Article(id=1322190370901966932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747929600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-23, revisedDate=1750608000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164349531, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164349531, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164349531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164349531, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190358751069178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1981', pageEnd='2144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164346635, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164560388, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2088, endPage=2096, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190371090710613, articleId=1322190370901966932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Effects of meropenem and amikacin on gut microbiota diversity and structure in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the effects of meropenem and amikacin on gut microbiota diversity and composition in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods‍

Neonatal SD rats (1~2 d, weighing 5~10 g, both sexes) were subjected to establish a NEC model through artificial formula feeding, hypoxic-cold stress, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) gavage. The rats were randomly divided into normal control group (Group C, n=12), NEC group (Group N, n=20), meropenem intervention group (Group M, n=20), and amikacin intervention group (Group A, n=20). Following modeling, Group M and Group A received intraperitoneal injections of meropenem (125 mg/kg) or amikacin (468 mg/kg), twice daily for 3 consecutive days. Groups C and N were administered an equal volume of normal saline. At the end of the intervention, colonic contents or fecal samples were collected. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the QIIME2 platform. Alpha diversity was evaluated using Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices. Beta diversity was assessed based on Bray-Curtis distance through principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Venn and UpSet plots were generated to visualize the composition and overlap of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was applied to identify differentially abundant taxa across groups.

Results‍

High-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the N group had significantly lower 3 indices of α diversity than the C group (P<0.01), that is, a Chao1 index from 230 to 40, a Shannon index from 1.65 to 0.85, and a Simpson index from 0.65 to 0.42. After antibiotic intervention, both the M group and A group obtained obvious increases in the Chao1 index than the N group (P<0.001), with a greater increase observed in the M group than in the A group (P<0.05). However, neither antibiotic group exhibited notable improvements in the Shannon index or Simpson index compared with the N group (P>0.05). Venn and UpSet analyses revealed that the M group had the highest number of unique OTUs (283), while the A group shared the most OTUs (63) with the C group. PCoA and NMDS analyses indicated that the microbial structure of the A group was closer to that of the C group, with better clustering. Taxonomic composition and LEfSe analysis demonstrated that the N group was enriched with potentially pathogenic taxa such as Escherichia coli B2 and Klebsiella under the phylum Proteobacteria, while beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae (phylum Firmicutes) were significantly reduced, indicating severe dysbiosis. In contrast, the A group exhibited a significant increase in beneficial bacteria and a structural tendency toward ecological recovery. The M group, however, was enriched with various conditionally pathogenic and environmentally associated genera, displaying a microbial configuration notably deviating from a healthy state.

Conclusion‍

Meropenem and amikacin exhibit differential regulatory effects on the intestinal microbiota in the context of NEC. Amikacin demonstrates superior efficacy in restoring microbial stability and levels of beneficial bacteria, whereas meropenem, although effective for early infection control, warrants caution due to its potential long-term impact on the gut microbiome.

, authors=Chenghuan ZHANG, Haiyan CHENG, Leilei SHEN, Xianyuan YIN, Min TAO, Hedan XU, Sheng CHEN, authorsList=Chenghuan ZHANG, Haiyan CHENG, Leilei SHEN, Xianyuan YIN, Min TAO, Hedan XU, Sheng CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sheng CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190372546134114, articleId=1322190370901966932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=美罗培南与阿米卡星对新生鼠NEC模型肠道菌群多样性与结构的影响, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究美罗培南与阿米卡星对新生鼠坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)模型肠道菌群多样性与结构的影响。

方法

采用新生(出生后1~2 d)SD大鼠(体质量5~10 g,雌雄不限)构建NEC模型。按随机数字表法将大鼠分为4组:对照组(C组,n=12)、NEC组(N组,n=20)、美罗培南干预组(M组,n=20)及阿米卡星干预组(A组,n=20)。NEC模型通过人工配方奶喂养、缺氧冷刺激及脂多糖灌胃联合诱导。M组与A组分别于造模后腹腔注射美罗培南(125 mg/kg)或阿米卡星(468 mg/kg),每日2次,连续3 d;C组与N组给予等体积生理盐水。于干预结束后采集粪便样本,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析肠道菌群结构。使用QIIME2平台进行生物信息学分析,采用Chao1、Shannon及Simpson指数评估菌群α多样性,采用Bray-Curtis距离进行主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCoA)与非度量多维尺度分析(Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis,NMDS)以评估β多样性,通过Venn图与UpSet图展示操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)组成与重叠情况。采用线性判别分析效应大小法(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe)分析识别组间差异显著的特征菌群。

结果

采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术评估肠道菌群α多样性,与C组比较,N组的3个多样性指标均显著下降(P<0.01):Chao1指数从230降至40,Shannon指数从1.65降至0.85,Simpson指数从0.65降至0.42。经两种抗生素干预后,M组与A组的Chao1指数较N组均显著回升(P<0.001),且M组升幅大于A组(P<0.05)。然而,2组的Shannon与Simpson指数相较于N组改善不显著。Venn与UpSet分析显示,M组OTU特异性最高(283个),而A组与C组共享OTU最多(63个)。PCoA与NMDS分析中,A组结构趋近C组,聚集性更好。分类组成、关键菌群及LEfSe分析显示,N组富集Proteobacteria门(如 Escherichia coli B2、Klebsiella)等致病菌属,Firmicutes门及益生菌属(如 Lactobacillaceae、Bifidobacteriaceae)显著减少,肠道菌群显著失衡;A组益生菌水平显著上升,微生态结构趋于恢复;M组富集多种条件致病菌及环境相关菌属,菌群构型与健康状态存在明显偏离。

结论

美罗培南与阿米卡星在NEC背景下对肠道菌群调节作用存在差异,阿米卡星在恢复菌群稳定性和益生菌水平方面效果更佳,美罗培南虽适用于早期感染控制但对微生态长期影响需警惕。

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陈盛,E-mail:
CHEN Sheng,E-mail:
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Protein Cell,2023,14(10):762-775., articleTitle=The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322190378376216757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, doi=10.1159/000354907, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=63, issue=Suppl 2, pageStart=8, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=22, authorNames=WALKER W A, journalName=Ann Nutr Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WALKER W A. Initial intestinal colonization in the human infant and immune homeostasis[J]. Ann Nutr Metab,2013,63(Suppl 2):8-15., articleTitle=Initial intestinal colonization in the human infant and immune homeostasis, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190372760043619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190372768432228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, companyId=1322190372760043619, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Pediatrics,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190372776820837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, companyId=1322190372760043619, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院儿科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190375494729875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Comparison of alpha diversity of gut microbiota among different groups, figureFileSmall=c0T8bkQNXZA2OLc/J6ANqw==, figureFileBig=zxnqQBl6fB0Q9Mu6NlQRuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190375561838740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各组肠道菌群α多样性比较

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001 A:Box plot of the Chao1 index based on 16S rDNA sequencing data evaluating gut microbiota richness among groups; B:Box plot of the Shannon index based on 16S rDNA sequencing data evaluating gut microbiota evenness among groups; C:Box plot of the Simpson index based on 16S rDNA sequencing data evaluating gut microbiota diversity among groups

, figureFileSmall=c0T8bkQNXZA2OLc/J6ANqw==, figureFileBig=zxnqQBl6fB0Q9Mu6NlQRuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190375758971029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of shared and unique OTUs among groups, figureFileSmall=c13Un0P8GdWr8RiJWgbnSA==, figureFileBig=95LI5fZ+VSlc7EYl7icEGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190375826079894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组间OTU共享性与特异性分析

A:Venn diagram showing shared and unique OTUs among groups; B:UpSet plot displaying the distribution of OTU intersections across different group combinations

, figureFileSmall=c13Un0P8GdWr8RiJWgbnSA==, figureFileBig=95LI5fZ+VSlc7EYl7icEGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190375897383063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Beta diversity of gut microbiota among different groups, figureFileSmall=BH4+d6MJht2FC/ECqlPHlg==, figureFileBig=Kcmvx1LJ3NMPb1dq/jUAzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190375951909016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组肠道菌群β多样性分析

A:Scatter plot of PCoA based on Bray-Curtis distance displaying β-diversity of gut microbiota among groups; B:Scatter plot of NMDS based on Bray-Curtis distance displaying β-diversity of gut microbiota among groups

, figureFileSmall=BH4+d6MJht2FC/ECqlPHlg==, figureFileBig=Kcmvx1LJ3NMPb1dq/jUAzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190376031600793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Analysis of changes in gut microbiota composition among groups, figureFileSmall=X5Yy6E1OAKg5H67sXdnI5Q==, figureFileBig=/zpQ90ajTn3OmLOdgJM0cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190376107098266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组肠道菌群组成变化分析

A:stacked bar chart of mean phylum-level abundance among groups using 16S rDNA sequencing;B:Stacked bar chart of phylum-level abundance per sample using 16S rDNA sequencing;C:Stacked bar chart of mean family-level abundance among groups using 16S rDNA sequencing;D:Stacked bar chart of family-level abundance per sample using 16S rDNA sequencing

, figureFileSmall=X5Yy6E1OAKg5H67sXdnI5Q==, figureFileBig=/zpQ90ajTn3OmLOdgJM0cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190376216150171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Relative abundance changes of key genera across groups, figureFileSmall=gNU/Po680i/0EaA7KjoIcA==, figureFileBig=PPjcS4yj76i5hmZVWRlVRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190376283259036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190370901966932, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组关键菌属相对丰度变化

a:P<0.01; b:P<0.001 A:Relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae; B:Relative abundance of Lactobacillus; C:Relative abundance of Escherichia; D:Relative abundance of Clostridium

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美罗培南与阿米卡星对新生鼠NEC模型肠道菌群多样性与结构的影响
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张成欢 , 程海燕 , 沈蕾蕾 , 尹显源 , 陶敏 , 徐鹤丹 , 陈盛
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(17): 2088-2096
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (17) : 2088 -2096
美罗培南与阿米卡星对新生鼠NEC模型肠道菌群多样性与结构的影响
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张成欢, 程海燕, 沈蕾蕾, 尹显源, 陶敏, 徐鹤丹, 陈盛
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院儿科,重庆
通讯作者:
陈盛,E-mail:
CHEN Sheng,E-mail:
Effects of meropenem and amikacin on gut microbiota diversity and structure in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis
Chenghuan ZHANG, Haiyan CHENG, Leilei SHEN, Xianyuan YIN, Min TAO, Hedan XU, Sheng CHEN
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pediatrics,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505056
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目的

探究美罗培南与阿米卡星对新生鼠坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)模型肠道菌群多样性与结构的影响。

方法

采用新生(出生后1~2 d)SD大鼠(体质量5~10 g,雌雄不限)构建NEC模型。按随机数字表法将大鼠分为4组:对照组(C组,n=12)、NEC组(N组,n=20)、美罗培南干预组(M组,n=20)及阿米卡星干预组(A组,n=20)。NEC模型通过人工配方奶喂养、缺氧冷刺激及脂多糖灌胃联合诱导。M组与A组分别于造模后腹腔注射美罗培南(125 mg/kg)或阿米卡星(468 mg/kg),每日2次,连续3 d;C组与N组给予等体积生理盐水。于干预结束后采集粪便样本,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析肠道菌群结构。使用QIIME2平台进行生物信息学分析,采用Chao1、Shannon及Simpson指数评估菌群α多样性,采用Bray-Curtis距离进行主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCoA)与非度量多维尺度分析(Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis,NMDS)以评估β多样性,通过Venn图与UpSet图展示操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)组成与重叠情况。采用线性判别分析效应大小法(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe)分析识别组间差异显著的特征菌群。

结果

采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术评估肠道菌群α多样性,与C组比较,N组的3个多样性指标均显著下降(P<0.01):Chao1指数从230降至40,Shannon指数从1.65降至0.85,Simpson指数从0.65降至0.42。经两种抗生素干预后,M组与A组的Chao1指数较N组均显著回升(P<0.001),且M组升幅大于A组(P<0.05)。然而,2组的Shannon与Simpson指数相较于N组改善不显著。Venn与UpSet分析显示,M组OTU特异性最高(283个),而A组与C组共享OTU最多(63个)。PCoA与NMDS分析中,A组结构趋近C组,聚集性更好。分类组成、关键菌群及LEfSe分析显示,N组富集Proteobacteria门(如 Escherichia coli B2、Klebsiella)等致病菌属,Firmicutes门及益生菌属(如 Lactobacillaceae、Bifidobacteriaceae)显著减少,肠道菌群显著失衡;A组益生菌水平显著上升,微生态结构趋于恢复;M组富集多种条件致病菌及环境相关菌属,菌群构型与健康状态存在明显偏离。

结论

美罗培南与阿米卡星在NEC背景下对肠道菌群调节作用存在差异,阿米卡星在恢复菌群稳定性和益生菌水平方面效果更佳,美罗培南虽适用于早期感染控制但对微生态长期影响需警惕。

坏死性小肠结肠炎  /  胃肠道微生物组  /  美罗培南  /  阿米卡星  /  菌群失调
Objective‍

To investigate the effects of meropenem and amikacin on gut microbiota diversity and composition in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods‍

Neonatal SD rats (1~2 d, weighing 5~10 g, both sexes) were subjected to establish a NEC model through artificial formula feeding, hypoxic-cold stress, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) gavage. The rats were randomly divided into normal control group (Group C, n=12), NEC group (Group N, n=20), meropenem intervention group (Group M, n=20), and amikacin intervention group (Group A, n=20). Following modeling, Group M and Group A received intraperitoneal injections of meropenem (125 mg/kg) or amikacin (468 mg/kg), twice daily for 3 consecutive days. Groups C and N were administered an equal volume of normal saline. At the end of the intervention, colonic contents or fecal samples were collected. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the QIIME2 platform. Alpha diversity was evaluated using Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices. Beta diversity was assessed based on Bray-Curtis distance through principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Venn and UpSet plots were generated to visualize the composition and overlap of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was applied to identify differentially abundant taxa across groups.

Results‍

High-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the N group had significantly lower 3 indices of α diversity than the C group (P<0.01), that is, a Chao1 index from 230 to 40, a Shannon index from 1.65 to 0.85, and a Simpson index from 0.65 to 0.42. After antibiotic intervention, both the M group and A group obtained obvious increases in the Chao1 index than the N group (P<0.001), with a greater increase observed in the M group than in the A group (P<0.05). However, neither antibiotic group exhibited notable improvements in the Shannon index or Simpson index compared with the N group (P>0.05). Venn and UpSet analyses revealed that the M group had the highest number of unique OTUs (283), while the A group shared the most OTUs (63) with the C group. PCoA and NMDS analyses indicated that the microbial structure of the A group was closer to that of the C group, with better clustering. Taxonomic composition and LEfSe analysis demonstrated that the N group was enriched with potentially pathogenic taxa such as Escherichia coli B2 and Klebsiella under the phylum Proteobacteria, while beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae (phylum Firmicutes) were significantly reduced, indicating severe dysbiosis. In contrast, the A group exhibited a significant increase in beneficial bacteria and a structural tendency toward ecological recovery. The M group, however, was enriched with various conditionally pathogenic and environmentally associated genera, displaying a microbial configuration notably deviating from a healthy state.

Conclusion‍

Meropenem and amikacin exhibit differential regulatory effects on the intestinal microbiota in the context of NEC. Amikacin demonstrates superior efficacy in restoring microbial stability and levels of beneficial bacteria, whereas meropenem, although effective for early infection control, warrants caution due to its potential long-term impact on the gut microbiome.

enterocolitis,necrotizing  /  gastrointestinal microbiome  /  meropenem  /  amikacin  /  dysbiosis
张成欢, 程海燕, 沈蕾蕾, 尹显源, 陶敏, 徐鹤丹, 陈盛. 美罗培南与阿米卡星对新生鼠NEC模型肠道菌群多样性与结构的影响. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (17) : 2088 -2096 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505056
Chenghuan ZHANG, Haiyan CHENG, Leilei SHEN, Xianyuan YIN, Min TAO, Hedan XU, Sheng CHEN. Effects of meropenem and amikacin on gut microbiota diversity and structure in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (17) : 2088 -2096 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505056
坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)是新生儿期常见且致死率较高的胃肠道急症,尤其多发于早产儿[1-2]。尽管发病机制尚未完全阐明,但大量研究表明,肠道菌群可以通过其代谢产物直接作用于上皮来源肠干细胞微环境[3],肠道菌群紊乱与黏膜屏障功能损伤在NEC的发生发展中起着关键作用[4-5]。已有研究显示,NEC患儿常表现为肠道菌群α多样性降低、β多样性结构紊乱,同时伴有条件致病菌异常增殖及益生菌丰度显著减少等微生态失衡特征[6]。因此,调控肠道微生态平衡有望成为预防和治疗NEC的重要策略。
抗生素是控制NEC早期感染、预防败血症发生与进展的核心治疗手段[7]。目前,常用于重症革兰阴性菌感染的抗生素主要包括碳青霉烯类和氨基糖苷类。这2类抗生素在抗菌机制、作用谱、组织穿透能力及代谢途径等方面存在显著差异,因而对宿主肠道微生态稳定性的影响也各不相同。美罗培南作为碳青霉烯类的代表药物,具有广谱抗菌活性和良好的组织穿透力,广泛应用于多种严重感染的初始经验性治疗;阿米卡星作为氨基糖苷类抗生素的典型代表,对多种肠道致病菌保持较高敏感性,尤其在多重耐药菌感染中具有重要地位。尽管阿米卡星因潜在的耳毒性与肾毒性,在我国新生儿临床应用中受到较严格限制,但在欧美国家,仍被多项临床指南推荐用于NEC的经验性抗感染治疗[8]。这种地区间用药策略的差异,反映了临床实践中对药物安全性与疗效权衡的不同取向,同时也提示当前对抗生素肠道微生态影响的研究仍需进一步深入。
新生儿肠道菌群尚处于发育初期,整体生态系统较为脆弱。在此关键窗口期,NEC患儿抗生素的使用虽有助于控制急性感染,但同时引发的微生态扰动可能干扰宿主免疫系统发育及肠道屏障功能成熟,从而对NEC的发生发展产生深远影响[9]。在临床实践中,肠道菌群的组成受到多种复杂因素的共同调控,包括基础疾病状态、喂养方式、环境暴露等。因此,准确区分某一抗生素所引起的菌群变化是药物本身的直接作用,还是由其他混杂因素所致是较为困难的。目前,关于不同抗生素在NEC背景下对肠道微生态的具体影响,仍缺乏系统性的研究和明确的证据支持。
因此,本研究拟通过构建新生SD大鼠NEC模型,分别给予美罗培南和阿米卡星干预,结合16S rDNA测序技术评估两种抗生素对肠道菌群多样性、群落结构及关键菌属组成的影响特征,旨在为NEC的精准抗感染治疗及微生态干预策略提供实验依据与理论支持。
72只SPF级SD新生(出生后1~2 d)大鼠(雌雄不限,体质量5~10 g)由陆军军医大学实验动物中心提供[许可证号:SCXK(渝)2022-0018]。所有动物饲养于陆军军医大学西南医院实验动物中心,室内恒温(22~25 ℃)、恒湿(50%~60%),采用独立通风笼具系统,垫料、饲料及饮水均经高压灭菌处理,常规12 h/12 h明暗循环,人工喂养。本研究所有动物实验操作严格遵守动物福利伦理原则,并通过陆军军医大学实验动物福利与使用伦理委员会审查(AMUWEC20232993)。在实验过程中,为减轻动物疼痛与痛苦,采取的措施包括:①腹腔注射操作由经验丰富的实验人员执行,注射部位严格消毒,避免多次穿刺;②每日4次观察动物精神状态、活动性、摄食及腹胀情况;③对出现明显痛苦表现(如严重腹胀、活动显著减少、呼吸困难等)的个体,立即实施人道终点干预,采用过量麻醉(如吸入异氟烷)方式安乐死。预期不良事件主要包括NEC建模后可能出现的腹胀、腹泻、活动减少等症状,本研究未发生严重意外不良事件。本研究设定的人道终点包括:严重腹胀或腹壁颜色异常;明显呼吸困难或活动障碍。动物状态监测频率为每6小时1次,由2名研究者独立评估并记录。
参照文献提供的方法建立新生鼠NEC模型[10]。在生后24 h内,将新生鼠与母鼠隔离,禁食12 h后改为人工喂养,每天于6:00、12:00、18:00、24:00给予0.04 mL/g的配方奶粉(15 g雅培喜康宝婴儿配方奶粉和75 mL宠物奶粉)灌胃。模型诱导过程中,每天于6:00经灌胃针注入LPS(8 mg/kg,稀释于配方奶中),于6:00、18:00进行2次寒冷应激与缺氧处理:将新生鼠置入装满纯氮气的密闭容器中90 s,以模拟缺氧环境,随后置于4 ℃环境中冷应激10 min,连续3 d。
新生鼠采用随机数字表法分为4组:对照组(C组)、NEC模型组(N组)、美罗培南干预组(M组)和阿米卡星干预组(A组)。干预方式如下:C组不进行建模及抗生素处理,维持自然哺乳;N组建立NEC模型后不作干预;M组建模同时给予美罗培南(美国MedChemExpress公司)腹腔注射,剂量125 mg/kg,每天2次,共3 d(抗生素剂量根据Km因子转换法以及体表面积调整);A组建模同时给予阿米卡星(美国MedChemExpress公司)腹腔注射,剂量468 mg/kg,每天2次,共3 d。C组及N组同期注射等量生理盐水作为安慰剂对照。C组入组12只,N组、M组和A组各入组20只,NEC模型建立过程中部分动物发生死亡,最终各组有效样本量分别为:C组12只,N组13只,M组16只,A组18只。
每组新生大鼠造模3 d后,禁食8~12 h,于清晨在无菌操作台上采集每只动物的新鲜粪便(控制在排便后5 min内),样本避免交叉污染,立即置入液氮冷冻后转入-80 ℃保存。所有样本统一编号并脱盲处理。采用Qiagen QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit(德国QIAGEN公司)提取粪便中总DNA,按说明书步骤进行裂解、结合、洗涤与洗脱。使用NanoDrop 2000测定DNA纯度[通过检测吸光度(optical density,D)值,确保D(260)和D(280)的比值介于1.8~2.0],用Qubit dsDNA HS Assay评估浓度。16S rDNA基因扩增选取V3~V4区域,使用通用引物341F(5'-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3')和806R(5'-GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT-3'),PCR扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后进行纯化、建库,并送华大基因使用Illumina NovaSeq PE250平台进行双端测序。所有测序原始数据由华大基因提供,包含样本质控报告(Q20/Q30、GC含量、测序深度等)、过滤流程与初步拼接结果。
原始测序数据由华大基因提供,使用QIIME2(v2022.2)平台进行标准化处理。序列经DADA2插件完成质量控制、去噪、拼接及嵌合体过滤后生成特征表,并基于SILVA数据库(v138)进行物种注释。后续数据分析包括:①α多样性分析:评估群落内部的多样性与丰富度,采用Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数;②β多样性分析:基于Bray-Curtis距离矩阵构建主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCoA)和非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)图,分析不同组间菌群结构差异,并通过基于置换的多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance,PERMANOVA)进行统计学检验(permutations=999);③操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)共享性分析:绘制Venn图与UpSet图,展示各组之间特征OTU的共有与特异性分布;④菌群组成分析:在门与属2个分类水平上绘制相对丰度柱状图,反映菌群整体构成;⑤差异菌属筛选:利用线性判别分析效应大小法(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe)进行分析,筛选LDA(线性判别分析)得分>2.5的显著差异菌属作为各组代表性菌群;⑥关键菌属比较:对Lactobacillus、Enterobacteriaceae等临床相关菌属的相对丰度经Log10转换后绘制箱线图,进行组间比较分析。
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析,GraphPad Prism 8.0与R语言(ggplot2包)软件进行图表绘制。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较使用LSD-t检验;不符合正态分布的数据以M(P25,P75)表示。采用基于置换的多元方差分析(PERMANOVA)进行菌群β多样性差异检验,置换次数为999次。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为评估NEC模型及抗生素干预对肠道菌群多样性的影响,对各组Shannon、Simpson和Chao1指数进行了比较(图1)。N组3个多样性指标均显著低于C组(P<0.01),提示菌群丰富度和均衡性明显下降。抗生素干预后,M组和A组Chao1指数均高于N组(P<0.001),同时,M组Chao1指数高于A组(P<0.05);但2组Shannon指数(M组:0.90;A组:1.0)和Simpson指数(M组:0.35;A组:0.53)与N组相比差异均无统计学意义。与C组比较,A组Shannon指数显著降低(P<0.001),Simpson指数降低(P<0.05);M组Shannon指数降低(P<0.05)。结果提示,两种抗生素对菌群丰富度具有一定改善作用,但在多样性和均衡性恢复方面效果有限。
为探究NEC及不同抗生素干预对肠道菌群组成的稳定性与特异性的影响,对各组OTU的共有与特有情况进行了分析。Venn图显示,各组共有OTU为35个,占总OTU数的3.3%。在特有OTU方面,M组最多(283个),A组次之(60个),N组(35个),C组(19个),提示健康个体的菌群结构高度稳定和保守,NEC状态下菌群特异性明显降低,而抗生素干预后特异性均有所恢复(图2A)。交集分析进一步显示,A组与C组共享OTU最多(63个),高于N组(15个)和M组(28个),见图2B。这一结果表明,M组虽在干预后形成了高度特异的菌群组成,但与健康微生态的重叠较少,重建路径偏离生理状态;相较之下,A组在共性与特异性之间实现了更为平衡的重构,在保留核心菌群和微生态结构恢复方面表现出更接近健康状态的优势。
为评估NEC及抗生素干预对肠道菌群β多样性的影响,采用基于Bray-Curtis距离的PCoA与NMDS进行分析。PCoA结果显示,C组样本分布集中,表明菌群结构稳定;N组分布高度离散,显示菌群结构显著紊乱(图3A)。干预后,A组样本分布趋于C组方向,且组内聚集性良好;M组虽向正常靠近,但分布较为分散,提示菌群恢复不完全。NMDS结果与PCoA趋势一致。C组聚集性最佳,N组最为离散,A组恢复方向明确,聚集性好,M组相对离散(图3B)。PERMANOVA分析提示4组间菌群结构差异显著(F=11.26,P=0.001)。由此可见,NEC可显著破坏肠道菌群的群落结构,表现为β多样性显著升高。抗生素干预可在一定程度上逆转这一紊乱状态,其中阿米卡星在改善群落稳定性和结构趋近健康方面效果更佳。
为进一步了解不同干预对菌群结构的影响,对各组菌群在门水平和科水平的相对丰度进行了分析。在门水平上,C组菌群主要由Firmicutes主导,Proteobacteria比例较低。N组中Proteobacteria相对丰度大幅升高,Firmicutes显著下降。抗生素干预后,2组均在一定程度上抑制了Proteobacteria的扩张并促进Firmicutes的回升,其中A组菌群结构更接近C组,提示其微生态恢复能力更优(图4A、B)。在科水平上,N组肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)占据主导,乳酸杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)和双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)等有益菌显著减少。阿米卡星干预后Lactobacillaceae显著回升,M组亦有改善趋势,但未恢复至正常结构(图4C、D)。因此,NEC诱导显著的肠道菌群组成紊乱,表现为致病菌占优和有益菌丧失。抗生素干预可在一定程度上纠正这一结构异常,其中阿米卡星在恢复健康菌群特征方面优势更为明显。
为能更清晰知晓NEC以及抗生素干预对关键菌属产生的影响,针对Enterobacteriaceae、Escherichia、Clostridium和Lactobacillus的相对丰度展开比较,结果表明,相较于C组,N组Enterobacteriaceae、Escherichia和Clostridium的丰度明显升高(P<0.01,图5A、C、D),而Lactobacillus的丰度则大幅下降(P<0.001,图5B)。进行抗生素干预后,两种抗生素在一定程度上使上述变化得以逆转,其中A组的Lactobacillus水平有较为突出的回升,接近C组水平,与N组比较,M组虽也能大幅降低Enterobacteriaceae、Escherichia与Clostridium的水平(P<0.001),但Lactobacillus的回升幅度相对较小,差异无统计学意义。
为识别各组代表性菌属及其在肠道菌群生态中的优势表达特征,采用LEfSe分析筛选LDA得分>2.5的显著差异菌属。结果显示,N组中显著富集的菌属包括s_Escherichia coli_B2、s_Clostridium sensu_stricto_1、g_Klebsiella、g_Providencia 和 g_Pseudomonas等炎症相关菌属。C组中富集菌属主要包括s_Ligilactobacillus apodemi、g_Romboutsia、s_Fusobacterium等菌群,呈现多样性较高的稳态特征。A组则富集s_Lactobacillus_johnsonii、s_Lactobacillus_intestinalis、s_Limosilactobacillus_reuteri等典型益生菌,反映其干预后菌群恢复趋势接近生理状态;而M组则富集s_Enterococcus_B_hirae、g_Burkholderia、g_Acinetobacter 等条件致病菌属,以及 s_Streptococcus_thermophilus、s_Pediococcus acidilactici 等非致病性菌株(图6),提示其菌群构型虽发生重建,但与健康状态存在明显偏离。
本研究基于新生大鼠NEC模型,结合16S rDNA测序技术,发现NEC可显著破坏肠道微生态平衡,表现为α多样性下降,β多样性升高,提示菌群丰富度降低且结构紊乱。在菌群组成方面,N组中以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)肠杆菌科(如克雷伯菌属 Klebsiella 和埃希菌属Escherichia)为代表的潜在致病菌显著扩张,而厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)中的乳酸杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)和双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)等益生菌类群明显减少。这一变化趋势与临床观察到NEC患儿常继发感染及肠屏障功能破坏高度一致[6]。提示模型具有良好的临床相关性。
两种抗生素干预在恢复菌群方面表现出明显差异。本研究发现,M组虽在物种数量(Chao1指数)上有较大幅度回升,但其OTU组成与C组共享程度最低,样本在PCoA图中远离C组分布,且LEfSe分析未发现典型益生菌属显著富集。提示美罗培南虽有助于控制病原负荷,但可能破坏了菌群结构的完整性,导致微生态系统偏离健康状态,甚至形成异常定植模式。
相比之下,A组在多项指标中表现出更优的微生态恢复潜力。其与C组共享OTU数量最多,PCoA样本分布趋近于C组,结构更为稳定。LEfSe分析进一步显示,A组中显著富集了诸如s_Lactobacillus_johnsonii和s_Lactobacillus_intestinalis等益生菌属,标志其菌群恢复趋势更接近健康状态,显示出良好的微生态保护和修复作用。这一发现可能对NEC患儿远期肠道免疫发育与功能维持具有重要意义[11-12]。
已有研究表明,广谱抗生素的使用与新生儿喂养不耐受、肠源性感染风险增加密切相关[13-15]。肠道菌群紊乱是NEC发生发展的核心机制之一,其中,致病菌过度增殖与益生菌群的减少构成了NEC微生态失衡的关键特征[16]。如变形菌门(Proteobacteria)中的肠杆菌科过度增殖可激活TLR4/NF-κB通路,促进促炎因子释放,加剧肠黏膜损伤及屏障破坏,最终引发细菌易位和全身炎症[17]。这一病理机制与临床上NEC患儿的典型表现高度吻合,包括最初的腹胀、肠壁积气,后出现全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)及败血症等症状[18]。相反,乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)等益生菌则通过产生短链脂肪酸,增强紧密连接蛋白表达、抑制致病菌定植,从而维护肠屏障稳态[19-20]。
从临床用药角度,美罗培南适用于感染早期、炎症反应强烈伴明显革兰阴性菌感染的NEC患儿,可迅速控制感染,但需警惕其对共生菌群的广泛抑制及可能引发的微生态长期失衡。阿米卡星则更适用于恢复期及微生态重建阶段,其相对保护性的菌群调控特性,有助于在抗菌的同时保留益生菌定植空间,尤其适用于肠功能薄弱、需长期肠外营养的早产儿群体,虽然目前缺乏直接证据证明阿米卡星能改善肠道功能或临床结局,但其对益生菌类群的正向调节作用可能为提升后续喂养耐受性奠定微生态基础,对菌群严重紊乱的新生儿具有潜在临床价值[11-12]。说明在抗感染治疗中应兼顾微生态平衡,避免抗生素长期使用对肠道稳态造成的破坏性影响。这一发现提示了从传统“抑菌导向”向现代“微生态导向”临床思维转变的可能性,预示着新生儿NEC抗感染治疗或许正向以宿主-微生物互作为核心的精准医学方向演进[21-22]。
本研究仍存在若干局限性。首先,动物模型与人体存在种属差异,研究结论外推至临床需谨慎。其次,干预时间较短,未能评估菌群长期动态变化及稳定性。此外,抗生素引发菌群筛选差异的深层分子机制尚未深入验证。未来需结合多组学技术,系统阐释抗生素调控微生态的机制,并开展临床菌群监测研究,推动NEC个体化抗感染策略的发展。
综上所述,本研究揭示了美罗培南与阿米卡星在NEC模型中对肠道菌群多样性与结构调控的不同作用特征,反映出其各自的微生态干预特点。本研究表明阿米卡星在促进益生菌恢复与维持菌群结构稳定性方面优于美罗培南,后者更适用于早期强效抗感染。本研究结果强调了在抗生素选择中需统筹考虑抗菌效果与微生态影响,为临床制定新生儿NEC的精准抗感染策略提供了实验依据。

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2025年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505056
  • 接收时间:2025-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-23
  • 修回日期:2025-06-23
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院儿科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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