Article(id=1322190331207074587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1752336000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164340068, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1756483200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164340068, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164340068, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164340068, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190316019499694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='16', pageStart='1825', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756483200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164336447, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164553187, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191225206198613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191225206198614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190316019499694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1923, endPage=1930, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190331479704348, articleId=1322190331207074587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Efficacy and prognostic factors of second transurethral resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate risk factors for residual lesions after initial transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) and risk factors for tumor recurrence after second TURBT in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in order to provide reference for clinical management.

Methods‍

A case-control study design was adopted to include 120 NMIBC patients who underwent initial TURBT and then second surgery within 2~8 weeks in our department from January 2017 to January 2025. Based on the presence of residual lesions after the initial TURBT or not, the patients were divided into a residual lesion group (n=34) and a non-residual lesion group (n=86). Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify potential risk factors for residual lesions following the initial TURBT. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze potential risk factors for tumor recurrence after the second TURBT.

Results‍

The residual lesion rate after initial TURBT was 28.33%. Chi-square test analysis revealed that tumor stage T1 (Chi-square=5.756, P=0.016) and broad tumor base (Chi-square=4.331, P=0.037) were factors influencing residual lesions after initial TURBT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified tumor stage T1 (OR=3.047, 95%CI: 1.128~8.226, P=0.028) as an independent risk factor for residual lesions after initial TURBT. The tumor recurrence rate after second TURBT was 17.5%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified tumor stage T1 (OR=4.258, 95%CI: 1.248~14.532, P=0.021), intravesical chemotherapy instillation after second TURBT (OR=3.539, 95%CI: 1.284~9.752, P=0.015), history of urinary system tumors (OR=3.002, 95%CI: 1.145~7.873, P=0.025) and high platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratio (OR=2.798, 95%CI: 1.115~7.023, P=0.028) as independent risk factors for tumor recurrence after second TURBT.

Conclusion‍

Tumor stage T1 and broad tumor base are risk factors for residual lesions after initial TURBT, while tumor stage T1, intravesical chemotherapy instillation after second TURBT, history of urinary system tumors and high PLR ratio are risk factors for tumor recurrence after second TURBT. Comprehensive analysis on above 4 indicators can effectively assess the risk of tumor recurrence in NMIBC patients following second TURBT, and timely early medical intervention is beneficial for improving patient outcomes.

, authors=Yangkun AO, Weiming LUO, Qiang RAN, Haitao WANG, Jian ZHANG, Yapeng WANG, Ze WANG, Jing XU, Jun ZHANG, Zhenzhen CHEN, Weihua LAN, Qiuli LIU, Jun JIANG, authorsList=Yangkun AO, Weiming LUO, Qiang RAN, Haitao WANG, Jian ZHANG, Yapeng WANG, Ze WANG, Jing XU, Jun ZHANG, Zhenzhen CHEN, Weihua LAN, Qiuli LIU, Jun JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190332423422751, articleId=1322190331207074587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=非肌层浸润性膀胱癌二次电切术后疗效评估及预后影响因素分析, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)患者首次电切术后病灶残留的危险因素与二次电切术后肿瘤复发的危险因素,为临床诊疗提供参考。

方法

采用病例-对照研究设计方案,纳入2017年1月-2025年1月于陆军特色医学中心泌尿外科接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(transurethral resection of bladder tumors,TURBT)并于2~8周内再次行TURBT(二次电切)的120名NMIBC患者,根据首次TURBT术后是否存在病灶残留将患者分为病灶残留组34例、病灶未残留组86例,通过χ2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析可能影响TURBT后病灶残留的危险因素;通过单因素和多因素Cox回归模型分析可能影响二次电切术后肿瘤复发的危险因素。

结果

首次TURBT术后患者病灶残留率为28.33%,卡方检验分析发现肿瘤分期T1期(χ2=5.756,P=0.016)和肿瘤宽基底(χ2=4.331,P=0.037)是首次TURBT后病灶残留的影响因素,多因素Logistic回归结果显示肿瘤分期T1期(OR=3.047,95%CI:1.128~8.226,P=0.028)是首次TURBT后病灶残留的独立危险因素;二次电切术后患者肿瘤复发率为17.5%,多因素Cox回归结果显示肿瘤分期T1期[OR=4.258,95%CI:(1.248~14.532),P=0.021]、二次电切术后化疗药物灌注[OR=3.539,95% CI:(1.284~9.752),P=0.015]、泌尿系统肿瘤史[OR=3.002,95%CI:(1.145~7.873),P=0.025]、高PLR比值比[OR=2.798,95%CI:(1.115~7.023),P=0.028]是肿瘤复发的独立危险因素。

结论

首次TURBT术后肿瘤分期T1期、肿瘤宽基底是病灶残留的危险因素,二次电切术后肿瘤分期T1期、二次电切术后化疗药物灌注、泌尿系统肿瘤史和高PLR比值比是肿瘤复发的危险因素。综合分析以上4项临床指标,可有效评估NMIBC患者在接受二次电切术后的肿瘤复发风险,及时采取早期医疗干预措施以优化患者预后。

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江军,E-mail:Jun
JIANG Jun,E-mail:Jun
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Development and validation of clinical prediction model for post-treatment recurrence in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after BCG intravesical instillation[J]. J Army Med Univ,2025,47(9):959-968., articleTitle=Development and validation of clinical prediction model for post-treatment recurrence in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after BCG intravesical instillation, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190332784132896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190332792521505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, companyId=1322190332784132896, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Urology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190332805104418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, companyId=1322190332784132896, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)泌尿外科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190340044473198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=ROC curve analysis of multi-parameter combined prediction of tumor recurrence after second TURBT, figureFileSmall=C96Gz7+WAnerJrmeNLN6pQ==, figureFileBig=uXAfWu9rHhdK9zQ3MJLfsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190340119970671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=CN, label=图1, caption=多参数联合预测二次电切术后肿瘤复发的ROC曲线分析, figureFileSmall=C96Gz7+WAnerJrmeNLN6pQ==, figureFileBig=uXAfWu9rHhdK9zQ3MJLfsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190340308714352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline characteristics of 120 NMIBC patients undergoing second TURBT [number (%),M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variablesresidual lesion group(n=86)non-residual lesion group(n=34)χ2/ZP value
Tumor grade<0.001>0.999
Low12(14.0)5(14.7)
High74(86.0)29(85.3)
Tumor stage5.7560.016
Ta35(40.7)6(17.6)
T151(59.3)28(82.4)
Tumor diameter0.3490.555
<3 cm58(67.4)21(61.8)
≥3 cm28(32.6)13(38.2)
Number of tumors0.0210.886
Single tumor29(33.7)11(32.4)
Multiple tumors57(66.3)23(67.6)
Tumor base4.3310.037
Narrow base35(40.7)7(20.6)
Wide base51(59.3)27(79.4)
Metabolic syndrome1.4770.224
No40(46.5)20(58.8)
Yes46(53.5)14(41.2)
History of smoking0.2680.605
No50(58.1)18(52.9)
Yes36(41.9)16(47.1)
History of urinary system tumors2.1090.146
No75(87.2)26(76.5)
Yes11(12.8)8(23.5)
Gender0.0990.753
Female20(23.3)7(20.6)
Male66(76.7)27(79.4)
Age(years)69(59,76)68.5(58,75)-0.4720.637
), ArticleFig(id=1322190340392600433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

120例接受二次电切术的NMIBC患者的基线特征 [例(%),M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variablesresidual lesion group(n=86)non-residual lesion group(n=34)χ2/ZP value
Tumor grade<0.001>0.999
Low12(14.0)5(14.7)
High74(86.0)29(85.3)
Tumor stage5.7560.016
Ta35(40.7)6(17.6)
T151(59.3)28(82.4)
Tumor diameter0.3490.555
<3 cm58(67.4)21(61.8)
≥3 cm28(32.6)13(38.2)
Number of tumors0.0210.886
Single tumor29(33.7)11(32.4)
Multiple tumors57(66.3)23(67.6)
Tumor base4.3310.037
Narrow base35(40.7)7(20.6)
Wide base51(59.3)27(79.4)
Metabolic syndrome1.4770.224
No40(46.5)20(58.8)
Yes46(53.5)14(41.2)
History of smoking0.2680.605
No50(58.1)18(52.9)
Yes36(41.9)16(47.1)
History of urinary system tumors2.1090.146
No75(87.2)26(76.5)
Yes11(12.8)8(23.5)
Gender0.0990.753
Female20(23.3)7(20.6)
Male66(76.7)27(79.4)
Age(years)69(59,76)68.5(58,75)-0.4720.637
), ArticleFig(id=1322190340476486514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of tumor residual after the first TURBT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesBSEWaldPOR95% CI
Tumor stage1.1140.5074.8320.0283.0471.128~8.226
Tumor base0.9150.4873.5380.0602.4970.962~6.480
), ArticleFig(id=1322190340543595379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

首次TURBT后肿瘤残余的多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesBSEWaldPOR95% CI
Tumor stage1.1140.5074.8320.0283.0471.128~8.226
Tumor base0.9150.4873.5380.0602.4970.962~6.480
), ArticleFig(id=1322190340619092852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of tumor recurrence after second TURBT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesUnivariate cox analysisMultivariate cox analysis
HR95% CIPBSEWaldHR95% CIP
High tumor grade1.2410.288~5.3380.772
Tumor stage T1(vs Ta)4.2111.238~14.3210.0211.4490.6265.3524.2581.228~14.5320.021
Maximum tumor diameter ≥3 cm0.9580.386~2.3770.926
Multiple tumors1.3860.536~3.5820.501
Wide basal tumor2.4230.814~7.2120.112
Chemotherapy drugs were administered after second TURBT(vs BCG)3.5781.310~9.7740.0131.2640.5175.9703.5391.284~9.7520.015
History of smoking0.9540.404~2.2510.915
History of urinary system tumors2.3910.926~6.1760.0721.0990.4924.9943.0021.145~7.8730.025
Male0.9120.334~2.4960.858
Metabolic syndrome0.7150.301~1.6980.447
Residual lesions after the first TURBT1.2140.470~3.1320.689
Age(years)0.9850.944~1.0290.499
PLR Ratio3.1861.308~7.7620.0111.0290.4694.8052.7981.115~7.0230.028
LMR Ratio0.3120.083~1.1660.083
NLR Ratio2.0240.896~4.5750.090
SII Ratio1.4520.787~2.6810.233
), ArticleFig(id=1322190340686201717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190331207074587, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

二次电切术后肿瘤复发的单因素及多因素Cox回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VariablesUnivariate cox analysisMultivariate cox analysis
HR95% CIPBSEWaldHR95% CIP
High tumor grade1.2410.288~5.3380.772
Tumor stage T1(vs Ta)4.2111.238~14.3210.0211.4490.6265.3524.2581.228~14.5320.021
Maximum tumor diameter ≥3 cm0.9580.386~2.3770.926
Multiple tumors1.3860.536~3.5820.501
Wide basal tumor2.4230.814~7.2120.112
Chemotherapy drugs were administered after second TURBT(vs BCG)3.5781.310~9.7740.0131.2640.5175.9703.5391.284~9.7520.015
History of smoking0.9540.404~2.2510.915
History of urinary system tumors2.3910.926~6.1760.0721.0990.4924.9943.0021.145~7.8730.025
Male0.9120.334~2.4960.858
Metabolic syndrome0.7150.301~1.6980.447
Residual lesions after the first TURBT1.2140.470~3.1320.689
Age(years)0.9850.944~1.0290.499
PLR Ratio3.1861.308~7.7620.0111.0290.4694.8052.7981.115~7.0230.028
LMR Ratio0.3120.083~1.1660.083
NLR Ratio2.0240.896~4.5750.090
SII Ratio1.4520.787~2.6810.233
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非肌层浸润性膀胱癌二次电切术后疗效评估及预后影响因素分析
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敖杨坤 , 罗伟铭 , 冉强 , 王海涛 , 张健 , 王亚鹏 , 汪泽 , 徐静 , 张军 , 陈珍珍 , 兰卫华 , 刘秋礼 , 江军
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(16): 1923-1930
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (16) : 1923 -1930
非肌层浸润性膀胱癌二次电切术后疗效评估及预后影响因素分析
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敖杨坤, 罗伟铭, 冉强, 王海涛, 张健, 王亚鹏, 汪泽, 徐静, 张军, 陈珍珍, 兰卫华, 刘秋礼, 江军
作者信息
  • 1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)泌尿外科,重庆
通讯作者:
江军,E-mail:Jun
JIANG Jun,E-mail:Jun
Efficacy and prognostic factors of second transurethral resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Yangkun AO, Weiming LUO, Qiang RAN, Haitao WANG, Jian ZHANG, Yapeng WANG, Ze WANG, Jing XU, Jun ZHANG, Zhenzhen CHEN, Weihua LAN, Qiuli LIU, Jun JIANG
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Urology,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506008
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目的

探究非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)患者首次电切术后病灶残留的危险因素与二次电切术后肿瘤复发的危险因素,为临床诊疗提供参考。

方法

采用病例-对照研究设计方案,纳入2017年1月-2025年1月于陆军特色医学中心泌尿外科接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(transurethral resection of bladder tumors,TURBT)并于2~8周内再次行TURBT(二次电切)的120名NMIBC患者,根据首次TURBT术后是否存在病灶残留将患者分为病灶残留组34例、病灶未残留组86例,通过χ2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析可能影响TURBT后病灶残留的危险因素;通过单因素和多因素Cox回归模型分析可能影响二次电切术后肿瘤复发的危险因素。

结果

首次TURBT术后患者病灶残留率为28.33%,卡方检验分析发现肿瘤分期T1期(χ2=5.756,P=0.016)和肿瘤宽基底(χ2=4.331,P=0.037)是首次TURBT后病灶残留的影响因素,多因素Logistic回归结果显示肿瘤分期T1期(OR=3.047,95%CI:1.128~8.226,P=0.028)是首次TURBT后病灶残留的独立危险因素;二次电切术后患者肿瘤复发率为17.5%,多因素Cox回归结果显示肿瘤分期T1期[OR=4.258,95%CI:(1.248~14.532),P=0.021]、二次电切术后化疗药物灌注[OR=3.539,95% CI:(1.284~9.752),P=0.015]、泌尿系统肿瘤史[OR=3.002,95%CI:(1.145~7.873),P=0.025]、高PLR比值比[OR=2.798,95%CI:(1.115~7.023),P=0.028]是肿瘤复发的独立危险因素。

结论

首次TURBT术后肿瘤分期T1期、肿瘤宽基底是病灶残留的危险因素,二次电切术后肿瘤分期T1期、二次电切术后化疗药物灌注、泌尿系统肿瘤史和高PLR比值比是肿瘤复发的危险因素。综合分析以上4项临床指标,可有效评估NMIBC患者在接受二次电切术后的肿瘤复发风险,及时采取早期医疗干预措施以优化患者预后。

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌  /  膀胱肿瘤电切术  /  肿瘤残留  /  肿瘤复发  /  危险因素
Objective‍

To investigate risk factors for residual lesions after initial transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) and risk factors for tumor recurrence after second TURBT in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in order to provide reference for clinical management.

Methods‍

A case-control study design was adopted to include 120 NMIBC patients who underwent initial TURBT and then second surgery within 2~8 weeks in our department from January 2017 to January 2025. Based on the presence of residual lesions after the initial TURBT or not, the patients were divided into a residual lesion group (n=34) and a non-residual lesion group (n=86). Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify potential risk factors for residual lesions following the initial TURBT. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze potential risk factors for tumor recurrence after the second TURBT.

Results‍

The residual lesion rate after initial TURBT was 28.33%. Chi-square test analysis revealed that tumor stage T1 (Chi-square=5.756, P=0.016) and broad tumor base (Chi-square=4.331, P=0.037) were factors influencing residual lesions after initial TURBT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified tumor stage T1 (OR=3.047, 95%CI: 1.128~8.226, P=0.028) as an independent risk factor for residual lesions after initial TURBT. The tumor recurrence rate after second TURBT was 17.5%. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified tumor stage T1 (OR=4.258, 95%CI: 1.248~14.532, P=0.021), intravesical chemotherapy instillation after second TURBT (OR=3.539, 95%CI: 1.284~9.752, P=0.015), history of urinary system tumors (OR=3.002, 95%CI: 1.145~7.873, P=0.025) and high platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratio (OR=2.798, 95%CI: 1.115~7.023, P=0.028) as independent risk factors for tumor recurrence after second TURBT.

Conclusion‍

Tumor stage T1 and broad tumor base are risk factors for residual lesions after initial TURBT, while tumor stage T1, intravesical chemotherapy instillation after second TURBT, history of urinary system tumors and high PLR ratio are risk factors for tumor recurrence after second TURBT. Comprehensive analysis on above 4 indicators can effectively assess the risk of tumor recurrence in NMIBC patients following second TURBT, and timely early medical intervention is beneficial for improving patient outcomes.

non-muscle invasive bladder neoplasms  /  transurethral resection of bladder tumor  /  tumor residue  /  neoplasm recurrence  /  risk factors
敖杨坤, 罗伟铭, 冉强, 王海涛, 张健, 王亚鹏, 汪泽, 徐静, 张军, 陈珍珍, 兰卫华, 刘秋礼, 江军. 非肌层浸润性膀胱癌二次电切术后疗效评估及预后影响因素分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (16) : 1923 -1930 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506008
Yangkun AO, Weiming LUO, Qiang RAN, Haitao WANG, Jian ZHANG, Yapeng WANG, Ze WANG, Jing XU, Jun ZHANG, Zhenzhen CHEN, Weihua LAN, Qiuli LIU, Jun JIANG. Efficacy and prognostic factors of second transurethral resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (16) : 1923 -1930 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506008
膀胱癌作为全球第九大恶性肿瘤,其中非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)约占新发病例的75%[1],尽管经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(transurethral resection of bladder tumors,TURBT)是NMIBC的标准治疗手段,但术后肿瘤残留率仍高达20%~30%[2]。一方面,由于膀胱壁薄,术中深切容易导致穿孔,所以较多患者第一次电切深度不够,可能导致肿瘤残留以及缺乏肌层无法判断肿瘤浸润深度[3];另一方面,膀胱癌多灶性、异质性等生物学特性,导致第一次电切可能不完全[4]。基于此,欧洲泌尿外科协会指南[5]提出如果首次TURBT不完全,标本中没有肌肉,或检测到高级别或T1肿瘤,则应在2~6周内再次进行电切术即二次电切术,而现在美国泌尿协会指南[6]强烈建议T1期患者在初次TURBT的6周内,再次经尿道切除原发肿瘤部位。目前已有多项临床研究[7-9]表明二次电切术在清除膀胱癌残留肿瘤组织、改善患者生存率及预后等方面效果显著。尽管已有多项指南[10-12]强调了二次电切术对高危NMIBC患者的必要性,但在临床实践中肿瘤残留和复发风险仍存在显著差异。一些学者认为部分患者可能会被过度治疗[13],并且二次电切术可能增加尿道损伤、出血等[14]并发症风险,也会给患者带来一定的经济负担。因此,系统分析首次TURBT后肿瘤残留与二次电切术后肿瘤复发的危险因素,对优化NMIBC分层管理和个体化干预策略具有重要意义。本研究拟探讨本中心NMIBC患者在首次TURBT后肿瘤残留的危险因素与二次电切术后肿瘤随时间复发的风险,以期为临床决策提供参考。
纳入2017年1月-2025年1月于陆军特色医学中心泌尿外科接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术并于2~8周内再次行TURBT(二次电切)的120例NMIBC患者,NMIBC是指局限于膀胱黏膜层(Ta)及固有层(T1),而肌层未见浸润的膀胱恶性肿瘤。纳入标准:①首次TURBT后病理符合非肌层浸润性膀胱癌诊断标准;②患者在首次TURBT后2~8周内来我院行第二次电切术;③病理结果符合尿路上皮肿瘤;④首次TURBT及二次电切术均在观察时间内完成。排除标准:①二次电切术时病理浸润至肌层;②凝血功能障碍;③临床及病理数据、随访信息不完整以及失访的患者。该研究经陆军特色医学中心伦理委员会审批通过[医研伦审(2025)第148号]。
本研究为病例-对照研究,收集所有入组患者的基本信息、病理资料等,包括患者的性别、年龄、身体质量指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)、有无吸烟史、有无合并代谢综合征、既往是否存在泌尿系统肿瘤史、首次TURBT术中情况(肿瘤个数、最大直径、是否带蒂、是否合并憩室等)、首次TURBT术后病理资料(病理报告时间、肿瘤分级、分期、病理类型、是否存在肌层、浸润深度、基底受累情况等)、二次电切术后病理资料(病理报告时间、是否存在病灶残留、肿瘤分级、分期、病理类型、是否存在肌层、浸润深度、基底受累情况等)、实验室检查(血常规指标、凝血功能指标、肿瘤标志物等)等。血清学指标计算公式如下:NLR(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio)=中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数;PLR(platelet to lymphocyte ratio)=血小板计数/淋巴计数;LMR(lymphocyte to monocyte ratio)=淋巴细胞计数/单核细胞计数;全身免疫炎症指数(systemic immune-inflammation Index,SII)=血小板计数×中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数,各炎症指标比值比(NLR比值比、LMR比值比、PLR比值比、SII比值比)均为二次电切术前指标/首次TURBT术前指标。
本研究的观察终点为首次TURBT术后病灶残留和二次电切术后肿瘤复发。首次TURBT术后病灶残留的判定标准为:二次电切术后病理结果发现存在恶性细胞即定义为病灶残留。二次电切术后肿瘤复发判定标准:完成二次电切术后,经病理证实膀胱腔内新生肿瘤组织。无复发生存期(recurrence-free survival,RFS)的计算方法:自二次电切术实施之日起至经病理学确认肿瘤再次出现的最早时间点之间的时间间隔。术后监测方案:前两年每季度行膀胱镜和/或影像学联合病理细胞学复查;两年后进入随访维持期,复查频次调整为半年一次。
所有纳入研究的NMIBC患者均于本中心接受TURBT,所有TURBT术均由具备10年以上工作经验的主治医生完成。首次TURBT术首先把可见肿瘤切除,肿瘤边缘与肿瘤基底再行电切,大部分患者(84.17%)边缘与基底单独送检。首次TURBT术后2~8周内行二次电切术,二次电切术范围涵盖首次肿瘤床及其周围2 cm黏膜区域,确保残余病灶无遗漏,深度切除至固有肌层。所有患者均于首次TURBT以及二次电切术后24 h内行膀胱内即刻灌注化疗(灌注药物为吉西他滨或吡柔比星)。二次电切术后维持灌注化疗药物包括吉西他滨(剂量为每次1 000 mg、保留时间1 h)、吡柔比星(剂量为每次30 mg、保留时间0.5 h),卡介苗灌注治疗采用120 mg卡介苗溶于50 mL生理盐水中膀胱灌注,每次保留2 h。
所有数据的录入采用Excel 2019进行填写并整理,后续统计分析软件采用R软件(4.2.1版本)、IBM SPSS Statistics 23进行分析。计量资料采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验数据分布的正态性,对于正态分布的连续性变量用x¯±s表示,采用独立样本t检验进行分析;对于非正态分布的连续性变量用M(P25,P75)表示,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行分析;计数资料采用例(%)表示,两组计数资料比较采用卡方检验,当期望频数小于5时使用连续性校正χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。采用χ2检验或多因素Logistic回归分析首次TURBT后病灶残留与各统计指标之间的关系,变量需在χ2检验中表现出统计学显著性(P<0.05)方有资格进入多因素Logistic回归分析;采用单因素或多因素Cox回归分析二次电切术后肿瘤复发与各统计指标之间的关系,变量需在单因素Cox回归分析中表现出统计学显著性(P<0.1)方有资格进入多因素Cox回归分析。同时采用方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor,VIF)方法进行共线性诊断分析。多因素分析中,P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义,采用G*Power 3.1进行事后效能检验分析。
首次TURBT后病灶残留组有34人,病灶未残留组有86人,病灶残留率为28.33%。2组患者总体的基线特征比较见表1。肿瘤分期、有无肿瘤宽基底是首次TURBT术后病灶残留的影响因素(P<0.05),事后效能检验分析显示,在显著性水平α=0.05的情况下,肿瘤分期和肿瘤宽基底的检验效能(Power,1-β)分别为0.722和0.587。
影响首次TURBT后肿瘤病灶残留的多因素Logistic回归结果见表2。共线性检验VIF=1.010<5,显示共线性较弱。将肿瘤分期及有无肿瘤宽基底纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示:肿瘤T1期(P=0.028)是肿瘤残留的独立危险因素。
在所有行二次电切术的人群中,随访后共21人出现肿瘤复发,复发率为17.50%。考虑到患者随访时间长短不一,采用单因素COX回归分析影响肿瘤复发的因素,结果显示肿瘤分期、二次电切术后灌注化疗药物、泌尿系统肿瘤史、PLR比值比、LMR比值比、NLR比值比是复发的影响因素(P<0.1)。共线性检验VIF<5提示这6个因素不存在共线性,将其纳入多因素Cox回归分析,结果显示:肿瘤T1期(P=0.021)、二次电切术后灌注化疗药物(P=0.015)、泌尿系统肿瘤史(P=0.025)、PLR比值比(P=0.028)是肿瘤复发的独立相关危险因素(表3)。
将上述有关二次电切术后肿瘤复发的4个独立危险因素纳入ROC分析,结果显示,肿瘤分期、二次电切术后灌注药物、泌尿系统肿瘤史及PLR比值比对二次电切术后肿瘤复发具有预测价值,其曲线下面积(area under the subject curve,AUC)分别为0.620(95% CI:0.499~0.742)、0.694(95% CI:0.573~0.815)、0.577(95% CI:0.435~0.720)和 0.640(95% CI:0.505~0.775)。值得注意的是,以上4项指标联合预测的AUC显著提高至0.813(95% CI:0.709~0.918),在该联合指标的ROC曲线上,约登指数最大时(Youden index=0.528)相应的敏感度为61.9%,特异度为90.9%。提示多参数联合应用可增加二次电切术后肿瘤复发的预测能力(图1)。
在NMIBC患者的治疗中,首次TURBT可能因电切不充分而未能彻底切除肿瘤或影响肿瘤分期。因此,指南建议在以下情况下对NMIBC患者进行二次电切术:首次TURBT不完全、标本中未检测到肌肉组织,或检测到高级别或T1期肿瘤。然而,有研究指出,对于部分患者而言,二次电切术可能构成过度治疗[15],且可能增加尿道损伤、出血等并发症的风险,同时给患者带来额外的经济负担。鉴于此,明确二次电切术的适宜人群显得尤为重要。本研究旨在通过分析二次电切术后肿瘤残留及复发的影响因素,为二次电切术的适用人群提供更精准的指导。研究结果表明,肿瘤T1期和肿瘤宽基底是首次TURBT后病灶残留的危险因素;而肿瘤分期T1期、二次电切术后接受化疗药物灌注、泌尿系统肿瘤史及高PLR比值比是肿瘤复发的危险因素。
肿瘤复发是NMIBC患者的重要临床特点,首次电切后肿瘤残留是导致后续复发的关键因素之一。豆鹏等[16]的研究表明,首次电切后肿瘤残留患者的复发率显著高于无残留患者(35.38% vs 17.92%)。若能在二次电切术前通过其他指标更准确地判断患者是否存在病灶残留,将有助于确定哪些患者更需要接受二次电切,从而提高治疗的针对性和效果。既往研究指出,首次TURBT后病灶残留的危险因素包括肿瘤高级别、高分期和多发性[17-19]。在本研究中,我们进一步证实了肿瘤T1期是病灶残留的独立危险因素。具体而言,T1期患者中35.44%存在病灶残留,而Ta期患者中这一比例为14.63%。这可能是因为更高分期的肿瘤具有更强的侵袭性和破坏性,使得手术切除时更难以彻底清除病灶组织,从而增加了残留的风险。此外,肿瘤的形态特征也可能影响手术效果。我们的研究发现,宽基底肿瘤患者中34.62%存在病灶残留,而无宽基底肿瘤患者中这一比例为16.67%。宽基底肿瘤常呈现浸润性生长模式[20],术中可能难以通过清晰的解剖层次实现完整切除。
尽管二次电切术可显著降低肿瘤复发,但有部分患者在接受二次电切术后仍出现肿瘤复发,探讨二次电切术后肿瘤复发的影响因素,对于患者二次电切术后随访及治疗具有一定指导意义。已有研究[16,21-24]表明,肿瘤的高分级、肿瘤残留和肿瘤多发等是二次电切术后肿瘤复发的危险因素。本研究进一步强调了肿瘤分期T1期在复发风险中的关键作用,T1期肿瘤与Ta期肿瘤二次电切术后复发率分别为22.78%和7.32%,T1期肿瘤相较于Ta期更容易在手术后残留微小病灶,这些残留病灶可能在术后继续生长并导致复发。此外,T1期肿瘤细胞通常具有更高的增殖能力[25],这进一步增加了患者术后复发的风险。在术后灌注药物方面,有研究[26]表明,与电切术后丝裂霉素灌注的NMIBC患者相比,BCG规律灌注可使总体复发风险降低32%。二次电切术后卡介苗灌注治疗的疗效可能反映了免疫治疗响应性的高低。卡介苗是一种减毒活牛分枝杆菌菌株,二次电切术后持续灌注卡介苗可以通过诱导Th1型免疫反应[27],增强细胞毒性T细胞和自然杀伤细胞的活性,从而识别并清除残留的肿瘤细胞,其诱导的抗原特异性T细胞和记忆B细胞也可长期存留[28],对残留或新生的肿瘤细胞形成持续监控。与常规术后化疗灌注相比,卡介苗持续灌注可显著预防膀胱肿瘤复发、控制肿瘤进展。值得关注的是,NMIBC患者有泌尿系统肿瘤史也是二次电切术后肿瘤复发的独立危险因素,这一结果与MASSARI等[29]发现有上尿路尿路上皮癌病史患者BCG治疗后膀胱肿瘤复发风险明显增高一致,其可能原因包括既往泌尿系统肿瘤史可能提示患者存在肿瘤易感性,这些遗传改变可导致膀胱黏膜细胞对致癌因素更敏感,增加复发概率。然而,现有研究对泌尿系统肿瘤史增加NMIBC患者二次电切术后复发风险的具体机制仍未完全阐明,部分假设仍需更深入的分子生物学或多中心队列研究验证。
本研究在既往工作的基础上创新性提出PLR比值比(二次电切术前指标/首次TURBT术前指标)是与二次电切术后肿瘤复发密切相关的新指标。既往已有研究[16,30]表明,全身炎症指标标志物评分及高白蛋白与纤维蛋白原比值(albuminto fibrinogenratio,AFR)等血清学指标与二次电切术后肿瘤复发密切相关。PLR比值为血小板与淋巴细胞的比值,作为系统性炎症标志物,反映机体促肿瘤微环境的活跃程度,PLR比值升高通常意味着血小板过度活化与淋巴细胞减少的协同效应。有研究发现PLR比值与多种肿瘤复发进展密切相关[31]。PLR比值与肿瘤密切相关的原因主要有两个方面:一方面,血小板可释放血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和转化生长因子-β,促进肿瘤血管生成及免疫逃逸[32],从而导致肿瘤残留及复发;另一方面,淋巴细胞在免疫系统中发挥着重要的抗肿瘤作用,淋巴细胞减少意味着细胞毒性T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤作用减弱,机体的免疫监视功能降低,无法有效识别和清除残留的肿瘤细胞,进而导致肿瘤复发。然而,由于患者个体差异及感染等状态的影响,PLR比值在不同患者间可能存在较大差异[33-35]。本研究采用PLR比值比,即二次电切术前指标与首次TURBT术前指标的比值,通过同一患者不同时期的指标对比,能够更准确地反映机体在肿瘤电切术前和术后不同状态下的动态变化过程,从而有效排除个体差异带来的误差。后续ROC曲线验证也表明,加入PLR比值比的四项指标联合预测的AUC值为0.813,证实该模型具有良好的预测性能。
本研究存在以下局限性:①本研究为单中心回顾性分析,样本量及随访时间有限,部分潜在影响因素可能未被识别,同时不排除有区域性个体差异,未来需要多中心更大样本量来进一步证实结论。②PLR比值比的时间跨度及阈值在不同癌种、不同人群中可能存在差异,能否进一步应用于其他肿瘤复发的预测模型,未来需通过多中心队列验证结论的普适性。
综上所述,本研究对接受二次电切术的120名NMIBC患者进行分析,发现首次TURBT后病灶残留率为28.33%,首次TURBT术后肿瘤分期T1期、肿瘤宽基底是病灶残留的危险因素;二次电切术后肿瘤复发率为17.50%,二次电切术后肿瘤分期T1期、二次电切术后化疗药物灌注、泌尿系统肿瘤史和高PLR比值比是肿瘤复发的危险因素。在临床诊疗中,应对具有上述危险因素的患者进行严密检测并及时干预,降低患者肿瘤复发风险,从而改善患者预后。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506008
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-07-13
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    1陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)泌尿外科,重庆

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江军,E-mail:Jun
JIANG Jun,E-mail:Jun
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