Article(id=1322190492406755720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=1756742400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164378500, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1759161600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164378500, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164378500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164378500, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190415911043621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='2145', pageEnd='2288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1759161600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164360263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164574764, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191316100960652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191316105154957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2211, endPage=2222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190492582916489, articleId=1322190492406755720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Regulation and mechanism of Gm49394 on islet-β cell apoptosis, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the potential role and underlying mechanism of the functionally uncharacterized gene Gm49394 on regulating β-cell apoptosis under diabetic conditions.

Methods

The expression and translational activity of Gm49394 in pancreatic β-cell lines and non-β-cell lines were validated using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The β-cell lines (NIT-1/Min6) with Gm49394 overexpression or knockdown were constructed. The proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, as well as oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in these β-cell lines under physiological homeostasis or pathological stress conditions, such as high glucose (30 mmol/L), inflammation (10 ng/mL IFN-γ alone or combined with 10 ng/mL IL-6), and hydrogen peroxide (100 μmol/L H2O2) were detected by flow cytometry and Western blotting.

Results

RNA-FISH and qPCR indicated that Gm49394 was specifically expressed in pancreatic β-cell lines and up-regulated under high glucose or inflammatory stimulation. IF assay and Western blotting showed that Gm49394 had protein-coding activity. Flow cytometry and Western blotting identified that Gm49394 overexpression did not affect β-cell proliferation, but promoted β-cell apoptosis and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) levels in β cells under physiological homeostasis or pathological stress conditions (P<0.05). Under physiological conditions, Gm49394 knockdown failed to induce significant alterations on β-cell apoptosis, ROS, or MitoSOX levels. Under pathological stress conditions, Gm49394 knockdown significantly suppressed β-cell proliferation, apoptosis, as well as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Gm49394 may promote β-cell apoptosis via oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

, authors=Dong LIU1, Qingyuan ZHAO2, Shushu YANG1, Mengjun ZHANG3, Jie LI1, Yuhao LI1, Li WANG1, Yuzhang WU1, authorsList=Dong LIU, Qingyuan ZHAO, Shushu YANG, Mengjun ZHANG, Jie LI, Yuhao LI, Li WANG, Yuzhang WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li WANG, Yuzhang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190495485374870, articleId=1322190492406755720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=Gm49394对胰岛β细胞凋亡的调控及机制研究, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究功能未知基因Gm49394参与糖尿病背景下胰岛β细胞凋亡的调控及可能机制。

方法

通过RNA荧光原位杂交技术(RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization,RNA-FISH)、Western blot、免疫荧光染色(immunofluorescence,IF)、实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)检测Gm49394在胰岛β细胞系(NIT-1和Min6)及非胰岛β细胞系(293T、3T3L1、B16、LS174T)的表达及翻译活性;通过构建过表达/敲低稳转细胞株(NIT-1/Min6),在稳态以及葡萄糖(30 mmol/L)、单独IFN-γ(10 ng/mL)或联合IL-6(10 ng/mL)、H2O2(100 μmol/L)等病理应激条件下,采用流式细胞术和Western blot检测β细胞增殖、凋亡、线粒体功能,及氧化应激和内质网应激标志。

结果

RNA-FISH和qPCR结果显示基因Gm49394在胰岛β细胞系中特异性表达,并受高糖或炎症因子刺激而上调;IF及Western blot结果显示Gm49394具有蛋白编码活性;流式细胞术和Western blot结果显示Gm49394过表达不影响β细胞增殖,但显著促进稳态和病理应激条件下的β细胞凋亡,并增加活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)及线粒体超氧化物(mitochondrial superoxide,MitoSOX)水平(P<0.05);稳态条件下,Gm49394敲低对β细胞增殖、凋亡、ROS及MitoSOX均无显著影响,但Gm49394敲低能显著抑制病理应激条件下的β细胞凋亡,同时显著抑制氧化应激和内质网应激(P<0.05)。

结论

基因Gm49394可能通过氧化应激和内质网应激促进胰岛β细胞的凋亡。

, authors=刘东1, 赵清远2, 杨数数1, 张梦军3, 黎婕1, 李雨浩1, 王莉1, 吴玉章1, authorsList=刘东, 赵清远, 杨数数, 张梦军, 黎婕, 李雨浩, 王莉, 吴玉章, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王莉, 吴玉章, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王 莉,E-mail:
吴玉章,E-mail:
WANG Li,E-mail:
WU Yuzhang,E-mail:
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Study on the relationship between pancreatic stiffness and pancreatic islet function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. J Air Force Med Univ,2025,46(2):222-225., articleTitle=Study on the relationship between pancreatic stiffness and pancreatic islet function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190495707672983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190495716061592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, companyId=1322190495707672983, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190495724450201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, companyId=1322190495707672983, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院免疫学教研室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190495804141978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190495812530587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, companyId=1322190495804141978, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Laboratory Animal Science,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190495820919196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, companyId=1322190495804141978, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2实验动物学教研室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190495879639453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190495888028062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, companyId=1322190495879639453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190495896416671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, companyId=1322190495879639453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3药学与检验医学系药物分析学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190500279464402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Validation of the translational activity of Gm49394 in cells, figureFileSmall=lQ9Oo+/H8cEFwY4Zbuq3jw==, figureFileBig=9zpZtMKvNWVJx6bb1LzHNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190500338184659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Gm49394在细胞中的翻译活性验证

A:Schematic representation of the genomic localization of Gm49394 in the mouse and human genomes,along with its relationship with adjacent genes. Boxes represent exons; Light green boxes indicate non-coding exons; Dark green boxes represent coding regions; Purple boxes denote non-coding RNAs; Lines represent introns; Arrowhead symbols indicate transcriptional or translational direction. B:Schematic diagram comparing the predicted amino acid lengths of the protein encoded by Gm49394 and its homolog in UniProt. Red segments represent overlapping protein sequences. C:Expression of Gm49394 in 293T cells as detected by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH). D:Western blot analysis of Gm49394-3Flag expression levels in 293T cells transfected with different expression constructs. E:Immunofluorescence analysis of Gm49394-3Flag expression in 293T cells transfected with different expression vectors

, figureFileSmall=lQ9Oo+/H8cEFwY4Zbuq3jw==, figureFileBig=9zpZtMKvNWVJx6bb1LzHNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190500677923286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Expression profiles of Gm49394 across various cell lines, figureFileSmall=rzPJFKjBjcwid+jPJcWB0g==, figureFileBig=Wrk6d8LC1YV0NkkFoU0qFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190500749226455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Gm49394在不同细胞系中的表达情况

A:Localization of Gm49394 in NIT-1 cells by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH); B:Expression levels of Gm49394 in NIT-1 cells and other cell lines using quantitative PCR (qPCR); C and D:Gm49394 expression levels in NIT-1 cells under stimulation with high glucose (30 mmol/L) or the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ (10 ng/mL) as measured by qPCR. a:P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=rzPJFKjBjcwid+jPJcWB0g==, figureFileBig=Wrk6d8LC1YV0NkkFoU0qFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190500963135960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of Gm49394 overexpression on NIT-1 cells, figureFileSmall=yE19un0FUwhi9CV94p+Q8w==, figureFileBig=KAbZ1rid7WHYA5eKBLWsuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190501030244825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Gm49394过表达对NIT-1细胞的影响

A:Proliferation of NIT-1 cells in the Gm49394-OE group compared to the Gm49394-EV group under basal conditions; B,D and F:Apoptotic rates in Gm49394-OE and Gm49394-EV NIT-1 cells under basal,high glucose (30 mmol/L),or cytokine stimulation (10 ng/mL IFN-γ + 10 ng/mL IL-6) conditions; C,E and G:Productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX)in Gm49394-OE and Gm49394-EV NIT-1 cells under basal,high glucose,or cytokine stimulation conditions. a:P<0.05,b:P <0.01,c:P <0.001

, figureFileSmall=yE19un0FUwhi9CV94p+Q8w==, figureFileBig=KAbZ1rid7WHYA5eKBLWsuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190501114130906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of Gm49394 Knockdown on β-cell lines under physiological homeostasis, figureFileSmall=yJKwhrrew73ta0AA5K2lPA==, figureFileBig=+ObPreQG/8lWGYAI6eUKzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190501437092315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Gm49394敲低在稳态条件下对β细胞系的影响

A:Proliferation of NIT-1 cells in the Gm49394-KD group versus the NC group under basal conditions; B:Apoptotic rates in Gm49394-KD and NC NIT-1 cells under basal conditions; C:Productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) in Gm49394-KD and NC NIT-1 cells under basal conditions

, figureFileSmall=yJKwhrrew73ta0AA5K2lPA==, figureFileBig=+ObPreQG/8lWGYAI6eUKzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190501520978396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Gm49394 knockdown exerts significant protection against β-cell apoptosis induced by pathological environmental factors, figureFileSmall=BmoCfkykNY2NWMmbce7PBg==, figureFileBig=SGKxAkiVAmVD0Fo4CMOjvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190501810385373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Gm49394敲低显著保护病理环境因素诱导的β细胞凋亡

A,C and E:Apoptotic rates in Gm49394-KD and NC NIT-1 cells under high glucose,inflammatory cytokine,or H₂O₂ stimulation conditions; B,D and F:Productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) in Gm49394-KD and NC NIT-1 cells under high glucose,inflammatory cytokine,or H₂O₂ stimulation. a:P<0.05,b:P <0.01

, figureFileSmall=BmoCfkykNY2NWMmbce7PBg==, figureFileBig=SGKxAkiVAmVD0Fo4CMOjvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190501894271454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Gm49394 knockdown alleviates oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in β-cells, figureFileSmall=mT3xVUC1dTeCLn2AO+hniQ==, figureFileBig=4CNDqyeHXIjM7dvf5yvj7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190502217232863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Gm49394敲低缓解β细胞的氧化应激和内质网应激

A:Western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins in Gm49394-KD and NC NIT-1 cells under H₂O₂ stimulation; B:Western blot analysis of oxidative stress (OS)-related proteins in Gm49394-KD and NC NIT-1 cells under H₂O₂ stimulation; C:Western blot analysis of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins in Gm49394-KD and NC NIT-1 cells under H₂O₂ stimulation a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=mT3xVUC1dTeCLn2AO+hniQ==, figureFileBig=4CNDqyeHXIjM7dvf5yvj7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190503899148769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plasmid vectors and nucleic acid sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePlasmid nameSequence(5′→3′)
Gm49394-ATGCACGCTCTAAAACTCCCTCTCACCGTCTCTTCAGACTCAGACTCAGCCCCTTCCAGCCCCGCCGCAACATCGTCGCCCCGGCTGGAGGGCCCGGGCACCACAACCAGAGCACCCCCTGCTTTGGAGGGGGCTGCTAATATTGACCCAGCCAGCGGATCATCGTCCGGGCAATTTCGGAAGAGAATCTTGGGCACCAGTGACTCCCCGGTCCTCTTTATCCACCGTCCGGGAACTTCAGGAACTACGAAGCGACTAGAGTACAGGTAA
Gm49394-OEpLVX-CMV-PUROATGCACGCTCTAAAACTCCCTCTCACCGTCTCTTCAGACTCAGACTCAGCCCCTTCCAGCCCCGCCGCAACATCGTCGCCCCGGCTGGAGGGCCCGGGCACCACAACCAGAGCACCCCCTGCTTTGGAGGGGGCTGCTAATATTGACCCAGCCAGCGGATCATCGTCCGGGCAATTTCGGAAGAGAATCTTGGGCACCAGTGACTCCCCGGTCCTCTTTATCCACCGTCCGGGAACTTCAGGAACTACGAAGCGACTAGAGTACAGGGAATTCGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAGGACTATAAGGACGATGATGACAAGGACTACAAAGATGATGACGATAAATGA
Gm49394-shRNApLVX-U6-PUROGATCGGGGCAATTTCGGAAGAGAATCCTCGAGGATTCTCTTCCGAAATTGCCCTTTTTT
), ArticleFig(id=1322190503974646242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190492406755720, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各质粒载体及核酸序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePlasmid nameSequence(5′→3′)
Gm49394-ATGCACGCTCTAAAACTCCCTCTCACCGTCTCTTCAGACTCAGACTCAGCCCCTTCCAGCCCCGCCGCAACATCGTCGCCCCGGCTGGAGGGCCCGGGCACCACAACCAGAGCACCCCCTGCTTTGGAGGGGGCTGCTAATATTGACCCAGCCAGCGGATCATCGTCCGGGCAATTTCGGAAGAGAATCTTGGGCACCAGTGACTCCCCGGTCCTCTTTATCCACCGTCCGGGAACTTCAGGAACTACGAAGCGACTAGAGTACAGGTAA
Gm49394-OEpLVX-CMV-PUROATGCACGCTCTAAAACTCCCTCTCACCGTCTCTTCAGACTCAGACTCAGCCCCTTCCAGCCCCGCCGCAACATCGTCGCCCCGGCTGGAGGGCCCGGGCACCACAACCAGAGCACCCCCTGCTTTGGAGGGGGCTGCTAATATTGACCCAGCCAGCGGATCATCGTCCGGGCAATTTCGGAAGAGAATCTTGGGCACCAGTGACTCCCCGGTCCTCTTTATCCACCGTCCGGGAACTTCAGGAACTACGAAGCGACTAGAGTACAGGGAATTCGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAGGACTATAAGGACGATGATGACAAGGACTACAAAGATGATGACGATAAATGA
Gm49394-shRNApLVX-U6-PUROGATCGGGGCAATTTCGGAAGAGAATCCTCGAGGATTCTCTTCCGAAATTGCCCTTTTTT
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Gm49394对胰岛β细胞凋亡的调控及机制研究
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刘东 1 , 赵清远 2 , 杨数数 1 , 张梦军 3 , 黎婕 1 , 李雨浩 1 , 王莉 1 , 吴玉章 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(18): 2211-2222
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (18) : 2211 -2222
Gm49394对胰岛β细胞凋亡的调控及机制研究
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刘东1, 赵清远2, 杨数数1, 张梦军3, 黎婕1, 李雨浩1, 王莉1 , 吴玉章1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院免疫学教研室
  • 2实验动物学教研室
  • 3药学与检验医学系药物分析学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
王 莉,E-mail:
吴玉章,E-mail:
WANG Li,E-mail:
WU Yuzhang,E-mail:
Regulation and mechanism of Gm49394 on islet-β cell apoptosis
Dong LIU1, Qingyuan ZHAO2, Shushu YANG1, Mengjun ZHANG3, Jie LI1, Yuhao LI1, Li WANG1 , Yuzhang WU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Department of Laboratory Animal Science,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 3Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-09-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507031
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目的

研究功能未知基因Gm49394参与糖尿病背景下胰岛β细胞凋亡的调控及可能机制。

方法

通过RNA荧光原位杂交技术(RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization,RNA-FISH)、Western blot、免疫荧光染色(immunofluorescence,IF)、实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)检测Gm49394在胰岛β细胞系(NIT-1和Min6)及非胰岛β细胞系(293T、3T3L1、B16、LS174T)的表达及翻译活性;通过构建过表达/敲低稳转细胞株(NIT-1/Min6),在稳态以及葡萄糖(30 mmol/L)、单独IFN-γ(10 ng/mL)或联合IL-6(10 ng/mL)、H2O2(100 μmol/L)等病理应激条件下,采用流式细胞术和Western blot检测β细胞增殖、凋亡、线粒体功能,及氧化应激和内质网应激标志。

结果

RNA-FISH和qPCR结果显示基因Gm49394在胰岛β细胞系中特异性表达,并受高糖或炎症因子刺激而上调;IF及Western blot结果显示Gm49394具有蛋白编码活性;流式细胞术和Western blot结果显示Gm49394过表达不影响β细胞增殖,但显著促进稳态和病理应激条件下的β细胞凋亡,并增加活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)及线粒体超氧化物(mitochondrial superoxide,MitoSOX)水平(P<0.05);稳态条件下,Gm49394敲低对β细胞增殖、凋亡、ROS及MitoSOX均无显著影响,但Gm49394敲低能显著抑制病理应激条件下的β细胞凋亡,同时显著抑制氧化应激和内质网应激(P<0.05)。

结论

基因Gm49394可能通过氧化应激和内质网应激促进胰岛β细胞的凋亡。

糖尿病  /  胰岛β细胞  /  氧化应激  /  内质网应激  /  凋亡
Objective

To explore the potential role and underlying mechanism of the functionally uncharacterized gene Gm49394 on regulating β-cell apoptosis under diabetic conditions.

Methods

The expression and translational activity of Gm49394 in pancreatic β-cell lines and non-β-cell lines were validated using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The β-cell lines (NIT-1/Min6) with Gm49394 overexpression or knockdown were constructed. The proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, as well as oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in these β-cell lines under physiological homeostasis or pathological stress conditions, such as high glucose (30 mmol/L), inflammation (10 ng/mL IFN-γ alone or combined with 10 ng/mL IL-6), and hydrogen peroxide (100 μmol/L H2O2) were detected by flow cytometry and Western blotting.

Results

RNA-FISH and qPCR indicated that Gm49394 was specifically expressed in pancreatic β-cell lines and up-regulated under high glucose or inflammatory stimulation. IF assay and Western blotting showed that Gm49394 had protein-coding activity. Flow cytometry and Western blotting identified that Gm49394 overexpression did not affect β-cell proliferation, but promoted β-cell apoptosis and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) levels in β cells under physiological homeostasis or pathological stress conditions (P<0.05). Under physiological conditions, Gm49394 knockdown failed to induce significant alterations on β-cell apoptosis, ROS, or MitoSOX levels. Under pathological stress conditions, Gm49394 knockdown significantly suppressed β-cell proliferation, apoptosis, as well as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Gm49394 may promote β-cell apoptosis via oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

diabetes  /  pancreatic β-cells  /  oxidative stress  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress  /  apoptosis
刘东, 赵清远, 杨数数, 张梦军, 黎婕, 李雨浩, 王莉, 吴玉章. Gm49394对胰岛β细胞凋亡的调控及机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2211 -2222 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507031
Dong LIU, Qingyuan ZHAO, Shushu YANG, Mengjun ZHANG, Jie LI, Yuhao LI, Li WANG, Yuzhang WU. Regulation and mechanism of Gm49394 on islet-β cell apoptosis[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2211 -2222 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507031
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)是一种由于胰岛素绝对或相对不足引发的以高血糖为特征的慢性代谢性疾病。根据国际糖尿病联合会(International Diabetes Federation,IDF)的数据,2021年,估计全球有5.37亿人患有DM,其中有670多万死于DM及相关并发症[1],包括糖尿病足、糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病以及心血管疾病,因此,DM已成为全球公共卫生体系面临的重大威胁[2-3]。
根据发病机制不同,DM主要分为1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)和2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)。美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association,ADA)指出T1DM由自身免疫性胰岛β细胞破坏所致,致使机体绝对胰岛素缺乏[4],而T2DM通常归因于胰岛β细胞功能渐进性衰退和胰岛素抵抗导致的胰岛素相对不足[5]。胰岛β细胞是机体胰岛素的唯一来源,帮助调节机体的血糖水平。目前认为胰岛β细胞衰竭是两类DM进展的共同关键机制[6],也是DM进展过程中核心病理特征之一[7],其中细胞凋亡被广泛认为是导致β细胞衰竭的主要途径[8]。目前,尽管口服降糖药和胰岛素注射能控制血糖,却无法阻止DM进行性β细胞功能衰退[9-10]。遗传因素[11]和环境因素[12-13]被认为在胰岛β细胞衰竭中均具有重要作用[14]。有研究显示高血糖、高血脂以及炎症因子等病理性环境因素促进DM患者β细胞凋亡[15-18],而氧化应激(oxidative stress,OS)和内质网应激(ER stress,ERS)是DM背景下β细胞凋亡的核心驱动机制[19-21]。虽然已有多种应激相关分子在β细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用[15-18],然而,DM复杂病理进程中β细胞进行性功能衰退的分子网络仍存在认知缺口,特别是某特定基因如何响应病理微环境(如高糖/炎症刺激)、调控应激通路并导致β细胞凋亡的机制也尚不完全清楚。因此,深入阐明β细胞衰竭机制,对于挖掘新的DM治疗靶点、发展创新药物至关重要。
自人类基因组计划以来,功能明确的编码基因仅占基因组中的一小部分,而大量基因的功能仍然未知。近年来,一些新的编码基因陆续被发现在组织细胞中具有重要生物学功能[22-23]。本研究拟聚焦于胰岛β细胞中某些响应病理微环境的功能未知基因展开深入研究,这不仅有助于完善现有理论认知体系,填补相关研究空白,更有望为DM的防治提供新的靶点。为此,本研究前期对比了稳态和高糖处理条件下胰岛β细胞系全转录组数据[24],鉴定出一个在高糖刺激下显著上调的功能未知的预测基因Gm49394,并且该基因定位于小鼠7号染色体上,其编码序列(coding sequence,CDS)位于基因组负链的142223623—142223357位置,处于胰岛素样生长因子2(insulin-like growth factor 2,IGF2)和胰岛素2(insulin-like growth factor 2,INS2)基因之间,推测该基因功能可能与胰岛β细胞功能高度相关。本研究旨在探索Gm49394在环境因素诱导的胰岛β细胞功能异常中的作用及潜在机制,为DM防治提供新的靶点。
非肥胖糖尿病(nonobese diabetic,NOD)小鼠来源的胰岛β细胞系NIT-1(常规培养于5.5 mmol/L萄糖浓度)、C57BL/6小鼠来源的胰岛β细胞系Min6(常规培养于25 mmol/L葡萄糖浓度),以及人源胚胎肾细胞衍生细胞系293T、Swiss albino小鼠的前脂肪细胞系3T3-L1和C57BL/6小鼠来源的黑色素瘤细胞系B16、人结肠癌患者来源的结肠腺癌细胞系LS174T等非胰岛β细胞系,所有细胞来源于美国菌种保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC),现保存于陆军军医大学免疫学教研室。
RPMI 1640培养基、DMEM培养基购自美国Gibco公司;胎牛血清购自南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司;TRIzol RNA提取试剂、CHOP Rabbit pAb购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司;反转录预混试剂盒、SYBR Green-qPCR预混试剂盒购自湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司;葡萄糖、IFN-γ、IL-6、Lipo3000转染试剂购自美国Thermo Scientific公司;H2O2购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;兔源抗Flag多克隆抗体购自杭州华安生物技术有限公司;BiP Rabbit mAb、Rabbit anti-spliced XBP1购自美国CST公司;辣根酶标记山羊抗小鼠lgG、辣根酶标山羊抗兔lgG、Vinculin Mouse mAb、β-actin Mouse mAb购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;NOX2/gp91 phox Rabbit mAb和SOD2 Rabbit mAb购自美国Selleck公司; MitoSOX Red和Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L购自美国MCE公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、蛋白酶抑制剂、磷酸酶抑制剂购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;RIPA裂解液购自上海泰坦科技股份有限公司;细胞爬片购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;引物购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;活性氧检测试剂盒购自沈阳万类生物科技有限公司,FISH探针及RNASweAMI 原位杂交IF488检测试剂盒购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;慢病毒载体、包装质粒(PSPAX2/pMD2.G)、shRNA敲低质粒购自北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司(表1);BD FACS Canto TM Ⅱ流式仪购自美国BD公司。
基于Gm49394基因与编码蛋白同源性比对策略,利用美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)非冗余数据库及UniProt KB/Swiss-Prot数据库,通过makeblastdb命令分别构建核苷酸与蛋白质本地BLAST数据库(参数:-dbtype nucl/prot)。利用BLASTn/tBLASTn对Gm49394基因核苷酸序列进行比对,同时采用BLASTp及PSI-BLAST分析其推测蛋白序列(e-value≤1×10⁻⁵)。
正常培养条件下,NIT-1和Min6细胞分别培养于RPMI 1640(11.1 mmol/L)和DMEM(25 mmol/L)含10%~15%胎牛血清的完全培养基中,在5%CO2、37 ℃下常规培养。细胞贴壁生长,培养至80%融合度时进行传代,细胞活性保证在95%以上,细胞传代不超过20代,连续培养时间不超过1个月,以确保遗传稳定性。实验处理条件如下:高糖(high glucose,HG)刺激组采用30 mmol/L葡萄糖;炎症刺激组采用单独IFN-γ(10 ng/mL),或联合IL-6(10 ng/mL);氧化应激刺激组采用100 μmol/L H2O2;对照组(negative control,NC)则加入等体积的空白培养基,处理时间均为24 h。
NIT-1和293T细胞爬片用原位杂交固定液固定20 min,PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min;进行蛋白酶K(20 μg/mL)37 ℃消化,PBS清洗后滴加预杂交液37 ℃孵育1 h;替换为含探针的杂交液过夜杂交(FISH探针Mix:Probe1:CACTGAGTAAGGCACCTGCTCGAA; Probe2:GGTGCCCAAGATTCTCTTCCGAAA; Probe3:CCTGTACTCTAGTCGCTTCGTAGT) ,并依次用柠檬酸钠-氯化钠缓冲液(saline sodium citrate buffer ,SSC)梯度洗涤(即:2.0×SSC、1.0×SSC、0.5×SSC);滴加分支探针杂交液40 ℃反应45 min,经SSC液梯度洗涤后,再加入信号探针(1∶200体积比稀释)42 ℃孵育3 h,并依次用SSC液梯度洗涤;用DAPI染核8 min,抗荧光淬灭剂封片,在荧光显微镜下观察,根据DAPI(蓝光)、FAM(绿光)、CY3(红光)的激发/发射波长采集图像。
转染Gm49394基因的NIT-1及293T等目的细胞用预冷PBS清洗3次,每次2 min,使用RIPA裂解液充分裂解;细胞使用超声破碎仪处理后,低温离心机在4 ℃下以15 000 r/min离心10 min,吸取上清液。BCA法检测蛋白浓度,100 ℃金属浴加热10 min进行蛋白变性。Western blot检测细胞凋亡、氧化应激及内质网应激通路相关蛋白表达,以Vinculin和β-actin作为内参蛋白,用于校正样品上样量及转膜效率差异。
将293T细胞预先接种于在细胞爬片上,待60%细胞融合度时,采用Lipo3000转染试剂与过表达质粒混合制备转染复合物,加入细胞培养体系中继续培养36 h,将细胞爬片经PBS清洗后,经4%多聚甲醛固定,0.1%Triton X-100透化,5%BSA封闭,兔源抗Flag多克隆抗体4 ℃孵育过夜,次日Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L避光孵育1 h,DAPI染核,抗淬灭剂封片,荧光显微镜观察。
将NIT-1、Min6以及其他非胰岛细胞进行胰酶消化离心后获得细胞沉淀,置于含1 mL TRIzol的离心管中,采用氯仿-异丙醇方法提取细胞总RNA,根据反转录预混试剂盒说明书将RNA逆转录为cDNA,采用qPCR技术对cDNA进行定量检测。Gm49394 F 5'-GC-TCTGTTATCATGCACGCTCTA;R 3'-ATCCGCTGGCT-GGGTCAAT; 18S F 5'-GTAACCCGTTGAACCCCATT; R 3'-CCATCCAATCGGTAGTAGCG; 以18S核糖体RNA为内源性对照,并采用2–ΔΔCt方法计算基因表达的相对变化量,并以对照组作为校准基准进行标准化分析。
将目的基因Gm49394-3Flag或shRNA克隆至慢病毒载体,与包装质粒(PSPAX2/pMD2.G)共转染293T细胞,48 h后收集含病毒的上清,经超速离心浓缩后备用。靶细胞(如NIT-1/Min6)用病毒液感染并加入polybrene(10 μg/mL),48 h后通过嘌呤霉素(3 μg/mL)筛选1周,获得过表达(over-expression,OE)/敲低(knock-down,KD)稳转细胞株(NIT-1/Min6),经qPCR验证Gm49394表达情况;其中Gm49394过表达对应的对照组(empty vector,EV),Gm49394敲低对应的对照组(NC)。
收集Gm49394过表达和敲低稳转细胞株,PBS洗涤后重悬于200 μL结合缓冲液,加入2 μL Annexin V-FITC和2 μL PI避光孵育15 min,上机检测。Annexin V+PI-为早期凋亡,Annexin V+PI+为晚期凋亡/坏死。使用 FlowJo V10软件进行数据分析。
将Gm49394过表达和敲低稳转细胞株分别接种于培养板中,待70%融合度后,弃培养基,加入浓度为5 μmol/L的MitoSOX™ Red工作液,37 ℃孵育30 min,PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min,上机检测。
按照活性氧检测试剂盒说明书操作,Gm49394过表达和敲低稳转细胞株分别接种至培养板,PBS清洗后加入浓度为5 μmol/L的2',7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酯(2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate,DCFH-DA)工作液,37 ℃避光孵育30 min;PBS洗涤3次,每次2 min去除多余探针,立即上机检测,全程实验避光操作。
采用FlowJo V10进行流式数据分析,GraphPad Prism 10进行作图。在进行两组之间的比较时,对数据进行正态性和方差齐性检验。若数据符合正态分布且方差齐性,则采用独立样本t检验;若方差不齐,则采用Welch t 检验。P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究鉴定到的Gm49394基因开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)对应的编码蛋白长度为89个氨基酸,该氨基酸序列是基于Igf2os非编码基因RNA反义链预测获得,且处于Igf2os的第四外显子上。通过比对,在人基因组上的相同位置找到了该蛋白的直系同源序列,与小鼠序列相似度为55%,长度为85个氨基酸;该蛋白的CDS与人IGF2非蛋白编码外显子[第一外显子(3’UTR区)]和融合基因INS-IGF2的蛋白编码外显子(第二外显子)重叠(图1A)。而Uniprot蛋白数据库中同名预测基因Gm49394(MGI:6121625)的ORF编码蛋白长度为346个氨基酸,其中第1-89位氨基酸与本研究鉴定的序列完全一致(图1B),由此推测鉴定到的可能是Gm49394的可变剪切异构体。为验证该Gm49394异构体的翻译活性,在Gm49394基因ORF的C端融合3×Flag标签,构建了Gm49394-3Flag表达载体并转染至293T细胞。通过RNA-FISH证实了外源性Gm49394转录本的成功递送与细胞内表达(图1C),进一步通过Western blot实验,在Gm49394编码产物预测分子量处检测到Flag阳性条带,验证了Gm49394编码蛋白的存在(图1D);IF检测到Flag标签的特异性信号,证实Gm49394编码蛋白的细胞内表达(图1E)。这些结果一致表明,Gm49394在293T细胞中可被有效转录并翻译为Flag标记的融合蛋白,提示该基因具有翻译活性。
通过RNA-FISH证实了Gm49394基因在胰岛β细胞系NIT-1细胞中表达,在293T细胞中不表达(图2A)。qPCR结果显示,Gm49394基因在胰岛β细胞系中特异性表达,而其他几种非胰岛β细胞系几乎不表达该基因(图2B)。在HG刺激下,胰岛β细胞系中Gm49394的转录水平明显上调(P<0.05,图2C),而在单独IFN-γ刺激条件下,该基因表达也呈现上调趋势(图2D),提示该基因可能响应于HG或炎症因子等应激条件刺激。
为了探索基因Gm49394对胰岛β细胞功能的潜在影响,成功构建了Gm49394-OE的NIT-1细胞株。在稳态条件下,与Gm49394-EV组相比,Gm49394-OE组细胞增殖能力无显著差异(图3A),但凋亡显著增加(P<0.05,图3B)。进一步检测发现,与Gm49394-EV组相比,Gm49394-OE组细胞内ROS(OS标志物)水平明显升高(P<0.05,图3C),MitoSOX荧光信号显著增强(P<0.01,图3C)。这些结果提示,Gm49394-OE可能通过诱导线粒体功能障碍和OS促进β细胞凋亡。为了进一步研究在DM病理环境刺激下Gm49394-OE对β细胞的影响,给β细胞施以高糖或炎症因子(IFN-γ+IL-6)刺激,结果显示,与Gm49394-EV组相比,Gm49394-OE组细胞的凋亡、ROS及MitoSOX水平均呈现更大程度的增加(图3D~G)。同样,在高糖条件培养的Gm49394-OE Min6细胞中也表现出类似结果。这些结果提示,Gm49394在胰岛β细胞中可能不参与增殖调控,但其过表达可通过诱导ROS和MitoSOX加剧OS损伤,进而促进β细胞凋亡。
为了进一步反向验证Gm49394对胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响,构建了Gm49394-KD的NIT-1细胞株。与NC比,Gm49394-KD组细胞在稳态培养条件下未表现出增殖能力和凋亡状态的显著差异(图4A、B)。进一步检测发现,NIT-1细胞内ROS以及MitoSOX水平同样未发生明显变化(图4C)。提示Gm49394基因的敲低不影响稳态状态下β细胞的增殖、凋亡及OS。
如前所述,高糖、高炎症等病理环境可以促进β细胞凋亡。为进一步探讨在病理环境因素刺激下Gm49394基因的敲低对β细胞凋亡的影响,在NIT-1细胞培养体系中分别添加了HG或炎症因子(IFN-γ+IL-6),结果发现,与对照组相比,Gm49394-KD显著抑制了NIT-1细胞的凋亡(P<0.01,图5A、C),同时伴随MitoSOX及ROS水平明显下降(P<0.05,图5B、D)。为了进一步证明Gm49394在OS相关β细胞凋亡中的关键作用,使用经典的OS诱导剂H2O2处理NIT-1细胞,相较于对照组,Gm49394-KD显著抑制了H2O2诱导的NIT-1细胞凋亡(P<0.01,图5E),同样,MitoSOX及ROS水平也明显下降(P<0.05,图5F);Western blot检测结果进一步证实,在H2O2处理条件下,相较于对照组,Gm49394-KD组NIT-1细胞中凋亡相关蛋白分子(cleaved-Caspase-3、BAX)表达下降(P<0.05,图6A),OS相关蛋白4-HNE、NOX2表达显著下调(P<0.05),而抗氧化蛋白SOD2表达呈上升趋势(图6B)。由于ERS与OS交互作用参与β细胞凋亡,因此同时检测了ERS标志蛋白表达水平,发现Gm49394敲低使得β细胞中ERS标志分子(BIP、CHOP)显著下调(P<0.05,图6C)。同样在高糖条件培养的Min6细胞中Gm49394敲低也表现出一致的结果。这些结果表明,Gm49394的敲低使胰岛β细胞显著抵抗病理环境因素诱导的凋亡,机制可能与OS和ERS削弱有关。
本研究系统表征了功能未知基因Gm49394在小鼠基因组中的基因组定位、编码序列特征及其与现有注释的关联性。本研究在探索Gm49394基因时,发现NCBI数据库和Uniprot数据库中均能检索到Gm49394这一基因名,但实际上二者对应的基因序列完全不同,且来源物种也不同。NCBI数据库注释显示,Gm49394基因被注释为沙漠仓鼠(Phodopus roborovskii)的胰岛素基因(Gene ID:127228572),其基因组中定位显示该基因位于全基因组测序获得的scaffold序列(NW_026126480.1)上,该序列尚未锚定到特定染色体。而本研究鉴定的Gm49394基因与Uniprot 预测蛋白编码基因Gm49394(MGI:6121625)具有明确一致性:物种来源均为小鼠;蛋白序列比对显示,二者N端1-89位氨基酸序列完全匹配,且基因组定位均位于小鼠7号染色体Igf2与Ins2基因之间区域,因此本研究继续沿用Uniprot数据中对该基因的命名,并通过基因功能验证实验进一步明确其生物学属性。
在完成Gm49394基因的基因组和编码特征鉴定基础上,本研究进一步发现基因Gm49394在胰岛β细胞中特异性表达模式及在病理性环境应激条件下对β细胞凋亡的影响。已知胰岛β细胞特异性表达的基因如(Insulin、G6PC2)均被证明对β细胞功能和维持血糖稳态至关重要[25]。本研究初步证实Gm49394在胰岛β细胞中特异性表达,且在高糖或炎症因子等病理因素刺激下表达显著上调,与前期转录组测序结果一致,这种表达模式提示其可能特异性响应病理应激,进而参与胰岛β细胞功能的调控,但该基因的表达模式尚需在原代胰岛组织样本中验证。其次,本研究还证实了Gm49394具有蛋白编码活性,表明Gm49394可能通过其编码的蛋白产物直接参与β细胞的生理病理调控,为探索DM背景下β细胞功能障碍的分子机制提供了新的研究方向。
胰岛β细胞凋亡是DM发生发展的核心环节。在T1DM中,遗传因素和环境因素协同诱导的OS、ERS促进β细胞凋亡以及自身抗原暴露,进而启动自身免疫应答并介导效应T细胞对β细胞的广泛攻击,最终导致胰岛素合成的绝对缺乏[26];在T2DM中,长期高糖、脂毒性和炎症因子通过OS、ERS等途径诱发β细胞渐进性凋亡,导致β细胞数量减少和功能缺陷,最终直接造成胰岛素分泌不足,加剧血糖失控[15-17,27]。OS是指ROS和活性氮(reactive nitrogen species,RNS)的过量产生和或清除减少,导致氧化系统与抗氧化系统失衡,从而引起细胞和组织损伤的一种病理生理状态[27]。越来越多的研究揭示了OS在功能性β细胞衰竭中的关键作用[28]。糖脂毒性等引起β细胞线粒体功能障碍,进而增加ROS的生成,加剧OS[29]。而异常增加的ROS可通过多种途径包括ERK、JNK、p38 MAPK、AKT、NLRP 3途径等介导β细胞凋亡[30-32]。ERS是指各种生理或病理因素,如缺氧、高血糖、炎症状态等,导致错误折叠和未折叠的蛋白质在ER腔中积聚并扰乱钙离子稳态,持续的ERS通过促进β细胞凋亡、干扰胰岛素分泌、诱导β细胞去分化等加速β细胞衰竭[33-34]。持续的ERS会通过多种途径诱导OS,促使ROS产生增加;OS产生的ROS会损伤内质网的结构和功能,进一步加剧蛋白质的错误折叠,加重ERS[35-36]。可见OS与ERS交互作用,共同促进β细胞凋亡。数据显示在高糖和炎症因子刺激β细胞后,Gm49394表达上调,且当胰岛β细胞Gm49394过表达时,显著促进了胰岛β细胞凋亡,同时伴随线粒体功能障碍和OS。有意思的是,在稳态培养条件下,敲低Gm49394未引发β细胞的显著变化,而在高糖、炎症因子或H2O2的刺激条件下,敲低Gm49394却能够显著抑制β细胞的凋亡,同时下调OS和ERS相关标志分子。这些现象提示在病理应激条件下,Gm49394响应应激并表达上调,导致线粒体功能障碍引起ROS积累,然后打破细胞内的氧化还原稳态,激活了OS通路,同时触发了ERS关键分子,最后通过OS和ERS协同作用,启动了β细胞凋亡;而敲低Gm49394,则阻碍了病理环境因素引发的OS和ERS,从而使β细胞抵抗凋亡。
综上,本研究认为Gm49394可能是一个以往未被揭示的β细胞特异性表达的应激相关基因,其可能在介导病理环境因素诱导的OS-ERS交互作用和β细胞凋亡中发挥关键作用,进而参与功能性β细胞衰竭及DM发生发展,其具体作用和机制有待将来研究进一步阐明。本研究推测Gm49394的病理作用可能需要病理条件刺激或者表达水平达到某阈值后才能显现,这一“分子开关”特性使其成为极具开发潜力的DM精准治疗的动态调控靶点,为实现DM“病理逆转”提供新的策略。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507031
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
  • 修回日期:2025-09-02
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):基础医学院免疫学教研室
    2实验动物学教研室
    3药学与检验医学系药物分析学教研室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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