Article(id=1322954477170458960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954407050092740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505051, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747843200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-22, revisedDate=1757001600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346526662, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346526662, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346526662, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346526662, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954407050092740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='19', pageStart='2289', pageEnd='2444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346509945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346509945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2315, endPage=2326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954477598277969, articleId=1322954477170458960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=PCBP1-mediated regulation of iron homeostasis suppresses ferroptosis against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma cells, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the role of poly(rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) in cadmium (Cd)-induced ferroptosis in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2A) cells.

Methods

N2A cells were exposed to a concentration gradient of CdCl₂ (0, 1, 2, 4 μmol/L) for 72 h. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining. Western blotting was employed to detect the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins (GPX4, HMOX1, ACSL4) and PCBP1. Intracellular Fe²⁺ level and lipid peroxidation were detected using FerroOrange and BODIPY581/591 C11 probes, respectively. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a ferroptosis inhibitor, was applied to confirm the critical role of ferroptosis in Cd-induced cytotoxicity. Molecular docking was performed to elucidate the interaction between PCBP1 and ferritin, as well as the binding sites of Cd²⁺. PCBP1 overexpression plasmid was further constructed for functional validation.

Results

Cd exposure suppressed cell viability in N2A cells in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01), significantly down-regulated GPX4 expression (P<0.05), up-regulated HMOX1 expression (P<0.01), and induced Fe²⁺ overload and lipid peroxidation (P<0.01). Molecular docking revealed that Cd²⁺ directly bound to the KH2 domain of PCBP1 and then co-localized on the outer surface of ferritin heavy chain. Overexpression of PCBP1 markedly reversed Cd-induced Fe²⁺ accumulation, GPX4 down-regulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death.

Conclusion

Cd exposure disrupts PCBP1-mediated iron homeostasis via transcriptional suppression and competitive displacement of metal ions, and then synergistically drives Fe²⁺ overload-triggered ferroptosis cascades, ultimately leading to neurotoxicity. Targeting PCBP1-mediated iron homeostasis can effectively mitigate Cd-induced neurotoxicity, and may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy.

, authors=Sheng JIE, Rui TIAN, Yuchen QU, Li TIAN, Jia XIE, Mengyan CHEN, Mindi HE, Zhengping YU, Huifeng PI, Ping DENG, authorsList=Sheng JIE, Rui TIAN, Yuchen QU, Li TIAN, Jia XIE, Mengyan CHEN, Mindi HE, Zhengping YU, Huifeng PI, Ping DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ping DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954483797459297, articleId=1322954477170458960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=PCBP1调控铁稳态抑制铁死亡对抗镉神经毒性的作用研究, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨聚(rC)结合蛋白1 [Poly(rC)-binding protein 1,PCBP1]在镉(Cadmium,Cd)诱导小鼠神经细胞Neuro-2a(N2A)铁死亡中的作用。

方法

以N2A细胞构建浓度梯度(0、1、2、4 μmol/L)CdCl₂体外暴露模型(72 h)。通过台盼蓝染色检测细胞存活率,Western blot分析铁死亡相关蛋白(GPX4、HMOX1、ACSL4)及PCBP1表达。以FerroOrange和BODIPY581/591C11 探针检测胞内Fe²⁺和脂质过氧化水平。应用铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1明确铁死亡在镉暴露抑制N2A细胞存活率中的重要作用。以分子对接技术解析PCBP1与铁蛋白的互作模式及与Cd²⁺的结合位点。进一步构建PCBP1过表达质粒验证其重要作用及功能。

结果

镉暴露以剂量依赖性方式抑制细胞存活率(P<0.01),显著下调GPX4表达水平(P<0.05),上调HMOX1表达水平(P<0.01),诱导Fe²⁺过量蓄积及脂质过氧化水平显著增加(P<0.01)。分子对接揭示,Cd²⁺可直接结合PCBP1的KH2结构域,并且可共同结合于铁蛋白重链外侧。过表达PCBP1可明显逆转镉暴露诱导的Fe²⁺蓄积、GPX4表达下调、过氧化脂质增加及细胞存活率下降。

结论

镉暴露通过抑制PCBP1表达及以金属离子竞争扰乱PCBP1介导的铁稳态网络,协同驱动Fe²⁺超载触发铁死亡级联反应,最终导致神经毒性。靶向PCBP1介导的铁稳态可有效抑制铁死亡,为干预镉神经毒性提供新策略。

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邓平,E-mail:
DENG Ping,E-mail:
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Chemistry,2020,26(15):3297-3313., articleTitle=Metal exchange in the interprotein Zn(II)-binding site of the Rad50 hook domain:structural insights into Cd(II)- induced DNA-repair inhibition, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954485999468900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954486012051813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, companyId=1322954485999468900, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Occupational Health,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection of Ministry of Education,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954486297264486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, companyId=1322954485999468900, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军队劳动卫生学教研室,电磁辐射医学防护教育部重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954496384565667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Significantly inhibited survival rate of N2A cells after Cd exposure (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=n7weezrzrza+CP4y7/4TLA==, figureFileBig=DmKOmWcbX2bSuQqaOrRcGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954496455868836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Cd暴露显著抑制N2A细胞存活率(n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,b: P<0.01,compared with the control group (0 μmol/L CdCl2)

, figureFileSmall=n7weezrzrza+CP4y7/4TLA==, figureFileBig=DmKOmWcbX2bSuQqaOrRcGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954496669778342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Cd exposure induced ferroptosis in N2A cells, figureFileSmall=extIPnP9U+di4wK07cIUzQ==, figureFileBig=LOQkdvWErfuKcStWbw/PAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954496833356199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Cd暴露诱导N2A细胞铁死亡

A:Western blotting results and semi-quantitative analysis of HMOX1 (n=3,x¯±s); B:Western blotting results and semi-quantitative analysis of GPX4 (n=3,x¯±s); C:Western blotting results and semi-quantitative analysis of ACSL4 (n=3,x¯±s); D:Representative FerroOrange fluorescence images of intracellular ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) and quantitative analysis (n=6,x¯±s); E:BODIPY581/591 C11 fluorescence intensity assay and analytical results (n=4,x¯±s). a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,compared with the control group

, figureFileSmall=extIPnP9U+di4wK07cIUzQ==, figureFileBig=LOQkdvWErfuKcStWbw/PAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954496908853672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Antagonization of Cd exposure-induced ferroptosis in N2A cells by Fer-1 (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=1DiAHxJBBG6OGhoumuXgvw==, figureFileBig=gqIIx9dzOkvxsbCf8NoNcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954497206649257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Fer-1拮抗Cd暴露诱导N2A细胞铁死亡(n=3,x¯±s)

A:Histogram of cell viability by trypan blue staining; B:Western blotting results and semi-quantitative analysis of ACSL4; C:Western blotting results and semi-quantitative analysis of GPX4; D:Representative FerroOrange fluorescence images of intracellular ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) and quantitative analysis; E:BODIPY581/591 C11 fluorescence intensity assay and statistical results. a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,compared with the Cd group

, figureFileSmall=1DiAHxJBBG6OGhoumuXgvw==, figureFileBig=gqIIx9dzOkvxsbCf8NoNcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954498905342380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Inhibited PCBP1 expression in N2A cells after Cd exposure (n=3,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=08a5e8LwxuZtzXKAfA5pBQ==, figureFileBig=L3MkIVYLBnT+v/Tdr+rwSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954498997617069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Cd暴露N2A细胞抑制PCBP1表达(n=3,x¯±s)

A:mRNA expression of PCBP1; B:Western blotting results and semiquantitative results of PCBP1. a:P<0.05,compared with the 0 μmol/L group

, figureFileSmall=08a5e8LwxuZtzXKAfA5pBQ==, figureFileBig=L3MkIVYLBnT+v/Tdr+rwSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954499068920238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Molecular docking results of PCBP1 delivering Cd²⁺ to ferritin, figureFileSmall=C9M5BdiqO1NN50LIVyEAuw==, figureFileBig=0NFTn7ilDkMUzFBrmwls1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954499354132911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PCBP1携带Cd2+结合Ferritin对接结果

A:Binding site of PCBP1_KH2 with Cd²⁺; B:Binding conformation of PCBP1_KH2 with ferritin heavy chain (ZDock score:12.14,ZRank score:-59.556); C:Binding status of Cd²⁺-PCBP1_KH2 complex to ferritin heavy chain. PCBP1 and ferritin are shown in orange and blue surfaces,respectively. Key residues at the PCBP1-ferritin interface are represented as stick models in corresponding colors.

, figureFileSmall=C9M5BdiqO1NN50LIVyEAuw==, figureFileBig=0NFTn7ilDkMUzFBrmwls1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954499429630384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Antagonization of Cd exposure-induced disruption of iron homeostasis in N2A cells after PCBP1 overexpression, figureFileSmall=++cEvc4iWmZFCl3vj+czgA==, figureFileBig=G5kcNkMMk2BbsT9iYFl2ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954499526099377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=CN, label=图6, caption=过表达PCBP1拮抗Cd暴露破坏N2A细胞铁稳态

A:mRNA expression of PCBP1 (n=3,x¯±s); B:Cellular Fe²⁺ level (n=3,x¯±s); C:Cellular Fe³⁺ level after PCBP1 overexpression (n=3,x¯±s); D:Representative images of FerroOrange detection for intracellular Fe²⁺ and quantitative analysis (n=3,x¯±s). a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,compared with the Cd group; c:P<0.01,compared with the Vector group

, figureFileSmall=++cEvc4iWmZFCl3vj+czgA==, figureFileBig=G5kcNkMMk2BbsT9iYFl2ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954499601596850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Antagonization of Cd-induced ferroptosis in N2A cells by PCBP1 overexpression, figureFileSmall=xEjP9YkQvwImjtx9Tsf9lg==, figureFileBig=MrKtn9uTo9M9C+z1hsc54A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954499664511411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954477170458960, language=CN, label=图7, caption=过表达PCBP1拮抗Cd诱导N2A细胞铁死亡

A:Western blotting results and semi-quantitative analysis of GPX4 (n=3,x¯±s); B:BODIPY581/591 C11 fluorescence intensity assay and quantitative analysis (n=4,x¯±s). Scale bar:10 μm; C:Results of trypan blue staining (n=3,x¯±s). a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,compared with the Cd group

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PCBP1调控铁稳态抑制铁死亡对抗镉神经毒性的作用研究
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揭晟 , 田蕊 , 曲育辰 , 田丽 , 谢佳 , 陈梦妍 , 何旻蒂 , 余争平 , 皮会丰 , 邓平
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2025,47(19): 2315-2326
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2025 , 47 (19) : 2315 -2326
PCBP1调控铁稳态抑制铁死亡对抗镉神经毒性的作用研究
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揭晟, 田蕊, 曲育辰, 田丽, 谢佳, 陈梦妍, 何旻蒂, 余争平, 皮会丰, 邓平
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军队劳动卫生学教研室,电磁辐射医学防护教育部重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
邓平,E-mail:
DENG Ping,E-mail:
PCBP1-mediated regulation of iron homeostasis suppresses ferroptosis against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma cells
Sheng JIE, Rui TIAN, Yuchen QU, Li TIAN, Jia XIE, Mengyan CHEN, Mindi HE, Zhengping YU, Huifeng PI, Ping DENG
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Occupational Health,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection of Ministry of Education,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505051
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目的

探讨聚(rC)结合蛋白1 [Poly(rC)-binding protein 1,PCBP1]在镉(Cadmium,Cd)诱导小鼠神经细胞Neuro-2a(N2A)铁死亡中的作用。

方法

以N2A细胞构建浓度梯度(0、1、2、4 μmol/L)CdCl₂体外暴露模型(72 h)。通过台盼蓝染色检测细胞存活率,Western blot分析铁死亡相关蛋白(GPX4、HMOX1、ACSL4)及PCBP1表达。以FerroOrange和BODIPY581/591C11 探针检测胞内Fe²⁺和脂质过氧化水平。应用铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1明确铁死亡在镉暴露抑制N2A细胞存活率中的重要作用。以分子对接技术解析PCBP1与铁蛋白的互作模式及与Cd²⁺的结合位点。进一步构建PCBP1过表达质粒验证其重要作用及功能。

结果

镉暴露以剂量依赖性方式抑制细胞存活率(P<0.01),显著下调GPX4表达水平(P<0.05),上调HMOX1表达水平(P<0.01),诱导Fe²⁺过量蓄积及脂质过氧化水平显著增加(P<0.01)。分子对接揭示,Cd²⁺可直接结合PCBP1的KH2结构域,并且可共同结合于铁蛋白重链外侧。过表达PCBP1可明显逆转镉暴露诱导的Fe²⁺蓄积、GPX4表达下调、过氧化脂质增加及细胞存活率下降。

结论

镉暴露通过抑制PCBP1表达及以金属离子竞争扰乱PCBP1介导的铁稳态网络,协同驱动Fe²⁺超载触发铁死亡级联反应,最终导致神经毒性。靶向PCBP1介导的铁稳态可有效抑制铁死亡,为干预镉神经毒性提供新策略。

镉  /  聚(rC)结合蛋白1  /  铁死亡  /  神经毒性
Objective

To investigate the role of poly(rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) in cadmium (Cd)-induced ferroptosis in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2A) cells.

Methods

N2A cells were exposed to a concentration gradient of CdCl₂ (0, 1, 2, 4 μmol/L) for 72 h. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining. Western blotting was employed to detect the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins (GPX4, HMOX1, ACSL4) and PCBP1. Intracellular Fe²⁺ level and lipid peroxidation were detected using FerroOrange and BODIPY581/591 C11 probes, respectively. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a ferroptosis inhibitor, was applied to confirm the critical role of ferroptosis in Cd-induced cytotoxicity. Molecular docking was performed to elucidate the interaction between PCBP1 and ferritin, as well as the binding sites of Cd²⁺. PCBP1 overexpression plasmid was further constructed for functional validation.

Results

Cd exposure suppressed cell viability in N2A cells in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01), significantly down-regulated GPX4 expression (P<0.05), up-regulated HMOX1 expression (P<0.01), and induced Fe²⁺ overload and lipid peroxidation (P<0.01). Molecular docking revealed that Cd²⁺ directly bound to the KH2 domain of PCBP1 and then co-localized on the outer surface of ferritin heavy chain. Overexpression of PCBP1 markedly reversed Cd-induced Fe²⁺ accumulation, GPX4 down-regulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death.

Conclusion

Cd exposure disrupts PCBP1-mediated iron homeostasis via transcriptional suppression and competitive displacement of metal ions, and then synergistically drives Fe²⁺ overload-triggered ferroptosis cascades, ultimately leading to neurotoxicity. Targeting PCBP1-mediated iron homeostasis can effectively mitigate Cd-induced neurotoxicity, and may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy.

cadmium  /  poly(rC)-binding protein 1  /  ferroptosis  /  neurotoxicity
揭晟, 田蕊, 曲育辰, 田丽, 谢佳, 陈梦妍, 何旻蒂, 余争平, 皮会丰, 邓平. PCBP1调控铁稳态抑制铁死亡对抗镉神经毒性的作用研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2315 -2326 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505051
Sheng JIE, Rui TIAN, Yuchen QU, Li TIAN, Jia XIE, Mengyan CHEN, Mindi HE, Zhengping YU, Huifeng PI, Ping DENG. PCBP1-mediated regulation of iron homeostasis suppresses ferroptosis against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma cells[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2315 -2326 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505051
镉(Cadmium,Cd)的相对原子质量为112.41,是第五周期第12族(IIB族)的过渡金属[1]。作为电镀、化工及镍镉电池制造等工业领域的重要原料,其通过采矿、冶金和废弃物排放等途径持续向环境释放及扩散[2]。在哺乳动物体内,镉具有长达10~30年的生物半衰期,其暴露及蓄积导致的人类健康问题不容忽视[3]。现代毒理学研究已证实,镉具有多器官毒性,中枢神经系统是其敏感靶器官之一[4]。体外研究表明,镉暴露可显著降低原代神经干细胞、祖细胞及成熟神经元存活率及活性和功能等[5]。流行病学及动物研究显示,环境镉暴露与阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等退行性神经疾病风险呈显著正相关[6]。现有证据显示,镉可通过线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激级联反应、神经递质稳态紊乱、自噬失调以及神经炎症和凋亡通路激活等机制介导神经系统损伤[7]。然而,现有研究对镉神经毒性的分子机制尚未完全阐明,关键作用环节亟待进一步解析。深入研究镉诱导神经损伤的关键分子机制,不仅对完善重金属神经毒性理论体系至关重要,更可为开发重金属暴露损伤神经系统的保护策略提供重要科学依据。
铁死亡(Ferroptosis)是一种铁依赖性程序性细胞死亡形式,涉及铁介导的芬顿反应,通过铁依赖性脂质过氧化物的异常累积,触发级联氧化应激反应,最终表现出线粒体嵴结构塌陷、皱缩等特征性细胞损伤表型。铁死亡过程受铁代谢紊乱、脂质过氧化损伤以及谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统失衡等多通路调节[8-9]。近年来研究表明,铁死亡可能是重金属镉诱导机体损伤的潜在作用靶点[10]。HE等[11]报道,镉暴露诱导铁蛋白自噬,导致胞内铁过载,引发脂质过氧化,进而促进肝细胞铁死亡,导致小鼠肝功能受损[11]。镉暴露可诱导谷胱甘肽抗氧化系统功能紊乱,激活铁死亡通路,诱导小鼠肾功能障碍及代谢失衡[12]。此外,镉暴露也可促进线粒体活性氧(mitochondrial reactive oxygen species,mtROS)异常累积,激活铁蛋白自噬通路,诱导小鼠神经毒性[13]。综上,镉暴露可激活铁死亡,但其诱导神经毒性具体分子机制尚不明确,有待深入探讨。
聚(rC)结合蛋白1[Poly(rC)-binding protein 1,PCBP1]是Poly(C)结合蛋白家族中的一员,作为一种多功能结合蛋白,可特异性识别并结合单链Poly(C)序列上的靶位点,参与转录后水平的多种调控[14]。PCBP1包含三个KH同源(K homology,KH)结构域,这些结构域具有高度的结构保守性,每个结构域均具备独立结合靶标分子的能力,但不同结构域对靶分子表现出差异性结合倾向,可能与其各自的特异性结构相关[15]。新近研究显示,PCBPs家族在胞内作为铁伴侣蛋白在调控铁代谢,维持细胞铁稳态中发挥重要作用[16]。铁蛋白是一类铁氧化、储存和矿化蛋白的超家族,其结合二价铁离子(Fe2+)后将其转换为三价铁离子(Fe3+)储存于内部[17]。众多文献表明,PCBP1可以结合Fe2+传递其至铁蛋白实现储铁过程,从而调控胞内游离铁离子浓度;并且可与BolA2蛋白结合调节铁硫簇的形成[18]。基于上述机制的关联性,本研究以小鼠来源的神经母细胞瘤细胞Neuro-2a(N2A)建立镉暴露体外模型,应用台盼蓝分析、分子对接、Western blot等多种细胞及分子生物学技术,探究镉暴露诱导N2A细胞铁死亡的生物学效应和关键分子机制。
神经母细胞瘤细胞系N2A细胞(中国科学院上海生物化学与细胞生物学研究所)接种于含10 %胎牛血清(AUSGENEX,FBS500-S)、1%青霉素-链霉素(Gibco,15140-122)的DMEM高糖培养基(Gibco,C11995500BT)中,放置于37 ℃、5%CO₂恒温恒湿培养箱中培养。CdCl₂储存液(Sigma-Aldrich 202908)通过高压灭菌双蒸水配制为100 mmol/L溶液,经过滤除菌后分装保存于-20 ℃。实验采用培养基将储存液稀释至0、1、2、4 μmol/L工作浓度,持续处理细胞72 h。铁死亡抑制剂Ferrostatin-1(Fer-1,APE×BIO,A4371)用培养基稀释到工作浓度10 μmol/L后和CdCl₂共处理细胞72 h。
N2A细胞经0.25%胰酶消化后,1 500×g离心5 min收集沉淀,各组以等体积PBS重悬沉淀,制备单细胞悬液。细胞悬液与0.4%台盼蓝染液等体积混合(终浓度0.2%),室温避光染色3 min。取10 μL混合液充入血细胞计数板,通过自动细胞计数仪(Servicebio,SCC-M630)分析未着色活细胞与蓝染死细胞,自动计算出活细胞数。细胞存活率计算公式:活细胞率(%)=(总细胞数-蓝染细胞数)/总细胞数×100%。
处理完成的细胞加入含10%PMSF的RIPA缓冲液(Beyotime,P0013B)冰上裂解30 min,用细胞刮轻刮收集细胞,以20 000×g转速在4 ℃下离心30 min后,收集上清液。使用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(Beyotime,P0011)测定蛋白浓度。将样本进行SDS-PAGE电泳,完成后转移蛋白到0.22 μmol/L PVDF膜上(Millipore,USA)。随后,使用QuickBlockTM封闭液(Beyotime,P0252)进行封闭。封闭完成后应用小鼠抗小鼠GPX4抗体(1∶1000,Proteintech,67763-1-Ig)、兔抗小鼠HMOX1抗体(1∶1000,Proteintech,10197-1-AP)、兔抗小鼠PCBP1抗体(1∶1 000,ABclonal,A1044)、小鼠抗小鼠β-Actin抗体(1∶1 000,ABclonal,AC006)和兔抗小鼠Anti-beta Tubulin抗体(1∶5 000,HUABIO,ET1602-4)4 ℃孵育过夜(缓慢摇动),一抗孵育结束后应用TBST洗涤3次。完成后,在室温下应用HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG(1∶1000,Beyotime,A0208)和山羊抗小鼠IgG(1∶1 000,Beyotime,A0216)孵育1 h,TBST洗涤3次。最后,应用ECL化学发光工作液(Millipore,USA)对膜进行显影,采用ChemiDoc™ XRS+(Bio-Rad)多功能成像系统曝光检测,并利用配套软件完成图像处理和数据分析。
应用二价铁离子检测探针FerroOrange(DOJINDO,F374)检测细胞内亚铁离子浓度。将N2A细胞(1.0×105/孔)接种于共聚焦小皿,贴壁过夜。使用不同浓度(0、4 μmol/L)的CdCl2处理细胞72 h。加入Hoechst 33342染液覆盖共聚焦皿玻璃圆底,37 ℃避光孵育20 min,PBS洗3次,每次2 min。配制1 μmol/L浓度的FerroOrange工作液。加入配制好的工作液,37 ℃避光孵育30 min,激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica Stellaris 5)检测(Ex/Em=543 nm/580 nm)并记录成像结果,使用Image J软件进行荧光强度分析。
BODIPY581/591C11(Thermo,D3861)是一种疏水性荧光染料,其活性基团(多不饱和丁二烯基团)可与脂质过氧化产生的活性氧发生氧化反应,导致荧光发射峰从590 nm移动到510 nm,即红光变绿光,从而可反映过氧化脂质的含量水平。将N2A细胞(1.0×105个/孔)接种于共聚焦小皿,贴壁过夜。使用不同浓度(0、4 μmol/L)CdCl2处理细胞72 h。加入Hoechst 33342染液覆盖共聚焦皿玻璃圆底,37 ℃避光孵育20 min,PBS洗3次,每次2 min。配制10 μmol/L浓度的BODIPY581/591C11工作液,37 ℃避光孵育30 min。吸走培养基,用含血清的培养基清洗三次,更换为HBSS(Leagene,CC0031)。激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica Stellaris 5)检测(还原态:Ex/Em=581/591 nm;氧化态:Ex/Em=488/510 nm)并记录成像结果,使用ImageJ软件进行荧光强度分析。将各组绿色荧光强度与红色荧光强度的比值与对照组相比,作归一化处理,以反映过氧化脂质的相对含量变化。
通过RCSB PDB(https://www.rcsb.org)数据库检索发现PCBP1蛋白KH1和KH3的三维结构已测出,而KH2目前没有晶体结构,采用同源建模方法获得PCBP1 KH2 domain结构。通过MIB(http://bioinfo.cmu.edu.tw/MIB)服务器预测金属离子结合位点发现KH2 domain具有Cd2+结合位点于E122和E125附近,将Cd2+对接于此位点,获得PCBP1 KH2与Cd2+结合的三维结构。通过Discovery Studio 4.1的Prepare Protein模块赋予结构PCBP1 KH2 CHARMm力场并进行质子化加氢及能量优化,所得结构用于后续分子对接。Ferritin重链单亚基的晶体结构已测出,PDB ID:3AJO,PDB数据库下载其结构,通过Discovery Studio 4.1的Prepare Protein模块赋予结构CHARMm力场并进行质子化加氢及能量优化。将准备好的蛋白分子在Discovery Studio 4.1的Dock Proteins (ZDOCK)模块中进行对接分析。铁蛋白的重链是一个24亚基围成的空心壳,对3 AJO的单亚基进行结构组装,获得24亚基的空心壳,分析空心壳内侧和外侧结构。将ZDOCK对接获得的构象进行筛选,分析PCBP1结合于铁蛋白外侧的构象,进行能量优化并分析相互作用模式[19]。
以pcDNA3.1载体构建PCBP1过表达质粒(PCBP1过表达组),通过Sanger测序对构建的过表达质粒进行验证。以空载体pcDNA3.1作为实验对照(对照组)。应用质粒提取试剂盒(TIANGEN,DP117)按照说明书提取质粒。使用X-tremeGENE HP DNA 转染试剂盒(Roche,6365779001)进行DNA质粒转染。应用Opti-MEMTMI(Gibco,31985070)减血清培养基将质粒DNA稀释至0.01 μg/μL浓度,并彻底混匀。随后向其中添加适量的DNA转染试剂,混匀,于室温静置20 min,确保充分结合。之后将此混合物缓慢均匀加入孔内。37 ℃反应过夜后,继续后续实验步骤。不同孔板培养转染体系见说明书。
以提取试剂RNAiso Plus(Takara,9108Q)按照说明书步骤提取细胞样本总RNA。用PrimeScript RT试剂盒(Takara,RR047A)将RNA逆转录为cDNA,应用荧光定量检测试剂SYBR Master Mix(Takara,RR820A)和荧光定量PCR仪(Bio-Rad,CFX96),检测mRNA表达水平。应用内参分子Actb进行分析,以2-ΔΔCt方法计算mRNA相对表达水平。
采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行分析,实验数据以样本x¯±s展示统计后的结果。两组之间的比较采用非配对双尾t检验进行分析;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),然后进行Dunnett多重比较检验。每个实验至少重复3次,以P<0.05表示组间存在统计学差异。
为分析镉暴露对N2A细胞存活率造成的影响,应用CdCl2以等比浓度梯度1、2、4 μmol/L暴露N2A细胞72 h,以台盼蓝染色试剂盒检测细胞存活率变化。实验结果显示,镉暴露N2A细胞诱导细胞存活率以剂量依赖性趋势显著下降(P<0.01,图1)。Western blot分析结果表明,与对照组相比,Cd处理组中HMOX1和ACSL4表达水平呈现剂量依赖性增高(P<0.01,图2A、B),GPX4表达水平趋势恰好相反(P<0.05,图2C)。进一步检测结果表明,Cd处理可诱导细胞内亚铁离子含量明显上升(P<0.01,图2D)。此外,应用BODIPY581/591C11检测发现,脂质过氧化水平在Cd处理组中显著升高(P<0.01,图2E),提示镉暴露诱导N2A细胞脂质过氧化增加。
为了确认铁死亡途径是否被激活,应用铁死亡特异性抑制剂Fer-1处理镉暴露后的N2A细胞,台盼蓝结果显示Fer-1可有效逆转Cd暴露导致的细胞死亡(P<0.05,图3A)。Western blot分析结果表明,应用Fer-1可有效逆转镉暴露后N2A细胞GPX4表达水平下调(P<0.05,图3B)和ACSL4表达水平增高(P<0.05,  图3C)。进一步检测胞内亚铁离子浓度发现,Fer-1显著改善镉暴露导致的胞内Fe²⁺异常蓄积(P<0.05,图3D)。应用BODIPY581/591C11检测细胞脂质过氧化水平,结果同样显示Fer-1能改善镉暴露诱导N2A细胞脂质过氧化水平的增加(P<0.05,图3E)。以上结果表明,镉暴露可诱导N2A细胞铁死亡,抑制铁死亡可有效改善镉的细胞毒性。
PCBP1是维持细胞铁稳态的关键分子,为解析镉暴露诱导铁死亡的潜在分子机制,本研究检测了N2A细胞经Cd处理72 h后PCBP1的表达变化。qPCR分析结果显示,镉暴露没有改变PCBP1的转录水平(图4A),而Western blot结果表明,镉处理后PCBP1蛋白水平呈剂量依赖性显著下调趋势(P<0.05,图4B)。该结果提示镉暴露可能通过抑制PCBP1的翻译或促进PCBP1蛋白降解,影响PCBP1的功能,进而导致细胞内铁代谢稳态失衡。为进一步分析镉暴露是否直接干扰PCBP1功能,采用分子对接技术分析二者间的结合潜力。通过RCSB PDB数据库获得PCBP1蛋白KH1和KH3的三维结构,并基于同源建模技术解析PCBP1的KH2三维结构域(PCBP1_KH2)的。通过金属离子结合预测服务器(MIB Server)预测Cd2+与PCBP1的结合位点,发现KH1及KH3皆没有与Cd2+结合的位点,仅有KH2 domain具有Cd2+结合位点,二者在E122和E125位点存在结合(图5A)。通过蛋白-蛋白分子对接及构象分析,发现PCBP1_KH2与铁蛋白重链存在结合,多个位点以盐桥及氢键结合于铁蛋白重链外侧,该互作模式获得高置信度评分ZDock Score=12.14;ZRank Score=-59.56(图5B,ZDock Score>8分提示潜在有效结合,ZRank Score<-50提示强结合)。即两结构几何匹配良好且结合自由能极低,提示PCBP1可能通过表面锚定机制将Fe2+递送至FTH1的ferroxidase活性中心,促进Fe2+转化为Fe3+。进一步分析Cd2+是否能被PCBP1传递至铁蛋白,结果发现铁蛋白重链的Q83 与Cd²⁺可发生螯合并与PCBP1的E122及E125形成氢键结合(图5C)。综上所述,Cd暴露可抑制PCBP1表达,也可直接结合于PCBP1进而干扰PCBP1介导Fe2+向铁蛋白的传递效能。
为证实PCBP1在拮抗镉诱导神经毒性中的重要作用,构建了PCBP1过表达质粒并转染N2A细胞,发现其可以显著提高PCBP1的表达水平(P<0.01,图6A)。检测胞内铁离子浓度发现,PCBP1过表达可有效抑制镉暴露导致的胞内Fe²⁺异常蓄积,同时逆转Fe3+的减少(P<0.05,图6B、C)。FerroOrange染色观察细胞内亚铁离子的变化情况印证了上述结果(P<0.05,图6D)。Western blot分析结果表明,PCBP1过表达显著逆转镉暴露诱导的铁死亡关键调控蛋白GPX4表达水平的下降(P<0.05,图7A)。应用BODIPY581/591C11检测细胞脂质过氧化水平,结果显示PCBP1过表达明显改善镉暴露诱导N2A细胞脂质过氧化水平的增加(P<0.05,图7B)。台盼蓝染色实验进一步证实,过表达PCBP1显著拮抗镉暴露诱导的细胞存活率下降(P<0.05,图7C)。综上所述,过表达PCBP1可有效减轻镉暴露导致的Fe²⁺异常蓄积,改善细胞抗氧化防御体系,恢复N2A细胞活力。
镉作为工业应用广泛的重金属污染物,电镀、电池制造等工业应用及过度排放已导致严重的环境污染问题[2]。镉进入机体后可破坏血脑屏障,进入脑部蓄积,导致中枢神经系统损伤[20]。尽管前期研究已揭示镉暴露可通过抑制海马区神经发生及诱导神经元凋亡等,引发认知功能障碍及嗅觉相关记忆功能异常,但其在亚细胞层面的分子调控机制仍未完全阐明[21]。本研究通过构建镉诱导神经毒性细胞模型,首次报道:①镉暴露促进Fe2+积累诱导N2A细胞发生铁死亡;②镉暴露通过抑制PCBP1表达及金属离子竞争性结合作用抑制PCBP1功能,介导Fe2+过量蓄积进而驱动铁死亡发生。本研究首次从镉干扰铁代谢的角度揭示其诱导神经毒性的新机制,发现镉暴露通过抑制PCBP1功能导致铁代谢紊乱,进而激活铁死亡途径,诱导神经损伤,为开发相关防治策略提供了重要实验依据。
N2A细胞是一种广泛使用的经典细胞模型,常用于职业暴露或环境污染物诱导的神经毒性机制研究及神经毒素筛选等[22]。本研究应用N2A细胞建立体外研究模型,探索镉暴露诱导神经毒性效应及分子机制。镉的广泛使用已造成世界范围的严重污染,其持续蓄积特性使得低剂量暴露毒性效应研究成为备受关注的公共卫生学问题[3]。研究数据显示,我国典型工业聚集区(如湖北省江汉平原)的农业灌溉系统中,镉污染水体浓度峰值可达2.3 μmol/L[23]。因此,本研究建立1~4 μmol/L浓度梯度镉暴露研究模型,与以往急性毒性研究(常用CdCl2≥10 μmol/L)相比,此浓度范围更接近环境暴露水平。本研究通过构建环境相关镉暴露剂量-效应模型探索二者间的直接关联,并以此解析关键分子机制。
近年来研究表明,铁死亡与众多疾病进程密切相关,尤其在神经退行性疾病、认知功能障碍、脑血管疾病等神经系统损伤疾病进展中具有重要地位[24-25]。铁死亡受多层级调控网络影响,其核心节点(如GPX4、ACSL4、TFR1)受到抑制或异常激活可破坏细胞抗氧化防御体系,引发不可逆损伤[8]。研究显示,砷暴露可通过抑制胱氨酸/谷氨酸逆向转运蛋白(SLC7A11/Xc⁻)活性导致神经元中的谷胱甘肽(GSH)耗竭,经氧化应激与脂质过氧化级联反应激活铁死亡通路,最终导致大脑皮层神经元密度显著降低[26]。汞暴露抑制GSH合成,导致GPX4活性下降,诱导大鼠原代星形胶质细胞和BUFFALO大鼠肝细胞(BRL-3A)发生铁死亡[27]。本研究得到相似结果,发现镉暴露N2A细胞诱导铁代谢紊乱,驱动脂质过氧化损伤并激活铁死亡途径。综上可知,铁死亡在重金属诱导神经系统损伤中扮演重要角色,其关键分子机制可为镉及其他重金属暴露相关神经损伤防治提供新的干预思路。
大量研究表明,重金属暴露可通过影响关键核心节点驱动细胞铁死亡,最终导致系统功能障碍及病理进程恶化等[28]。WEI等[30]报道,镍暴露增加丙二醛的产生,降低总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性,增加Fe2+含量,最终诱导小鼠肝细胞铁死亡,导致肝功能受损[29]。铅暴露通过促进过量活性氧生成和脂质过氧化作用,诱导斑马鱼胚胎发生铁过载及脂代谢紊乱,进而诱导神经元死亡,导致神经元轴突发育障碍及神经行为缺陷[30]。本课题组前期研究发现,镉暴露通过促进STEAP3介导的溶酶体铁过载,诱导谷胱甘肽稳态失衡,破坏细胞氧化还原稳态,激活铁死亡途径,导致小鼠肾损伤[12]。本研究发现镉暴露N2A细胞诱导Fe2+过量蓄积进而驱动铁死亡的分子机制。这些研究展现了重金属暴露介导铁死亡机制的多样性,值得注意。
PCBP1是一种多功能RNA结合蛋白,广泛表达于多种人类细胞和组织中,参与转录后调控[15]。研究表明,PCBP1参与调控对神经元功能至关重要转录本的表达,包括已经明确的神经退行性疾病相关基因等,可能在拮抗神经退行性疾病进程中发挥重要作用[31]。YUSUFUJIANG等[32]报道指出,PCBP1在肌萎缩侧索硬化症和亨廷顿病等神经退行性疾病的病理进程中直接参与调控神经炎症、蛋白质泛素化及内吞作用等相关基因的表达,对于延缓疾病发展具有重要作用。此外,帕金森病小鼠模型研究证实,PCBP1在帕金森进展过程中能改善运动缺陷和焦虑症状,表现出神经保护效应,提示其有望成为针对帕金森运动和非运动症状的神经保护疗法[33]。上述研究提示,PCBP1能够作为一种重要而特殊的RNA结合蛋白,通过调控转录等机制在神经退行性疾病进展中发挥关键作用,涉及凋亡、炎症等多种生物学过程。
除此之外,新近研究表明PCBP1还作为铁伴侣蛋白通过调控铁代谢参与铁死亡通路发挥关键作用[16]。KANG等[34]报道,5.16 Gy碳离子能够抑制PCBP1的表达,从而导致肺腺癌细胞线粒体损伤,从而增加细胞铁死亡敏感性,抑制肺腺癌增殖。此外,PCBP1能够直接结合BECN1 mRNA的3'-UTR抑制铁蛋白自噬途径,并通过抑制ALOX15的转录及其介导的多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化,从而抑制铁死亡,降低头颈癌细胞对铁死亡的敏感性[35]。与既往研究一致,本实验证实镉暴露显著抑制N2A细胞PCBP1表达,诱导铁代谢紊乱,促进Fe²⁺过载驱动铁死亡发生。本课题组进一步研究发现,Cd²⁺可直接结合PCBP1的KH2结构域,通过金属离子置换竞争性阻断Fe²⁺-PCBP1互作,最终导致胞内Fe²⁺异常蓄积。该机制与之前研究揭示的Cd²⁺置换Zn²⁺诱导锌指蛋白构象改变,导致其修复DNA损伤功能丧失具有相似性[36]。本研究发现的镉作用PCBP1的双重调控模式为重金属毒性解析提供了新的研究思路,更重要的是揭示了靶向PCBP1调控铁稳态网络在拮抗铁死亡相关病理进程中的潜在治疗价值,为开发以铁代谢平衡为核心的新型干预策略确立了关键分子靶标。
本研究存在以下不足:当前仅通过分子对接实验预测了Cd2+与PCBP1及FTH亚基的结合位点,尚缺乏实验证据确定Cd2+与PCBP1及FTH亚基结合。后续研究拟通过采用定点突变策略验证蛋白质-蛋白质、蛋白质-金属离子相互作用关系,系统阐明PCBP1的分子调控机制及作用靶点,进一步解析PCBP1_KH2结合Cd2+的具体位点和相关功能。
综上所述,本研究表明,镉暴露通过抑制PCBP1表达及金属离子竞争置换机制破坏PCBP1介导的铁稳态网络,协同驱动Fe²⁺过载触发的铁死亡级联反应,最终导致神经毒性损伤。分子对接技术揭示Cd2+与PCBP1的特异性结合位点,证实两者存在高亲和力分子互作。本研究从金属-蛋白分子互作模式和铁稳态失衡机制方面深化了对铁死亡调控机制的理解,为镉的神经毒性机制研究及开发靶向金属结合域抑制铁死亡的神经损伤防护药物研究提供了新的研究视角及实验依据。

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2025年第47卷第19期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505051
  • 接收时间:2025-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-22
  • 修回日期:2025-09-05
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军队劳动卫生学教研室,电磁辐射医学防护教育部重点实验室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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