Article(id=1322190537583612106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=1752768000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164389271, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164389271, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164389271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164389271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190358751069178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1981', pageEnd='2144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164346635, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164560388, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2012, endPage=2027, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190537910767819, articleId=1322190537583612106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=PD-L1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting PTP1B and activating FAK, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

Toreveal the mechanism by which the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)- protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling axis promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and elucidate its effector functions in HCC.

Methods‍

GEPIA database was used to plot a 10-year survival curve for PD-L1 and FAK expression levels in HCC patients. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was utilized to analyze the relative expression levels of PD-L1 and FAK phosphorylated at the Y397 site [p-FAK(Y397)] in HCC tissues,and the results were compared to those in the adjacent non-tumor tissues. Subsequently,endogenous PD-L1 expression was detected with Western blotting in HCC cell lines with low (SNU-387) and high (Hep3B) PD-L1 expression levels. After lentivirus-transduced SNU-387PDL1+ and Hep3BPDL1-cells were constructed,the effect of high and low expression of PD-L1 on the expression of p-FAK(Y397) with Western blotting. To elucidate the functional mechanism of FAK in HCC,functional rescue experiments were performed by administering a FAK inhibitor to SNU-387PDL1+ cells and a FAK activator to Hep3BPDL1- cells,combined with wound healing scratch assay,Transwell invasion assay,EdU proliferation assay,and colony formation assay to evaluate tumor malignant effects. The GENEMANIA database predicted functional interactions between protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B),PD-L1,and FAK. IHC staining was performed to analyze the correlation among PD-L1,PTP1B,and p-FAK(Y397) expression. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) were applied to validate the interaction between PD-L1 and PTP1B. Western blotting was utilized to confirm the regulatory relationship between PD-L1 and PTP1B. In vitro PTP1B phosphatase activity assay measured the changes in PTP1B activity. Subsequently,Western blotting was used to screen cell lines with high endogenous PTP1B expression (SNU-387) and low endogenous PTP1B expression (Hep3B). Furthermore,Hep3BPTP1B+ and SNU-387PTP1B- cell lines were generated,and then p-FAK(Y397) levels were then detected in these modified cell lines,and the aforementioned functional effect assays (migration,invasion,proliferation and colony formation) and rescue experiments were repeated. Furthermore,Western blotting was employed to detect changes in downstream signaling pathways following enhancement or attenuation of p-FAK(Y397) in SNU-387 and Hep3B cells.

Results‍

IHC staining revealed a positive correlation between PD-L1 and p-FAK(Y397) expression in HCC tissues (95%CI:1.065~3.801,P<0.01). In SNU-387PDL1+ cells,PD-L1 overexpression significantly enhanced phosphorylation at the FAK Y397 site (P<0.01) and increased cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation capabilities (P<0.01),and these effects could be reversed by FAK inhibitor treatment (P<0.05). Conversely,in Hep3BPDL1- cells,PD-L1 knockdown significantly reduced FAK Y397 phosphorylation (P<0.01) and decreased cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation abilities (P<0.01),and these effects were restored by FAK activator treatment (P<0.05). IHC staining further showed a negative correlation between PTP1B expression and both PD-L1 and p-FAK(Y397) in HCC tissues (95%CI:1.886~3.514,P<0.05). Co-IP and IF assays confirmed a direct interaction between PD-L1 and PTP1B,with PD-L1 suppressing PTP1B expression level and reducing its activity (P<0.01). In SNU-387PTP1B- cells,PTP1B knockdown significantly increased FAK Y397 phosphorylation (P<0.01) and enhanced cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation (P<0.01),and these effects were reversed by FAK inhibitor (P<0.05). While in Hep3BPTP1B+ cells,PTP1B overexpression significantly decreased FAK Y397 phosphorylation (P<0.01) and reduced cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation (P<0.01),and those effects were restored by FAK activator treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore,enhanced phosphorylation at the FAK Y397 site in SNU-387 cells activated downstream PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways (P<0.01),whereas inhibition of FAK(Y397) phosphorylation in Hep3B cells attenuated the activation of these signaling pathways (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

PD-L1 activates FAK by suppressing PTP1B,thereby promoting migration,invasion,and proliferation in HCC.

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目的

揭示PD-L1-PTP1B-FAK信号轴促进肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)进展的作用机制,并阐明其在HCC中的效应功能。

方法

通过GEPIA数据库获取HCC患者中PD-L1与FAK表达水平的10年生存分析曲线。采用免疫组化染色法分析HCC组织与癌旁组织中PD-L1与FAK在Y397位点磷酸化相对表达水平。通过Western blot检测内源性PD-L1低表达(SNU-387)和PD-L1高表达(Hep3B)细胞系,并构建SNU-387PDL1+和Hep3BPDL1-慢病毒转染的细胞系,通过Western blot检测PD-L1的高表达和低表达对p-FAK(Y397)的影响。为明确FAK在HCC中的功能机制,分别在SNU-387PDL1+中施加FAK抑制剂、在Hep3BPDL1-中施加FAK激活剂进行功能挽救实验,结合划痕愈合实验、Transwell侵袭实验、EdU增殖实验及克隆形成实验评估肿瘤恶性效应。通过GENEMANIA数据库预测蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B)与PD-L1和FAK间功能交互,IHC分析PD-L1/PTP1B/p-FAK(Y397)三者的表达相关性,通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)和间接免疫荧光(immunofluorescence,IF)验证PD-L1与PTP1B的相互作用,Western blot验证PD-L1与PTP1B的调控关系,通过体外PTP1B磷酸酶活性实验检测PTP1B活性变化。Western blot筛选内源性PTP1B高表达(SNU-387)和PTP1B低表达(Hep3B)细胞系,利用Hep3BPTP1B+和SNU-387PTP1B-细胞系,检测p-FAK(Y397)水平及重复表达水平对其功能效应实验和挽救实验。通过Western blot检测SNU-387细胞和Hep3B细胞中p-FAK(Y397)下游通路信号的变化。

结果

免疫组化染色显示,在HCC组织中PD-L1与p-FAK(Y397)表达呈正相关(95%CI:1.065~3.801,P<0.01)。在SNU-387PDL1+细胞中显著增强FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞的迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力提高(P<0.01),FAK抑制剂可逆转该效应(P<0.05);而Hep3BPDL1-细胞中显著降低FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力降低(P<0.01),FAK激活剂可恢复该效应(P<0.05);免疫组化染色显示在HCC组织中PTP1B表达与PD-L1和p-FAK(Y397)呈负相关(95%CI:1.886~3.514,P<0.05)。Co-IP实验和IF实验证实PD-L1与PTP1B存在直接相互作用,PD-L1抑制PTP1B表达水平使其活性降低(P<0.01);SNU-387PTP1B-细胞中显著升高FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力提高(P<0.01),FAK抑制剂逆转了以上效应(P<0.05);而Hep3BPTP1B+细胞中显著降低FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力降低(P<0.01),FAK激活剂的处理恢复其效应(P<0.05)。SNU-387细胞中FAK(Y397)位点的磷酸化激活可增强下游PI3K/AKT和MEK/ERK信号通路的活化(P<0.01);Hep3B细胞中抑制FAK(Y397)位点的磷酸化则能够削弱上述信号通路的活化(P<0.01)。

结论

PD-L1通过抑制PTP1B激活FAK,进而促进HCC的迁移侵袭和增殖效应。

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唐小龙,E-mail:
TANG Xiaolong,E-mail:
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Sci Rep,2024,14(1):9128., articleTitle=Mechanism study of tyrosine phosphatase shp-1 in inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the SHP2/GM-CSF pathway in TAMs, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190542360924384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190542369312993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, companyId=1322190542360924384, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190542381895906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, companyId=1322190542360924384, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1安徽理工大学医学院:生物化学与分子生物学教研室,安徽 淮南)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190543573078243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190543581466852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, companyId=1322190543573078243, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Class 2, Grade 2022 Majoring in Clinical Medicine,School of Medicine,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan,Anhui,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190543589855461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, companyId=1322190543573078243, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2安徽理工大学医学院:2022级临床医学2班,安徽 淮南)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190547356340497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Correlation analysis between PD-L1 and FAK, figureFileSmall=0fgI9gKQlV1WuYBuK0zbng==, figureFileBig=slW2wSd9HbvktXY1r0NcUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190547419255058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PD-L1与FAK相关性分析

A:GEPIA database analysis showing the OS curve for FAK expression in HCC patients; B:IHC analysis of tumor tissues and non-tumor tissues from HCC patients a:P<0.01,in comparison with adjacent tissues

, figureFileSmall=0fgI9gKQlV1WuYBuK0zbng==, figureFileBig=slW2wSd9HbvktXY1r0NcUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190547607998739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=PD-L1-mediated enhancement of FAK phosphorylation, figureFileSmall=gRkYxcRyasJcM07Pxd6ayw==, figureFileBig=vBzkiBwbRc/oIAp0Uo8QPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190547670913300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PD-L1介导FAK磷酸化增强

PF:FAK inhibitor,ZINC:FAK activator; a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05, in comparison with Huh7;c:P<0.01,d:P<0.05,in comparison with CTRL A:PD-L1 and p-FAK(Y397) protein expression levels in 4 HCC cell lines;B:Generation of PD-L1-overexpressing SNU-387 cells;C:Generation of PD-L1-knockdown Hep3B cells; D:p-FAK(Y397) protein expression levels in PD-L1-overexpressing SNU-387 cells,PD-L1-knockdown Hep3B cells,and their respective control groups; E:p-FAK(Y397) levels across control,PD-L1 overexpression and overexpression with PF treatment groups in SNU-387 cells,and control,PD-L1 knockdown,and knockdown with ZINC treatment groups in Hep3B cells

, figureFileSmall=gRkYxcRyasJcM07Pxd6ayw==, figureFileBig=vBzkiBwbRc/oIAp0Uo8QPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190547788353813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=PD-L1-mediated FAK activation and its enhancing effect on migration,invasion,and proliferation in HCC cells, figureFileSmall=En1IsbgDkyyEK4EBK2a+Qw==, figureFileBig=T1hcHFbAPERBE3AE6owvaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190547859656982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PD-L1介导的FAK激活及其对HCC迁移、侵袭和增殖的促进作用

PF:FAK inhibitor,ZINC:FAK activator; a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,in comparison with CTRL A:Cell migration analysis in SNU-387 and Hep3B cells; B:Cell invasion analysis in SNU-387 cells and Hep3B cells; C:Cell proliferation analysis in SNU-387 cells and Hep3B cells; D:Clonogenic ability of SNU387 and Hep3B cells

, figureFileSmall=En1IsbgDkyyEK4EBK2a+Qw==, figureFileBig=T1hcHFbAPERBE3AE6owvaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190547960320279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=PTP1B-associated regulatory mechanism of the PD-L1/FAK axis, figureFileSmall=q+R0tGci0msX07qThZc28w==, figureFileBig=VMFEaKqtb7IVQSE7bNIwvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548035817752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PTP1B关联PD-L1/FAK调控轴作用机制

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,in comparison with SNU-387CTRL and Hep3BCTRL A:Functional associations among PTP1B,PD-L1,and FAK (GENEMANIA); B:Pan-cancer analysis of PTP1B overexpression in HCC (GEPIA); C:Correlation of PTP1B,PD-L1 and PD-L1/p-FAK(Y397) expression by IHC assay

, figureFileSmall=q+R0tGci0msX07qThZc28w==, figureFileBig=VMFEaKqtb7IVQSE7bNIwvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548132286745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Negative regulatory mechanism of the PD-L1-PTP1B interaction, figureFileSmall=QevPvnov3sXk/4BspGHhyw==, figureFileBig=YFUb7e0CkZvN1ejttx8ECw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548211978522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PD-L1-PTP1B互作的负向调控机制

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,in comparison with Huh7; c:P<0.01,in comparison with CTRL A:PD-L1/PTP1B interaction predicted by GENEMANIA; B:Direct PD-L1-PTP1B binding; C:PD-L1-PTP1B co-localization; D:PD-L1 and PTP1B protein expression levels in 4 HCC cell lines using Western blotting; E:PTP1B protein expression levels using Western blotting; F:PTP1B activity using phosphatase assay

, figureFileSmall=QevPvnov3sXk/4BspGHhyw==, figureFileBig=YFUb7e0CkZvN1ejttx8ECw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548455248155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=PTP1B-mediated suppression of FAK phosphorylation, figureFileSmall=7AMKsjcBoCvCb5+MAOeS+Q==, figureFileBig=DnjAsptiPamirOKlmwnU0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548526551324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PTP1B介导FAK磷酸化抑制作用

PF:FAK inhibitor,ZINC:FAK activator; a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,in comparison with Huh7; c:P<0.01,d:P<0.05,in comparison with CTRL A:PTP1B and p-FAK(Y397) protein expression levels in 4 HCC cell lines;B:Generation of PTP1B-overexpressing Hep3B cells; C:Generation of PTP1B-knockdown SNU-387 cells;D:p-FAK(Y397) protein expression levels in PTP1B-knockdown SNU-387 cells,PTP1B-overexpressing Hep3B cells,and their respective control groups;E:p-FAK(Y397) relative expression by Western blotting

, figureFileSmall=7AMKsjcBoCvCb5+MAOeS+Q==, figureFileBig=DnjAsptiPamirOKlmwnU0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548581077277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 6(continued), caption=PTP1B-mediated suppression of FAK phosphorylation, figureFileSmall=GIpKusTx96Q1UxPN63jydg==, figureFileBig=4ghsMx2sAtIzOILg8+2CpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548803375390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=续图6, caption=PTP1B介导FAK磷酸化抑制作用

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,in comparison with SNU-387CTRL and Hep3BCTRL F:Relative expression of p-FAK(Y397) and PTP1B by Western blotting

, figureFileSmall=GIpKusTx96Q1UxPN63jydg==, figureFileBig=4ghsMx2sAtIzOILg8+2CpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548916621599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=PTP1B-mediated inhibition of FAK and its suppressive effects on HCC migration,invasion,and proliferation, figureFileSmall=ybbeerdcFvqZ20bBq7cDaw==, figureFileBig=i7LkjtJyIc/o5wRR0JWp1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190548975341856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PTP1B介导的FAK抑制及其对HCC迁移、侵袭和增殖的抑制作用

PF:FAK inhibitor,ZINC:FAK activator; a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,in comparison with CTRL A:Cell migration analysis in SNU-387 cells and Hep3B cells; B:Cell invasion analysis in SNU-387 cells and Hep3B cells; C:Cell proliferation analysis in SNU-387 cells and Hep3B cells; D:Clonogenic ability analysis in SNU-387 cells and Hep3B cells

, figureFileSmall=ybbeerdcFvqZ20bBq7cDaw==, figureFileBig=i7LkjtJyIc/o5wRR0JWp1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190549319274785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Modulatory effects of FAK phosphorylation on PI3K/AKT(A) and MEK/ERK(B) signaling, figureFileSmall=5go2svRJenwIwnx8qkr2jQ==, figureFileBig=j/J3bxo0e3k0oVZq0lA2Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190549403160866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190537583612106, language=CN, label=图8, caption=FAK磷酸化介导PI3K/AKT(A)及MEK/ERK(B)信号通路调节

a:P<0.01,in comparison with SNU-387CTRL and Hep3BCTRL

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刘洋 1 , 王语然 2 , 于滢 1 , 涂丽 1 , 王曾丽 1 , 欧阳诗琪 1 , 唐小龙 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(17): 2012-2027
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (17) : 2012 -2027
程序性死亡配体-1通过抑制蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B激活黏着斑激酶促进肝细胞癌进展
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刘洋1, 王语然2, 于滢1, 涂丽1, 王曾丽1, 欧阳诗琪1, 唐小龙1
作者信息
  • 1安徽理工大学医学院:生物化学与分子生物学教研室,安徽 淮南
  • 2安徽理工大学医学院:2022级临床医学2班,安徽 淮南
通讯作者:
唐小龙,E-mail:
TANG Xiaolong,E-mail:
PD-L1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting PTP1B and activating FAK
Yang LIU1, Yuran WANG2, Ying YU1, Li TU1, Zengli WANG1, Shiqi OUYANG1, Xiaolong TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • 2Class 2, Grade 2022 Majoring in Clinical Medicine,School of Medicine,Anhui University of Science and Technology,Huainan,Anhui,China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505080
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目的

揭示PD-L1-PTP1B-FAK信号轴促进肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)进展的作用机制,并阐明其在HCC中的效应功能。

方法

通过GEPIA数据库获取HCC患者中PD-L1与FAK表达水平的10年生存分析曲线。采用免疫组化染色法分析HCC组织与癌旁组织中PD-L1与FAK在Y397位点磷酸化相对表达水平。通过Western blot检测内源性PD-L1低表达(SNU-387)和PD-L1高表达(Hep3B)细胞系,并构建SNU-387PDL1+和Hep3BPDL1-慢病毒转染的细胞系,通过Western blot检测PD-L1的高表达和低表达对p-FAK(Y397)的影响。为明确FAK在HCC中的功能机制,分别在SNU-387PDL1+中施加FAK抑制剂、在Hep3BPDL1-中施加FAK激活剂进行功能挽救实验,结合划痕愈合实验、Transwell侵袭实验、EdU增殖实验及克隆形成实验评估肿瘤恶性效应。通过GENEMANIA数据库预测蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B)与PD-L1和FAK间功能交互,IHC分析PD-L1/PTP1B/p-FAK(Y397)三者的表达相关性,通过免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)和间接免疫荧光(immunofluorescence,IF)验证PD-L1与PTP1B的相互作用,Western blot验证PD-L1与PTP1B的调控关系,通过体外PTP1B磷酸酶活性实验检测PTP1B活性变化。Western blot筛选内源性PTP1B高表达(SNU-387)和PTP1B低表达(Hep3B)细胞系,利用Hep3BPTP1B+和SNU-387PTP1B-细胞系,检测p-FAK(Y397)水平及重复表达水平对其功能效应实验和挽救实验。通过Western blot检测SNU-387细胞和Hep3B细胞中p-FAK(Y397)下游通路信号的变化。

结果

免疫组化染色显示,在HCC组织中PD-L1与p-FAK(Y397)表达呈正相关(95%CI:1.065~3.801,P<0.01)。在SNU-387PDL1+细胞中显著增强FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞的迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力提高(P<0.01),FAK抑制剂可逆转该效应(P<0.05);而Hep3BPDL1-细胞中显著降低FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力降低(P<0.01),FAK激活剂可恢复该效应(P<0.05);免疫组化染色显示在HCC组织中PTP1B表达与PD-L1和p-FAK(Y397)呈负相关(95%CI:1.886~3.514,P<0.05)。Co-IP实验和IF实验证实PD-L1与PTP1B存在直接相互作用,PD-L1抑制PTP1B表达水平使其活性降低(P<0.01);SNU-387PTP1B-细胞中显著升高FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力提高(P<0.01),FAK抑制剂逆转了以上效应(P<0.05);而Hep3BPTP1B+细胞中显著降低FAK(Y397)位点磷酸化(P<0.01),细胞迁移、侵袭、增殖、克隆形成能力降低(P<0.01),FAK激活剂的处理恢复其效应(P<0.05)。SNU-387细胞中FAK(Y397)位点的磷酸化激活可增强下游PI3K/AKT和MEK/ERK信号通路的活化(P<0.01);Hep3B细胞中抑制FAK(Y397)位点的磷酸化则能够削弱上述信号通路的活化(P<0.01)。

结论

PD-L1通过抑制PTP1B激活FAK,进而促进HCC的迁移侵袭和增殖效应。

肝细胞癌  /  程序性死亡配体-1  /  蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B  /  黏着斑激酶
Objective‍

Toreveal the mechanism by which the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)- protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling axis promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and elucidate its effector functions in HCC.

Methods‍

GEPIA database was used to plot a 10-year survival curve for PD-L1 and FAK expression levels in HCC patients. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was utilized to analyze the relative expression levels of PD-L1 and FAK phosphorylated at the Y397 site [p-FAK(Y397)] in HCC tissues,and the results were compared to those in the adjacent non-tumor tissues. Subsequently,endogenous PD-L1 expression was detected with Western blotting in HCC cell lines with low (SNU-387) and high (Hep3B) PD-L1 expression levels. After lentivirus-transduced SNU-387PDL1+ and Hep3BPDL1-cells were constructed,the effect of high and low expression of PD-L1 on the expression of p-FAK(Y397) with Western blotting. To elucidate the functional mechanism of FAK in HCC,functional rescue experiments were performed by administering a FAK inhibitor to SNU-387PDL1+ cells and a FAK activator to Hep3BPDL1- cells,combined with wound healing scratch assay,Transwell invasion assay,EdU proliferation assay,and colony formation assay to evaluate tumor malignant effects. The GENEMANIA database predicted functional interactions between protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B),PD-L1,and FAK. IHC staining was performed to analyze the correlation among PD-L1,PTP1B,and p-FAK(Y397) expression. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) were applied to validate the interaction between PD-L1 and PTP1B. Western blotting was utilized to confirm the regulatory relationship between PD-L1 and PTP1B. In vitro PTP1B phosphatase activity assay measured the changes in PTP1B activity. Subsequently,Western blotting was used to screen cell lines with high endogenous PTP1B expression (SNU-387) and low endogenous PTP1B expression (Hep3B). Furthermore,Hep3BPTP1B+ and SNU-387PTP1B- cell lines were generated,and then p-FAK(Y397) levels were then detected in these modified cell lines,and the aforementioned functional effect assays (migration,invasion,proliferation and colony formation) and rescue experiments were repeated. Furthermore,Western blotting was employed to detect changes in downstream signaling pathways following enhancement or attenuation of p-FAK(Y397) in SNU-387 and Hep3B cells.

Results‍

IHC staining revealed a positive correlation between PD-L1 and p-FAK(Y397) expression in HCC tissues (95%CI:1.065~3.801,P<0.01). In SNU-387PDL1+ cells,PD-L1 overexpression significantly enhanced phosphorylation at the FAK Y397 site (P<0.01) and increased cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation capabilities (P<0.01),and these effects could be reversed by FAK inhibitor treatment (P<0.05). Conversely,in Hep3BPDL1- cells,PD-L1 knockdown significantly reduced FAK Y397 phosphorylation (P<0.01) and decreased cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation abilities (P<0.01),and these effects were restored by FAK activator treatment (P<0.05). IHC staining further showed a negative correlation between PTP1B expression and both PD-L1 and p-FAK(Y397) in HCC tissues (95%CI:1.886~3.514,P<0.05). Co-IP and IF assays confirmed a direct interaction between PD-L1 and PTP1B,with PD-L1 suppressing PTP1B expression level and reducing its activity (P<0.01). In SNU-387PTP1B- cells,PTP1B knockdown significantly increased FAK Y397 phosphorylation (P<0.01) and enhanced cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation (P<0.01),and these effects were reversed by FAK inhibitor (P<0.05). While in Hep3BPTP1B+ cells,PTP1B overexpression significantly decreased FAK Y397 phosphorylation (P<0.01) and reduced cell migration,invasion,proliferation,and colony formation (P<0.01),and those effects were restored by FAK activator treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore,enhanced phosphorylation at the FAK Y397 site in SNU-387 cells activated downstream PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways (P<0.01),whereas inhibition of FAK(Y397) phosphorylation in Hep3B cells attenuated the activation of these signaling pathways (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

PD-L1 activates FAK by suppressing PTP1B,thereby promoting migration,invasion,and proliferation in HCC.

hepatocellular carcinoma  /  programmed death-ligand 1  /  protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B  /  focal adhesion kinase
刘洋, 王语然, 于滢, 涂丽, 王曾丽, 欧阳诗琪, 唐小龙. 程序性死亡配体-1通过抑制蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B激活黏着斑激酶促进肝细胞癌进展. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (17) : 2012 -2027 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505080
Yang LIU, Yuran WANG, Ying YU, Li TU, Zengli WANG, Shiqi OUYANG, Xiaolong TANG. PD-L1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting PTP1B and activating FAK[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (17) : 2012 -2027 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505080
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)作为全球第三大癌症相关死亡原因,其发病率与病死率持续呈上升趋势[1-2]。尽管手术切除、局部消融及靶向治疗(如索拉非尼)的应用显著改善了部分患者的预后,但晚期HCC的高转移率和耐药性仍导致患者5年生存率低下[3-4]。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂的应用,特别是针对于程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)的阻断剂疗法,为晚期HCC提供了突破性的治疗策略,但临床数据显示,仅有小部分患者对于PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂获得持久应答,且约超过半数患者在治疗半年内出现获得性耐药[5-6]。这一现象提示,肿瘤微环境中存在免疫非依赖性促癌机制,因此深入研究PD-L1在肝细胞癌中免疫非依赖性机制将有助于改善当前肝细胞癌的治疗瓶颈[7]。
PD-L1作为经典的免疫检查点分子,主要通过结合T细胞表面的PD-1受体,抑制T细胞活化并诱导免疫耐受,其表达水平与癌症细胞免疫逃逸和不良预后显著相关[8-9]。事实上,基于抑制PD-L1靶向T细胞治疗策略已被证明对多种类型的癌症具有确切的疗效,如乳腺癌、胃癌、食管癌、非小细胞肺癌[10-13]。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示PD-L1具有独立于免疫调控的促癌功能,包括调控肿瘤细胞的迁移增殖、上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)以及细胞的侵袭[14-16]。然而,PD-L1如何通过免疫非依赖性的调控机制驱动HCC进展仍未明晰。
黏着斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,FAK)是一种调控肿瘤细胞迁移、侵袭和增殖的关键酪氨酸激酶,其Y397位点的自磷酸化是激酶激活的核心标志。研究显示,FAK在许多肿瘤组织中呈现异常激活状态,且与癌细胞迁移、增殖和侵袭显著相关[17-18]。尽管FAK的生物学功能的研究已较为明晰,但FAK与其他功能分子之间的联系仍较为复杂。有文献报道,PD-L1与酪氨酸激酶家族可通过非免疫依赖性机制调控肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭[19],而FAK作为迁移和侵袭的核心调控因子,可能成为PD-L1通过非免疫依赖性促进HCC进展的下游的关键效应分子。鉴于FAK活性受到酪氨酸磷酸化的调控,推测PD-L1可能通过影响其上游调控因子,特别是磷酸酶,来间接调控FAK。
蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,PTP1B)作为一种调控酪氨酸激酶的磷酸酶,其结构特征高度保守,由435个氨基酸组成,包含1个N端催化结构域和一个C端调控域。PTP1B可以对多种底物发挥作用,其N端催化结构域具有典型的PTP酶活性位点,可以通过识别并结合酪氨酸残基来实现去磷酸化作用[20-21]。早期研究发现,PTP1B是胰岛素受体及其下游信号通路的负调控因子[22]。但近年来PTP1B在多种肿瘤中的生物学作用备受关注,如促进黑色素瘤Src介导的细胞迁移,诱导胰腺癌AMPK活化及细胞死亡,激活乳腺癌PI3K/AKT通路和IL-24蛋白发挥促癌效应[23-25]。PTP1B在肿瘤中发挥功能常涉及免疫相关通路,特别是其与免疫检查点蛋白的相互作用。已有研究证实,PD-L1与PTP1B在乳腺癌、肺癌以及黑色素瘤中存在相互作用[26-27]。因此,在HCC中,PD-L1是否通过调控PTP1B进而影响FAK活性并最终促进肿瘤恶性进展,成为需要阐明的重要问题。
基于上述研究基础,本研究提出PD-L1-PTP1B-FAK信号轴假说:在HCC中,PD-L1通过抑制PTP1B的表达降低其活性,解除PTP1B对p-FAK(Y397)位点的去磷酸化作用,从而形成PD-L1-PTP1B-FAK信号轴驱动HCC进展。为验证这一非经典调控机制,本研究构建PD-L1/PTP1B差异表达的HCC细胞模型,结合药理学干预手段系统解析三者间的分子调控网络,为克服现有免疫治疗瓶颈、开发靶向PTP1B或FAK的新型联合治疗策略提供重要的理论依据和潜在干预靶点。
SNU-387细胞、Hep3B细胞以及Li-7细胞系购自武汉赛维尔公司。Huh7细胞系购自上海青旗有限公司,所有细胞系均经STR鉴定确认无交叉污染。细胞培养采用RPMI 1640基础培养基并补充10%胎牛血清和1%青-链霉素。为维持Huh7细胞的最佳生长状态,其培养基中FBS浓度调整为15%。所有细胞系于37 ℃、5%CO2环境中培养,每48小时更换新鲜培养基,细胞密度为80%~90%时,以0.25%胰酶-EDTA进行传代。
PD-L1抗体、FAK抗体、p-FAK(Y397)抗体、PI3K抗体、p-PI3K(p85)抗体、AKT抗体、p-AKT(Ser473)抗体、MEK1/2抗体、p-MEK1/2(Ser217/221)抗体、ERK1/2抗体、p-ERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204)抗体购自美国CST公司;PTP1B(EPR22474)抗体购自英国Abcam公司(以上抗体使用时均依照说明用PBS按1∶1 000比例稀释);EdU-594检测试剂盒(C0078S)、免疫共沉淀检测试剂盒(P2177S)购自中国碧云天公司;PTP1B比色测定试剂盒(30019)购自美国BPS Bioscience公司;FAK抑制剂(PF573228)、FAK激活剂(ZINC40099027)购自美国MCE公司;PTP1B-shRNA1、2、3敲低慢病毒,PTP1B-OE1、2过表达慢病毒以及PDL1-shRNA1、2、3敲低慢病毒、PDL1-OE过表达慢病毒购自上海生工公司。
使用RIPA裂解液提取总蛋白,BAC法定量加入Loading Buffer煮沸变性。10%SDS-PAGE电泳(浓缩胶80 V、30 min,分离胶120 V、60 min),转膜至PVDF膜(100 V、2 h),5%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h,一抗4 ℃孵育过夜。次日使用(1×)TBST洗涤膜3次,37 ℃加入二抗(1∶1 000)工作液中,室温孵育1 h,再用(1×)TBST溶液清洗3次,ECL显影后采用Image J软件分析灰度值,以GAPDH为内参。
将细胞进行裂解,使用指定细胞裂解物抗体进行免疫沉淀,使用PTP1B比色测定试剂盒测量PTP1B活性。在室温下,使用酶标分析仪测定样品在415 nm处吸光度[OD(415)]值,并绘制统计图。
本研究经安徽理工大学医学伦理委员会审查批准(202101005),采用2021年5月至2024年6月于蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院病理科接受手术切除的58例肝细胞癌及癌旁组织样本。将样本进行脱水,石蜡组织切片37 ℃烘烤3 h,二甲苯脱蜡,无水乙醇进行水化。使用柠檬酸钠抗原修复液,沸水煮30 min,取出切片,蒸馏水洗涤2次,冷却后使用PBS冲洗。每张切片使用3%过氧化氢进行阻断,避光处理10 min,PBST清洗3次(5 min/次),室温加入3%BSA封闭1 h,随后加入一抗,4 ℃过夜。次日室温放置1 h,PBST清洗3次,加酶标二抗,室温孵育2 h,PBST清洗3次。使用AP染色15 min,以蒸馏水终止染色,加入50 µL苏木素染色后,流水冲洗10 min。随后,以75%乙醇 3 min、85%乙醇3 min、95%乙醇3 min、100%乙醇3 min的顺序进行脱水处理。使用二甲苯透明处理2次(5 min/次),中性树脂封片,镜下观察。
配制含抑制剂的裂解液,TBS溶液的配制以及磁珠的准备,按说明书比例配制抗体工作液。将生长状态良好的细胞加入裂解液,静置2~3 min充分裂解,以4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清。将磁珠进行磁性分离,加入500 µL的抗体工作液或正常IgG工作液,室温翻转孵育1 h,抗体回收。磁珠加入500 µL的TBS,移液器吹打混匀,置于磁力架分离10 s,去除上清,重复3次。按照每500 µL蛋白样品加入20 µL磁珠悬浊液的比例加入结合抗体或IgG的磁珠,置于旋转混合仪,4 ℃孵育过夜。孵育完毕后,置于磁力架分离10 s,弃上清。加入0.5 mL含有抑制剂的裂解液,吹打混匀,磁力架分离10 s,弃上清,重复3次。加入100 µL SDS-PAGE Loading buffer,95 ℃加热5 min。置于磁力架10 s,分离磁珠后进行Western blot检测。
将细胞按约1×105的密度均匀接种在24孔板中,在37 ℃、5%CO2温箱中孵育24 h,PBS清洗3次,4%多聚甲醛固定20 min,0.3%Triton X-100透化10 min。加入适量5%脱脂奶粉封闭30 min,弃去封闭液,滴加适量一抗工作液,4 ℃孵育过夜。PBS清洗3次,滴加适量荧光二抗工作液,转至阴暗处37 ℃湿盒孵育30 min,后使用DAPI染核10 min,抗荧光衰减封片,置于荧光显微镜下观察,并拍照。
将细胞按约5×105的密度均匀接种在12孔板中,使其生长至铺满孔板底部。用10 µL的枪头在每个孔中垂直划3道相互平行的划痕,吸弃培养液后,加入无血清培养基,分别于0 h和24 h,在倒置显微镜下拍照。再用Image J 软件测量痕迹大小,以评估细胞的迁移能力。
在24孔板中加入600 µL含有10%胎牛血清的细胞培养基,将Transwell小室放置24孔板上。将细胞按约3×105的密度接种到Transwell的上室,加入100 µL无血清培养基,以37 ℃、5%CO2培养细胞48 h。去除膜上未迁移的细胞,迁移的细胞用甲醇固定30 min,使用结晶紫溶液染色,显微镜下观察,并拍照。通过计算3个随机视野中的细胞数评估跨膜迁移情况。
将细胞按约1×105的密度均匀接种在24孔板中,在37 ℃、5%CO2温箱中孵育24 h,更换已经配置好500 µL含有EdU-594(10 µL)的培养液,继续孵育2 h。用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞20 min,0.3%Triton X-100透化10 min,并根据说明书加入已经配置好的500 µL点击化学反应液避光孵育30 min。再用BSA溶液清洗3次,DAPI染核10 min,洗涤细胞3次后,置于荧光显微镜下检测红色荧光核的比例,以评估细胞增殖能力。
取生长状态良好的对数生长期细胞,用胰酶消化后,吹打混匀。并以约1×103个/孔水平接种于6孔板,37 ℃、5%CO2条件下培养2周。当细胞生长至肉眼可见集落时,使用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,结晶紫染色30 min,冲洗干净,拍照计算细胞数。
以上实验独立重复3次,计量数据以x¯±s表示。所有数据使用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行分析。统计分析采用非配对双向Student’s t 检验来评估两组间差异的显著性。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析 (ANOVA),多组间均值比较采用Tukey检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
GEPIA数据库生存分析显示,FAK高表达的HCC患者总生存期低于低表达FAK的患者(图1A),HR值为1.4,提示高表达FAK的HCC患者预后不良。为研究PD-L1与p-FAK(Y397)在组织中表达水平的差异,通过对HCC组织及癌旁组织样本进行IHC分析,结果显示:PD-L1和p-FAK(Y397)在肿瘤组织中的表达显著高于癌旁组织(95%CI:1.065~3.801,P<0.01,图1B),且PD-L1和p-FAK(Y397)在肿瘤组织中的表达关系表现出正相关,提示PD-L1与FAK存在正向协同作用促进HCC进展。
采用Western blot筛选了4种HCC细胞系(Hep3B、Huh7、Li-7和SNU-387),结果显示:与Huh7细胞比较,SNU-387细胞的内源性PD-L1表达最低,p-FAK(Y397)表达最低(P<0.01),Hep3B细胞内源性PD-L1表达最高,p-FAK(Y397)表达最高(P<0.01,图2A)。使用PD-L1过表达慢病毒(PD-L1 OE)转染SNU-387细胞,Western blot结果显示:OE组PD-L1表达最高(P<0.01,图2B);PD-L1敲低慢病毒载体(PD-L1 shRNA)转染Hep3B细胞,结果显示:shRNA1组PD-L1表达最低(P<0.01,图2C),提示成功构建PD-L1敲低的Hep3BPDL1-细胞和PD-L1过表达的SNU-387PDL1+细胞。Western blot结果显示:SNU-387PDL1+细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)表达与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.01);Hep3BPDL1-细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)表达与对照组相比显著下降(P<0.01,图2D),提示PD-L1可促进p-FAK(Y397)的表达水平。挽救实验结果显示:PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可有效阻断SNU-387PDL1+细胞的p-FAK(Y397)的表达(P<0.05),而ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理则能恢复Hep3BPDL1-细胞的p-FAK(Y397)表达水平(P<0.05,图2E),提示PF573228和ZINC40099027可以逆转SNU-387PDL1+细胞和Hep3BPDL1-细胞的p-FAK(Y397)的表达。
为探究PD-L1-FAK轴在HCC恶性进展中的作用,在SNU-387、SNU-387PDL1+、Hep3B及Hep3BPDL1-细胞中进行细胞划痕迁移、Transwell侵袭、EdU增殖及克隆实验。细胞划痕结果显示:SNU-387PDL1+细胞的迁移能力显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)的处理可抑制其迁移增强效应(P<0.05);Hep3BPDL1-细胞的迁移能力则低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理可恢复其迁移能力(P<0.05,图3A),提示PD-L1-FAK轴可提高细胞的迁移愈合能力。Transwell实验结果显示:SNU-387PDL1+的侵袭水平显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可显著抑制其侵袭能力(P<0.05);Hep3BPDL1-侵袭能力低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理可恢复其侵袭能力(P<0.05,图3B),提示PD-L1-FAK轴可提高细胞的侵袭能力。EdU增殖实验结果显示:SNU-387PDL1+细胞的增殖能力显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可显著降低其增殖水平(P<0.05);Hep3BPDL1-细胞的增殖能力低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理可恢复其增殖能力(P<0.05,图3C),提示PD-L1-FAK轴可提高细胞的增殖能力。克隆形成实验结果显示:SNU-387PDL1+细胞的克隆形成能力显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可显著抑制其克隆能力(P<0.05);Hep3BPDL1-细胞的克隆形成能力低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)后处理可恢复其克隆能力(P<0.05,图3D),提示PD-L1-FAK轴可促进细胞的克隆能力。
为进一步探究PD-L1如何调控FAK磷酸化,通过GENEMANIA数据库进行蛋白互作网络预测,结果显示:PTP1B、PD-L1和FAK存在功能交互(图4A),提示PTP1B可能参与PD-L1调控FAK的过程。通过GEPIA数据库进行泛癌分析,结果显示:PTP1B在HCC组织中的表达水平显著高于癌旁组织(图4B)。为探求PTP1B如何参与PD-L1调控p-FAK(Y397)的表达,通过IHC实验观察PTP1B的表达情况,结果显示:在SNU-387肝细胞癌中,PD-L1与p-FAK(Y397)表达上升伴随PTP1B表达显著降低(P<0.05);在Hep3B肝细胞癌中,PD-L1与p-FAK(Y397)表达下降伴随PTP1B表达显著升高(95%CI:1.886~3.514,P<0.05,图4C),提示PTP1B可能通过负反馈机制参与PD-L1调控FAK的过程。
为探索PD-L1与PTP1B之间的调控关系,利用GENEMANIA数据库进行了蛋白互作预测,发现PD-L1与PTP1B之间存在功能交互(图5A)。在Hep3B和SNU-387细胞中进行了Co-IP实验,结果显示:Hep3B细胞中PD-L1可特异性结合PTP1B,而在SNU-387细胞中PTP1B也特异性结合PD-L1蛋白,提示PD-L1与PTP1B之间存在直接相互作用(图5B)。此外,IF结果显示:SNU-387和Hep3B细胞中PD-L1与PTP1B存在共定位,进一步验证了它们的相互作用(图5C)。Western blot分析4种不同HCC细胞系(Hep3B、Huh7、Li-7和SNU-387),结果显示:在内源性PD-L1表达最低的SNU-387细胞中,PTP1B的表达水平最高(P<0.01);而内源性PD-L1表达最高的Hep3B细胞中,PTP1B的表达水平最低(P<0.01,图5D),提示PD-L1与PTP1B之间存在显著的表达差异。Western blot结果显示:在SNU-387PDL1+细胞中,PTP1B显著下降(P<0.01),而Hep3BPDL1-细胞中,PTP1B则显著升高(P<0.01,图5E),提示PD-L1能够抑制PTP1B的表达。体外磷酸酶活性实验结果显示:在SNU-387PDL1+细胞细胞中,PTP1B活性显著降低(P<0.01);Hep3BPDL1-细胞中,PTP1B活性显著升高(P<0.01,图5F),提示随着PTP1B的表达水平的变化,其活性也随之保持相应的变化。
Western blot筛选4种不同的肝癌细胞系(Hep3B、Huh7、Li-7和SNU-387),结果显示:SNU-387细胞的内源性PTP1B表达最高,p-FAK(Y397)表达水平最低(P<0.01);Hep3B细胞内源性PTP1B表达最低,p-FAK(Y397)表达水平最高(P<0.01,图6A)。使用PTP1B过表达慢病毒(PTP1B OE)转染Hep3B细胞,结果显示 :OE1组中PTP1B表达最高(P<0.01,图6B);使用PTP1B敲低慢病毒载体(PTP1B shRNA)转染SNU-387细胞,结果显示:shRNA1组中PTP1B表达最低(P<0.01,图6C),提示成功构建了PTP1B敲低的SNU-387PTP1B-细胞和PTP1B过表达的Hep3BPTP1B+细胞。Western blot结果显示:SNU-387PTP1B-细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)的表达量显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01);Hep3BPTP1B+细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)的表达量显著低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.05,图6D),提示PTP1B抑制FAK激酶的磷酸化。挽救实验的结果显示:PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可有效抑制SNU-387PTP1B-细胞的p-FAK(Y397)的表达(P<0.05);而ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理则能恢复Hep3BPTP1B+细胞的p-FAK(Y397)水平(P<0.05,图6E),提示PF573228和ZINC40099027可以逆转SNU-387PTP1B-细胞和Hep3BPTP1B+细胞的p-FAK(Y397)的表达。在低p-FAK(Y397)的SNU-387细胞中加入ZINC40099027,在高p-FAK(Y397)的Hep3B细胞中加入PF573228,Western blot结果显示:当SNU-387细胞中p-FAK(Y397)表达显著提高(P<0.01),Hep3B细胞中p-FAK(Y397)表达降低(P<0.05)时,其PTP1B的表达不受影响(图6F),提示FAK激酶是作为PTP1B的下游底物,不能反向调控PTP1B的表达。
为进一步验证PTP1B-FAK轴在HCC进展中的作用,在SNU-387、SNU-387PTP1B-、Hep3B及Hep3BPTP1B+细胞中重复细胞划痕迁移、Transwell侵袭、EdU增殖及克隆实验。细胞划痕结果显示:SNU-387PTP1B-细胞的迁移能力显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可抑制其迁移增强效应(P<0.05);Hep3BPTP1B+细胞的迁移能力低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理后可恢复其迁移能力(P<0.05,图7A),提示PTP1B-FAK轴可降低细胞的迁移愈合能力。Transwell实验结果显示:SNU-387PTP1B-细胞的侵袭能力显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可抑制其侵袭能力(P<0.05);Hep3BPTP1B+细胞的侵袭能力低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理可恢复其侵袭能力(P<0.05,图7B),提示PTP1B-FAK轴可降低细胞的侵袭能力。EdU增殖实验结果显示:SNU-387PTP1B-细胞的增殖能力显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可抑制其增殖水平(P<0.05);Hep3BPTP1B+细胞的增殖能力低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理可恢复其增殖能力(P<0.05,图7C),提示PTP1B-FAK轴可降低细胞的增殖能力。克隆形成实验结果显示:SNU-387PTP1B-细胞的克隆形成能力显著高于SNU-387细胞(P<0.01),PF573228(1 µmol/L)处理可抑制其克隆能力(P<0.05);Hep3BPTP1B+细胞的克隆形成能力低于Hep3B细胞(P<0.01),ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L)处理后可恢复其克隆能力(P<0.05,图7D),提示PTP1B-FAK轴可降低细胞的克隆能力。
已知p-FAK(Y397)在SNU-387细胞中水平较低,在Hep3B细胞中水平较高,因此在SNU-387细胞中加入ZINC40099027(1 µmol/L),在Hep3B细胞中加入PF573228(1 µmol/L),通过Western blot检测下游信号通路的变化。结果显示:在SNU-387细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)升高会有效提高PI3K/AKT的磷酸化水平(P<0.01),在Hep3B细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)降低则有效抑制PI3K/AKT的磷酸化水平(P<0.01,图8A),这与细胞增殖水平密切相关。同样地,在SNU-387细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)升高会加强MEK/ERK的磷酸化水平(P<0.01),在Hep3B细胞中,p-FAK(Y397)降低会抑制MEK/ERK的磷酸化水平(P<0.01,图8B),这与细胞迁移侵袭水平密切相关,提示PD-L1对HCC的进展的促进是通过对PTP1B的抑制进而激活FAK激酶引起下游的相关分子信号通路的活化水平的提高引起的。
PD-L1作为经典的免疫检查点分子,其在HCC的发展过程和预后不良中扮演了关键角色。早期的研究证明PD-L1通过抑制T细胞的活化与增殖,削弱抗肿瘤免疫应答[8-9]。近年来许多研究揭示,PD-L1不仅通过传统的免疫机制促进肿瘤的发展,还具有重要的非免疫依赖性的功能[7]。但PD-L1在HCC内如何通过非免疫依赖性促进HCC的发展仍不明晰,在非免疫依赖性机制的一些研究中,PD-L1与酪氨酸激酶异常激活的协同作用促进肿瘤进展也是重要研究方向[19]。
本研究发现,FAK激酶是PD-L1激活HCC致癌信号下游靶点,FAK激酶作为一种非受体型酪氨酸激酶,在许多类型的癌症中发现FAK激酶的异常活化,并被证明与肿瘤的迁移、侵袭和增殖相关,因此FAK近年来也被认为是治疗癌症的理想分子靶点[17-18]。本研究发现SNU-387细胞中过表达PD-L1水平可显著上调p-FAK(Y397)水平,而效应实验的结果显示当PD-L1过表达时,细胞的迁移水平、侵袭能力、增殖能力、克隆能力都得到了显著的提高;而Hep3B细胞中敲低PD-L1,p-FAK(Y397)水平则显著降低,同样的效应实验则呈现细胞的迁移水平、侵袭能力、增殖能力、克隆能力都被遏制。在挽救实验中,通过加入FAK抑制剂和FAK激活剂进行干预,在蛋白水平和功能效应两方面均逆转了上述的结果。以上的结果进一步验证了PD-L1通过促进FAK在Y397位点磷酸化驱动HCC的恶性进展。
为解析PD-L1调控FAK的具体机制,本研究通过GENEMANIA网络蛋白互作数据库的结果聚焦于酪氨酸磷酸酶PTP1B。IHC的染色结果提示在HCC组织中PTP1B的表达与PD-L1和p-FAK(Y397)的表达呈现负相关,随后细胞筛选发现SNU-387细胞为低表达PD-L1,高表达PTP1B;Hep3B细胞则与之相反。通过构建SNU-387PTP1B-和Hep3BPTP1B+细胞模型,发现SNU-387细胞的PTP1B敲低显著引起p-FAK(Y397)蛋白升高,重复上述效应实验发现细胞的迁移水平、侵袭能力、增殖能力、克隆能力都得到了显著的提高;而在Hep3B细胞中过表达PTP1B则会降低p-FAK(Y397)的表达,重复效应实验结果则显示细胞的迁移水平、侵袭能力、增殖能力、克隆能力都被遏制。而FAK抑制剂和FAK激活剂的药理干预,均逆转了上述的结果。Co-IP实验和间接免疫荧光证实PD-L1与PTP1B存在直接互作,且PD-L1过表达显著降低PTP1B的表达,体外磷酸酶活性实验的结果显示PD-L1的表达水平与PTP1B的活性呈现负相关。总结这些结果,可知PTP1B作为FAK的上游分子,其生物学功能是抑制FAK的磷酸化,但PD-L1的存在则使得PTP1B的表达和活性受到抑制,进而促使FAK活化发挥其促癌效应。
关于PD-L1如何抑制PTP1B的表达,已有文献研究在肺癌及黑色素瘤中,PD-L1的抑制可以减少PTP1B的泛素化,且PD-L1沉默并不影响PTP1B的mRNA表达水平的变化[26]。也有研究提及在乳腺癌中,PD-L1的胞内结构域参与了与PTP1B的相互作用并抑制PTP1B活性[27]。此外,也有研究报道,在肝癌中,与PD-L1存在协同作用的E3泛素酶家族的HERC2可通过限制PTP1B易位到ER-PM(内质网-质膜)的接触位点来限制PTP1B与JAK2蛋白的相互作用[28]。基于以上研究结论,推测在肝细胞癌中,PD-L1的胞内结构域直接结合PTP1B并促进PD-L1抑制PTP1B结构域的N端催化活性中心;其次,PD-L1可能与泛素连接酶家族的某些核心成员存在协同作用,通过泛素化共同促进PTP1B的降解。
本研究进一步探究了FAK激酶激活(Y397磷酸化)的下游效应。PI3K/AKT和MEK/ERK信号通路作为经典的信号通路,在介导HCC迁移侵袭和增殖的过程中发挥重要作用,PI3K/AKT通过调节细胞相关的周期蛋白和合成代谢,主导细胞的增殖能力,MEK/ERK则通过诱导细胞骨架蛋白重组与ECM的降解,主导细胞的迁移侵袭能力。结果显示,增强p-FAK(Y397)(在SNU-387中使用ZINC40099027)能显著激活PI3K/AKT和MEK/ERK信号通路;而抑制p-FAK(Y397)(在Hep3B中使用PF573228)则显著抑制了这两条通路的活性。这些结果表明,p-FAK(Y397)的加强可以引起下游PI3K/AKT和MEK/ERK信号通路的活化进而促进HCC进展。
本研究也存在一些局限性:①虽已发现PD-L1在HCC中抑制PTP1B的表达及活性,但就具体PD-L1在HCC中通过何种路径发挥对PTP1B的抑制作用尚未做具体探讨;②本研究发现PTP1B作为PD-L1调控FAK磷酸化的关键介质,但尚未排除其他磷酸酶(如SHP2)的潜在影响,有报道指出SHP2在HCC中发挥促癌功能,其也作为一些药物联合治疗的靶点[29-30]。
综上所述,本研究阐明了PD-L1-PTP1B-FAK信号轴在HCC中的非经典促癌机制,为联合靶向免疫检查点与酪氨酸激酶通路提供了理论依据。这一发现不仅深化了PD-L1在HCC中多功能性的理解,也为破解HCC治疗耐药难题提供了新思路。

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2025年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505080
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
  • 修回日期:2025-07-18
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    1安徽理工大学医学院:生物化学与分子生物学教研室,安徽 淮南
    2安徽理工大学医学院:2022级临床医学2班,安徽 淮南

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