Article(id=1322954425920271000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954308836270447, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=1760803200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346514444, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346514444, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346514444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346514444, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954308836270447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='21', pageStart='2581', pageEnd='2724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1763136000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346486529, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346486529, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2698, endPage=2705, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954427300197017, articleId=1322954425920271000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Safe and effective concentration of ropivacaine in interscalene brachial plexus block for children aged 6 to 10 years: a sequential allocation study, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To determine the median effective concentration (EC50) of ropivacaine at the volume of 0.5 mL/kg for ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block in children aged 6 to 10 years.

Methods

A prospective dose-finding trial was conducted based a sequential Dixon up-and-down allocation. We recruited children aged 6 to 10 years who were scheduled for unilateral surgery on upper extremity regions in our hospital from April to December 2022. All of them were subjected to general intravenous anaesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. The ropivacaine volume for each patient was 0.5 mL/kg. The concentration of 0.2% for the first patient, subsequent concentrations were adjusted based on the block effect of previous patient, increase or decrease by 0.02%. The trial was stopped when there were 7 turning points. Isotonic regression and Bootstrap were used to calculate the values of EC50 and 95% effective concentration (EC95), along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). General data, incidence of adverse events, and score of postoperative pain were recorded.

Results

A total of 26 children aged 6 to 10 years were included. The EC50 of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block was determined to be 0.091% (95%CI: 0.077%~0.105%), and the EC95 was estimatedto be 0.117% (95%CI: 0.110%~0.118%). Successful blockade was achieved in 16 cases (61.5%), while 10 cases (38.5%) failed. No statistical differences existed between successful and failed cases regarding sex, age, body weight, surgical site, surgical laterality, operative time, or anesthesia duration. None of the patients experienced adverse events such as pneumothorax, vascular injury, or Horner’s syndrome, and the score of postoperative pain were all <6 by modified Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale.

Conclusion

In children aged 6 to 10 years, the EC50 of ropivacaine is 0.091% at a volume of 0.5 mL/kg for ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block, and this low dose of regional anesthetic can reduce the risks such as systemic toxicity and direct neurotoxicity.

, authors=Shangyingying LI, Li YANG, Fei YANG, Yaqiong TIAN, Ling LIU, Wen GAO, Yuan SHI, Shengfen TU, authorsList=Shangyingying LI, Li YANG, Fei YANG, Yaqiong TIAN, Ling LIU, Wen GAO, Yuan SHI, Shengfen TU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shengfen TU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954428185195168, articleId=1322954425920271000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=6~10岁儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中罗哌卡因的安全有效浓度探索:一项基于序贯法的浓度测定研究, columnId=1320435175822050102, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

确定容量为0.5 mL/kg的罗哌卡因用于6~10岁儿童超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞时的半数有效浓度(median effective concentration,EC50)。

方法

本研究是一项前瞻性浓度探索的观察试验,采用的是Dixon“上下序贯”方法。招募了2022年4—12月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院麻醉科接受单侧上肢手术的6~10岁患儿。所有患儿的麻醉方式为全身静脉麻醉联合超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。所有患儿使用的罗哌卡因容量为0.5 mL/kg,第一位患儿罗哌卡因的浓度为0.2%,后续每位患儿使用的浓度都取决于前一位患儿的阻滞效果,增加/减少0.02%;当出现了7个转折点时试验结束。采用等渗回归和Bootstrap算法计算EC50、95%有效浓度(95% effective concentration,EC95)及其95%CI。记录患儿一般资料、不良反应及术后疼痛评分等。

结果

本研究共纳入了26名6~10岁的患儿,超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50为0.091%(95%CI:0.077%~0.105%),并估算了EC95为0.117%(95%CI:0.110%~0.118%)。阻滞成功有16例(61.5%),阻滞失败有10例(38.5%),在性别、年龄、体质量、手术部位、手术侧别、手术时间及麻醉时间等方面,阻滞成功与失败病例的差异均无统计学意义。所有患儿未发生气胸、血管损伤、霍纳综合征等不良反应,且术后疼痛评分(改良的东安大略儿童医院疼痛量表)<6分。

结论

在6~10岁儿童中以0.5 mL/kg容量的罗哌卡因用于超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50是0.091%,且低剂量的局麻药可降低全身毒性和直接神经毒性等风险。

, authors=李上莹莹, 杨丽, 杨飞, 田娅琼, 刘玲, 高雯, 石远, 涂生芬, authorsList=李上莹莹, 杨丽, 杨飞, 田娅琼, 刘玲, 高雯, 石远, 涂生芬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=涂生芬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
涂生芬,E-mail:
TU Shengfen,E-mail:
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IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,2024,71(3):929-943., articleTitle=Implementation techniques for transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring:approaches for wearable smart health applications, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954428394910369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954428403298978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, companyId=1322954428394910369, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Anesthesiology Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954428407493283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, companyId=1322954428394910369, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院麻醉科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿童神经发育与认知障碍重庆市重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954432748597974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flowchart of the study, figureFileSmall=Fp0NHjuQlWyrDTZ6TEfHdg==, figureFileBig=X1/tgEy/i8UNL7ZY2RRz9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954432811512535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究流程图, figureFileSmall=Fp0NHjuQlWyrDTZ6TEfHdg==, figureFileBig=X1/tgEy/i8UNL7ZY2RRz9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954432987673304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block:pre-vs post-injection comparison, figureFileSmall=xMAAjWKj8Byd3RuT7sZSjQ==, figureFileBig=S3Qm3UI9C6o81NbLHrBbfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954433054782169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=CN, label=图2, caption=超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞注射前后对比

A and B:Intercostobrachial nerve before and after local anesthetic injection

, figureFileSmall=xMAAjWKj8Byd3RuT7sZSjQ==, figureFileBig=S3Qm3UI9C6o81NbLHrBbfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954433113502426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Sequential diagram of block efficacy in pediatric patients, figureFileSmall=KKJ1NMQxJtQ8LNXYwmjd+A==, figureFileBig=DRzQpQTWg1PUK23I18C3PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954433180611291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=CN, label=图3, caption=患儿阻滞效果序贯图, figureFileSmall=KKJ1NMQxJtQ8LNXYwmjd+A==, figureFileBig=DRzQpQTWg1PUK23I18C3PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954433260303068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of clinical data between the successful and failed block patients [n(%),x¯±s]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsTotal(n=26)Success(n=16)Failure(n=10)P
Gender1.000
Male17(65.4)10(62.5)7(70.0)
Female9(34.6)6(37.5)3(30.0)
Weight/kg24.9±6.526.1±7.422.9±4.60.230
Age/months89.7±13.090.5±14.588.4±10.70.680
Surgical site1.000
Upper18(69.3)11(68.7)7(70.0)
Front5(19.2)3(18.8)2(20.0)
Hand3(11.5)2(12.5)1(10.0)
Surgical side0.425
Left10(38.5)5 (31.3)5(50.0)
Right16(61.5)11(68.7)5(50.0)
Surgery duration/min49.5±12.249.2±14.650.0±7.50.880
Anesthesia duration/min103.1±15.8103.3±18.7102.7±10.30.860
), ArticleFig(id=1322954433323217629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954425920271000, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

阻滞成功与失败病例的临床基线特征比较[例(%),x¯±s]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsTotal(n=26)Success(n=16)Failure(n=10)P
Gender1.000
Male17(65.4)10(62.5)7(70.0)
Female9(34.6)6(37.5)3(30.0)
Weight/kg24.9±6.526.1±7.422.9±4.60.230
Age/months89.7±13.090.5±14.588.4±10.70.680
Surgical site1.000
Upper18(69.3)11(68.7)7(70.0)
Front5(19.2)3(18.8)2(20.0)
Hand3(11.5)2(12.5)1(10.0)
Surgical side0.425
Left10(38.5)5 (31.3)5(50.0)
Right16(61.5)11(68.7)5(50.0)
Surgery duration/min49.5±12.249.2±14.650.0±7.50.880
Anesthesia duration/min103.1±15.8103.3±18.7102.7±10.30.860
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6~10岁儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中罗哌卡因的安全有效浓度探索:一项基于序贯法的浓度测定研究
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李上莹莹 , 杨丽 , 杨飞 , 田娅琼 , 刘玲 , 高雯 , 石远 , 涂生芬
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·临床医学 2025,47(21): 2698-2705
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·临床医学 2025 , 47 (21) : 2698 -2705
6~10岁儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中罗哌卡因的安全有效浓度探索:一项基于序贯法的浓度测定研究
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李上莹莹, 杨丽, 杨飞, 田娅琼, 刘玲, 高雯, 石远, 涂生芬
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院麻醉科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿童神经发育与认知障碍重庆市重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
涂生芬,E-mail:
TU Shengfen,E-mail:
Safe and effective concentration of ropivacaine in interscalene brachial plexus block for children aged 6 to 10 years: a sequential allocation study
Shangyingying LI, Li YANG, Fei YANG, Yaqiong TIAN, Ling LIU, Wen GAO, Yuan SHI, Shengfen TU
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507017
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目的

确定容量为0.5 mL/kg的罗哌卡因用于6~10岁儿童超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞时的半数有效浓度(median effective concentration,EC50)。

方法

本研究是一项前瞻性浓度探索的观察试验,采用的是Dixon“上下序贯”方法。招募了2022年4—12月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院麻醉科接受单侧上肢手术的6~10岁患儿。所有患儿的麻醉方式为全身静脉麻醉联合超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。所有患儿使用的罗哌卡因容量为0.5 mL/kg,第一位患儿罗哌卡因的浓度为0.2%,后续每位患儿使用的浓度都取决于前一位患儿的阻滞效果,增加/减少0.02%;当出现了7个转折点时试验结束。采用等渗回归和Bootstrap算法计算EC50、95%有效浓度(95% effective concentration,EC95)及其95%CI。记录患儿一般资料、不良反应及术后疼痛评分等。

结果

本研究共纳入了26名6~10岁的患儿,超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50为0.091%(95%CI:0.077%~0.105%),并估算了EC95为0.117%(95%CI:0.110%~0.118%)。阻滞成功有16例(61.5%),阻滞失败有10例(38.5%),在性别、年龄、体质量、手术部位、手术侧别、手术时间及麻醉时间等方面,阻滞成功与失败病例的差异均无统计学意义。所有患儿未发生气胸、血管损伤、霍纳综合征等不良反应,且术后疼痛评分(改良的东安大略儿童医院疼痛量表)<6分。

结论

在6~10岁儿童中以0.5 mL/kg容量的罗哌卡因用于超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50是0.091%,且低剂量的局麻药可降低全身毒性和直接神经毒性等风险。

半数有效浓度  /  罗哌卡因  /  肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞  /  超声引导  /  儿童
Objective

To determine the median effective concentration (EC50) of ropivacaine at the volume of 0.5 mL/kg for ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block in children aged 6 to 10 years.

Methods

A prospective dose-finding trial was conducted based a sequential Dixon up-and-down allocation. We recruited children aged 6 to 10 years who were scheduled for unilateral surgery on upper extremity regions in our hospital from April to December 2022. All of them were subjected to general intravenous anaesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. The ropivacaine volume for each patient was 0.5 mL/kg. The concentration of 0.2% for the first patient, subsequent concentrations were adjusted based on the block effect of previous patient, increase or decrease by 0.02%. The trial was stopped when there were 7 turning points. Isotonic regression and Bootstrap were used to calculate the values of EC50 and 95% effective concentration (EC95), along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). General data, incidence of adverse events, and score of postoperative pain were recorded.

Results

A total of 26 children aged 6 to 10 years were included. The EC50 of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block was determined to be 0.091% (95%CI: 0.077%~0.105%), and the EC95 was estimatedto be 0.117% (95%CI: 0.110%~0.118%). Successful blockade was achieved in 16 cases (61.5%), while 10 cases (38.5%) failed. No statistical differences existed between successful and failed cases regarding sex, age, body weight, surgical site, surgical laterality, operative time, or anesthesia duration. None of the patients experienced adverse events such as pneumothorax, vascular injury, or Horner’s syndrome, and the score of postoperative pain were all <6 by modified Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale.

Conclusion

In children aged 6 to 10 years, the EC50 of ropivacaine is 0.091% at a volume of 0.5 mL/kg for ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block, and this low dose of regional anesthetic can reduce the risks such as systemic toxicity and direct neurotoxicity.

median effective concentration  /  ropivacaine  /  interscalene brachial plexus block  /  ultrasound-guidance  /  children
李上莹莹, 杨丽, 杨飞, 田娅琼, 刘玲, 高雯, 石远, 涂生芬. 6~10岁儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中罗哌卡因的安全有效浓度探索:一项基于序贯法的浓度测定研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2698 -2705 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507017
Shangyingying LI, Li YANG, Fei YANG, Yaqiong TIAN, Ling LIU, Wen GAO, Yuan SHI, Shengfen TU. Safe and effective concentration of ropivacaine in interscalene brachial plexus block for children aged 6 to 10 years: a sequential allocation study[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (21) : 2698 -2705 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507017
肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞是肩部和上肢外科手术常用的麻醉方法。然而,由于儿童在行神经阻滞穿刺时依从性差,且临床症状常不典型,导致其神经阻滞效果在儿童群体中往往不确切。随着超声技术在临床中的发展,超声引导下神经阻滞因其可视化、精准化的优点,近年来在儿科麻醉中的应用日益广泛[1-2]。研究显示,超声引导能提高肌间沟臂丛神经的阻滞效果[3]。
罗哌卡因因其特殊的药理特性,低浓度时即产生感觉-运动神经阻滞分离,且毒性较小,常被用于中枢和周围神经阻滞以及术后疼痛缓解的管理[4]。区域麻醉和疼痛医学学会关于小儿区域麻醉中局麻药和佐剂用量的建议中提出,剂量为0.5~1.5 mg/kg的罗哌卡因可安全有效地用于儿童超声引导下的上肢(如腋窝、锁骨下、斜角肌间、锁骨上)和下肢周围神经阻滞[5]。
有研究指出相同剂量的罗哌卡因低浓度高容量与高浓度低容量相比,可提供更广泛的阻滞范围和更完善的阻滞效果[6]。在成人肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中,低浓度高容量的局麻药可避免膈神经、迷走神经受累等并发症[7]。因此,明确局麻药用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的最低有效浓度至关重要[8]。然而,目前该领域研究多集中于成人[9-10],关于儿童的相关报道较为有限。基于此,本研究设计了这项前瞻性序贯试验,旨在确定容量为0.5 mL/kg的罗哌卡因用于6~10岁儿童超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的半数有效浓度(median effective concentration,EC50),并进一步估算其95%有效浓度(95% effective concentration,EC95),以期为临床儿童麻醉用药提供参考依据。
招募2022年4—12月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院麻醉科接受单侧上肢手术且手术区域未受尺神经支配(不包括手臂、前臂和手的尺侧[11])的患儿26例。纳入标准:①6~10岁的儿童;②美国麻醉医师协会身体状况分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级;③单侧上肢手术且手术区域未受尺神经支配;④受试者家长、8岁及以上儿童同时愿意签署书面知情同意书。排除标准:①患有凝血功能障碍;②正在接受抗凝治疗;③穿刺部位感染;④有局部麻醉药过敏史、神经损伤史;⑤上肢感觉异常或智力障碍。本研究在试验实施之前经重庆医科大学附属儿童医院机构伦理委员会审批 [(2020)年伦审(研)第(161-1)号,(2020)年伦审(研)第(161-2)号]。本试验在招募患儿前已在中国临床试验注册中心注册(ChiCTR2200057830)。
本试验是一项前瞻性浓度探索研究,采用了DIXON[12] “上下序贯”的分配方法。根据临床经验和先前的研究[13],患儿使用的罗哌卡因容量为0.5 mL/kg,初始罗哌卡因浓度为0.2%,浓度梯度为0.02%。除第一位患儿外,后续每位患儿使用罗哌卡因的浓度都取决于前一位患儿的阻滞效果。如果阻滞失败,后续患儿的罗哌卡因浓度将按梯度增加;反之,则按梯度降低。当确定了7个转折点(从阻滞失败到成功)时,研究结束(图1)。Dixon“上下序贯”方法一般有6个转折点就能够达到稳定的剂量,当超过6个转折点,虽然对估算值的不准确性的改善会减小,但增加了对真实值的变异性估计[14],且研究表明在大多数实际情况下,需要20~40名患儿才能得出稳定的目标剂量估计值[15],所以本研究预设7个转折点,这与先前数篇研究设计一致[16-17]。
所有患儿在入手术室前禁食不少于6 h,禁饮不少于2 h。进入手术室后,持续监测生命体征,包括心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、脉搏血氧饱和度(blood oxygen saturation,SpO2)、心率(heart rate,HR)、无创血压和呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)。麻醉诱导用药,静脉给予0.1 mg/kg咪达唑仑、3 mg/kg丙泊酚、0.2 μg/kg舒芬太尼和0.01 mg/kg长托宁。术中BIS监测麻醉深度,每小时持续泵注丙泊酚(5~10 mg/kg)以维持麻醉深度(BIS值为40~60)。所有患儿保持自主呼吸,并通过面罩吸氧,氧流量为5 L/min。
由同一位经验丰富的麻醉医师在超声引导下实施肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。患儿取仰卧位,双臂自然置于体侧,肩下垫高,头转向非手术侧。术区常规消毒铺巾后,选用高频线阵探头。将超声探头(GE Venue 50;GE,Boston,Massachusetts,USA)涂抹无菌凝胶后套上无菌保护套。将探头长轴放在锁骨上方稍作调整,臂丛神经位于前斜角肌和中斜角肌之间。穿刺针从超声探头长轴外侧进针,保持针体与超声探头长轴平面一致。当针尖接触到神经时,注入少量生理盐水(<0.5 mL)以确认针尖穿透了筋膜,回抽无血后注入约一半的局部麻醉药,在注射过程中,可以在臂丛神经一侧观察到药物的扩散情况;随后将针稍作回退,调整角度,找到神经根之间的间隙,将针尖推进穿过神经束到臂丛神经的另一侧,注入剩余的药物(图2)。在神经阻滞20 min后,主刀医生钳夹患儿手术部位的皮肤以评估阻滞效果,确认无疼痛反应后开始手术。
皮肤切开前1 min测量的HR和血压被指定为基线值。阻滞成功基于以下3个标准且需同时满足:①阻滞20 min后夹捏切口部位皮肤时无明显回缩反射;②切皮及手术过程中无明显的有意识的肌肉运动;③切皮或手术过程中HR或血压的变化小于基线值的20%。如果出现以下3种情况之一,则认为阻滞失败:①阻滞20 min后夹捏皮肤时出现回缩反射;②切皮或手术过程中出现有意识的肌肉运动;③切皮或手术过程中HR或血压升高超过基线值的20%。
对于阻滞失败的病例,适当给予舒芬太尼和丙泊酚;对于有明显呼吸抑制的患儿,必要时加深麻醉,插入喉罩或气管插管以保持气道通畅。手术结束后,停止输注丙泊酚,将患儿转移至麻醉后复苏室(postanesthesia care unit,PACU)。当Steward评分≥4分且改良的东安大略儿童医院疼痛量表(modified Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale,mCHEOPS)评分<6分时,患儿方可离开。患儿返回病房后6、12 h进行术后随访,使用mCHEOPS评估疼痛程度[12]。同时,观察患儿不良反应,包括气胸、血管损伤、霍纳综合征、呼吸困难、神经损伤、恶心和呕吐。记录所有患儿的一般资料(包括年龄、体质量、性别等)、在指定时间点的生命体征、术后疼痛评分(mCHEOPS)、麻醉持续时间以及手术持续时间。
本研究采用双盲法。由同一位经验丰富的麻醉医师进行超声引导下的肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,研究协调员负责数据的收集记录,并将观察结果报告给研究设计者。受试者和研究者对受试者使用罗哌卡因的浓度均处于盲态。
通过等渗回归计算EC50,对于该结果的95%CI,使用重复2 000次的Bootstrap算法计算。EC95及其95%CI也通过等渗回归和Bootstrap算法进行估算。为了更准确起见,使用估计的μ3来表示达到目标效果(0.5)时的药物剂量。使用R 4.2.0软件包和SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以x¯±s表示,计数资料以例(%)表示,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学差异。
采用Dixon序贯法及等渗回归分析,确定容量为 0.5 mL/kg 的罗哌卡因用于超声引导下6~10岁儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,其EC50为0.091%(95%CI:0.077%~0.105%),EC95为0.117%(95%CI:0.110%~0.118%)。
在26名患儿中,阻滞成功有16例(61.5%),阻滞失败有10例(38.5%)。对比分析了成功病例和失败病例的人口统计学和手术特征,结果显示,在性别、年龄、体质量、手术部位、手术侧别、手术时间及麻醉时间等方面,差异均无统计学意义(表1)。
阻滞效果序贯图,见图3。在整个研究过程中,共有10名患儿未达到阻滞成功的标准。所有未达到阻滞成功标准的患儿在皮肤切开时生命体征出现了变化。其中6名患儿出现身体移动,1名患儿HR变化超过基线值的20%,3名患儿的血压变化超过基线值的20%。对于阻滞失败的患儿,采取了补救措施,确保阻滞失败患儿顺利完成手术。所有患儿术后疼痛评分(mCHEOPS)<6分,且未发生气胸、血管损伤、霍纳综合征等不良反应。
本研究用Dixon“上下序贯”法估算了容量为0.5 mL/kg的罗哌卡因用于超声引导下6~10岁儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50和EC95,分别为0.091%和0.117%,研究得出罗哌卡因用于特定年龄段儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞时的EC50,在临床工作和临床研究中具有一定的指导意义。
目前缺乏关于罗哌卡因用于儿童肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50的临床研究。孙岚等[18]对腋路臂丛神经阻滞进行了研究,采用Dixon序贯法得出1 mL/kg容量的罗哌卡因用于超声引导下3~6岁儿童腋路臂丛神经阻滞的EC50为0.128%,与本研究相比,臂丛神经阻滞的入路、年龄、使用的容量都不同,所以结果也存在差异。
一项大型回顾性队列研究提出年龄是神经阻滞失败的独立预测因子[3]。关于儿童局部麻醉药的药代动力学的研究强调了随着年龄的增长,罗哌卡因的血浆蛋白含量(如α-1酸性糖蛋白)、肝脏清除率(细胞色素P450)、分布容积以及心排量而随之改变[5,19],即年龄越小局部麻醉药清除率低、分布容积大、血液中游离局麻药多、高心排加速血管对组织中药物的吸收。众所周知,小儿神经系统发育不成熟,神经髓鞘尚未完全形成,局麻药扩散阻力降低,低浓度即可产生有效阻滞,在临床工作中使用浓度较成人低。有研究报道在2~14岁的儿童中,外周神经在所有测量部位的大小在14岁之前都会随着年龄的增长而呈现相对稳定的增加趋势[20]。局部麻醉药作用机制是阻止钠离子内流,阻止动作电位的产生,会先阻断表面积较大的小神经纤维的传导,然后再阻断较大神经纤维的神经冲动,张玲等[21]的研究提出大龄儿童由于神经纤维粗大,其神经纤维膜上钠离子通道较多,所以需要更多的局麻药与之结合,才能阻断神经冲动的传导。由于缺乏儿童相关研究,2篇关于成人超声引导下罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50,研究报告显示EC50分别为0.222%和0.196%[22-23],这与本研究结果EC50为0.091%存在较大差别,正如研究所述局麻药的阻滞浓度与神经粗细有关。因此,本研究根据儿童的发育特点,进行了年龄分层给药,选取了6~10岁年龄段儿童为研究对象。
由于儿童生长发育的个体差异性较大,神经阻滞时罗哌卡因的容量以mL/kg而非mL来计算。目前已有关于儿童其他入路的臂丛神经阻滞局麻药容量的研究[2,13],为了扩大阻滞范围,本研究针对肌间沟入路臂丛神经阻滞设计使用0.5 mL/kg容量的罗哌卡因。
肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞因其操作简单,位置表浅,常常用于上肢手术麻醉,尤为适合肥胖或不易合作的患儿,且不易引起气胸。但也存在以下缺点:①可出现尺神经阻滞不完全,所以本研究选择的手术部位不是尺神经支配区域。②可能出现血管及脊髓的损伤,在关于周围神经及筋膜间平面阻滞出血风险的实践指南:证据综述及专家共识中指出,虽然损伤的发生率低,但仍然存在,不过在超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中未发生这些情况[24];本研究中的神经阻滞均在超声引导下进行的,所以未出现血管损伤、血肿、脊髓损伤及全脊麻等并发症。③可能引起星状神经节、喉返神经和膈神经阻滞,出现霍纳综合征、声音嘶哑和呼吸困难等;局部麻醉药扩散并累及颈丛(星状神经节)和喉返神经,会导致霍纳综合征和声音嘶哑,霍纳综合征即上睑下垂、瞳孔缩小和无汗症[25]。研究表明当肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞为肩部手术提供足够的麻醉时,膈肌麻痹似乎是斜角肌间臂丛阻滞的不可避免的结果[26],KIM等[27]提出在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞期间进行选择性注射可以减少局部麻醉药的用量,可降低阻滞后膈肌麻痹的发生率。在本研究中,没有儿童在手术过程中或术后出现血氧饱和度下降或呼吸困难、声音嘶哑等情况,对这些现象的解释可能包括以下2点:①参与研究的患儿在手术前没有存在呼吸系统相关疾病;②本研究采用的是神经两侧注射方法,而非神经单侧一次性注入全部局麻药,可减少单侧局麻药的容量。
本研究的EC50未探讨剂量-持续时间关系,由于临床实际需求,比如术后镇痛泵的使用,使神经阻滞时效性的研究较难实施,这也是本研究的局限性之一。该研究估算的EC95不够准确,是根据EC50推算出来了的,通常采用有偏硬币设计的上下序贯方法直接测定EC95[15,28],该方法需要更多的样本量,直接测定的结果更精确,所以本研究的EC95结果仅供临床参考。研究表明除了局麻药的浓度外,药物的使用容量也会影响神经阻滞的效果[29],所以本研究仅代表0.5 mL/kg容量罗哌卡因的浓度,且儿童超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的有效容量也有待研究,所以在后续研究中需设计浓度-容量矩阵试验来优化试验方案,来区分浓度与容量对阻滞效果的独立影响。
肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞易出现尺神经阻滞不全,所以本研究的浓度只针对上肢非尺神经支配区域的手术,且为切皮开放性手术,对于有尺神经支配区域的手术和闭合手术的剂量有待进一步研究。本研究采用了全身静脉麻醉保留自主呼吸的方式,由于镇痛药物和镇静药物均会抑制呼吸,在气道管理方面存在局限性。虽然所有患儿未出现低氧血症,但是否存在低通气引起的高二氧化碳血症不能明确,因为未进行二氧化碳的监测,未来可以进一步优化,比如可以使用经皮二氧化碳监测仪监测二氧化碳水平[30]。
本研究结果仅代表了6~10岁年龄段儿童超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的EC50和EC95,对于其他年龄段或非超声引导下的有效浓度还需要进一步研究。本研究是单中心研究,而且超声引导下神经阻滞操作者是同一位经验丰富的麻醉医师,虽然减少了操作偏倚,但操作者对超声的使用及神经阻滞的经验对阻滞效果也会有一定的影响,所以未来需多中心研究来验证。
综上所述,本研究表明对6~10岁的儿童进行超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞时,用0.5 mL/kg容量的罗哌卡因,其EC50为0.091%,且有效地实现了神经阻滞,同时降低了局麻药的相关风险。

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2025年第47卷第21期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202507017
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-10-19
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    1重庆医科大学附属儿童医院麻醉科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿童神经发育与认知障碍重庆市重点实验室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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