Article(id=1322192302282490440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=1751558400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164810009, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164810009, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164810009, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164810009, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1750, endPage=1759, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192302475428425, articleId=1322192302282490440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Preparation of Trop2-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells and study of their exhaustion status in vitro, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To design and construct chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting Trop2, establish an in vitro cell exhaustion model through continuous antigen stimulation, and investigate their anti-tumor activity and exhaustion characteristics.

Methods‍

The second-generation CAR plasmid was constructed based on the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) sequence of Sacituzumab Govitecan targeting Trop2. The viral vector titer was determined by retroviral vector packaging and gradient dilution. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were isolated using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, and CAR virus vectors were transduced into PBMCs activated with OKT-3/IL-2 to generate Trop2-targeted CAR T cells. CAR expression levels were assessed by flow cytometry using MYC tags. In vitro 3 tumor cell models were established, including human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3), human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-453), and human lung cancer cells (A549). The expression of the Trop2 antigen in these models was confirmed using flow cytometry. Additionally, luciferase assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxic efficiency of Trop2-targeted therapy at various effector-to-target ratios. An in vitro CAR-T exhaustion model was developed, and the long-term killing ability of CAR-T cells was dynamically monitored using the Incucyte live-cell imaging system. The PD-1/TIM-3 phenotype of CAR-T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry, and cytokine secretion levels were quantified using the cytometric bead array (CBA). Transcriptomic sequencing and RT-qPCR were employed to validate the differentially expressed genes associated with exhaustion.

Results‍

The second-generation CAR T cells targeting Trop2 were successfully constructed. Compared to the P-T group, in vitro experiments demonstrated that these CAR T cells exhibited antigen-specific and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against tumor cells with high Trop2 expression, such as MDA-MB-453 and SKOV3. A CAR-T cell exhaustion model established through repeated tumor antigen stimulation in vitro revealed that, compared to the initial state, the exhausted Trop2 CAR-T cells exhibited significantly reduced tumor-killing capacity while P-T cells showed almost no killing effect, the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD-1 and TIM-3) was up-regulated on the surface of exhausted CAR-T cells, and the secretion of effector cytokines was diminished. Transcriptomic analysis identified multiple differentially expressed genes in the exhausted CAR-T cells. Pathways related to immune response and T cell receptor signaling were down-regulated, while apoptosis-related pathways were activated. RT-qPCR further confirmed abnormal expression of immunoregulatory genes, including IL3, IL5, and IL13 (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

During continuous in vitro tumor antigen stimulation, the second-generation CAR-T cells targeting the Trop2 antigen demonstrate declined anti-tumor activity, weakened effector function and up-regulated expression of exhaustion-related molecules.

, authors=Xiuying LIU1, Xinzhan LI1, Jingjing ZHU1, 2, Jingjing LIU1, Yichao FENG1, Jianxun WANG1, authorsList=Xiuying LIU, Xinzhan LI, Jingjing ZHU, Jingjing LIU, Yichao FENG, Jianxun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianxun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192305327555158, articleId=1322192302282490440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=靶向Trop2的嵌合抗原受体T细胞制备及其体外耗竭状态研究, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

设计并构建靶向滋养细胞表面糖蛋白抗原2(trophoblast cell surface antigen 2,Trop2)的嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T)细胞,通过重复抗原刺激构建体外细胞耗竭模型,并探究其抗肿瘤活性及耗竭特性。

方法

基于靶向Trop2的戈沙妥珠单链抗体可变区片段(single-chain variable fragment,scFv)序列构建二代CAR质粒,进行逆转录病毒载体颗粒包装。采用Ficoll法分离健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),经OKT-3/IL-2活化后转导CAR病毒载体颗粒制备Trop2 CAR-T细胞,流式细胞术检测MYC标签评估CAR表达率。原代T细胞(primary T cell,P-T)组仅接受相同条件的培养基处理。体外建立人卵巢癌细胞(SKOV3)、人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-453)及人肺癌细胞(A549)3种典型的实体肿瘤细胞模型,流式细胞术验证Trop2抗原表达,将CAR-T组、P-T组分别与肿瘤细胞共培养,通过荧光素酶法检测不同效应细胞与靶细胞数量比例时的杀伤效率。构建体外耗竭CAR-T模型,利用Incucyte活细胞成像系统动态监测CAR-T长期杀伤能力。流式细胞术检测CAR-T细胞的PD-1和TIM3表达水平,CBA法分析细胞因子分泌水平,结合转录组测序和RT-qPCR验证耗竭相关差异基因。

结果

成功构建了靶向Trop2的二代CAR-T细胞,标签蛋白MYC显示的CAR阳性率为55.42%,体外实验显示,与P-T组相比,其对Trop2高表达肿瘤细胞(MDA-MB-453、SKOV3)具有抗原特异性及剂量依赖性杀伤效应(P<0.001)。通过体外重复肿瘤刺激建立的CAR-T细胞耗竭模型分析表明,耗竭状态的Trop2 CAR-T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤能力降低,而P-T细胞几乎无杀伤作用。与原始状态相比,耗竭状态CAR-T细胞表面抑制性受体PD-1和TIM-3表达上调(P<0.001),细胞因子分泌功能减弱,转录组分析揭示耗竭细胞出现多个差异表达基因,涉及免疫应答、T细胞受体信号通路等过程呈现下调趋势,而凋亡相关通路呈现激活状态,RT-qPCR分析进一步表明IL3、IL5、IL13等免疫调节基因亦异常表达(P<0.05)。

结论

靶向Trop2的二代CAR-T细胞在体外重复抗原刺激诱导的耗竭进程中,表现出抗肿瘤活性下降以及效应功能减弱、耗竭相关分子表达上调等典型耗竭特性。

, authors=刘秀盈1, 李昕展1, 朱晶晶1, 2, 刘静静1, 冯义超1, 王建勋1, authorsList=刘秀盈, 李昕展, 朱晶晶, 刘静静, 冯义超, 王建勋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王建勋, authorNote=

同等贡献者

LIU Xiuying and LI Xinzhan contributed equally to the article.

, correspAuthorsNote=
王建勋,E-mail:
WANG Jianxun,E-mail:
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A:靶向Trop2的CAR逆转录病毒载体颗粒的病毒滴度;B:P-T组与Trop2 CAR-T组细胞的CAR阳性率;C:CAR-T细胞的CD3阳性率;D:CAR-T细胞体外增殖曲线

, figureFileSmall=V/Wc2ZaoakM9tJzJ77HAnQ==, figureFileBig=uBOhqU8fU25DTB4orOgqBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192309836432010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=r9zlGgAiS2LxuDGnBqLYug==, figureFileBig=I8oQ7BjlR4yr3/xOlM9xOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192309899346571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=CN, label=图4, caption=靶向Trop2 CAR-T细胞对Trop2阳性肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果

A:流式细胞术检测靶细胞表面Trop2的表达水平;B:荧光素酶检测不同效靶比时Trop2 CAR-T对靶细胞的杀伤效率

, figureFileSmall=r9zlGgAiS2LxuDGnBqLYug==, figureFileBig=I8oQ7BjlR4yr3/xOlM9xOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192309970649740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NsQdocEUUcV6C23N0cUvZA==, figureFileBig=TbIheXHvb+iGFb58AwHmnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192310054535821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=CN, label=图5, caption=耗竭状态CAR-T细胞的杀伤能力检测

A:Incucyte检测耗竭状态CAR-T长期杀伤能力;B:流式细胞术检测耗竭状态CAR-T细胞表面PD1和TIM3表达水平;C:CBA检测耗竭状态CAR-T细胞的TNF-α、IFN-γ、颗粒酶A和颗粒酶B的分泌水平

, figureFileSmall=NsQdocEUUcV6C23N0cUvZA==, figureFileBig=TbIheXHvb+iGFb58AwHmnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192310113256078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SX7ASg9CKeP6YzJFrP+Kdg==, figureFileBig=nXCILC7XgL7XtCVW690DVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192310180364943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=CN, label=图6, caption=耗竭状态与原始状态CAR-T细胞的转录组学分析

A:耗竭与原始状态CAR-T细胞的差异基因聚类热图;B:耗竭状态CAR-T细胞对于原始CAR-T细胞的差异基因火山图;C:原始及耗竭状态CAR-T细胞的GO富集分析;D:原始及耗竭状态CAR-T细胞的KEGG富集分析;E:RT-qPCR验证耗竭状态CAR-T细胞免疫应答通路及凋亡活化相关的关键差异基因的mRNA表达水平

, figureFileSmall=SX7ASg9CKeP6YzJFrP+Kdg==, figureFileBig=nXCILC7XgL7XtCVW690DVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192310331359888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物序列(5’→3’)
BCL2L1上游:GAGCTGGTGGTTGACTTTCTC
下游:TCCATCTCCGATTCAGTCCCT
IL3上游:TCAACAGGGCTGTCAAGAGTT
下游:CAGATAGAACGTCAGTTTCCTCC
IL5上游:TGGAGCTGCCTACGTGTATG
下游:TTCGATGAGTAGAAAGCAGTGC
IL13上游:CCTCATGGCGCTTTTGTTGAC
下游:TCTGGTTCTGGGTGATGTTGA
CD79A上游:CAAGAACCGAATCATCACAGCC
下游:TCTGCCATCGTTTCCTGAACA
FOS上游:CCGGGGATAGCCTCTCTTACT
下游:CCAGGTCCGTGCAGAAGTC
BID上游:ATGGACCGTAGCATCCCTCC
下游:GTAGGTGCGTAGGTTCTGGT
CTSD上游:TGCTCAAGAACTACATGGACGC
下游:CGAAGACGACTGTGAAGCACT
CASP6上游:ATGGCGAAGGCAATCACATTT
下游:GTGCTGGTTTCCCCGACAT
GAPDH上游:CATGTTCGTCATGGGTGTGAACCA
下游:ATGGCATGGACTGTGGTCATGAGT
), ArticleFig(id=1322192310398468753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302282490440, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物序列(5’→3’)
BCL2L1上游:GAGCTGGTGGTTGACTTTCTC
下游:TCCATCTCCGATTCAGTCCCT
IL3上游:TCAACAGGGCTGTCAAGAGTT
下游:CAGATAGAACGTCAGTTTCCTCC
IL5上游:TGGAGCTGCCTACGTGTATG
下游:TTCGATGAGTAGAAAGCAGTGC
IL13上游:CCTCATGGCGCTTTTGTTGAC
下游:TCTGGTTCTGGGTGATGTTGA
CD79A上游:CAAGAACCGAATCATCACAGCC
下游:TCTGCCATCGTTTCCTGAACA
FOS上游:CCGGGGATAGCCTCTCTTACT
下游:CCAGGTCCGTGCAGAAGTC
BID上游:ATGGACCGTAGCATCCCTCC
下游:GTAGGTGCGTAGGTTCTGGT
CTSD上游:TGCTCAAGAACTACATGGACGC
下游:CGAAGACGACTGTGAAGCACT
CASP6上游:ATGGCGAAGGCAATCACATTT
下游:GTGCTGGTTTCCCCGACAT
GAPDH上游:CATGTTCGTCATGGGTGTGAACCA
下游:ATGGCATGGACTGTGGTCATGAGT
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靶向Trop2的嵌合抗原受体T细胞制备及其体外耗竭状态研究
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刘秀盈 1 , 李昕展 1 , 朱晶晶 1, 2 , 刘静静 1 , 冯义超 1 , 王建勋 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(15): 1750-1759
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (15) : 1750 -1759
靶向Trop2的嵌合抗原受体T细胞制备及其体外耗竭状态研究
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刘秀盈1, 李昕展1, 朱晶晶1, 2, 刘静静1, 冯义超1, 王建勋1
作者信息
  • 1北京中医药大学生命科学学院,北京
  • 2德州市卫生健康委员会,山东 德州
通讯作者:
王建勋,E-mail:
WANG Jianxun,E-mail:
作者简介:

同等贡献者

LIU Xiuying and LI Xinzhan contributed equally to the article.

Preparation of Trop2-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells and study of their exhaustion status in vitro
Xiuying LIU1, Xinzhan LI1, Jingjing ZHU1, 2, Jingjing LIU1, Yichao FENG1, Jianxun WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing
  • 2Dezhou Health Commission,Dezhou,Shandong,China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505003
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目的

设计并构建靶向滋养细胞表面糖蛋白抗原2(trophoblast cell surface antigen 2,Trop2)的嵌合抗原受体T(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T)细胞,通过重复抗原刺激构建体外细胞耗竭模型,并探究其抗肿瘤活性及耗竭特性。

方法

基于靶向Trop2的戈沙妥珠单链抗体可变区片段(single-chain variable fragment,scFv)序列构建二代CAR质粒,进行逆转录病毒载体颗粒包装。采用Ficoll法分离健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),经OKT-3/IL-2活化后转导CAR病毒载体颗粒制备Trop2 CAR-T细胞,流式细胞术检测MYC标签评估CAR表达率。原代T细胞(primary T cell,P-T)组仅接受相同条件的培养基处理。体外建立人卵巢癌细胞(SKOV3)、人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-453)及人肺癌细胞(A549)3种典型的实体肿瘤细胞模型,流式细胞术验证Trop2抗原表达,将CAR-T组、P-T组分别与肿瘤细胞共培养,通过荧光素酶法检测不同效应细胞与靶细胞数量比例时的杀伤效率。构建体外耗竭CAR-T模型,利用Incucyte活细胞成像系统动态监测CAR-T长期杀伤能力。流式细胞术检测CAR-T细胞的PD-1和TIM3表达水平,CBA法分析细胞因子分泌水平,结合转录组测序和RT-qPCR验证耗竭相关差异基因。

结果

成功构建了靶向Trop2的二代CAR-T细胞,标签蛋白MYC显示的CAR阳性率为55.42%,体外实验显示,与P-T组相比,其对Trop2高表达肿瘤细胞(MDA-MB-453、SKOV3)具有抗原特异性及剂量依赖性杀伤效应(P<0.001)。通过体外重复肿瘤刺激建立的CAR-T细胞耗竭模型分析表明,耗竭状态的Trop2 CAR-T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤能力降低,而P-T细胞几乎无杀伤作用。与原始状态相比,耗竭状态CAR-T细胞表面抑制性受体PD-1和TIM-3表达上调(P<0.001),细胞因子分泌功能减弱,转录组分析揭示耗竭细胞出现多个差异表达基因,涉及免疫应答、T细胞受体信号通路等过程呈现下调趋势,而凋亡相关通路呈现激活状态,RT-qPCR分析进一步表明IL3、IL5、IL13等免疫调节基因亦异常表达(P<0.05)。

结论

靶向Trop2的二代CAR-T细胞在体外重复抗原刺激诱导的耗竭进程中,表现出抗肿瘤活性下降以及效应功能减弱、耗竭相关分子表达上调等典型耗竭特性。

滋养细胞表面糖蛋白抗原2  /  嵌合抗原受体T细胞  /  T细胞耗竭  /  抗肿瘤活性
Objective‍

To design and construct chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting Trop2, establish an in vitro cell exhaustion model through continuous antigen stimulation, and investigate their anti-tumor activity and exhaustion characteristics.

Methods‍

The second-generation CAR plasmid was constructed based on the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) sequence of Sacituzumab Govitecan targeting Trop2. The viral vector titer was determined by retroviral vector packaging and gradient dilution. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were isolated using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, and CAR virus vectors were transduced into PBMCs activated with OKT-3/IL-2 to generate Trop2-targeted CAR T cells. CAR expression levels were assessed by flow cytometry using MYC tags. In vitro 3 tumor cell models were established, including human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3), human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-453), and human lung cancer cells (A549). The expression of the Trop2 antigen in these models was confirmed using flow cytometry. Additionally, luciferase assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxic efficiency of Trop2-targeted therapy at various effector-to-target ratios. An in vitro CAR-T exhaustion model was developed, and the long-term killing ability of CAR-T cells was dynamically monitored using the Incucyte live-cell imaging system. The PD-1/TIM-3 phenotype of CAR-T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry, and cytokine secretion levels were quantified using the cytometric bead array (CBA). Transcriptomic sequencing and RT-qPCR were employed to validate the differentially expressed genes associated with exhaustion.

Results‍

The second-generation CAR T cells targeting Trop2 were successfully constructed. Compared to the P-T group, in vitro experiments demonstrated that these CAR T cells exhibited antigen-specific and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against tumor cells with high Trop2 expression, such as MDA-MB-453 and SKOV3. A CAR-T cell exhaustion model established through repeated tumor antigen stimulation in vitro revealed that, compared to the initial state, the exhausted Trop2 CAR-T cells exhibited significantly reduced tumor-killing capacity while P-T cells showed almost no killing effect, the expression of inhibitory receptors (PD-1 and TIM-3) was up-regulated on the surface of exhausted CAR-T cells, and the secretion of effector cytokines was diminished. Transcriptomic analysis identified multiple differentially expressed genes in the exhausted CAR-T cells. Pathways related to immune response and T cell receptor signaling were down-regulated, while apoptosis-related pathways were activated. RT-qPCR further confirmed abnormal expression of immunoregulatory genes, including IL3, IL5, and IL13 (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

During continuous in vitro tumor antigen stimulation, the second-generation CAR-T cells targeting the Trop2 antigen demonstrate declined anti-tumor activity, weakened effector function and up-regulated expression of exhaustion-related molecules.

trophoblast cell surface antigen 2  /  chimeric antigen receptor T cells  /  T cell exhaustion  /  antitumor activity
刘秀盈, 李昕展, 朱晶晶, 刘静静, 冯义超, 王建勋. 靶向Trop2的嵌合抗原受体T细胞制备及其体外耗竭状态研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1750 -1759 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505003
Xiuying LIU, Xinzhan LI, Jingjing ZHU, Jingjing LIU, Yichao FENG, Jianxun WANG. Preparation of Trop2-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells and study of their exhaustion status in vitro[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1750 -1759 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505003
细胞免疫治疗作为一种创新的生物治疗策略,近年来在多种疾病的临床治疗及基础研究中得到广泛应用。其中,嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cells,CAR-T)疗法通过基因工程改造T细胞,使其特异性识别并杀伤肿瘤细胞,已成为一种突破性的精准免疫治疗手段,在血液系统恶性肿瘤中展现出显著疗效[1-2]。自2017年起,全球已有12种CAR-T疗法获批用于治疗多种血液系统恶性肿瘤[3]。然而,CAR-T疗法在实体瘤中的应用仍面临诸多挑战,包括肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制、抗原异质性以及CAR-T细胞的功能性耗竭等问题[4-5]。功能性耗竭是CAR-T细胞在持续抗原刺激下逐渐丧失效应功能的状态,表现为抑制性受体(如PD-1、TIM-3、LAG-3等)的上调和细胞因子分泌能力下降,这严重限制了其抗肿瘤活性[6-7]。因此,构建体外耗竭模型以研究CAR-T细胞的耗竭机制并探索逆转策略,对提升CAR-T疗法的疗效具有重要意义。
人滋养细胞表面糖蛋白抗原2(trophoblast cell surface antigen 2,Trop2)是一种跨膜糖蛋白和钙信号转导蛋白,在正常人体组织中表达有限,但在多种恶性肿瘤中呈现持续过表达,并参与调控肿瘤增殖、侵袭和转移相关的致癌信号通路。研究表明,Trop2在乳腺癌、结肠癌、胃癌、口腔鳞状细胞癌、卵巢癌等多种实体瘤中高度表达,使其成为实体瘤治疗的潜在靶点[8-9]。基于Trop2的生物学特性,靶向Trop2的治疗策略(如抗体药物偶联物和小分子抑制剂)已在临床试验中展现出抗肿瘤活性[10-13]。其中,戈沙妥珠单抗作为全球首个靶向Trop2的抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC),已获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准用于转移性三阴性乳腺癌(metastatic triple-negative breast cancer,mTNBC)的三线治疗[14]。尽管Trop2在肿瘤治疗中潜力显著,但针对其的CAR-T疗法在实体瘤中仍处早期探索阶段,疗效与安全性待进一步临床验证。
本研究以戈沙妥珠单抗Trop2单链抗体可变区片段(single-chain variable fragment,scFv)序列为基础构建CAR-T细胞,并进行初步功能验证。在此基础上,通过体外重复抗原刺激构建体外CAR-T细胞的耗竭模型,进一步研究Trop2 CAR-T细胞的功能性耗竭机制,并探索其可能的逆转策略,为Trop2 CAR-T细胞疗法的临床转化提供理论依据和实验支持。
逆病毒包装细胞系和293T购自美国典型微生物保藏中心。人卵巢腺癌细胞(SKOV3)、人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-453)和人肺癌细胞(A549)购自中国协和细胞库,并均经过北京中医药大学生命科学学院整合医学中心改造携带GFP-Luc标签。北京中医药大学招募健康志愿者,采集外周血后提取原代T细胞(primary T cell,P-T),招募志愿者和采集过程按照北京中医药大学伦理委员会批准(2022BZYLL0102)。
RPMI 1640 培养基、DMEM培养基、AIM-Ⅴ培养基、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)及PBS缓冲液购自美国Gibco公司;淋巴细胞分离液购自北京友谊中联生物科技有限公司;Fu Gene HD转染试剂购自美国Promega公司;白细胞介素2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、CD3单克隆抗体(OKT-3)购自北京义翘神州科技股份有限公司;NcoⅠ酶、NotⅠ酶、RNA提取试剂盒、反转录试剂盒、SYBR Green PCR试剂盒购自北京兰博利德科技有限公司;胶回收试剂盒、T4连接酶、DH-5α感受态、质粒提取试剂盒购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;荧光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒和Polybrene购自碧云天生物公司;CBA检测试剂盒、MYC-APC、Trop2-PE、CD3-BV421、PD1-APC、TIM3-APC抗体购自美国Biolegend公司。
以上市的药物戈沙妥珠单抗中使用的Trop2 scFv序列为基础,将该序列替换CD19 scFv片段构建anti-Trop2 CAR质粒。质粒结构见图1,scFv序列前是短信号肽SP段和MYC标签用于后续检测CAR的表达水平,接着是CD8铰链区和跨膜区、CD28胞内区和CD3ζ胞内区依次串联,构成经典的二代CAR结构。将构建成功且测序正确的Trop2 CAR转染至包装细胞中,收获逆转录病毒载体颗粒。将逆转录病毒载体颗粒梯度稀释转导293T细胞,48 h后检测293T表面的MYC表达水平,通过下列公式计算逆转录病毒载体颗粒的生物滴度:滴度(TU/mL)=(MYC阳性细胞数×稀释倍数)/ 病毒液体积(mL)。
采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法从健康志愿者的外周血中分离单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),重悬于AIM-Ⅴ培养基,同时加入终浓度为100 ng/mL OKT-3和100 U/mL IL-2刺激T细胞活化增殖,37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中无菌培养。48 h后用Trop2 CAR逆转录病毒载体颗粒转导人P-T制备Trop2 CAR-T细胞。P-T细胞不做处理,正常传代。转导48 h后用CD3-BV421和MYC-APC抗体染色,通过流式细胞术检测MYC表达效率,即为CAR阳性率。此后每隔48小时用含有100 U/mL IL-2的AIM-Ⅴ培养基传代,并记录细胞增殖情况绘制增殖曲线。
从液氮中取出并复苏SKOV3-GFP-Luc、MDA-MB-453-GFP-Luc和A549-GFP-Luc细胞,在 37 ℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中无菌培养。SKOV3-GFP-Luc细胞用含有10%FBS的RPMI 1640完全培养基培养,MDA-MB-453-GFP-Luc和A549-GFP-Luc细胞用含有10%FBS的DMEM完全培养基培养。每隔48小时计数传代1次,观察细胞状态,当细胞处于对数增殖期且细胞存活率达到90%以上时表示细胞状态良好,可以进行后续实验。用Trop2-PE抗体通过流式细胞术检测其细胞表面Trop2的表达水平。
在不透明全白的96孔板接种肿瘤细胞2×104个/孔,第2天将P-T和Trop2 CAR-T细胞按照不同效应细胞与靶细胞数量比例(以下简称效靶比)稀释(1∶1、1∶2、1∶4、1∶8),接种至96孔板和带有GFP-Luc标签的肿瘤细胞共培养。以仅有肿瘤细胞的孔作为最大释放孔,以只有培养基的孔作为空白孔。8 h后每孔加入100 µL配置好的荧光素酶底物,室温避光培养5 min。设置化学发光模式(luminescence,LUM)、全白酶标板、震板5 s,光电倍增管增益设置为1 000,检测每个孔的荧光数值D。计算靶细胞死亡率,即CAR-T细胞杀伤效率:杀伤效率=1-(D实验孔-D空白孔)/(D最大释放孔-D空白孔)×100%。
将原始CAR-T细胞和肿瘤细胞以1∶1的数量比进行共培养,24 h后观察孔中贴壁的肿瘤细胞已经所剩无几,在CAR-T细胞的攻击下裂解死亡后,CAR-T细胞继续与新的肿瘤细胞共培养。以上操作重复3轮,获得持续杀伤肿瘤细胞“精疲力竭”的CAR-T细胞,称为耗竭状态的CAR-T细胞(图2)。P-T细胞采用同CAR-T细胞一样的处理流程构建耗竭T细胞。
在透明的96孔板接种肿瘤细胞2×104个/孔,第2天分别将原始以及耗竭的P-T和Trop2 CAR-T细胞以1∶2的效靶比,即每孔接种1×10⁴个CAR-T细胞至96孔板和肿瘤细胞共培养。将孔板放置于Incucyte活细胞成像系统中,并设置全孔观察模式2 d,2 h拍摄1次GFP荧光照片。实验结束后分析所有的图片,以GFP强度作为肿瘤细胞的活性标准,分析CAR-T细胞对肿瘤细胞的长期杀伤能力。
收集耗竭模型构建前后的CAR-T细胞,用CD3-BV421和PD1-APC抗体或CD3-BV421和TIM3-APC抗体染色,通过流式细胞术检测CD3+的细胞群中APC的中位荧光强度(median fluorescence intensity,MFI)值。
铺板方式参考1.2.6,共孵育8 h后将上清收集并保存于-20 ℃冰箱,收集3次上清后按照CBA试剂盒说明书操作,通过流式细胞仪检测磁珠信号,使用Biolegend官网软件分析数据。
收集耗竭模型构建前后的CAR-T细胞,并用流式细胞术分选出CAR阳性的细胞并提取总RNA,在苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司进行转录学测序。以原始的CAR-T细胞组作为对照组,分析转录学测序的数据。挑选结果中关键差异表达基因,设计RT-qPCR引物序列并合成(表1)。提取CAR-T细胞RNA,电泳验证完整性后,将RNA反转录为cDNA,采用SYBR green进行RT-qPCR实验,内参基因选用GAPDH。RT-qPCR采用2步法,反应条件:95 ℃ 2 min,95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 30 s,共计40个循环。计算基因的相对表达水平采用2–ΔΔCt法。
以上实验均重复3次。采用GraphPad Prism 8.0统计学软件处理数据,计量资料以x¯±s表示,2组间比较采用独立样本t检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
成功构建了基于戈沙妥珠单抗scFv序列的二代anti-Trop2 CAR分子(图1),Trop2 CAR逆转录病毒载体颗粒的生物滴度(接近4×10⁶ TU/mL)与实验室此前制备的CD19 CAR滴度相当,生物滴度较高可以进行CAR-T制备(图3A)。流式细胞术检测显示转导后CD3阳性率为95.8%(图3C),T细胞纯度较高,标签蛋白MYC显示的CAR阳性率为55.42%(图3B),且CAR-T细胞和未转导的原代P-T细胞一样具有在体外扩增的能力(图3D),这些结果表明Trop2 CAR在T细胞表面成功表达,CAR-T细胞制备成功。
为评估Trop2 CAR-T细胞的特异性抗肿瘤活性,检测了3种肿瘤细胞系的Trop2表达水平。结果显示MDA-MB-453和SKOV3细胞Trop2高表达,阳性率分别为100.0%和92.3%,而A549细胞呈现低表达(图4A)。体外杀伤进一步实验证实,Trop2 CAR-T细胞以剂量依赖的方式有效杀伤Trop2高表达的肿瘤细胞(P<0.001,图4B)。证明Trop2 CAR-T细胞具有靶向特异性,能够精准识别肿瘤细胞表面的Trop2抗原并杀伤。
为探究耗竭状态对CAR-T细胞功能的影响,通过体外重复肿瘤刺激建立的CAR-T细胞耗竭模型(图2),将原始及耗竭状态的Trop2 CAR-T长期抗肿瘤活性进行检测。结果显示,耗竭状态的Trop2 CAR-T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤能力降低,而P-T细胞几乎无杀伤作用(图5A)。流式细胞术分析发现耗竭状态的CAR-T细胞高表达PD-1和TIM-3(P<0.01,图5B),同时伴随TNF-α、IFN-γ及颗粒酶A分泌减少(P<0.01,图5C),提示耗竭相关免疫检查点上调及效应功能衰减可能是其抗肿瘤活性受限的关键机制,体外耗竭模型构建成功。
转录组测序分析比较了原始状态与耗竭状态CAR-T细胞的基因表达差异。结果显示,耗竭状态导致CAR-T细胞发生显著的转录重编程,共鉴定出4 565个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),其中2 294个基因下调,2 271个基因上调(图6A、B)。GO富集分析显示,最显著的30个通路中排名第一的是免疫应答通路,在3轮的肿瘤共孵育中Trop2 CAR-T细胞渐渐丧失了效应活性(图6C)。细胞因子活性、免疫应答和T细胞受体信号与T细胞相关的通路也出现在富集通路中,这和样品耗竭处理相符。KEGG的富集分析结果显示,T细胞抗肿瘤活性相关通路(如TNF信号、T细胞分化及受体信号通路)同样呈现抑制趋势,而凋亡相关通路则呈现显著激活状态(图6D)。上述转录组学数据显示,体外耗竭模型中CAR-T细胞的基因表达特征与体内耗竭表型高度吻合。RT-qPCR进一步证实,耗竭细胞中调节免疫细胞活性相关基因(IL3/5/13、BCL2L1)上调,而凋亡(BID、CTSD、CASP6)及活化相关基因(FOS、CD79A)下调(P<0.05,图6E)。这些发现从转录组学层面证实了CAR-T细胞在耗竭状态下出现的免疫效应功能减弱现象,为理解CAR-T细胞耗竭的分子机制提供了线索。
Trop2是一种具有钙信号转导功能的糖蛋白,在肿瘤增殖、侵袭和转移中起关键调控作用。该蛋白在正常上皮组织中呈低表达[15-17],但在乳腺癌、肺癌等实体瘤中显著高表达[18-19],使其成为细胞治疗的重要靶点。细胞治疗相关药物存在因靶抗原在正常组织低表达引发的脱靶效应风险,现有策略主要包括筛选肿瘤特异性抗原(如异常糖基化表位)[20]、设计双靶点CAR[21]以及利用SynNotch受体系统[22]等。目前,Trop2作为实体瘤治疗的潜力靶点,其ADC药物(如戈沙妥珠单抗)的临床成功应用提示其脱靶风险已通过严格评估。临床数据显示,戈沙妥珠单抗治疗mTNBC[23]和转移性小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)[24]等实体瘤时,常见不良反应主要为血液学毒性和全身症状,并未报告与Trop2基础表达器官直接相关的严重损伤(如肺或胰腺毒性)。此外,在一项2024年发布结果的临床试验(NCT04230109)[23]中戈沙妥珠单抗治疗mTNBC达到64%的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)和95%的2年无事件生存期(event-free survival,EFS),提示其靶向效率与安全性之间的平衡。现有证据表明,尽管Trop2在肺、胰腺及肾脏等正常组织的上皮细胞中仍存在基础性膜表达,现有临床证据表明其介导的脱靶毒性风险可控,处于临床可接受范围。
基于此,本研究成功构建了靶向Trop2的二代CAR-T细胞,并通过一系列肿瘤杀伤实验验证,其可特异性识别并杀伤Trop2高表达肿瘤细胞,且展现出剂量依赖性的细胞毒性,同时,该CAR-T细胞展现出良好的体外扩增能力,表明CAR分子设计未对T细胞自身增殖产生明显毒性。这些结果为后续评估该CAR-T细胞的体内抗肿瘤效力及临床转化研究提供了重要实验依据。
CAR-T细胞耗竭是一种由持续性抗原刺激及肿瘤免疫抑制微环境共同诱发的T细胞功能失调状态[25],其特征为效应细胞因子分泌能力下降、抑制性免疫检查点受体(如PD-1、TIM-3)异常高表达,导致细胞毒性减弱和治疗持久性降低,严重限制了其临床疗效。早在2022年,CHOW等[26]就提出在持续性抗原暴露环境下,免疫细胞逐渐耗竭是必然的,并进一步提出了早期的T细胞耗竭的线性演变模型。本实验中构建的CAR-T细胞耗竭模型与其存在理论上的一致性,但通过多组学联合分析进一步揭示了耗竭状态下核心转录重编程特征:免疫应答及CAR-T细胞活化相关通路(如TNF信号、Th1/Th17分化)的抑制,与凋亡抵抗基因(BCL2L1)上调、活化标志(FOS)下调共同构成了耗竭表型的分子基础。值得注意的是,耗竭CAR-T细胞中IL3/5/13等细胞因子基因的异常高表达提示其可能通过旁分泌途径重塑免疫微环境,这一现象在既往线性演变模型中尚未被充分阐释。
本研究不仅验证了持续性抗原暴露驱动CAR-T细胞功能衰减的核心理论,其构建的耗竭模型及多组学分析进一步解析了耗竭表型的分子基础,更为靶向耗竭关键节点(如PD-1/TIM-3轴或转录调控网络)的干预策略提供了理论支持与转化路径。
本研究虽建立了体外耗竭模型以模拟CAR-T细胞在持续性抗原暴露下的耗竭特征,并为抗耗竭策略的筛选提供了技术基础,但仍存在一定局限性:①体外模型仅能部分模拟耗竭特征,无法完全重现体内复杂的免疫微环境,如细胞因子网络、基质细胞相互作用及宿主免疫系统的调控,难以精准反映 CAR-T 细胞在体内的耗竭动态;②当前基于体外模型筛选的基因编辑、小分子干预等抗耗竭策略,尚未通过免疫重建的体内模型(如人源化小鼠)验证其临床相关性,无法充分评估CAR-T细胞在宿主免疫背景下的功能与安全性;③目前CAR-T实验中使用的动物模型基本是采用免疫缺陷鼠构建的异体移植瘤模型,该模型存在一定的缺陷,免疫缺陷鼠体内缺乏免疫细胞,且移植的肿瘤和输注的CAR-T细胞均为人源,一定程度会诱发移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease,GVHD)使用此种模型很难有效模拟CAR-T细胞在人体内的耗竭情况。
本研究建立的体外耗竭模型部分模拟了CAR-T细胞在持续性抗原暴露诱导的耗竭特征,为抗耗竭策略的体外筛选奠定了技术基础。基于该模型,可系统评估基因编辑(如敲除免疫检查点或调控抗凋亡通路)、小分子抑制剂干预及细胞因子微环境重塑等策略的协同增效作用。例如,针对模型特异的BCL2L1上调特征,可优先筛选BCL-2通路抑制剂;而IL3/5/13通路的异常激活则为JAK-STAT信号干预提供了新靶点,此类体外筛选体系将加速抗耗竭CAR-T疗法的优化进程。总之,本研究为靶向Trop2的CAR-T治疗提供了体外实验证据,揭示了耗竭状态下的关键转录重编程特征,但需通过体内模型验证其临床相关性并深入解析表观遗传调控机制;未来将通过基因编辑技术优化CAR设计、联合免疫检查点阻断策略及多维组学分析,致力于解决持续性抗原暴露引发的CAR-T细胞功能耗竭难题,推动相关疗法的临床转化。

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2025年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505003
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
  • 修回日期:2025-07-04
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    1北京中医药大学生命科学学院,北京
    2德州市卫生健康委员会,山东 德州

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