Article(id=1322190655862985620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=1753027200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164417471, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1759161600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164417471, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164417471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164417471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190415911043621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='2145', pageEnd='2288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1759161600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164360263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164574764, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191316100960652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191316105154957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190415911043621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2197, endPage=2210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190656202724245, articleId=1322190655862985620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Saikosaponin A affects differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effect of Saikosaponin A (SSA) on the differentiation, apoptosis and function of mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM)-derived M1/M2 macrophages, and to explore its molecular mechanism.

Methods

BMDM was induced to differentiate into M1/M2 macrophages in vitro, and SSA was added at the same time: CCK-8 assay was used to detect the viability of BMDM and M1/M2 macrophages. The morphology of M1/M2 macrophages was observed by inverted fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry (FCM) and ELISA were used to detect the levels of surface markers and cytokines in M1/M2 macrophages. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α and arginase-1 (Arg-1). FCM was used to detect the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages to fluorescent microsphere particles. Immunofluorescence (IF) assay and Western blotting were used to detect the molecular mechanism of SSA regulating M1/M2 macrophages.

Results

No significant effect on viability of M1/M2 macrophages was observed at SSA concentration of 10.0 mg/L, and obvious inhibition was seen at a concentration of 15.0 mg/L (P<0.01). Treatment of 10.0 mg/L SSA induced obvious morphologic changes in M1/M2 macrophages, with M1 macrophages in irregular shape, a few having pseudopods, and some showing unclear boundaries; while some M2 macrophages presenting round or irregular (P<0.001) with unclear boundaries. SSA treatment also resulted in significantly decreased proportion of M1/M2 macrophages after BMDM differentiation (P<0.05), with reduced contents of IL-6 and TNF-α secreted by M1 macrophages and their mRNA levels (P<0.05), but increased secretion of Arg-1 and mRNA levels by M2 macrophages (P<0.05). SSA treatment also inhibited the phagocytosis ability of peritoneal macrophages to fluorescent microsphere particles (P<0.01) in a concentration-dependent manner. SSA decreased the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB (p-NF-κB) (P<0.01) and enhanced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (p-STAT6) in M2 macrophages (P<0.05).

Conclusion

SSA may affect the differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways.

, authors=Zhao CUI, Yating SHU, Fan LEI, Meiyu PENG, authorsList=Zhao CUI, Yating SHU, Fan LEI, Meiyu PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meiyu PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190660048901035, articleId=1322190655862985620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=柴胡皂苷A通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究柴胡皂苷A(saikosaponin A,SSA)对小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞(bone marrow derived macrophage,BMDM)M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化、凋亡和功能的影响,并探究其分子机制。

方法

体外诱导BMDM分别向M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化,并同时加入SSA处理后:CCK-8检测BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞的活性;倒置荧光显微镜观察M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态;流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)和ELISA法检测M1/M2型巨噬细胞表面标志物和细胞因子水平;实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,qPCR)检测IL-6、TNF-α、精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1,Arg-1)的mRNA水平;FCM检测腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球颗粒的能力;免疫组织荧光染色(immunofluorescence,IF)和Western blot检测SSA调控M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分子机制。

结果

SSA浓度在10.0 mg/L范围内对细胞活性无明显影响,SSA浓度15.0 mg/L时,M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性均受到明显抑制(P<0.01);10.0 mg/L SSA处理后的M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态发生变化,M1型巨噬细胞出现纺锤状或不规则形,少数细胞具有伪足,部分细胞边界不清;M2型巨噬细胞部分变为类圆形或者不规则形(P<0.001),边界不清楚。SSA处理后BMDM分化为M1/M2型巨噬细胞的比例均显著降低(P<0.05),且M1型巨噬细胞分泌IL-6、TNF-α的水平和其mRNA水平均显著降低(P<0.05),但M2型巨噬细胞分泌Arg-1和其mRNA水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。SSA可降低腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球颗粒的能力(P<0.01),且具有浓度依赖性。SSA可降低M1型巨噬细胞磷酸化核转录因子-κB(phosphorylation of NF-kappaB,p-NF-κB)(P<0.01),提高M2型巨噬细胞磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子6(phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6,p-STAT6)(P<0.05)。

结论

SSA可能通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路来影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能。

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彭美玉,E-mail:
PENG Meiyu,E-mail:
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Cell Death Differ,2023,30(8):2005-2016., articleTitle=TRAF3/STAT6 axis regulates macrophage polarization and tumor progression, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190660459942828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190660472525741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, companyId=1322190660459942828, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Diseases Research in University of Shandong Province,School of Basic Medical Science,Shandong Second Medical University,Weifang,Shandong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190660489302958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, companyId=1322190660459942828, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东第二医科大学,山东省高等学校免疫微环境与炎症性疾病研究特色实验室,山东 潍坊)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190668814996431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of SSA on the viability of BMDM and M1/M2 macrophages (n=5, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=KzQk2S0p291H0pOx/tW6Dw==, figureFileBig=VtmadoNZsVFO01X2z43Wpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190668886299600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SSA对BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性的影响 (n=5, x¯±s)

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.001,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group. A:Effect of SSA on BMDM activity; B:Effect of SSA on M1 macrophage viability; C:Effect of SSA on M2 macrophage viability

, figureFileSmall=KzQk2S0p291H0pOx/tW6Dw==, figureFileBig=VtmadoNZsVFO01X2z43Wpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669184095185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of SSA on the morphology of M1/M2 macrophages (n=5, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=1Y1AdGX4LfwdDqkMCKICVQ==, figureFileBig=VHuWgSrl9fKcWZVgrQrKmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669284758482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SSA对M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态的影响 (n=5, x¯±s)

a:P<0.001,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group. A:BMDM,M1 macrophages,M1 macrophages after SSA treatment; B:Proportion of irregular cells in M1 macrophage before and after SSA treatment; C:Proportion of spindle cells in M2 macrophage before and after SSA treatment

, figureFileSmall=1Y1AdGX4LfwdDqkMCKICVQ==, figureFileBig=VHuWgSrl9fKcWZVgrQrKmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669364450259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of SSA on differentiation of M1 macrophages (n=6, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=+YWnmeIGbJHWvVPWQ3dnOA==, figureFileBig=HgH3h34/VSSTsYfbelPNvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669435753428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SSA对M1型巨噬细胞分化的影响 (n=6, x¯±s)

A:Gating strategy of macrophage:Exclude doublets; F4/80 and CD11b co-marked the BMDM population; B:typical flow cytometry of M1 macrophage marker CD86; C:typical flow cytometry of M1 macrophage marker MHC-Ⅱ; D:percentage of CD86 expression in BMDM; E:percentage of MHC-Ⅱ. expression in BMDM. a:P<0.001,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group

, figureFileSmall=+YWnmeIGbJHWvVPWQ3dnOA==, figureFileBig=HgH3h34/VSSTsYfbelPNvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669507056597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of SSA on differentiation of M2 macrophages, figureFileSmall=8zBBM3jD5gJyhDw1CxPcmQ==, figureFileBig=VLmXLdkmnd14idDeyD1stA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669666440150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SSA对M2型巨噬细胞分化的影响

A:Gating strategy of M2 macrophage:Exclude doublets; The BMDM population was gated by F4/80 and CD11b co-markers; B:Typical flow cytometry of M2 macrophage marker CD206; C:typical flow cytometry of M2 macrophage marker CD163; D:percentage of CD206 expression in BMDM (n=6,x¯±s); E:Percentage of CD163 expression in BMDM (n=5,x¯±s). a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group

, figureFileSmall=8zBBM3jD5gJyhDw1CxPcmQ==, figureFileBig=VLmXLdkmnd14idDeyD1stA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669750326231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of SSA on M1 macrophage function, figureFileSmall=C6Bkn3lJhLj3n2MiOLND1g==, figureFileBig=IHtbtxpDU/eIYQkIWnwQMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190669821629400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SSA对M1型巨噬细胞功能的影响

A:Typical flow cytometry diagram of M1 macrophage secreting TNF-α; B:Percentage of TNF-α secreted by M1 macrophages (n=6,x¯±s); C:mRNA expression level of TNF-α in M1 macrophages (n=5,x¯±s); D:Expression level of IL-6 secreted by M1 macrophages (n=5,x¯±s); E:mRNA expression level of IL-6 in M1 macrophages (n=5,x¯±s). a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01 ,c:P<0.001,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group

, figureFileSmall=C6Bkn3lJhLj3n2MiOLND1g==, figureFileBig=IHtbtxpDU/eIYQkIWnwQMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190670039733209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of SSA on M2 macrophage function, figureFileSmall=xUVXwfkY/QEq7FLfe0+3WA==, figureFileBig=hGZcvmeYK0oKm8XjPCyCwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190670102647770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SSA对M2型巨噬细胞功能的影响

A:Typical flow cytometry diagram of M2 macrophage secreting Arg-1; B:MFI secreted by M2 macrophages (n=6,x¯±s); C:mRNA expression level of Arg-1 in M2 macrophages(n=4,x¯±s). a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group

, figureFileSmall=xUVXwfkY/QEq7FLfe0+3WA==, figureFileBig=hGZcvmeYK0oKm8XjPCyCwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190670173950939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of SSA on phagocytic granule function in peritoneal macrophages (n=5, x¯±s), figureFileSmall=mqH/Kn7DNoIG9pCZuYJsrg==, figureFileBig=3+OztUDloJK6HCZRNjYDRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190670232671196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SSA对腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬颗粒功能的影响 (n=5, x¯±s)

A:Typical flow cytometry representation of peritoneal macrophages engulfing FITC fluorescent microspheres; B:Percentage of peritoneal macrophages engulfing fluorescent microspheres. a:P<0.01,b:P<0.001,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group

, figureFileSmall=mqH/Kn7DNoIG9pCZuYJsrg==, figureFileBig=3+OztUDloJK6HCZRNjYDRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190671885226973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of SSA on M1 macrophage p-p65, figureFileSmall=IqiyBu5dXGUVfZynxUUtUQ==, figureFileBig=lhcvdfTxNWBFQw9+xouf/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190671960724446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图8, caption=SSA对M1型巨噬细胞p-p65的影响

A:Typical fluorescence representation of M1 macrophage p-p65

, figureFileSmall=IqiyBu5dXGUVfZynxUUtUQ==, figureFileBig=lhcvdfTxNWBFQw9+xouf/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190672019444704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 8(continued), caption=Effect of SSA on M1 macrophage p-p65, figureFileSmall=WvN6T8eq1ImtlET3Wb1YBg==, figureFileBig=iwHL3J0rbPTRbwTPQsk9TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190672099136482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=续图8, caption=SSA对M1型巨噬细胞p-p65的影响

B:Positive area of p-p65 in M1 macrophages (n=4, x¯±s); C:Typical Western blot representative diagram of M1 macrophage p-p65; D:Expression level of p-p65 phosphorylation in M1 macrophages (n=5, x¯±s). a:P<0.01,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group

, figureFileSmall=WvN6T8eq1ImtlET3Wb1YBg==, figureFileBig=iwHL3J0rbPTRbwTPQsk9TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190672187216867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Effect of SSA on p-STAT6 in M2 macrophages, figureFileSmall=bcoKODV9ilWT19f3Q+IF8A==, figureFileBig=UfFz48G6OajtOKrkWzHMvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190672250131428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=图9, caption=SSA对M2型巨噬细胞p-STAT6的影响

A:Typical fluorescence representation of p-STAT6 in M2 macrophages; B:Positive area of p-STAT6 in M2 macrophages (n=5,x¯±s); C:Typical Western blot representative diagram of p-STAT6 in M2 macrophages; D:Expression level of STAT6 phosphorylation in M2 macrophages (n=5, x¯±s). a:P<0.05,b:P<0.001,compared with the 0 mg/L SSA group

, figureFileSmall=bcoKODV9ilWT19f3Q+IF8A==, figureFileBig=UfFz48G6OajtOKrkWzHMvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190672304657381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences of target genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerUp/Down StreamSequences(5′→3′)
GAPDHUpstreamTGTCTCCTGCGACTTCAACA
DownstreamGGTGGTCCAGGGTTTCTTACT
IL-6UpstreamCTTCTTGGGACTGATGCTGGT
DownstreamCTCTGTGAAGTCTCCTCTCCG
TNF-αUpstreamAGCCGATGGGTTGTACCTTG
DownstreamATAGCAAATCGGCTGACGGT
Arg-1UpstreamTGTCCCTAATGACAGCTCCTT
DownstreamGCATCCACCCAAATGACACAT
IL-10UpstreamGCTCTTGCACTACCAAAGCC
DownstreamCTGCTGATCCTCATGCCAGT
), ArticleFig(id=1322190672405320678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190655862985620, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目的基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerUp/Down StreamSequences(5′→3′)
GAPDHUpstreamTGTCTCCTGCGACTTCAACA
DownstreamGGTGGTCCAGGGTTTCTTACT
IL-6UpstreamCTTCTTGGGACTGATGCTGGT
DownstreamCTCTGTGAAGTCTCCTCTCCG
TNF-αUpstreamAGCCGATGGGTTGTACCTTG
DownstreamATAGCAAATCGGCTGACGGT
Arg-1UpstreamTGTCCCTAATGACAGCTCCTT
DownstreamGCATCCACCCAAATGACACAT
IL-10UpstreamGCTCTTGCACTACCAAAGCC
DownstreamCTGCTGATCCTCATGCCAGT
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柴胡皂苷A通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能
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崔昭 , 束雅婷 , 雷凡 , 彭美玉
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(18): 2197-2210
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (18) : 2197 -2210
柴胡皂苷A通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能
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崔昭, 束雅婷, 雷凡, 彭美玉
作者信息
  • 1山东第二医科大学,山东省高等学校免疫微环境与炎症性疾病研究特色实验室,山东 潍坊
通讯作者:
彭美玉,E-mail:
PENG Meiyu,E-mail:
Saikosaponin A affects differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways
Zhao CUI, Yating SHU, Fan LEI, Meiyu PENG
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Diseases Research in University of Shandong Province,School of Basic Medical Science,Shandong Second Medical University,Weifang,Shandong,China
出版时间: 2025-09-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038
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目的

研究柴胡皂苷A(saikosaponin A,SSA)对小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞(bone marrow derived macrophage,BMDM)M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化、凋亡和功能的影响,并探究其分子机制。

方法

体外诱导BMDM分别向M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化,并同时加入SSA处理后:CCK-8检测BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞的活性;倒置荧光显微镜观察M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态;流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)和ELISA法检测M1/M2型巨噬细胞表面标志物和细胞因子水平;实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,qPCR)检测IL-6、TNF-α、精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1,Arg-1)的mRNA水平;FCM检测腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球颗粒的能力;免疫组织荧光染色(immunofluorescence,IF)和Western blot检测SSA调控M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分子机制。

结果

SSA浓度在10.0 mg/L范围内对细胞活性无明显影响,SSA浓度15.0 mg/L时,M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性均受到明显抑制(P<0.01);10.0 mg/L SSA处理后的M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态发生变化,M1型巨噬细胞出现纺锤状或不规则形,少数细胞具有伪足,部分细胞边界不清;M2型巨噬细胞部分变为类圆形或者不规则形(P<0.001),边界不清楚。SSA处理后BMDM分化为M1/M2型巨噬细胞的比例均显著降低(P<0.05),且M1型巨噬细胞分泌IL-6、TNF-α的水平和其mRNA水平均显著降低(P<0.05),但M2型巨噬细胞分泌Arg-1和其mRNA水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。SSA可降低腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球颗粒的能力(P<0.01),且具有浓度依赖性。SSA可降低M1型巨噬细胞磷酸化核转录因子-κB(phosphorylation of NF-kappaB,p-NF-κB)(P<0.01),提高M2型巨噬细胞磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子6(phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6,p-STAT6)(P<0.05)。

结论

SSA可能通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路来影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能。

柴胡皂苷A  /  骨髓源性巨噬细胞  /  细胞分化  /  核因子-κB  /  信号转导和转录激活子6
Objective

To investigate the effect of Saikosaponin A (SSA) on the differentiation, apoptosis and function of mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM)-derived M1/M2 macrophages, and to explore its molecular mechanism.

Methods

BMDM was induced to differentiate into M1/M2 macrophages in vitro, and SSA was added at the same time: CCK-8 assay was used to detect the viability of BMDM and M1/M2 macrophages. The morphology of M1/M2 macrophages was observed by inverted fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry (FCM) and ELISA were used to detect the levels of surface markers and cytokines in M1/M2 macrophages. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α and arginase-1 (Arg-1). FCM was used to detect the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages to fluorescent microsphere particles. Immunofluorescence (IF) assay and Western blotting were used to detect the molecular mechanism of SSA regulating M1/M2 macrophages.

Results

No significant effect on viability of M1/M2 macrophages was observed at SSA concentration of 10.0 mg/L, and obvious inhibition was seen at a concentration of 15.0 mg/L (P<0.01). Treatment of 10.0 mg/L SSA induced obvious morphologic changes in M1/M2 macrophages, with M1 macrophages in irregular shape, a few having pseudopods, and some showing unclear boundaries; while some M2 macrophages presenting round or irregular (P<0.001) with unclear boundaries. SSA treatment also resulted in significantly decreased proportion of M1/M2 macrophages after BMDM differentiation (P<0.05), with reduced contents of IL-6 and TNF-α secreted by M1 macrophages and their mRNA levels (P<0.05), but increased secretion of Arg-1 and mRNA levels by M2 macrophages (P<0.05). SSA treatment also inhibited the phagocytosis ability of peritoneal macrophages to fluorescent microsphere particles (P<0.01) in a concentration-dependent manner. SSA decreased the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB (p-NF-κB) (P<0.01) and enhanced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (p-STAT6) in M2 macrophages (P<0.05).

Conclusion

SSA may affect the differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways.

saikosaponin A  /  bone marrow derived macrophages  /  cell differentiation  /  NF-κB  /  signal transducer and activator of transcription 6
崔昭, 束雅婷, 雷凡, 彭美玉. 柴胡皂苷A通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2197 -2210 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038
Zhao CUI, Yating SHU, Fan LEI, Meiyu PENG. Saikosaponin A affects differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (18) : 2197 -2210 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038
柴胡是一种传统的中草药,用于治疗感染性和炎性疾病已有2 000多年的历史[1]。柴胡中含有丰富的皂苷、挥发油、多糖、木脂素、黄酮等生物化学成分[2]。柴胡皂苷是其主要活性成分,目前已经从柴胡根中分离出多种皂苷类单体,较常见的有柴胡皂苷A(saikosaponin A,SSA)、柴胡皂苷B(saikosaponin B,SSB)和柴胡皂苷D(saikosaponin D,SSD)等[3]。SSA是从中药柴胡中提取的主要有效成分之一,它具有多种药理活性,包括抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤和抗氧化应激等作用[4]。
多项研究表明,SSA可通过特定的信号通路直接抑制促炎细胞因子的表达和调节炎症反应。如,SSA可通过激活肝X受体-α(liver X receptor-α,LXR-α)信号传导抑制骨关节炎软骨细胞中IL-1β诱导的炎症反应[5],并通过抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4 ,TLR4)的激活,抑制LPS诱导的活性氧、TNF-α和IL-8的产生[6]。研究表明,SSA除了对促炎介质的表达具有调节作用外,还可通过调节不同类型的免疫细胞,尤其是T淋巴细胞发挥免疫调节作用,如SSA、SSB和SSD可调节免疫应答和Th1、Th2的比例,促进免疫抑制介质(包括IL-4、IL-10)的产生,抑制促免疫介质(如脾细胞中IFN-γ和TNF-α)的表达[7]。但也有报道,SSA可显著抑制T细胞的活化、增殖和刀豆蛋白刺激的IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α的产生[8]。
有研究证明,SSA对巨噬细胞也具有调节作用。在LPS 刺激小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW 264.7构建的炎症模型中发现,SSA可显著降低促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达,而抗炎性细胞因子IL-10的表达显著升高[9]。其他研究也证实了SSA会降低小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW 264.7促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6的表达,并且降低其诱导型一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶-2的表达[10]。另外,SSA可显著抑制大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞前列腺素E2的合成和花生四烯酸的释放[11]。
巨噬细胞是一类具有可塑性的细胞群体,在体内外不同微环境的影响下,表现出明显的功能和表型差异。根据其活化状态和功能的不同,巨噬细胞主要分为M1型即经典活化的巨噬细胞和M2型即替代活化的巨噬细胞[12]。M1型巨噬细胞一般表达CD80、CD86和主要组织相容复合物Ⅱ(major histocompatibility complex Ⅱ,MHC-Ⅱ)等分子,并且能够分泌促炎相关因子而促进炎症反应,如IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α等[13]。M2型巨噬细胞主要表达CD206、CD163等[14] ,CD206是一种甘露糖受体(mannose receptor,MR),可表达于M2型巨噬细胞表面,参与识别和吞噬糖残基相关的病原体或颗粒物。与M1型巨噬细胞相反,M2型巨噬细胞能够产生抗炎细胞因子,如IL-10、转化生长因子-β、精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1,Arg-1)等,抵抗炎症反应并修复受损组织[15]。
目前SSA对M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化是否具有调控作用未见报道,因此本研究用体外骨髓源性巨噬细胞(bone marrow derived macrophage,BMDM)诱导分化为M1/M2型巨噬细胞的过程中,加入SSA处理并检测SSA对M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化及其功能的影响,并探索其分子机制。以期能为SSA临床应用提供实验依据,体现天然产物的重要价值。
SPF级雌性C57BL/6J小鼠(6~8周,20~22 g)购自山东第二医科大学实验动物中心,饲养于IVC实验动物房(24 ℃,30%湿度,12 h/12 h光暗循环)。所有实验经山东第二医科大学动物伦理委员会批准(2023SDL268)。
LPS、SSA、小鼠IL-6 ELISA试剂盒、CCK-8试剂盒、钙离子霉素、莫能霉素、PMA购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;抗鼠PE/Cyanine7-CD163抗体、抗鼠Brilliant Violet 421TM-I-A/I-E 抗体、固定缓冲液、胞内染色通透洗涤缓冲液(10x)、抗鼠FITC-CD11b抗体、抗鼠Brilliant Violet 421TM-TNF-α抗体、抗鼠PE/Cyanine7 Rat IgG2a,κ 同型对照(isotype Control,ISO)抗体、抗鼠Brilliant Violet 421TM Mouse IgG2a κ ISO抗体购自美国Biolegend公司;磷酸化核转录因子-κB(phosphorylation of NF-kappaB,p-NF-κB)p65抗体、STAT6(D3H4)抗体、NF-κB p65抗体、磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子6(phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6,p-STAT6)GAPDH(14C10)抗体、p-STAT6(y641) Rabbit mAb抗体购自美国cell signaling公司;抗鼠Alexa Fluor 647 Rat-CD206抗体、抗鼠Brilliant Violet 421TM Rat IgG1 κ ISO抗体、抗鼠PE Ra-F4/80抗体、抗鼠PE Rat-CD86抗体、抗鼠Alexa Fluor 647 Rat IgG2a κ 抗体、抗鼠Brilliant Violet 421TM Rat IgG1 κ ISO抗体、抗鼠Alexa Fluor 647 Rat IgG2a κ ISO抗体、抗鼠PE Rat Rat IgG2a κ ISO抗体购自美国BD公司;DMEM培养基、RPMI 1640培养基购自美国Gibco公司。
CO₂窒息处死小鼠,收集股骨和胫骨、骨髓细胞,加入终浓度为20 ng/mL M-CSF培养,每3天半量换液,第6天获得BMDM。获得的BMDM同时分别加入含终浓度为100 ng/mL的LPS使BMDM向M1型巨噬细胞分化和20 ng/mL的重组小鼠IL-4向M2型巨噬细胞分化,并加入不同浓度的SSA(0、2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/L)孵育18 h。
小鼠腹腔注射2 mL巯基乙酸盐溶液诱导巨噬细胞,3 d后,CO₂窒息处死小鼠,收集腹腔细胞,培养板内孵育2 h后洗去悬浮细胞,获取腹腔巨噬细胞。并加入不同浓度的SSA(0、2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/L)孵育18 h。
将BMDM接种96孔板,每孔4×10⁵/mL,分别用100 ng/mL的LPS诱导M1分化或20 ng/mL的IL-4向M2分化,同时加入不同浓度SSA(0、2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0 mg/L)孵育18 h,PBS清洗后加入CCK-8孵育2 h,450 nm测吸光度[A(450)值],计算细胞活力。
按照1.3.1描述的方法获取小鼠BMDM。第6 天,置于倒置荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态。拍照结束后,按照1.3.1描述的方法诱导BMDM向M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化,并加入SSA(10.0 mg/mL)孵育18 h后观察细胞形态。
按照1.3.1描述的方法诱导BMDM向M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化,并同进加入SSA(0、2.5、5.0、10.0 mg/L)孵育18 h后,收集细胞加入抗鼠CD16/32抗体封闭。M1型巨噬细胞中加入抗鼠FITC-CD11b 抗体、抗鼠PE-F4/80抗体、抗鼠PE-CD86抗体及其ISO、抗鼠Bv421-MHC-Ⅱ抗体及其ISO; M2型巨噬细胞中加入抗鼠FITC-CD11b 抗体、抗鼠PE-F4/80抗体、抗鼠PE/Cyanine7-CD163抗体及其ISO,4 ℃避光孵育30 min。M2型巨噬细胞上述3个抗体染色完毕后,加入固定缓冲液,室温避光孵育20 min。加入1×胞内染色通透洗涤缓冲液,400×g,离心10 min,重复2次。再次加入抗鼠CD16/32抗体封闭后,加入抗鼠AF647-CD206抗体及其ISO,4 ℃避光孵育30 min。FCM获取细胞,用FlowJo7.6软件进行分析。
收集M1/M2型巨噬细胞培养上清,4 ℃,1 000×g离心10 min,按试剂盒操作检测IL-6,450 nm及630 nm双波长读值。
按照上述1.3.2中方法提取腹腔巨噬细胞。孵育18 h后加入0.5 μL FITC-荧光微球,孵育2 h后收集细胞,FCM获取细胞,用FlowJo 7.6软件进行分析。
Trizol裂解液提取细胞总RNA,并按照每个样本2 000 ng RNA的量逆转录为cDNA,逆转录设置参数为65 ℃,5 min,停止继续加样,42 ℃,60 min;70 ℃,5 min反应终止。随后进行扩增反应,反应总体系为20 μL; 2× TB Green Permix 10 μL,cDNA 2 μL,上下游引物各0.8 μL,去离子水6.4 μL。将反应体系配好混匀后,将8连管放入罗氏Light Cycler 480荧光定量 PCR 仪中,按说明书步骤设置反应程序。反应条件设置为:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s;60 ℃退火30 s,各40个循环。40 ℃,储存。进行扩增实验,运行结束之后将结果保存。实验所得数据则按照2-ΔΔCt法进行计算,并进行统计学分析。RT-qPCR实验所涉及的上下游引物序列见表1。
将细胞铺在加入无菌爬片的24孔细胞培养板中。加入SSA孵育18 h后,吸出孔板中的培养基,每孔中加入1 mL 4%的多聚甲醛,室温固定15 min。弃去多聚甲醛,每孔加入1 mL 1xPBS置于摇床上清洗3次,5 min/次。弃去PBS,每孔加入1 mL甲醇,-20℃孵育10 min。然后弃去甲醇,用PBS置于摇床上清洗5 min。封闭:加入200 μL封闭缓冲液,室温摇床孵育60 min。一抗孵育:M1型巨噬细胞爬片加抗F4/80抗体和抗p-NF-κB p65抗体;M2型巨噬细胞爬片加抗F4/80抗体和抗p-STAT6抗体,4 ℃孵育过夜。二抗孵育:室温摇床孵育30 min,吸出一抗,加入1x PBS置于摇床上洗3次,5 min/次。加入荧光二抗,室温摇床避光孵育1 h。吸出二抗,加入DAPI室温孵育10 min,洗涤3次,将爬片细胞面缓慢倒扣于封片剂上,静置10 min,用指甲油固定。拿到荧光显微镜下拍照,用Image J分析。
RIPA裂解液从细胞中提取总蛋白,BCA法定量后将蛋白统一定量。100 ℃煮10 min使蛋白质变性。在SDS-PAGE 凝胶中按蛋白量为30 μg 进行加样,进行电泳分离,浓缩胶恒压80 V,分离胶恒压120 V。使样品跑至凝胶底部。随后在恒定电流210 mA、75 min 条件下转膜75 min,将蛋白转至PVDF膜上。5%BSA常温摇床上封闭1.5 h。封闭后将膜进行相应的一抗孵育或GAPDH抗体中,4 ℃过夜孵育。洗涤后进行相应二抗室温孵育2 h洗涤后在化学发光仪上曝光。利用Image J软件对图像进行分析,并计算目的蛋白的相对表达量。
用GraphPad Prism 8.0,FlowJo 7.6.1软件进行统计分析,数据均以x¯±s表示,符合正态分布数据2组样本间均数差异比较采用t检验,不符合正态分布采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。
为了排除SSA药物毒性作用对BMDM以及BMDM诱导为M1/M2型巨噬细胞的影响,本研究首先使用 CCK-8 实验测量了不同浓度的SSA对BMDM以及M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性的影响。结果发现,与未处理组相比,SSA在0~10.0 mg/L时,对BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞均无明显毒性作用,但SSA浓度为15.0 mg/L时,BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性均明显下降(图1)。以上结果表明SSA在一定浓度(0~10.0 mg/L)下不会影响BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性,但当浓度达到15.0 mg/L时,就会对BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞产生毒性作用。因此本研究后续实验选择了10.0 mg/L作为最佳浓度检测SSA对巨噬细胞细胞形态、细胞因子浓度以及分子机制的影响。
研究发现20 ng/mL M-CSF诱导6 d的BMDM的形态多呈圆形,少量有伪足,形态均一。加入LPS诱导BMDM分化的M1型巨噬细胞大多呈类圆形、煎蛋形,边界较为清楚。但加入10.0 mg/L SSA处理的M1型巨噬细胞的形态发生变化:包括细胞大多变为纺锤状或不规则,少数细胞具有伪足,部分细胞边界不清(图2A);其中,与未加SSA处理的M1型巨噬细胞对照组相比,10.0 mg/L SSA组M1型巨噬细胞中不规则细胞所占比例显著上升(P<0.001,图2B)。加入IL-4诱导BMDM分化的M2型巨噬细胞为长梭形,有较长的伪足,边界较为清楚。但加入10.0 mg/L SSA处理组的M2型巨噬细胞形态发生变化:包括部分细胞变成类圆形或者不规则状,部分细胞边界不清(图2A)。其中,与未加SSA处理组相比,10.0 mg/L SSA组M2型巨噬细胞中梭形细胞所占比例显著下降(P<0.001,图2C)。以上结果表明SSA对M1/M2型巨噬细胞的形态有一定的影响。
中药成分可通过调控巨噬细胞的分化而影响巨噬细胞各方面的功能,因此本研究接下来检测了SSA对BMDM分化的M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化比例的影响。首先用M-CSF将骨髓细胞诱导为BMDM,然后将获得的BMDM同时分别加入LPS诱导BMDM向M1型巨噬细胞分化和重组小鼠IL-4诱导BMDM向M2型巨噬细胞分化,在此过程中加入不同浓度的SSA孵育18 h。巨噬细胞检测标志物为F4/80+CD11b+,M1型巨噬细胞检测标志为F4/80+CD11b+CD86+和F4/80+CD11b+MHC-Ⅱ+,M2型巨噬细胞检测标志为F4/80+CD11b+CD163+和F4/80+CD11b+CD206+。结果发现,与0 mg/L组相比,2.5、5.0和10.0 mg/L SSA组M1型巨噬细胞CD86表达(图3B、D)和MHC-Ⅱ表达(图3C、E)均显著下降(P<0.001),并随药物浓度的升高呈现出更显著的效果。同样地,与未加SSA处理的0 mg/L组相比,2.5、5.0和10.0 mg/L SSA组M2型巨噬细胞CD206表达(图4B、D)和CD163表达(图4C、E)均显著下降(P<0.001),并随药物浓度的升高呈现出更显著的效果。以上结果表明,SSA在体外可以降低M1型巨噬细胞、M2型巨噬细胞分化的比例,并呈浓度依赖性。
M1型巨噬细胞在免疫反应中主要发挥促炎作用,其分泌的TNF-α和IL-6是炎症反应的关键介质;M2型巨噬细胞分泌的Arg-1在抑制炎症和促进组织修复中起重要作用。结合上述实验表明SSA会对M1/M2型巨噬细胞表面标记物的表达产生影响,本研究也检测了SSA对M1/M2型巨噬细胞分泌细胞因子的影响。与0 mg/L组相比,5.0和10.0 mg/L SSA组M1型巨噬细胞TNF-α的表达(图5A、B)和IL-6的表达(图5D)均显著下降(P<0.05),并随药物浓度的升高呈现出更显著的效果。同样地,与0 mg/L组相比,10.0 mg/L SSA组M1型巨噬细胞中TNF-α mRNA水平(图5C)和IL-6 mRNA水平(图5E)也均显著下降(P<0.01)。但相反地,与0 mg/L相比,2.5、5.0和10.0 mg/L SSA组M2型巨噬细胞Arg-1的MFI却显著上升(图6A、B,P<0.05)。同样地,10 mg/L SSA组M2型巨噬细胞中Arg-1 的mRNA水平也显著上升(图6C,P<0.05)。以上结果表明,SSA可降低M1型巨噬细胞分泌的促炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的表达,但可上调M2型巨噬细胞Arg-1的表达,且具有明显的浓度依赖性。
因本研究以上结果发现:SSA可降低M1型巨噬细胞CD206的表达。因此本研究采用FCM检测了SSA对巨噬细胞吞噬颗粒功能的影响。结果显示,与0 mg/L相比,加入5.0和10.0 mg/L SSA组腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬荧光微球的能力均显著下降(图7),并随药物浓度的升高呈现出更显著的效果。以上结果表明SSA会降低腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬颗粒的功能,并呈浓度依赖性。
NF-κB的激活导致炎症相关的许多基因转录,包括IL-6、TNF-α等。本研究IF(图8A、B)和Western blot(图8C、D)结果均显示,与0 mg/L组相比,10.0 mg/L SSA组M1型巨噬细胞中NF-κB的磷酸化水平显著下降(P<0.01)。STAT6可以诱导M2型巨噬细胞Arg-1和IL-10的表达,抑制促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-6)的产生,从而减轻炎症反应。IF发现,本研究IF(图9A、B)和Western blot(图9C、D)结果均显示,与0 mg/L组相比,10.0 mg/L SSA组M2型巨噬细胞中STAT6的磷酸化水平显著上升(图9A、B,P<0.05)。以上结果表明,SSA可通过抑制NF-κB的磷酸化和上调STAT6的磷酸化分别影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能。
皂苷是一类结构多样的两亲性化合物,广泛提取于常用的中草药植物中。SSA对细胞的影响由细胞的种类和药物浓度共同作用。研究表明,存在或不存在1 mg/L LPS的情况下,SSA在0~20 μmol/L浓度内对人血管内皮细胞无明显毒性作用[6]。也有研究发现3.125 µmol/L和6.250 µmol/L的SSA对LPS刺激的RAW 264.7细胞没有毒性,但是SSA浓度升高到12.5~100.0 µmol/L时,可显著降低LPS刺激的RAW 264.7细胞活力[9]。这些结果证明在一定浓度范围内,低浓度的SSA没有细胞毒性。本研究发现2.5~10.0 mg/L的SSA不影响BMDM、BMDM诱导的M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性,而高浓度(15.0 mg/L)的SSA会抑制BMDM、M1、M2型巨噬细胞的活性。这提示SSA的使用需要控制在安全有效的浓度范围内。
中药成分可以通过影响巨噬细胞的形态而发挥免疫调节功能。研究表明,木犀草素可以使RAW264.7细胞分化的M1型巨噬细胞体积变小,细胞质中颗粒和空泡水平增多,凋亡小体出现[16]。当归多糖可以减少RAW 264.7巨噬细胞分化的M1型巨噬细胞的伪足数量和长度,使细胞呈现多角形[17]。另有研究表明当归多糖会使BMDM诱导的M2型巨噬细胞由大多呈梭形且有伪足变为大多为类圆形或不规则且少数细胞有伪足[18]。本研究发现SSA处理显著改变了M1型和M2型巨噬细胞的形态特征。
10 mg/L的SSA使部分M1型巨噬细胞从类圆形或煎蛋状转变为纺锤状或不规则形态,部分细胞边界不清。这种形态变化提示SSA可能影响细胞骨架的重排或细胞外基质的相互作用[19]。因为巨噬细胞的形态与其功能密切相关,纺锤状或不规则形态可能反映了细胞迁移能力的增强或炎症反应的减弱[19]。有研究发现在M1型极化状态下,巨噬细胞伪足数量显著增加,呈现阿米巴样形态,这种结构特征使其能高效捕捉病原体并分泌促炎因子(如 TNF-α、IL-1β)[20],而本研究发现SSA处理后,M1型巨噬细胞伪足数量减少,这与SSA可减少M1型巨噬细胞促炎细胞因子的分泌结果一致。
研究表明细胞伸长本身就会导致 M2 表型标志物的表达,并减少炎症细胞因子的分泌[21]。本研究发现10 mg/L的SSA可使部分M2型巨噬细胞由基本长梭形转变为类圆形或不规则形态。这种形态变化提示SSA对M2型巨噬细胞的形态变化可能与降低M2型巨噬细胞的标记物,并升高Arg-1的分泌有关。
因此,可推测SSA对M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态的影响可能与SSA对其炎症功能的影响相关,这为后续研究SSA在炎症性疾病中的应用提供了线索。但其详细机制还需要进一步探讨。
巨噬细胞是一类具有可塑性的细胞群体,在体内外不同的微环境包括代谢产物、营养物质、免疫调节因子和病原微生物的代谢产物等的影响下,表现出明显的功能和表型差异[22]。根据其活化状态和功能的不同,巨噬细胞主要可分为M1型即经典活化的巨噬细胞和M2型即替代活化的巨噬细胞。M1型巨噬细胞一般表达CD80、CD86、iNOS和MHC-Ⅱ等分子;M2型巨噬细胞则会表达CD206、CD163等分子[23]。有研究发现SSD会降低树突状细胞CD80和CD86分子的表达情况[24]。本研究发现,SSA降低了M1型巨噬细胞表面标志CD86、MHC-Ⅱ分子的表达,且随着SSA浓度的增加而增强。这也可提示,SSA可能通过抑制M1型巨噬细胞分化的数量,从而在炎症疾病中发挥抗炎作用。
M2型巨噬细胞可通过分泌的Arg-1参与抗炎反应和组织修复,其标志物CD206和CD163的表达反映了巨噬细胞的抗炎能力和组织修复能力[25]。本研究发现,SSA降低了M2型巨噬细胞表面标志物CD206、CD163分子的表达,且随着SSA浓度的增加而增强。但奇怪的是,SSA却升高了M2型巨噬细胞分泌Arg-1的能力。这些结果表明,SSA对M2型巨噬细胞分化的调控具有双向性,一方面SSA可抑制M2型巨噬细胞表面分子的表达和分化的数量起到减低其抗炎作用和组织修复的效果,另一方面可通过升高分泌Arg-1的水平来上调其抗炎和组织修复作用,但是究竟哪一方面的作用占优势和详细机制还需进一步探讨。
在炎症相关的研究中,M1型巨噬细胞通常被认为可促进炎症反应,相反地,M2型巨噬细胞具有抗炎作用。作为M1型巨噬细胞的典型细胞因子,IL-6和TNF-α对于调节炎症反应至关重要[26]。TNF-α主要由M1型巨噬细胞合成,在炎症性疾病中起重要作用[27]。IL-6是许多慢性炎症状态的标志,也与急性期反应关系密切[28]。Arg-1在M2巨噬细胞中的表达可以促进L-精氨酸转化为L-鸟氨酸和多胺,这些物质有助于细胞增长和细胞增殖,也在抑制炎症和促进组织修复中起重要作用,从而影响组织的修复和再生[29]。中药成分可以通过增加巨噬细胞抗炎因子成分的释放或者减少其促炎成分的产生来达到治疗目的。
同时也有研究发现SSA在浓度为3.125~25.000 µmol/L时可以抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7巨噬细胞分泌促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的释放[9]。本研究发现,随着SSA浓度的增加,M1型巨噬细胞中TNF-α和IL-6的表达显著下降,且这一现象在mRNA水平上也得到了验证。这表明SSA可减少M1型巨噬细胞促炎细胞因子的分泌,从而发挥抗炎作用。这一发现与先前上述中药成分能够通过调控巨噬细胞的分化状态来调节炎症反应的研究一致。
本研究发现,SSA虽然能够显著上调M2型巨噬细胞中Arg-1的表达,但其对M2型巨噬细胞标志分子CD206和CD163的表达是抑制作用。因此SSA对M2型巨噬细胞功能的调控还需要进一步探讨。
吞噬作用是先天免疫的一种重要功能,在免疫、炎症、组织修复等多种生理过程中发挥重要作用[30]。为了维持生理平衡,巨噬细胞一方面会通过吞噬作用清除外来病原体,包括侵入性细菌、病毒、寄生虫和其他坏死组织碎片;另一方面,巨噬细胞还可以通过吞噬作用吞噬代谢产物、凋亡细胞碎片、可溶性颗粒和内源性物质[31]。然而,受损的免疫力降低了免疫细胞的吞噬能力,这导致各种病原体入侵。因此,免疫细胞的吞噬作用可以有效地清除病原体、凋亡细胞和肿瘤细胞,对于抗感染、抗肿瘤和其他免疫治疗非常重要[32]。巨噬细胞的吞噬作用与巨噬细胞表面受体有关,包括MR(CD206)、Dectin-1以及清道夫受体等[33]。其中CD206参与先天性免疫应答,能够识别具有共同特征的聚糖,参与病原体的吞噬作用。CD206与多糖结合后,可以增加巨噬细胞的吞噬活性。有研究表明当归多糖与CD206结合后,可降低腹腔巨噬细胞对甘露糖化的牛血清白蛋白的吞噬作用,这可能是当归多糖结合CD206与聚糖结合的结构域,从而降低了CD206与甘露糖化牛血清白蛋白的结合[34]。因本研究发现SSA可抑制M2型巨噬细胞CD206的表达,加上已有研究证明CD206结合多糖水平能力的下降确实可降低巨噬细胞吞噬多糖的能力。所以本研究另外探讨了SSA对巨噬细胞的吞噬颗粒功能的影响。结果发现SSA会降低腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬颗粒的功能。也有研究表明,促炎细胞因子的减少也与吞噬功能的降低有关[35],因此可推测SSA对巨噬细胞的吞噬功能具有负向调控作用,这是SSA的不利因素,提示临床使用SSA时需要注意此副作用,但具详细机制还需要进一步探索。
NF-κB是炎症反应中的关键转录因子,其核转位和磷酸化是TLR4/MyD88信号通路激活的标志,在多种疾病的发病机制中起重要作用[36-37]。已确定NF-κB激活可导致炎症相关的许多基因转录,包括iNOS、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6[38]。
本研究发现SSA能够显著抑制M1型巨噬细胞NF-κB的磷酸化水平,这与SSA抑制M1型巨噬细胞促炎因子(如TNF-α、IL-6)表达的结果一致。证明SSA可能通过抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活,减少促炎基因的转录,从而发挥抗炎作用。
STAT6是转录因子家族的一员,STAT6通路的信号级联反应开始于细胞因子受体的参与[39]。STAT6通路的激活需要其磷酸化,主要由IL-4和IL-13刺激,IL-4与其受体结合后,STAT6发生磷酸化,磷酸化的STAT6形成二聚体易位进入细胞核内[40],参与M2型巨噬细胞典型基因的转录,比如CD206、Arg-1等[41],从而发挥抗炎和组织修复功能。本研究发现,SSA能够显著上调M2型巨噬细胞STAT6的磷酸化水平,这与SSA可促进M2型巨噬细胞Arg-1表达的结果一致,但与其可下调CD206的表达不一致。可能是由于信号通路的复杂性、细胞状态和微环境的影响,以及SSA的特异性作用,推测SSA应该还能通过对其他信号通路的调控来影响CD206的表达。这表明SSA可能通过激活STAT6信号通路,促进M2型巨噬细胞Arg-1的表达,增强其抗炎和组织修复功能。但SSA下调CD206表达的机制还需进一步探讨。STAT6的直接和间接作用:STAT6可能通过直接结合到Arg-1基因的启动子区域,促进其表达。而对于CD163和CD206,STAT6的作用可能更多是间接的,依赖于其他信号通路或转录因子的协同作用。如果这些协同作用被抑制,可能会导致CD163和CD206的表达下降。接下来,可以通过抑制剂阻断STAT6信号通路,研究信号通路对M2型巨噬细胞表面标志物(CD206)与功能(Arg-1)的双相调控机制。
综上所述,本研究表明SSA通过抑制NF-κB信号通路和激活STAT6信号通路来调控巨噬细胞的分化和功能,从而发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用。这些发现可为SSA在炎症性疾病治疗中的潜在应用提供理论支持。这些结果也为SSA的免疫调节功能提供了新的机制,可为临床应用SSA治疗和预防其它疾病提供新的理论依据。未来的研究应进一步探讨SSA的作用机制,并评估其在动物模型和临床试验中的疗效和安全性。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
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    1山东第二医科大学,山东省高等学校免疫微环境与炎症性疾病研究特色实验室,山东 潍坊

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彭美玉,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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