个正向变化基因(图2A)。负向变化基因包含Klf4、Klf2、Dax1和Tbx3等基态多能性维持基因,正向变化基因则包含Gata6、Fgf4和Zic2等分化相关基因(图2B)。功能富集分析表明,GFP+/Input负向变化基因也主要参与DNA复制、转录、翻译及细胞周期进程和有丝分裂等过程(图2C)。GFP+/Input正向变化基因显示出更广泛的生物学功能,除参与神经发育(如神经分化和内耳发育)及细胞生长的负调控外,还涉及糖代谢和脉管系统发育过程(图2D)。
在代表始发态细胞群相对于初始文库变化的GFP-/Input筛选中,鉴定到2 765个负向变化基因和1 303个正向变化基因(图2E)。负向变化基因的缺失导致Nanog-始发态细胞比例降低,提示这些基因可能发挥抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞增殖或维持始发态多能性的作用;而正向变化基因的缺失导致该比例升高,提示它们可能具有促进细胞凋亡、抑制细胞增殖或抑制始发态多能性功能。与此一致,负向变化基因中包含了Foxd3、Zfp281和Cnot8等始发态多能性维持基因,而正向变化基因中则包含Zic2、Fgf5等分化相关基因(图2F)。功能富集分析显示,与GFP+/Input结果类似,在GFP-/Input筛选中,负向变化基因显著富集于DNA复制、转录、翻译及细胞周期进程和有丝分裂等过程(图2G);正向变化基因则主要富集于神经发育(轴突运输、大脑及感觉器官发育)、细胞存活(负调控细胞生长、正调控凋亡)、内皮迁移以及循环系统发育等过程(图2H)。
随后进一步分析了GFP+/Input和GFP-/Input组别中共同上调或下调的基因。采用功能富集分析法进行了分析,并选取前5个显著富集通路进行展示。结果显示:共同下调的基因主要富集于RNA代谢、细胞周期和DNA复制等细胞生存必需过程(图2I);共同上调的基因则主要参与细胞骨架重塑、管形成、上皮发育、肌肉收缩及细胞凋亡等过程(图2J)。
以上研究表明,基态和始发态多能性维持机制存在共性,但也具有状态特异性。
为鉴定基态向始发态转化过程中的调控基因并排除细胞生存必需基因的干扰,直接比较GFP+和GFP-样本中sgRNA的变化情况。MAGeCK分析结果显示GFP+/GFP-鉴定到1 001个负向变化基因和983个正向变化基因(图3A)。负向变化基因的缺失导致Nanog+基态细胞比例降低,提示这些基因可能主要发挥促进基态多能性维持、抑制细胞向始发态细胞转换或阻碍基态多能性退出功能;而正向变化基因缺失导致该比例上调,提示其主要发挥促基态多能性退出功能。与此一致,负向变化基因集中包括Nanog、Nr5a2、Klf2和Klf4等抑制基态多能性退出基因;而正向变化基因集中则包括Gata6、Grb2、Zeb1和Fgfr1等已知的促进基态多能性退出基因(图3B)。同时,GSEA分析显示本筛选所获基因集与LI等[21]利用Rex1报告系统筛选到的多能性退出调控基因集显著相关(图3C、D),表明本研究筛选结果可有效反映多能性退出过程。
功能富集分析结果显示,负向变化基因主要参与细胞对刺激的应答和负调控丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路等过程,而正向变化基因主要涉及FGF/ERK信号通路、糖代谢以及多能性退出相关过程(图3E、F)。此结果不仅印证了FGF/MAPK信号通路在驱动基态多能性退出过程的作用,还提示糖代谢可能参与调控基态多能性退出过程。值得注意的是,除已知功能基因外,GFP+/GFP-筛选正向变化基因中还包括如Dmrt1、Rxra、Zbtb14和Tmem41b等在基态多能性退出中功能未知的基因,可作为后续分子机制研究的候选靶点。
为验证筛选结果,本研究从GFP⁺/GFP⁻筛选正向变化排名前100的基因中,通过文献检索筛选出3个尚未被报道或功能尚不明确的候选基因用于后续功能验证,包括Dmrt1、Tmem41b和Hic2,并选取已知驱动基态多能性退出的基因Etv4和Etv5作为阳性对照。基于三胚层分化相关表达谱数据库的分析显示,在三胚层分化过程中,这5个基因在分化前期(分化前3 d)表达较高,晚期表达降低(图4A~C),提示其均在早期退出过程发挥作用。基于退出基态多能性(撤除2i培养条件)相关数据库分析显示,Dmrt1的表达呈现先下降后上升趋势,Tmem41b和Hic2的表达整体呈下降趋势,而Etv4和Etv5则呈现先升高后降低的趋势(图4D),提示这些基因可能在基态多能性退出的不同阶段发挥功能。
为验证这些基因对ESC基态多能性退出的影响及本筛库的可靠性,本研究针对每个基因设计了特异的sgRNA,并通过慢病毒感染Nanog-GFP-mESC细胞,结合抗性筛选获得各基因的瞬时敲除细胞模型。RT-qPCR结果显示,各靶基因的敲除效率均大于40%(P<0.01,图4E)。随后,各瞬时敲除的细胞均通过流式细胞术检测观察其GPP阳性率情况,结果显示,与阳性对照Etv4敲低组和Etv5敲低组类似,敲低Dmrt1、Tmem41b和Hic2均显著提升Nanog-GFP⁺细胞比例(P<0.01,图4F),表明这些基因的敲低可使Nanog+基态细胞比例上调,从而抑制基态多能性退出,也进一步说明本筛库结果的可靠性。
鉴于Dmrt1对Nanog阳性率的影响最为显著,本研究进一步聚焦于该基因深入探究其在ESC基态多能性退出过程的功能。为此,本研究构建了Dmrt1稳定敲除(Dmrt1-KO)及其回复表达(Dmrt1-KO-R)的细胞模型,Western blot结果证实了模型构建的成功(图5A)。
在L/S培养条件下,细胞形态观察显示,与对照组相比,Dmrt1敲除后的ESC形成的克隆体积变小,但克隆更紧密且呈典型的穹隆状(图5B、C)。细胞计数结果表明,Dmrt1敲除显著抑制细胞增殖(约减少50%,P<0.01,图5D)。克隆形成实验结果显示,Dmrt1敲除导致克隆总数减少约20%,未分化克隆比例显著升高,分化与半分化克隆比例相应降低(P<0.01,图5E)。进一步检测了向始发态(EpiLCs)诱导分化第3天基态与始发态标志物的表达变化,结果显示,Dmrt1敲除显著上调基态多能性相关基因(如Nanog、Nr5a2和Dppa3)的表达(升高2~4倍,P<0.01,图5F),同时下调始发态相关基因(如Fgf5、Lefty1和Dnmt3b)的表达(约降低50%,P<0.01,图5G)。Dmrt1-KO-Rescue 组则明显逆转了上述表型。
以上结果表明,Dmrt1缺失会导致细胞倾向于维持基态状态,阻碍多能性退出,提示Dmrt1的表达是ESC基态多能性退出过程所必需的。
全基因组筛选是系统研究功能基因的有效方式。CRISPR-Cas9介导的基因编辑技术在真核细胞中的应用为功能基因组筛选提供了新的选择。该方法直接针对基因组进行,具有高敲除效率、低脱靶效应以及易于建库筛选等优势,已在肿瘤及ESC的维持必需功能基因分析中广泛使用[24]。通过CRISPR-Cas9介导的功能基因组筛选,已发现大量参与多能性维持的调节因子,并建立了以CORE、PRC和MYC为主要功能调控单元的转录调控网络。本研究将该筛选体系应用于mESC基态向始发态转化阶段,系统鉴定其中的关键调控基因,有助于明确早期多能性退出过程的分子调控网络。
以往对于ESC基态多能性退出调控基因的研究多在分化条件下进行(如常见的撤去2i/LIF或加入分化诱导因子)[25-27]。但这些类型的培养体系中ESC会快速丢失多能性,进入分化阶段,因此研究重点是针对分化中后期调控基因,而鲜有研究将视角聚焦在ESC基态向始发态多能性转变这一过程。在体外L/S培养条件下,ESC处于亚稳态,其中基态和始发态细胞亚群共存,并通过相互转化保持动态平衡。在此条件下进行功能基因组筛选,既可分析参与基态与始发态多能性维持的基因,同时也可观察参与其相互转化调控的因子。本研究筛选体系中的检测时间点为14 d,这是由于考虑到延长培养时间有助于放大基因敲除的表型效应。同时,在L/S条件下,分化细胞无法长期存活,14 d培养可在一定程度上去除GFP-亚群中分化细胞的干扰,从而更清晰地揭示多能性状态群体的特征,这一时间节点的选择与之前研究一致[21]。此外,从结果分析来看,大部分已知调控ESC基态向始发态状态转换的关键基因均在本研究的筛选结果中,表明该时间点的选择是有效的。
Nanog是ESC多能性维持的核心转录调控因子,其特异性高表达于早期胚胎的内细胞团和上胚层。随着细胞起始分化,Nanog的表达迅速下调。它的表达缺失是细胞走向分化路径的关键标志。在L/S条件下,Nanog呈异质性表达。Nanog+/high细胞更接近初始多能性(基态),而Nanog-/low细胞则处于“预备分化”的过渡态(始发态)。本研究利用该基因表达特性建立Nanog-GFP-mESC报告模型,通过荧光表达和流式分选区分两种状态的细胞,有针对性地进行功能基因筛选。这与前期LI等[21]基于Rex1基因报告模型的筛选思路相似。富集分析的结果也证实了两种模型下筛选得到的基因均与状态特异性的多能性维持和状态转化调控密切相关。但由于Nanog和Rex1基因本身功能和涉及的转录调控网络均存在较大差异,2个报告模型的筛选结果既可相互印证也可相互补充。
在通过GFP⁺/GFP⁻筛选获得的正向变化基因中,既包含了已知的ESC“基态”多能性退出调控因子(如Gata6、Etv4、Etv5),也富集了一批此前未被报道参与该过程的候选基因(Hic2、Zbtb14、Tmem41b、Dmrt1等)。既往研究提示,Zbtb14和Hic2均是ZBTB家族成员,Zbtb14通过其BTB/POZ和锌指结构域介导转录抑制,参与单核/巨噬细胞分化和神经发育,Hic2(ZBTB30)主要参与心脏祖细胞分化的调控和心肌纤维化过程[28-29]。内质网脂质翻转酶Tmem41b主要参与脂质稳态与自噬过程[30]。此外,Dmrt1是脊椎动物性别决定机制的核心基因,主要是在生殖发育、性别决定等中发挥重要功能[31-32]。也有研究指出Dmrt1在男性生殖干细胞(male germline stem cells,mGSCs)以及胚胎睾丸中参与多能性调控[33-34]。值得注意的是,2021年一项研究发现在拟胚体(embryoid body,EB)分化过程中,Dmrt1过表达可促进多能性基因(Oct4、Nanog、Sox2、Dppa3等)下调,加快分化过程[34]。但该研究并未涉及该基因在多能性基态向始发态转化过程中的功能描述。本研究通过功能基因组筛选发现并证实Dmrt1的缺失可将ESC限制于基态,进而阻碍多能性退出和后续分化进程。这是对Dmrt1在ESC基态多能性退出过程中的功能的进一步解析,也是对其分子功能的全新注释。后续本课题组将进一步验证本筛库中其他候选基因在调控基态多能性退出过程中的功能。
综上所述,本研究利用Nanog-GFP-mESC报告基因模型,系统筛选并鉴定了参与mESC基态多能性退出的调控基因。通过细胞和分子水平的功能验证,明确了Dmrt1在调控ESC基态多能性退出过程中的关键作用。这些发现可为理解基态多能性退出的分子机制提供新的视角,并为未来开发更高效的干细胞定向分化策略提供理论基础。

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2025年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507082
  • 接收时间:2025-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-24
  • 修回日期:2025-08-30
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:基础医学教学实验中心,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院:组织胚胎学教研室,重庆
    3联勤保障部队第九二七医院神经内分泌风湿免疫科,云南 普洱

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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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