Article(id=1322954610385760315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954407050092740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=1757433600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346558424, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346558424, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346558424, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346558424, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954407050092740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='19', pageStart='2289', pageEnd='2444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346509945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346509945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2340, endPage=2350, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954610654195772, articleId=1322954610385760315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Ginsenoside Rk3 alleviates retinal pigment epithelial cell senescence by enhancing autophagy via mTOR inhibition, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the role and mechanism of ginsenoside Rk3 in alleviating the senescence of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods

An ARPE-19 cell senescence model induced by hydrogen peroxide and an nAMD mouse model were subjected to validate the pharmacological activity of ginsenoside Rk3 in reducing RPE cell senescence and shrinking choroidal neovascularization (CNV) area. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the changes in differential gene expression profiles. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of mTOR, S6K1, p-S6K1, 4EBP1, p-4EBP1, p62, and LC3A/B. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze the binding affinity of ginsenoside Rk3 with mTOR protein.

Results

① Cell experiments showed that ginsenoside Rk3 significantly alleviated the senescence in ARPE-19 cells (P<0.05). ② Animal experiments confirmed that ginsenoside Rk3 significantly reduced the retinal CNV area in nAMD mice (P<0.01), and its efficacy was comparable to the first-line clinical drug aflibercept (P>0.05). ③ Transcriptome sequencing suggested that ginsenoside Rk3 led to enrichment of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Western blotting showed that ginsenoside Rk3 inhibited the overactivation of mTORC1 signaling (P<0.05) and simultaneously enhanced cellular autophagy (P<0.05). ④ Molecular docking and dynamics simulations further validated that ginsenoside Rk3 probably targets mTOR to alleviate RPE cell senescence.

Conclusion

Ginsenoside Rk3 alleviates RPE cell senescence and reduces retinal CNV area in nAMD mice by enhancing autophagy through inhibition of mTOR.

, authors=Feixiang HE1, 2, Xuemei LIU1, Qian TANG3, Ting LIU1, authorsList=Feixiang HE, Xuemei LIU, Qian TANG, Ting LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ting LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954612034121799, articleId=1322954610385760315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTOR增强细胞自噬减轻视网膜色素上皮细胞衰老, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索人参皂苷Rk3在减轻视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelial,RPE)细胞衰老及治疗新生血管性老年性黄斑变性(neovascular age-related macular degeneration,nAMD)的作用及机制。

方法

通过过氧化氢诱导ARPE-19细胞衰老模型和nAMD小鼠模型,验证人参皂苷Rk3减轻RPE细胞衰老和缩小脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV)面积的药物活性;通过转录组测序分析差异基因表达谱变化;通过蛋白免疫印迹实验检测mTOR、S6K1、p-S6K1、4EBP1、p-4EBP1、p62、LC3A/B等蛋白的表达水平;通过分子对接和动力学模拟分析人参皂苷Rk3与mTOR蛋白的亲和力。

结果

①细胞实验发现人参皂苷Rk3显著减轻ARPE-19细胞衰老(P<0.05);②动物实验证实人参皂苷Rk3显著缩小nAMD小鼠视网膜CNV面积(P<0.01),且与临床一线治疗药物阿柏西普效果相当(P>0.05)。③转录组测序提示人参皂苷Rk3导致PI3K-Akt信号通路富集,蛋白免疫印迹实验显示人参皂苷Rk3 可抑制 mTORC1信号的过度激活(P<0.05),同时增强细胞自噬(P<0.05)。④分子对接和动力学模拟研究进一步验证人参皂苷Rk3很可能靶向mTOR蛋白减轻RPE细胞衰老。

结论

人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTOR增强细胞自噬,减轻了RPE细胞衰老并缩小了nAMD小鼠视网膜CNV面积。

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刘莛,Email:
LIU Ting,E-mail:
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Cell Mol Biol Lett,2025,30(1):54., articleTitle=Potential of autophagy in subretinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954617855815834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed. 2025.05.424, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=237, issue=null, pageStart=76, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=30, authorNames=HUANG K C, CHIANG Y F, WANG K, journalName=Free Radic Biol Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG K C,CHIANG Y F,WANG K,et al. Hinokitiol protects RPE cells from oxidative and autophagic dysfunction:implications for AMD therapy[J]. 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A and B:SA-β-gal staining for the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on ARPE-19 cell senescence under different concentrations (A) and treatment durations (B); C and D:SA-β-gal staining showing the proportion of senescent ARPE-19 cells in different treatment groups (C) and corresponding statistics analysis (D); E~G:Immunofluorescence staining for the expression of senescence marker proteins p21 (F) and Ki67 (G) in ARPE-19 cells across different treatment groups,along with statistical results; H~K:Expression levels of 4 senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors IL-1β (H),IL-6 (I),CXCL8 (J),and VEGF (K) in different treatment groups. a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05.

, figureFileSmall=Z7xOghRtN5BgNOAaMNjmfA==, figureFileBig=YLE7exrtJE5DN76coSecCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954614580064370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Ginsenoside Rk3 alleviates CNV area and senescence in a mouse model of nAMD, figureFileSmall=kelX2gvzr3nFEtqyd/YiXg==, figureFileBig=U2AcU37TTFCjprg9ys625g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954614647173235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=CN, label=图2, caption=人参皂苷Rk3减轻nAMD小鼠CNV和衰老的活性验证

A:Timeline of nAMD mouse modeling,drug administration,and sample collection;B and C:Retinal flat mounts stained with isolectin GS-IB4,showing CNV leakage areas after modeling and drug treatment; sample sizes for the 3 groups were 14,21,and 16,respectively; D and E:SA-β-gal staining of retinal cryosections,indicating the degree of senescence. nAMD:Neovascular age-related macular degeneration; CNV:Choroidal neovascularization; a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=kelX2gvzr3nFEtqyd/YiXg==, figureFileBig=U2AcU37TTFCjprg9ys625g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954614722670708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Ginsenoside Rk3 alleviates senescence in ARPE-19 cells by inhibiting the mTORC1 signaling pathway, figureFileSmall=obON5vj3RH2bxvn+ZjcBaQ==, figureFileBig=wF7ecxB7XpDSC9PyGVi6+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954614844305525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=CN, label=图3, caption=人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTORC1信号通路减轻ARPE-19细胞衰老

A :Bubble plot showing KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes from RNA sequencing; B~G:Western blot analysis of mTOR and phosphorylation of key proteins in its downstream signaling pathway. a:P<0.01,b: P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=obON5vj3RH2bxvn+ZjcBaQ==, figureFileBig=wF7ecxB7XpDSC9PyGVi6+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954614915608694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Ginsenoside Rk3 enhances autophagy, figureFileSmall=Nn+TGpEg3TlAjQHc7E/gwA==, figureFileBig=xCbosA8HwMPk3qWWLuUNVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954614999494775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=CN, label=图4, caption=人参皂苷Rk3增强细胞自噬

A~C:Western blot analysis and semi-quantitative analysis of LC3 and P62 protein levels. a:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=Nn+TGpEg3TlAjQHc7E/gwA==, figureFileBig=xCbosA8HwMPk3qWWLuUNVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954615062409336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Molecular docking and dynamics simulation validate the binding of ginsenoside Rk3 to mTOR, figureFileSmall=QBgvYXaWsXze+vaBBpQ6Nw==, figureFileBig=LmMiZOim389wbEdbLUGugg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954615137906809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=CN, label=图5, caption=分子对接和动力学模拟验证人参皂苷Rk3结合mTOR蛋白

A:Two-dimensional and three-dimensional docking modes and interactions between ginsenoside Rk3 and mTOR; B:Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the ginsenoside Rk3-mTOR protein complex,including root mean square deviation (RMSD),radius of gyration (Rg),number of hydrogen bonds,and energy decomposition.

, figureFileSmall=QBgvYXaWsXze+vaBBpQ6Nw==, figureFileBig=LmMiZOim389wbEdbLUGugg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954615221792890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerPrimer sequences(5′→3′)
H-CXCL8Forward primer:ACTGAGAGTGATTGAGAGTGACC
Reverse primer:AACTTCTCCACAACCCTCTGC
H-IL-1βForward primer:AGGGACAGGATATGGAGCAACAAG
Reverse primer:CAGCTGTAGAGTGGGCTTATCATC
H-IL-6Forward primer:CCTGAACCTTCCAAAGATGGCTG
Reverse primer:AGCTCTGGCTTGTTCTCACTAC
H-VEGFAForward primer:GGAGGGCAGAATCATCACGAAG
Reverse primer:GCACACAGGATGGCTTGAAGATG
GAPDHForward primer:CCTTCCGTGTCCCCACT
Reverse primer:GCCTGCTTCACCACCTTC
), ArticleFig(id=1322954615314067579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954610385760315, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerPrimer sequences(5′→3′)
H-CXCL8Forward primer:ACTGAGAGTGATTGAGAGTGACC
Reverse primer:AACTTCTCCACAACCCTCTGC
H-IL-1βForward primer:AGGGACAGGATATGGAGCAACAAG
Reverse primer:CAGCTGTAGAGTGGGCTTATCATC
H-IL-6Forward primer:CCTGAACCTTCCAAAGATGGCTG
Reverse primer:AGCTCTGGCTTGTTCTCACTAC
H-VEGFAForward primer:GGAGGGCAGAATCATCACGAAG
Reverse primer:GCACACAGGATGGCTTGAAGATG
GAPDHForward primer:CCTTCCGTGTCCCCACT
Reverse primer:GCCTGCTTCACCACCTTC
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人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTOR增强细胞自噬减轻视网膜色素上皮细胞衰老
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赫飞翔 1, 2 , 刘雪梅 1 , 唐倩 3 , 刘莛 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(19): 2340-2350
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (19) : 2340 -2350
人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTOR增强细胞自噬减轻视网膜色素上皮细胞衰老
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赫飞翔1, 2, 刘雪梅1, 唐倩3, 刘莛1
作者信息
  • 1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)眼科 重庆
  • 2中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院眼科 江苏 无锡
  • 3重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院 重庆
通讯作者:
刘莛,Email:
LIU Ting,E-mail:
Ginsenoside Rk3 alleviates retinal pigment epithelial cell senescence by enhancing autophagy via mTOR inhibition
Feixiang HE1, 2, Xuemei LIU1, Qian TANG3, Ting LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Ophthalmology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing
  • 2Department of Ophthalmology,No. 904 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force,Wuxi,Jiangsu
  • 3School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering,Chongqing University of Technology,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507053
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目的

探索人参皂苷Rk3在减轻视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelial,RPE)细胞衰老及治疗新生血管性老年性黄斑变性(neovascular age-related macular degeneration,nAMD)的作用及机制。

方法

通过过氧化氢诱导ARPE-19细胞衰老模型和nAMD小鼠模型,验证人参皂苷Rk3减轻RPE细胞衰老和缩小脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV)面积的药物活性;通过转录组测序分析差异基因表达谱变化;通过蛋白免疫印迹实验检测mTOR、S6K1、p-S6K1、4EBP1、p-4EBP1、p62、LC3A/B等蛋白的表达水平;通过分子对接和动力学模拟分析人参皂苷Rk3与mTOR蛋白的亲和力。

结果

①细胞实验发现人参皂苷Rk3显著减轻ARPE-19细胞衰老(P<0.05);②动物实验证实人参皂苷Rk3显著缩小nAMD小鼠视网膜CNV面积(P<0.01),且与临床一线治疗药物阿柏西普效果相当(P>0.05)。③转录组测序提示人参皂苷Rk3导致PI3K-Akt信号通路富集,蛋白免疫印迹实验显示人参皂苷Rk3 可抑制 mTORC1信号的过度激活(P<0.05),同时增强细胞自噬(P<0.05)。④分子对接和动力学模拟研究进一步验证人参皂苷Rk3很可能靶向mTOR蛋白减轻RPE细胞衰老。

结论

人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTOR增强细胞自噬,减轻了RPE细胞衰老并缩小了nAMD小鼠视网膜CNV面积。

新生血管性老年性黄斑变性  /  人参皂苷 Rk3  /  视网膜色素上皮细胞  /  细胞衰老  /  细胞自噬
Objective

To investigate the role and mechanism of ginsenoside Rk3 in alleviating the senescence of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods

An ARPE-19 cell senescence model induced by hydrogen peroxide and an nAMD mouse model were subjected to validate the pharmacological activity of ginsenoside Rk3 in reducing RPE cell senescence and shrinking choroidal neovascularization (CNV) area. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the changes in differential gene expression profiles. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of mTOR, S6K1, p-S6K1, 4EBP1, p-4EBP1, p62, and LC3A/B. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze the binding affinity of ginsenoside Rk3 with mTOR protein.

Results

① Cell experiments showed that ginsenoside Rk3 significantly alleviated the senescence in ARPE-19 cells (P<0.05). ② Animal experiments confirmed that ginsenoside Rk3 significantly reduced the retinal CNV area in nAMD mice (P<0.01), and its efficacy was comparable to the first-line clinical drug aflibercept (P>0.05). ③ Transcriptome sequencing suggested that ginsenoside Rk3 led to enrichment of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Western blotting showed that ginsenoside Rk3 inhibited the overactivation of mTORC1 signaling (P<0.05) and simultaneously enhanced cellular autophagy (P<0.05). ④ Molecular docking and dynamics simulations further validated that ginsenoside Rk3 probably targets mTOR to alleviate RPE cell senescence.

Conclusion

Ginsenoside Rk3 alleviates RPE cell senescence and reduces retinal CNV area in nAMD mice by enhancing autophagy through inhibition of mTOR.

neovascular age-related macular degeneration  /  ginsenoside Rk3  /  retinal pigment epithelial cells  /  cellular senescence  /  autophagy
赫飞翔, 刘雪梅, 唐倩, 刘莛. 人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTOR增强细胞自噬减轻视网膜色素上皮细胞衰老. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2340 -2350 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507053
Feixiang HE, Xuemei LIU, Qian TANG, Ting LIU. Ginsenoside Rk3 alleviates retinal pigment epithelial cell senescence by enhancing autophagy via mTOR inhibition[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2340 -2350 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507053
新生血管性老年性黄斑变性(neovascular age-related macular degeneration,nAMD)是一类以视网膜脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV)为典型临床表现的老年性眼病,随着中国老龄化的加剧,这类疾病的发病人数逐年上升[1]。nAMD的发病机制复杂,受到多种因素影响,包括遗传易感性、衰老相关功能障碍、视网膜稳态失衡、脂质代谢紊乱、免疫失调和慢性炎症、氧化应激和细胞外基质功能障碍等[2]。既往的研究已经证实,视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelial,RPE)细胞的功能障碍为nAMD的发展奠定了基础[3]。
作为与衰老密切相关的眼病,RPE细胞的衰老在AMD的病理进展中发挥着至关重要的作用。既往的研究已经在AMD患者视网膜上分离的RPE细胞中发现了如p21CIP1和p16等衰老特征性基因表达的上调[4-5]。人类AMD-RPE的表观遗传转录组分析也揭示了RPE衰老与表观遗传失调之间的关联[6]。衰老相关分泌表型(senescence-associated secretory phenotype,SASP)的激活作为衰老细胞发挥其多效性生物学功能的重要机制,同样在RPE衰老和AMD进展中发挥重要作用。一方面,RPE细胞不断接受其他衰老视网膜细胞分泌的炎症因子的损害,发生应激诱导的早衰。另一方面,衰老的RPE细胞通过触发免疫系统的异常激活和炎症因子的大量释放,这种级联效应进一步加剧了血-视网膜屏障的破坏和视网膜细胞的损害。
人参在传统中国医学理论体系和实践应用中均占有重要地位。这种草药自古就被认为具有延长寿命和延缓衰老的功效[7]。人参的根部提取出的人参皂苷被认为是人参发挥药理活性的主要分子,越来越多的证据表明,人参中的多种人参皂苷成分在改善多种眼部疾病中发挥重要的作用[8-10]。人参皂苷Rk3是从人参中提取的人参皂苷的一种稀有亚型,在多种疾病中具有显著的药理功效。之前的研究已经强调了人参皂苷Rk3在阿尔兹海默病、糖尿病和肝癌等年龄相关性疾病中的独特作用[11-13]。但在眼科疾病尤其是nAMD中发挥的药理功效仍然少有报道。本研究发现人参皂苷Rk3能显著减轻RPE细胞衰老并在nAMD小鼠模型中验证了Rk3改善视网膜CNV的显著疗效。
雌性C57BL/6小鼠(体质量20~25 g)购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司,于陆军特色医学中心动物中心饲养。实验起始周龄为6~8周。本研究经陆军军医大学动物研究伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20247108)。
本实验所用细胞为永生化ARPE-19细胞系,购自巴而斯生物技术有限公司,并经STR基因型检测确认。ARPE-19细胞采用DMEM/F12培养基培养,添加10%胎牛血清及1%青链霉素,于37 ℃、5%CO₂条件下培养。
主要试剂:30%过氧化氢(C0404510123,南京化学);DMEM/F12培养基(C3130-0500,中国,VivaCell);胰酶-EDTA(25200056,美国,Gibco);胎牛血清(C04001-050X10,中国,VivaCell);青-链霉素(C3423-0100,中国,VivaCell);DMSO(67-68-5,美国,Sigma);β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒(C0602,中国,碧云天);CCK-8(G3580,中国,白鲨);免疫染色通透液(P0096,中国,碧云天);4%多聚甲醛溶液(BL539A,中国,白鲨);免疫染色封闭液(P0260,中国,碧云天);免疫染色一抗稀释液(P0262,中国,碧云天);免疫染色二抗稀释液(P0265,中国,碧云天);抗荧光淬灭封片液(P0131,中国,碧云天);Ki-67抗体(9129S,美国,CST);p21抗体(2947,美国,CST);β-Actin抗体(4967,美国,CST);Alexa Fluor 594抗体(ab150080,美国,Abcam);P-S6K抗体(AP0564,中国,Abclonal);S6K抗体(A4898,中国,Abclonal);4EBP1抗体(9644,美国,CST);P-4EBP1抗体(2855,美国,CST);Human IL-6 、IL-8、TNF-α、VEGF-α ELISA Kit(中国,Elabscience);RNAiso Plus(9109,日本,TaKaRa);RNA反转录(HY-K0511A,美国,MCE);盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液(J20100128,日本,参天);复方托吡卡胺滴眼液(J20180051,日本,参天);左氧氟沙星眼用凝胶(H20040234,中国,远大);氧氟沙星滴眼液(BH20080023,日本,参天);碘伏(DF-100ML,中国,海氏海诺);OCT包埋剂(BL557A,中国,白鲨);生理盐水(DB01-1-0701,中国,大冢);Isolectin GS-IB4(I21411,美国,Thermo);PEG300(A446605,中国,生工);Tween80(A458113,中国,生工);BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(P0009,中国,碧云天);RIPA裂解液(P0013B,中国,碧云天);蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(P1005,中国,碧云天);人参皂苷Rk3(T6S1495,中国,陶术)阿柏西普眼内注射溶液(SJ20180010,德国,拜尔)。
主要仪器:激光共聚焦显微镜(FV3000,日本,Olympus);视网膜光凝术激光仪(VISULAS 532s,德国,蔡司);冰冻切片机(CM1860,德国,Leica);荧光显微镜(DMi8,德国,Leica);多功能酶标仪(Paradigm,美国,Molecular Devices);高速低温离心机(Micro-17R,美国,Thermo);电热恒温培养箱(DHP-9012,中国,一恒)。
将融合度50%的ARPE-19细胞与不同浓度的过氧化氢以时间梯度共孵育(37 ℃,5%CO₂),以确定过氧化氢的最适浓度和最佳处理时间,建立细胞衰老模型。细胞分组如下:Con组在培养皿中添加人参皂苷Rk3等量溶剂,H2O2组在培养皿中添加指定浓度的过氧化氢和人参皂苷Rk3等量溶剂,Rk3组在培养皿中添加指定浓度的人参皂苷Rk3。
按衰老β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒操作:PBS漂洗细胞/组织切片,固定液固定15 min,PBS漂洗3次,加入染色工作液(1 mL/孔),37 ℃无CO₂孵育过夜。光学显微镜成像并计算蓝染细胞比例。半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞比例大于80%被认为衰老模型建立成功[14]。
细胞爬片至80%融合度后,PBS漂洗,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.5% TritonX-100透化20 min,3%山羊血清室温封闭1 h,一抗稀释液配制一抗:p21(1∶200)、Ki-67(1∶200),Alexa Fluor 594标记二抗(1∶1 000),DAPI封片,显微镜成像。
1%戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)腹腔麻醉,复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳。根据文献[15]中的方法,532 nm激光仪于视神经周围均匀制作4个激光斑(350 mW,550 µm,0.1 s/斑),Bruch膜击穿以气泡形成为判定标准。激光术后24 h行玻璃体腔注射1 μL药物或载体:Rk3(0.5 mmol/L)或阿柏西普(40 mg/mL)[16]。动物实验分组如下:Blank组为健康小鼠,Con组玻璃体腔注射人参皂苷Rk3等量溶剂,Rk3组玻璃体腔注射1 μL指定浓度的人参皂苷Rk3,Aflibercept组玻璃体腔注射1 μL指定浓度的阿柏西普。
注射后7 d处死小鼠,摘取眼球。4%多聚甲醛固定1 h,分离RPE-脉络膜-巩膜复合体甲醇固定30 min,封闭液(3%山羊血清+0.1% Triton X-100)孵育1 h,异凝集素B4荧光标记,共聚焦显微镜成像,Image J量化CNV面积。
RNAiso Plus提取总RNA,取500 ng RNA反转录,ChamQ SYBR qPCR预混液于CFX96系统扩增。反应程序:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 10 s;60 ℃ 30 s,40个循环。CFX maestro 1.0软件分析,β-actin为内参,引物序列见表1。
RIPA裂解液+蛋白酶抑制剂冰上裂解细胞20 min,4 ℃离心(13 000×g,5 min)。BCA法定量蛋白,SDS-PAGE电泳,转PVDF膜。一抗稀释液配制:p16(1∶1 000)、p21(1∶1 000)、β-actin(1∶50 000)。HRP标记二抗(AS014,1∶1 000;MK101A,1∶50 000)。超敏ECL发光液显影,化学发光成像仪采集图像。
活性成分三维结构取自PubChem数据库,靶标分子蛋白结构源自RCSB PDB数据库。采用SYBYL-X 2.1.1软件的Surflex-Dock模块进行分子对接:使用Surflex-Dock GeomX方案执行高精度对接,关键参数设置为:每个分子附加起始构象数设为10以保证构象多样性,搜索密度设为9以增强配体构象采样,其余参数保持默认。结果评估采用3项核心指标:Total-Score(分值越高表明配体-口袋互补性越佳,>4分具有统计学显著性)和Polar(基于配体定位评估结合口袋极性匹配)。通过PyMOL与LIGPLOT+可视化优化后的对接构象,解析氢键及疏水作用等分子互作模式。
基于Amber16软件包执行分子动力学模拟及结合自由能计算,在100 ns轨迹内探究关键靶蛋白与Rk3的相互作用机制。蛋白体系采用ff14SB力场(经广泛验证的蛋白-配体互作参数集),配体参数通过通用安培力场(general Amber force field,GAFF)生成。体系置于TIP3P水模型中进行溶剂化处理,并添加适量Na⁺/Cl⁻离子维持电中性和生理离子环境。能量优化采用最速下降法与共轭梯度法直至收敛。体系平衡依次通过恒温恒容与恒温恒压系统实现,逐步稳定温度至298.15 K、压力至1 atm(1 atm=101 325 Pa)。后续执行100 ns生产态MD模拟。轨迹分析通过cpptraj模块计算均方根偏差(root mean square deviation,RMSD)、回转半径(radius of gyration,Rg)、氢键动态变化及相互作用能分解。结合自由能采用AmberTools工具包中的MMPBSA.py脚本,基于MM/PB(GB)SA方法对100 ns轨迹进行定量评估。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析,所有数据以x¯±s表示。单因素方差分析(ANOVA)配合Tukey多重比较检验进行统计分析。每项实验至少重复3次以确保结果的稳健性。P<0.05代表差异具有统计学意义。
细胞衰老-β-半乳糖苷酶(senescence-associated β-galactosidase,SA-β-gal)的活性水平检测是评估细胞衰老的重要方法。当以200 μmol/L浓度H2O2孵育12 h后,衰老细胞比例达92.36%(图1A、B)。ARPE-19细胞经过氧化氢诱导衰老后,通过SA-β-gal染色检测了人参皂苷Rk3的抗衰老活性水平。结果显示与衰老组相比,人参皂苷Rk3以浓度梯度依赖形式降低SA-β-gal阳性细胞比例,当浓度为20 μmol/L时,衰老细胞比例较H2O2组降低了46.12%(P<0.01,图1C、D),将该浓度确定为后续细胞实验的给药浓度。除了对半乳糖苷酶的影响,Rk3还显著影响了P21蛋白的表达。作为细胞周期蛋白酶抑制剂,P21在细胞周期停滞时表达量明显升高,这与本研究的结果吻合。并且,Rk3给药明显降低了衰老的ARPE-19细胞中P21蛋白的表达(P<0.05,图1E、F)。Ki67作为一种增殖细胞相关抗原,其功能与有丝分裂密切相关,在细胞增殖中是不可或缺的。本研究结果显示,H2O2导致ARPE-19细胞中Ki67表达明显降低(P<0.01),而Rk3给药显著升高了Ki67阳性细胞的比例(P<0.05),提示Rk3一定程度上恢复了衰老细胞的有丝分裂,逆转了ARPE-19细胞的衰老(图1E、G)。细胞衰老的另一个重要的标志是SASP的激活,本研究检测了4种SASP在衰老和Rk3给药后的mRNA变化。结果显示,与正常对照组相比,H2O2明显提高了IL-β、IL-6、CXCL8和VEGF的mRNA水平(P<0.01),而Rk3给药显著降低了这4种SASP因子的mRNA水平(P<0.01,图1H~K)。综上所述,人参皂苷Rk3能显著减轻由过氧化氢导致的ARPE-19细胞衰老。
激光损伤能模拟nAMD小鼠的视网膜CNV,在既往的研究和本研究结果中发现,激光照射视网膜后会导致RPE层受损,血-视网膜屏障功能障碍以及新生血管生长,是nAMD研究中的常见和可靠的模型。如图2A所示,在第0天对小鼠视网膜进行激光造模后,第1天进行了玻璃体腔注药,在第8天时进行视网膜平板铺片,使用Isolectin GS-IB4标记视网膜平板铺片中的新生血管。结果显示,与激光损伤组相比,Rk3和阿柏西普玻璃体腔给药均明显降低了CNV的面积(P<0.01),且Rk3组和阿柏西普组之间没有明显差异(图2B~C)。同时,SA-β-gal染色也显示,激光损伤导致了RPE层的衰老(P<0.01,图2D~E)。以上结果均表明人参皂苷Rk3能显著减轻由激光损伤导致的小鼠RPE衰老及CNV渗漏,且其治疗效果与临床一线药物阿柏西普相当。
为了深入探究人参皂苷Rk3减轻RPE细胞衰老的分子机制,本研究通过转录组测序及京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)对差异基因进行富集分析,结果显示人参皂苷Rk3导致差异基因显著富集在PI3K-Akt信号通路(图3A)。PI3K-Akt信号通路是细胞中一个关键的信号传导网络,它可被多种细胞刺激或毒性损伤所激活。mTOR是PI3K-Akt最常见的下游效应因子之一,与细胞衰老的关系十分密切。为了探究mTOR信号通路在过氧化氢诱导的细胞衰老中的作用,以及人参皂苷Rk3在减轻RPE细胞衰老中的作用机制,本研究检测了mTOR及下游信号和细胞自噬标志物的蛋白含量。首先,对衰老ARPE-19细胞中mTOR磷酸化状态的评估显示,mTOR的磷酸化水平较对照组显著增强(P<0.01),同时伴随下游S6K1的磷酸化激活(P< 0.01)及4EBP1的磷酸化抑制(P < 0.01)。经Rk3干预后,有效抑制了mTOR(P < 0.01)与S6K1的磷酸化(P<0.05),同时显著增强4EBP1的磷酸化(P<0.01,图3B~G)。
此外,自噬流分析表明衰老ARPE-19细胞存在自噬功能障碍并伴随底物蓄积,而Rk3给药可恢复自噬功能并促进底物清除(P<0.01,图4)。上述结果说明,过氧化氢诱导的RPE细胞衰老中,mTOR通路的过度激活,导致了下游自噬通路的抑制;人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTOR信号的过度激活,增强了细胞自噬,减轻了细胞衰老。
分子对接与分子动力学模拟技术可以深入地阐述分子间的相互作用,并可以形象地解释相互作用的机理。如图5所示,人参皂苷Rk3分子与mTOR蛋白之间表现出显著亲和力,其对接得分达到了10.0。通过持续100 ns的分子动力学模拟,表征了关键靶蛋白mTOR与Rk3之间的相互作用。结果显示,mTOR-Rk3体系中mTOR蛋白的主链波动幅度较高(约5 Å),而Rk3则保持相对稳定(2~3 Å)。该复合物的回转半径(radius of gyration,Rg)值在初始20 ns内下降约1 Å,随后稳定在19.5~20.0 Å。20 ns后体系持续维持4个稳定氢键,其中范德华力与静电相互作用(尤其来自Asp68残基)构成主要稳定作用力。以上结果提示,人参皂苷Rk3可能通过靶向mTOR蛋白减轻RPE细胞衰老。
在本研究中,通过细胞模型验证了人参皂苷Rk3能显著减轻RPE细胞衰老,并在nAMD小鼠模型中验证了人参皂苷Rk3缩小视网膜CNV面积的显著疗效。最后,通过生物学验证、分子对接和动力学模拟,证实了人参皂苷Rk3通过靶向mTOR-细胞自噬通路发挥其生物学效应。
人参皂苷Rk3作为人参中一种稀有的四环三萜类皂苷,分子结构兼具亲水糖基与疏水苷元骨架,赋予其独特的跨膜转运能力和调控活性。近年研究表明,Rk3在神经退行性疾病、代谢紊乱及肿瘤等年龄相关性疾病中展现出显著疗效[11-13]。在肝细胞癌和食管癌模型中,Rk3靶向抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,同步诱导肿瘤细胞自噬与凋亡[11]。在阿尔茨海默病模型中,Rk3通过激活AMPK-Nrf2通路减轻Aβ沉积诱导的氧化损伤,并经由CREB/BDNF信号轴促进海马区神经再生与突触可塑性,显著改善APP/PS1转基因小鼠的认知功能障碍[17]。尽管人参皂苷Rk3在衰老相关疾病领域的研究已较为深入,但其在眼科疾病,特别是nAMD中的作用仍鲜有报道。对人参皂苷Rk3的类似物人参皂苷Rg3的研究表明,Rg3可通过减轻RPE细胞的氧化应激及活性氧水平,进而抑制RPE细胞凋亡,从而发挥治疗AMD的作用[18-19]。氧化应激与活性氧积累同样是RPE细胞衰老和nAMD发病的核心机制之一[20],因此上述线索提示,人参皂苷Rk3在调控RPE细胞衰老及延缓nAMD疾病进展方面很可能具有潜在治疗价值。本研究发现,人参皂苷Rk3能显著减轻RPE细胞衰老,并明显缩小nAMD模型小鼠视网膜的CNV面积,极大地拓宽了人参皂苷Rk3在老年性眼病中的应用前景。并且,其在动物模型中与现有临床一线药物阿柏西普的治疗效果相当,展现了其作为RPE细胞衰老调节剂在nAMD中的治疗潜力。
PI3K-Akt信号通路参与多种细胞生命活动过程,是许多年龄相关性疾病发展的重要信号途径,能调控细胞存活、转移和新陈代谢,在炎症因子募集中发挥关键作用[21]。国内外的研究已经表明,mTORC1蛋白激酶的机制靶标是一种重要的生长调节剂,影响蛋白质、脂质和核苷酸合成,调节细胞的生长、凋亡、自噬等[21-22]。既往的研究已经证实,mTOR同样在细胞衰老的进程中发挥关键作用,mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素是目前唯一被证明能延长模式生物寿命的药物治疗方法[23]。然而mTOR减缓衰老的发生机制仍不清楚,有研究认为抑制mTOR其中一个亚型mTORC1,可增加细胞自噬,进而减缓细胞衰老[24]。细胞自噬有助于清除受损的蛋白质和细胞器,如受损线粒体的积累也与衰老和衰老相关疾病有关。还有研究认为mTORC1底物S6K1缺失减少了mRNA的翻译,降低蛋白毒性和氧化应激的积累来减缓衰老[25]。以上研究结果在本研究中得到了证实。除此之外,mTORC1与SASP之间也存在着紧密的调控关系。研究认为,mTORC1通过磷酸化IκB激酶或抑制自噬,间接激活转录因子NF-κB,后者直接驱动IL-6、CXCL8等促炎因子的转录,形成SASP的核心成分[26-27]。本研究同样发现,衰老增强了IL-1β、IL-6、CXCL8和VEGF等SASP的mRNA水平,而人参皂苷Rk3显著降低了这些SASP的转录。并且本研究通过分子对接和动力学模拟进一步验证了人参皂苷Rk3可能通过直接靶向mTOR蛋白,启动下游信号通路,减轻细胞衰老。
细胞自噬作为细胞内关键的稳态维持机制,在nAMD的病理进展中扮演着复杂而关键的角色。nAMD视网膜下纤维化的核心是RPE细胞功能障碍导致其通过上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)转化为肌成纤维细胞,并过度沉积细胞外基质。细胞自噬通过降解EMT关键转录因子(如TWIST1)抑制这一过程。自噬缺陷会加速EMT,促进胶原堆积,而适度激活自噬则能阻断TGF-β2/SMAD3通路——该通路是纤维化的“主开关”[28]。此外。在既往的研究中已经发现,细胞自噬能清除氧化损伤的线粒体和蛋白质聚集体(如脂褐素),维持RPE功能。避免因脂褐素积累诱发的氧化应激和NLRP3炎症小体活化,后者驱动了玻璃膜疣的形成和RPE退化[29]。活性氧是nAMD的重要诱因之一,直接损伤RPE线粒体功能。研究表明,自噬功能完整的RPE能有效抵抗氧化应激,激活RPE细胞自噬可通过增强抗氧化酶活性,减少DNA断裂并维持线粒体膜电位,达到保护RPE细胞的目的[30]。本研究同样发现,衰老的RPE细胞中细胞自噬被抑制,人参皂苷Rk3能显著增强自噬流并降低自噬底物堆积,进而减轻RPE细胞衰老。
综上所述,人参皂苷Rk3通过抑制mTORC1的过度激活,增强了细胞自噬,降低了SASP,最终减轻了RPE细胞的衰老,缩小了nAMD模型小鼠视网膜CNV面积。该研究成果对进一步理解RPE细胞衰老在nAMD发病中的作用以及开发治疗nAMD的新治疗对策具有重要的科学意义及潜在的临床转化价值。

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2025年第47卷第19期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507053
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
  • 修回日期:2025-09-10
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    1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)眼科 重庆
    2中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院眼科 江苏 无锡
    3重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院 重庆

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