Article(id=1322192346935055192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=1751558400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164820654, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164820654, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164820654, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164820654, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1760, endPage=1770, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192347123798873, articleId=1322192346935055192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Novel metformin carbon dots promote osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells under inflammatory microenvironment, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To develop novel metformin carbon dots (MCDs) with superior performance to enhance the osteogenic differentiation potential of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) under inflammatory conditions.

Methods‍

Three types of MCDs-MCDsCA, MCDsAA, and MCDsCS were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using metformin (Met) in combination with citric acid (CA), ascorbic acid (AA), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CS), respectively. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The biocompatibility and cellular uptake of the MCDs were assessed using CCK-8 assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and ALP activity assay were conducted to identify the most effective MCDs type in promoting osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs under inflammatory conditions. Subsequently, ALP and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting were performed to assess the effects of the optimal concentration of MCDsCS and its raw material (Met+CS) on osteogenic differentiation under inflammatory conditions.

Results‍

All 3 types of nanoscale MCDs exhibited favorable physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility, and could be effectively internalized by hPDLSCs. Both MCDsCA and MCDsAA significantly promoted hPDLSCs proliferation at lower concentrations (0~0.50 mg/mL), while MCDsCS exhibited excellent cytocompatibility over a broader range (0~2.00 mg/mL). Under inflammatory conditions, MCDsCA and MCDsAA showed no significant effect on ALP expression in hPDLSCs, whereas MCDsCS significantly enhanced ALP expression in a dose-dependent manner, with the optimal effect observed at 0.10 mg/mL (P<0.05). Compared to Met+CS, 0.10 mg/mL MCDsCS significantly enhanced ALP expression and calcium nodule formation under inflammatory conditions. It also upregulated the expression of osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, RUNX2, COL-1, OCN) and proteins (ALP, RUNX2, OCN) (P<0.01), while reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

A novel MCDsCS with sound biocompatibility is successfully developed, and can effectively promote osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and exerts anti-inflammatory effects under inflammatory conditions, indicating its potential as a nanotherapeutic agent for periodontitis-associated bone regeneration.

, authors=Kai WANG1, Yongkai LI2, 3, Jiao HUANG1, 3, Ling XU4, Jingjing WEI1, 2, authorsList=Kai WANG, Yongkai LI, Jiao HUANG, Ling XU, Jingjing WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingjing WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192348591805286, articleId=1322192346935055192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=新型二甲双胍碳点促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

拟制备一种新型二甲双胍碳点(metformin carbon dots,MCDs),以促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞(human periodontal ligament stem cells,hPDLSCs)的成骨分化潜能。

方法

以二甲双胍(metformin,Met)为前体,分别联合柠檬酸(citric acid,CA)、抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AA)或羧甲基壳聚糖(carboxymethyl chitosan,CS)通过一步水热法合成3种不同类型的MCDs(分别记为MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS),通过透射电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和紫外-可见分光光度计等表征其理化特性。使用CCK-8、激光共聚焦显微镜评估3种MCDs的生物相容性及其细胞摄取能力。采用碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)染色和ALP活性测定筛选出在炎症微环境下促进hPDLSCs成骨分化效果最佳的MCDs类型。通过ALP和茜素红S(alizarin red S,ARS)染色、qRT-PCR、Western blot等实验评估最适浓度下MCDsCS及其原料(Met+CS)对炎症微环境下hPDLSCs成骨分化的影响。

结果

成功合成3种具备良好理化性质和生物相容性的纳米级MCDs,且其均能被hPDLSCs成功摄取。MCDsCA和MCDsAA在较低浓度(0~0.50 mg/mL)内均能显著促进hPDLSCs的增殖,MCDsCS在较宽浓度(0~2.00 mg/mL)内表现出优异的细胞相容性;在炎症微环境下,MCDsCA和MCDsAA对hPDLSCs的ALP表达无明显改善,而MCDsCS则以浓度依赖性方式显著促进hPDLSCs的ALP表达,以0.10 mg/mL效果最佳(P<0.05)。0.10 mg/mL的MCDsCS相较于Met+CS更能显著促进炎症微环境下hPDLSCs的ALP表达和钙结节形成,提高成骨相关基因(ALP、Runt相关转录因子2、Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素)和蛋白质(ALP、Runt相关转录因子2、骨钙素)的表达(P<0.01),降低炎症因子白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-6的水平(P<0.01)。

结论

成功制备出一种生物相容性良好的新型MCDsCS,可有效促进炎症微环境下hPDLSCs的成骨分化,并发挥抗炎作用,有望成为牙周炎治疗的潜在纳米材料。

, authors=王凯1, 李永凯2, 3, 黄姣1, 3, 徐凌4, 危晶晶1, 2, authorsList=王凯, 李永凯, 黄姣, 徐凌, 危晶晶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=危晶晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
危晶晶,E-mail:
WEI Jingjing,E-mail:
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Front Nanotechnol,2024,6:1456939., articleTitle=Recent advances in surface decoration of nanoparticles in drug delivery, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322192348797326183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192348801520488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192348797326183, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Periodontology,The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192348809909097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192348797326183, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1重庆医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322192348872823658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192348881212267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192348872823658, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192348902183788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192348872823658, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2口腔疾病研究重庆市重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322192349057373037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192349069955950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192349057373037, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education,Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192349078344559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192349057373037, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3口腔生物医学工程重庆市高校市级重点实验室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322192349149647728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192349158036337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192349149647728, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Chongqing Municipal Health Commission Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering,Chongqing; China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192349174813554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, companyId=1322192349149647728, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4重庆市卫生健康委口腔生物医学工程重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322192353067127705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1fydmp0vrpc5gliDYBMK5Q==, figureFileBig=0BPLLxi0RolJmET1ycA8Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192353130042266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS的合成路线, figureFileSmall=1fydmp0vrpc5gliDYBMK5Q==, figureFileBig=0BPLLxi0RolJmET1ycA8Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192353293620123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=401ELq/hVqxYP7pkuoHMeA==, figureFileBig=PLmxkCupnhEadL4oXYYPwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192353352340380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS的形貌、结构与光学性质表征

A:MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS的TEM和HRTEM图像;B:MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS的粒径分布;C:MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS及其原料的FTIR光谱;D:MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS的UV-Vis吸收光谱;E:MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS在明场下(左)和紫外光下(右)的照片

, figureFileSmall=401ELq/hVqxYP7pkuoHMeA==, figureFileBig=PLmxkCupnhEadL4oXYYPwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192353423643549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EHnr6/tWTdPEwioBpdZeRw==, figureFileBig=aDzD5XaBHF9MwSo/2kUWDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192353494946718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=CN, label=图3, caption=hPDLSCs的形态观察、多向分化能力及表面标志物表达分析

A:初代hPDLSCs培养第3天的镜下形态以及成骨诱导14 d后的ARS、ALP染色图像和成脂诱导14 d后的油红O染色图像;B:流式细胞术检测hPDLSCs表面标志物的表达

, figureFileSmall=EHnr6/tWTdPEwioBpdZeRw==, figureFileBig=aDzD5XaBHF9MwSo/2kUWDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192353553666975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=giYG0VfBrT8111IUlSoEvQ==, figureFileBig=w7KvJDrz0F+61fcn3neIQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192355206222752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS的细胞相容性及胞内摄取能力的评价

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,与各时间段0 mg/mL MCDsCA比较;d:P<0.05,e:P<0.01,f:P<0.001,与各时间段0 mg/mL MCDsAA比较;g:P<0.05,与各时间段0 mg/mL MCDsCS比较A:CCK-8检测3种MCDs在不同浓度下的细胞相容性;B:CLSM检测3种MCDs被hPDLSCs摄取的能力

, figureFileSmall=giYG0VfBrT8111IUlSoEvQ==, figureFileBig=w7KvJDrz0F+61fcn3neIQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192355260748705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qSl6Aj/9F+fmoOVpRzDiTA==, figureFileBig=gMTj/M69+vx6aF/EKd49aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192355323663266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ALP染色和ALP活性检测评价不同浓度MCDs在炎症微环境下的促成骨效果

a: P<0.05,与MCDsCA中的LPS组比较;b: P<0.05,与MCDsAA中的LPS组比较;c: P<0.05,与MCDsCS中的LPS组比较;d: P<0.05,与0.05 mg/mL MCDsCS比较;e:P<0.05,与0.5 mg/mL MCDsCS比较A:不同浓度的MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS处理炎症微环境下hPDLSCs 第7天的ALP染色结果;B:ALP活性定量分析

, figureFileSmall=qSl6Aj/9F+fmoOVpRzDiTA==, figureFileBig=gMTj/M69+vx6aF/EKd49aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192355386577827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=twVsVYZVp4em7gFByxXdAQ==, figureFileBig=TvC3vI9+yFcrSB8sc/Bd0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192355445298084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192346935055192, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MCDsCS在炎症微环境下促进hPDLSCs成骨分化

a: P<0.01,与LPS组比较;b: P<0.05,与LPS+MCDsCS组比较A:第7、14天的ALP染色以及第21天的ARS染色结果;B:qRT-PCR验证成骨相关基因(ALP、RUNX2、COL-1和OCN)和炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6)的表达;C、D:成骨相关蛋白(RUNX2、ALP和OCN)以及炎性因子(IL-1β、IL-6)的Western blot分析及半定量分析

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新型二甲双胍碳点促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化
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王凯 1 , 李永凯 2, 3 , 黄姣 1, 3 , 徐凌 4 , 危晶晶 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(15): 1760-1770
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (15) : 1760 -1770
新型二甲双胍碳点促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化
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王凯1, 李永凯2, 3, 黄姣1, 3, 徐凌4, 危晶晶1, 2
作者信息
  • 1重庆医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科,重庆
  • 2口腔疾病研究重庆市重点实验室,重庆
  • 3口腔生物医学工程重庆市高校市级重点实验室,重庆
  • 4重庆市卫生健康委口腔生物医学工程重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
WEI Jingjing,E-mail:
Novel metformin carbon dots promote osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells under inflammatory microenvironment
Kai WANG1, Yongkai LI2, 3, Jiao HUANG1, 3, Ling XU4, Jingjing WEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Periodontology,The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing
  • 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,Chongqing
  • 3Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education,Chongqing
  • 4Chongqing Municipal Health Commission Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering,Chongqing; China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505002
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目的

拟制备一种新型二甲双胍碳点(metformin carbon dots,MCDs),以促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞(human periodontal ligament stem cells,hPDLSCs)的成骨分化潜能。

方法

以二甲双胍(metformin,Met)为前体,分别联合柠檬酸(citric acid,CA)、抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AA)或羧甲基壳聚糖(carboxymethyl chitosan,CS)通过一步水热法合成3种不同类型的MCDs(分别记为MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS),通过透射电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和紫外-可见分光光度计等表征其理化特性。使用CCK-8、激光共聚焦显微镜评估3种MCDs的生物相容性及其细胞摄取能力。采用碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)染色和ALP活性测定筛选出在炎症微环境下促进hPDLSCs成骨分化效果最佳的MCDs类型。通过ALP和茜素红S(alizarin red S,ARS)染色、qRT-PCR、Western blot等实验评估最适浓度下MCDsCS及其原料(Met+CS)对炎症微环境下hPDLSCs成骨分化的影响。

结果

成功合成3种具备良好理化性质和生物相容性的纳米级MCDs,且其均能被hPDLSCs成功摄取。MCDsCA和MCDsAA在较低浓度(0~0.50 mg/mL)内均能显著促进hPDLSCs的增殖,MCDsCS在较宽浓度(0~2.00 mg/mL)内表现出优异的细胞相容性;在炎症微环境下,MCDsCA和MCDsAA对hPDLSCs的ALP表达无明显改善,而MCDsCS则以浓度依赖性方式显著促进hPDLSCs的ALP表达,以0.10 mg/mL效果最佳(P<0.05)。0.10 mg/mL的MCDsCS相较于Met+CS更能显著促进炎症微环境下hPDLSCs的ALP表达和钙结节形成,提高成骨相关基因(ALP、Runt相关转录因子2、Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素)和蛋白质(ALP、Runt相关转录因子2、骨钙素)的表达(P<0.01),降低炎症因子白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-6的水平(P<0.01)。

结论

成功制备出一种生物相容性良好的新型MCDsCS,可有效促进炎症微环境下hPDLSCs的成骨分化,并发挥抗炎作用,有望成为牙周炎治疗的潜在纳米材料。

二甲双胍  /  碳点  /  牙周膜干细胞  /  成骨分化  /  炎症微环境
Objective‍

To develop novel metformin carbon dots (MCDs) with superior performance to enhance the osteogenic differentiation potential of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) under inflammatory conditions.

Methods‍

Three types of MCDs-MCDsCA, MCDsAA, and MCDsCS were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using metformin (Met) in combination with citric acid (CA), ascorbic acid (AA), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CS), respectively. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The biocompatibility and cellular uptake of the MCDs were assessed using CCK-8 assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and ALP activity assay were conducted to identify the most effective MCDs type in promoting osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs under inflammatory conditions. Subsequently, ALP and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting were performed to assess the effects of the optimal concentration of MCDsCS and its raw material (Met+CS) on osteogenic differentiation under inflammatory conditions.

Results‍

All 3 types of nanoscale MCDs exhibited favorable physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility, and could be effectively internalized by hPDLSCs. Both MCDsCA and MCDsAA significantly promoted hPDLSCs proliferation at lower concentrations (0~0.50 mg/mL), while MCDsCS exhibited excellent cytocompatibility over a broader range (0~2.00 mg/mL). Under inflammatory conditions, MCDsCA and MCDsAA showed no significant effect on ALP expression in hPDLSCs, whereas MCDsCS significantly enhanced ALP expression in a dose-dependent manner, with the optimal effect observed at 0.10 mg/mL (P<0.05). Compared to Met+CS, 0.10 mg/mL MCDsCS significantly enhanced ALP expression and calcium nodule formation under inflammatory conditions. It also upregulated the expression of osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, RUNX2, COL-1, OCN) and proteins (ALP, RUNX2, OCN) (P<0.01), while reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 (P<0.01).

Conclusion‍

A novel MCDsCS with sound biocompatibility is successfully developed, and can effectively promote osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and exerts anti-inflammatory effects under inflammatory conditions, indicating its potential as a nanotherapeutic agent for periodontitis-associated bone regeneration.

metformin  /  carbon dots  /  human periodontal ligament stem cells  /  osteogenic differentiation  /  inflammatory microenvironment
王凯, 李永凯, 黄姣, 徐凌, 危晶晶. 新型二甲双胍碳点促进炎症微环境下人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1760 -1770 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505002
Kai WANG, Yongkai LI, Jiao HUANG, Ling XU, Jingjing WEI. Novel metformin carbon dots promote osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells under inflammatory microenvironment[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1760 -1770 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505002
牙周炎是一种由菌斑微生物引起的慢性牙周支持组织炎症,它可引起牙槽骨吸收,牙齿松动脱落,严重影响人们的咀嚼功能和生活质量[1-2]。牙槽骨吸收是牙周炎引起牙齿缺失的主要因素[3]。牙周炎治疗的核心在于有效控制炎症的基础上使已破坏的牙周组织再生,尤其是实现牙槽骨的修复与再生。然而,常规治疗方法(如洁治术、根面平整术、翻瓣术等)虽然能够去除局部菌斑,控制炎症进展,但对重度牙周炎患者的牙槽骨再生潜力有限[4-5]。
近年来,内源性牙周组织再生作为一种激活机体自我修复潜能、诱导内源性干细胞定向分化以促进牙周组织再生的新策略而备受关注。人牙周膜干细胞(human periodontal ligament stem cells,hPDLSCs)具备优异的自我更新和多向分化潜能,在体内参与牙槽骨、牙周膜等组织的形成与修复,被认为是牙周组织工程中的种子细胞[6-7]。然而,在持续的慢性炎症状态下,促炎因子和去泛素化酶的高表达显著抑制hPDLSCs的成骨潜能,从而阻碍牙周骨组织的再生与修复[8-9]。因此,开发能够在炎症微环境下增强hPDLSCs成骨潜能的策略,对于实现内源性牙周组织再生具有重要意义。
二甲双胍(metformin,Met)具有降糖、抗炎、抗氧化作用[10],还可降低糖尿病患者的骨折风险[11],但其促成骨功能仍存在争议[12-13]。近年来新兴的碳点(carbon dots,CDs)材料,尤其是药物衍生CDs因其不仅保留原药物的药理活性,还具备CDs优异的水溶性、生物相容性以及表面易功能化等优点,引起广泛关注[14]。例如,由阿司匹林衍生的荧光CDs不仅保留较强的抗炎活性及良好的血脑屏障穿透能力,还可作为功能性载体用于药物的靶向输送与可控释放[15];地塞米松碳点能够调节骨免疫微环境,促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化[16]。鉴于Met兼具多重生物活性,其作为CDs前驱体在牙周炎骨组织再生中的应用潜力值得深入探究[13]。然而,前体物质的种类对CDs的理化性质及生物功能具有显著影响,不同碳源可引起合成CDs在结构与性能上的明显差异[17]。因此,本研究基于一步水热法,以Met分别联合柠檬酸(citric acid,CA)、抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AA)或羧甲基壳聚糖(carboxymethyl chitosan,CS)合成3种不同类型的新型二甲双胍碳点(metformin carbon dots,MCDs),并系统评估其理化特性、生物安全性及其在炎症微环境下对hPDLSCs成骨分化的调控作用,旨在筛选出促进炎症微环境下hPDLSCs成骨分化效果最佳的MCDs类型及其浓度,为其后期应用于牙周炎骨缺损的研究奠定理论基础。
Met、明胶、AA、油红O染色试剂盒购自中国Solarbio 公司;CS购自中国ALADDIN公司;牙龈卟啉单胞菌(porphyromonas gingivalis, P. gingivalis)衍生脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;成骨和成脂诱导培养基购自中国Procell公司;碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所;PE抗人类CD29、CD34、CD45、CD90抗体购自美国BioLegend公司;BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶显色试剂盒(ALP染色试剂盒)、茜素红S(alizarin red S,ARS)染色液、RIPA 裂解液、快速免疫印记封闭液、彩色预染蛋白分子量标准、DAPI染色液、BCA蛋白浓度快速测定试剂盒、结晶紫染色液等购自中国Beyotime公司;快速RNA提取试剂盒、Evo M-MLV反转录试剂盒购自中国Accurate Biology公司;PCR扩增试剂盒购自中国Abclonal公司;引物由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成;GAPDH一抗、ALP一抗购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;骨特异性转录因子2(runt-related transcription factor 2,RUNX2)一抗、骨钙素(osteocalcin,OCN)一抗购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1 β,IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)一抗购自中国Bioss公司。
将500 mg Met分别与200 mg CA、AA或CS充分溶解于10 mL超纯水中,随后转移至100 mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢高压反应釜中,200 ℃反应4 h,自然冷却至室温后,所得棕黑色溶液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤获得澄清滤液。将滤液置于截断分子量为1 000 Da的纤维素酯膜透析袋中透析24 h,所得产物经冷冻干燥得到棕色粉末状CDs,分别记为MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS,4 ℃保存备用(图1)。采用Hitachi H-7500透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)和JEOL JEM-2100F高分辨率透射电子显微镜(high-resolution transmission electron microscopy,HRTEM)观察CDs的形貌与晶格结构,并利用Image J软件测量粒径分布。采用Nicolet iS20傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR)仪分析CDs及其前驱体的化学官能团,采用UV2500紫外-可见分光光度计(ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry,UV-Vis)测定3种CDs的吸收光谱特征。
本研究经重庆医科大学附属口腔医院伦理委员会批准[CQHS-REC-2023(LSNo.200)],样本来源于因正畸拔除前磨牙的10~14岁健康志愿者,所有受试者签署知情同意书,纳入的牙齿均为无龋、无牙周炎的健康恒牙。采用组织块及酶消化法分离培养hPDLSCs,将牙根中下1/3区域牙周膜组织置于Ⅰ型胶原酶中于37 ℃消化30 min后,组织块贴壁培养,传代至第3~4代细胞用于实验。为评估其多向分化潜能,对细胞分别行成骨和成脂诱导14 d后,进行ALP、ARS及油红O染色,通过光学显微镜观察染色结果。
将细胞以1×10⁶个/mL重悬于PBS中,洗涤2~3次后,取100 μL细胞悬液分别加入5 μL的荧光标记抗体(CD34、CD45、CD29、CD90),于37 °C避光孵育30 min。PBS作为阴性对照,通过流式细胞仪(Beckman Coulter,美国)检测各表面标志物的表达情况。
将细胞接种于96孔板,采用不同浓度(0、0.01、0.02、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50、1.00、2.00 mg/mL)的3种MCDs分别处理细胞后,于第0、1、3、5、7天加入CCK-8试剂孵育后测定吸光度[OD(450)]值,每次测定后更换新鲜培养基。采用激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM,OXFORD,英国)对孵育12 h后的细胞进行荧光成像,观察hPDLSCs对MCDs(0.20 mg/mL)的摄取情况。
将hPDLSCs接种于24孔板中,加入牙龈卟啉单胞菌来源的LPS(10 µg/mL)模拟炎症状态,未添加LPS的作为对照组,使用不同浓度(0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00 mg/mL)的MCDsCA、MCDsAA及MCDsCS分别处理各组细胞,7 d后收集各组上清液,按ALP活性检测试剂盒说明书配制反应液与标准液,依照操作步骤检测ALP活性。同时依照BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶显色试剂盒说明进行ALP染色,染色结束后在倒置显微镜下观察染色情况。
将hPDLSCs接种至24孔板,分为对照组、LPS组(10 µg/mL)、LPS+MCDsCS组(0.10 mg/mL MCDsCS)、LPS+Met+CS组(0.071 mg/mL Met+0.029 mg/mL CS),浓度同原料比为Met∶CS=5∶2[13]。成骨诱导过程中每2~3天更换新鲜培养基。分别在第7和14天进行ALP染色,第21天行ARS染色。ALP染色按照试剂盒说明书操作,室温避光染色后用去离子水冲洗并显微镜观察;ARS染色使用染色液(pH=4.2)处理10 min,洗涤后观察钙结节形成。
将hPDLSCs接种至6孔板,参照上述1.6的分组方法进行处理,7 d后采用RNA提取试剂盒提取总RNA,并使用NanoDrop 2000分光光度计(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国)检测其浓度及纯度。
提取的RNA经Evo M-MLV反转录试剂盒反转录为cDNA,并在CFX Opus96实时荧光定量PCR系统(Bio-Rad,美国)上使用PCR试剂盒进行qRT-PCR扩增反应。检测的成骨相关基因包括ALP、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(collagen type Ⅰ,COL-1)、RUNX2、OCN,炎症相关基因包括IL-1β、IL-6,GAPDH作为内参基因。基因表达水平使用2-ΔΔCt方法进行计算,结果用于评估不同基因在各处理组中的相对表达水平。
细胞分为对照组、LPS组(10 µg/mL)、LPS+MCDsCS组(LPS+0.10 mg/mL MCDsCS)。成骨诱导7 d后,收集hPDLSCs,用含蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液提取总蛋白,并经BCA法测定浓度。蛋白样品变性后经10%十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel,SDS-PAGE)系统中进行电泳分离,湿转至聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride membrane,PVDF)膜上。封闭后分别与一抗GAPDH、ALP、RUNX2、OCN、IL-1β和IL-6在4 ℃下孵育过夜,GAPDH作为内参。次日洗膜后加入二抗,室温孵育1 h,使用ECL显影液通过BeyoECL Moon分析仪(Bio-Rad,美国)检测蛋白条带,并用Image J软件分析蛋白条带的灰度值,对结果进行定量分析。
本研究采用GraphPad Prism 9.0进行数据统计分析和图表绘制,实验数据以x¯±s表示,每个独立实验至少重复3次以获得平均值,并通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行组间差异统计分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
本研究以Met分别与CA、AA和CS为前驱体,成功合成3种CDs,分别命名为MCDsCA、MCDsAA和MCDsCS。TEM及HRTEM表征结果显示,3种MCDs均呈类球形,分散性良好,粒径为3.82~4.07 nm,晶格条纹清晰,间距为0.21~0.28 nm(图2A、B)。
Met的FTIR谱图中,N-H伸缩振动峰位于3 165和3 373 cm⁻¹,C=N伸缩振动峰出现在1 575和1 630 cm⁻¹,C-N弯曲振动峰位于1 171 cm⁻¹,表明其分子中含有丰富的氨基基团。CA在1 300~1 400 cm⁻¹和1 700~1 750 cm⁻¹处分别出现C-O弯曲振动和C=O伸缩振动峰,3 200~3 500 cm⁻¹的宽峰对应其羟基官能团;MCDsCA在3 419 cm⁻¹显示O-H/N-H伸缩振动峰,1 391和1 569 cm⁻¹分别为C-N弯曲振动和N-H伸缩振动峰,提示Met的胍基参与CDs的构建(图2C)。AA在3 525、3 410和3 218 cm⁻¹处显示O-H伸缩振动峰,1 754 cm⁻¹为C=O伸缩振动峰;MCDsAA在3 411 cm⁻¹处表现为O-H/N-H伸缩振动峰,1 627 cm⁻¹处的峰指示C=N或C=O振动,说明Met为CDs引入吡啶环或胺/酰胺结构(图2C)。CS在3 418 cm⁻¹处显示O-H/N-H伸缩振动峰,2 912和1 609 cm⁻¹分别为C-H和C=O伸缩振动峰,同时1 071 cm⁻¹的峰归属于C-O-C醚键;MCDsCS谱图在3 432 cm⁻¹处出现O-H/N-H伸缩振动峰,1 624和1 076 cm⁻¹分别为C=O和C-O伸缩振动峰,1 322 cm⁻¹为N-H弯曲振动峰,进一步证实其表面富含羟基、羧基、氨基及醚键等极性官能团(图2C)。FTIR谱图显示3种MCDs均具有典型的CDs特征,包括宽泛的O-H/N-H振动峰和C-N/C=O/N-H相关振动,同时保留部分前驱体的官能团结构,表明成功合成CDs,且其具备良好的亲水性与化学反应活性。
此外,3种MCDs在220 nm处均呈现紫外吸收特征峰,MCDsCA在300~350 nm间出现双峰,具有一定光学差异性。在紫外光下,三者发出蓝色荧光,荧光强度无显著差异,进一步验证CDs的成功合成及其优异的荧光性质(图2D、E)。
采用组织块及酶消化法分离培养hPDLSCs,于培养第3天可见原代细胞自组织块边缘迁出并贴壁生长,呈典型长梭形形态,随后在周围区域逐渐扩增。成骨诱导后,ALP染色显示细胞呈深蓝色,ARS染色可见明显的钙化结节,表明其具备成骨分化能力;成脂诱导培养后,油红O染色检测到脂滴形成,提示细胞亦可向脂肪方向分化(图3A)。流式细胞术结果显示,hPDLSCs高表达间充质干细胞相关表面标志物CD29和CD90,而造血干细胞标志物CD34和CD45表达阴性(图3B),进一步证实其来源于间充质组织,且具备多向分化潜能。
采用CCK-8法评估3种MCDs在不同浓度(0~2.00 mg/mL)下对hPDLSCs的生物相容性。结果显示,MCDsCA与MCDsAA在0~0.50 mg/mL内可促进细胞增殖,浓度超过1.00 mg/mL后增殖作用减弱,表现出一定的剂量依赖性抑制效应。相比之下,MCDsCS虽无明显促增殖作用,但在较宽浓度(0~2.00 mg/mL)内均未表现出细胞毒性,细胞相容性较好(图4A)。CLSM结果显示,3种CDs均可被hPDLSCs有效摄取,胞内可见蓝色荧光,细胞形态完整,无明显损伤,提示其具备良好的细胞摄取能力和生物相容性,为后续功能研究奠定基础(图4B)。
为筛选出促进hPDLSCs成骨分化的最佳CDs类型及浓度,用LPS诱导构建炎症模型,并设定不同浓度(0.01~1.00 mg/mL)的MCDs处理hPDLSCs。第7天进行ALP染色及活性检测。染色结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS显著抑制ALP表达,提示炎症对成骨分化具有抑制作用。MCDsCA和MCDsAA在0~0.10 mg/mL内未能明显改善LPS诱导下的ALP表达水平,促成骨作用有限。而MCDsCS在0.01~0.10 mg/mL内可见ALP阳性细胞数量逐渐增多,染色程度增强,呈现良好的浓度依赖性促成骨趋势,以0.10 mg/mL效果最显著。此外,当MCDsCS浓度高于0.50 mg/mL时,出现染色强度减弱,提示其高浓度可能对成骨分化产生抑制效应(图5A),ALP活性定量检测与ALP染色的结果一致(图5B)。综上所述,MCDsCS在低浓度下可有效逆转炎症微环境对hPDLSCs成骨分化的抑制作用,尤其在0.10 mg/mL下表现出最佳的促成骨效果,后续实验采用此浓度作为最适剂量。
为进一步验证MCDsCS在炎症微环境下的促成骨作用并比较MCDsCS与其原料的促骨效果差异,选用最适浓度下的MCDsCS以及Met+CS处理炎症微环境下的hPDLSCs,分别行ALP和ARS染色。结果显示,LPS组ALP染色深度显著浅于对照组,提示炎症微环境抑制hPDLSCs的成骨分化。LPS+MCDsCS组ALP表达明显增强,染色加深,表现出良好的促成骨能力;而LPS+Met+CS组却无明显改善。ARS染色结果与ALP染色趋势一致,与LPS组和LPS+Met+CS组相比,LPS+MCDsCS组形成更多且染色更深的钙结节,进一步佐证其促进成骨作用(图6A)。
qRT-PCR结果显示,与LPS组相比,LPS+MCDsCS组有效降低炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6)的水平(P<0.01),促进成骨相关基因(RUNX2、ALP、COL-1、OCN)的表达(P<0.01),而LPS+Met+CS组虽然缓解IL-6的水平(P<0.05),但对成骨相关基因的表达无明显改善(图6B)。Western blot结果从蛋白水平上验证MCDsCS优异的抗炎促成骨效果,表现为经MCDsCS处理后,炎症因子(IL-1β与IL-6)表达显著下降(P<0.01),成骨蛋白表达(ALP、RUNX2、OCN)明显回升(P<0.01,图6C、D)。以上结果充分表明,与单独使用Met+CS相比,MCDsCS在抗炎性能方面表现更加优越,且在炎症微环境中显著增强hPDLSCs的成骨分化能力,显示出其在牙周组织再生中的应用价值。
牙周炎是由牙菌斑引起的常见炎症性疾病,可导致牙槽骨吸收,牙齿松动脱落[18]。近年来,基于干细胞的组织工程策略在牙周再生领域引起广泛关注。hPDLSCs因具备良好的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,尤其在成骨方面表现突出,被认为是牙周骨再生的理想种子细胞。然而,慢性炎症显著抑制hPDLSCs的成骨分化能力,阻碍牙周组织的内源性修复[19]。因此,开发在炎症微环境中有效增强hPDLSCs成骨潜能的干预策略,已成为牙周再生医学的重要研究方向。CDs是一类新兴的碳基纳米材料,具备优良的水溶性、生物相容性、表面修饰能力及荧光特性,已广泛应用于药物递送、生物成像与组织工程等领域[20]。近年来,多项研究表明CDs在骨组织修复方面具有显著潜力,如阿仑膦酸修饰CDs可实现骨靶向定位并调节骨免疫环境,有效促进牙槽骨再生[21];白藜芦醇负载CDs可通过诱导巨噬细胞M2极化、清除ROS,调节炎症环境,促进骨形成[22];此外,抗坏血酸碳点可通过激活PERK/eIF2α/ATF4通路增强成骨基因表达[23]。这些研究显示CDs在抗炎与促成骨的双重功能方面具有天然优势,为其在牙周再生医学中的应用奠定基础。
本研究以Met为核心药物,分别与3种不同前驱体合成3类MCDs(MCDsCA、MCDsAA、MCDsCS)。三者均具有纳米级尺寸(3.82~4.07 nm)以及良好的分散性,为其与细胞的相互作用提供良好的结构基础[24]。在其HRTEM图像中观察到清晰的晶格条纹,表明MCDs具有一定程度的石墨化结构,这种有序结构有助于提升其光电性能与结构稳定性[25]。FTIR分析进一步验证前驱体在MCDs结构构建过程中的保留与重组过程。MCDsCA中保留CA羧基与Met胍基的特征峰,MCDsAA中呈现AA羟基、酮基以及Met胍基等结构特征,而MCDsCS中明显观察到CS的羟基、羧基及氨基等功能基团。这一结果提示在水热碳化过程中,不同前驱体不仅参与碳骨架的构建,还决定CDs表面官能团的种类与密度,从而赋予各类MCDs差异化的理化特性和生物学功能[26-27]。
生物相容性是生物材料发挥功能的前提,本研究制备的MCDsCA和MCDsAA在0~0.50 mg/mL内呈现一定的促增殖作用,而MCDsCS则在较宽浓度(0~2.00 mg/mL)内保持良好的细胞相容性,这与前人的研究结果一致,验证该CDs材料具备良好的生物相容性[28]。随后,利用MCDs独特的荧光特性[29],观察到MCDs在与hPDLSCs共培养后成功被细胞摄取,这将有利于MCDs发挥其生物学作用。
牙周病病原体(以牙龈卟啉单胞菌为主)是牙周炎的始动因素[30]。LPS作为革兰氏阴性菌的主要毒力因子,它可诱导炎症介质过度表达,并抑制hPDLSCs的成骨分化作用[8]。因此,在本研究中,在培养基中添加10 μg/mL的牙龈卟啉单胞菌来源的LPS以维持牙周炎的炎症状态[31]。在该环境下,MCDsCS显著改善hPDLSCs的成骨能力,表现出浓度依赖性促进作用,而高浓度则出现轻微抑制趋势,提示其存在剂量门控效应,以0.10 mg/mL为最适促成骨浓度。这一结论与REN等[13]得出的1 mg/mL 的Met-CDs具备最优的促成骨效果存在差异,可能源于反应条件、细胞类型及摄取机制的差异[17]。
为进一步明确MCDsCS的构建优势,本研究对MCDsCS及其原料在炎症环境中的成骨效应进行对比分析。已有研究表明,Met有一定的抗炎活性[32],可通过激活AMPK信号通路调节免疫反应,并参与骨形成过程[33-34];而CS因其良好的生物粘附性及一定的成骨诱导潜能,已被广泛应用于骨组织工程领域[35]。然而,部分学者也指出,Met在炎症环境下的促成骨能力较弱,其作用效果存在较大争议[13]。此外,单独使用Met或CS对干细胞成骨分化潜能的促进作用有限,且其对药物浓度和细胞所处微环境的依赖性较强,通常需要较高剂量方可显效[36-37]。因此,本研究设置LPS+Met+CS组以间接评估二者简单混合后的协同效果,成骨实验结果显示,LPS+MCDsCS组有效改善炎症环境下hPDLSCs受损的成骨分化潜能,而LPS+Met+CS组在抗炎及成骨方面改善有限,显著弱于LPS+MCDsCS组,说明制备的纳米CDs结构提供了额外的生物学功能优势。一方面,MCDsCS作为纳米颗粒具有更大的比表面积和表面活性,可促进细胞对药物的摄取并实现更稳定的药物释放[18];另一方面,MCDsCS具有独特的表面官能团和氧化还原特性,可能通过调控细胞信号通路改善炎症微环境进一步促进成骨相关信号的激活。Western blot结果从蛋白层面上进一步验证MCDsCS的抗炎和促成骨的双重功能。因此,本研究所合成的MCDsCS不仅保留Met的抗炎药理活性,还赋予其新的生物功能,显著改善炎症微环境下hPDLSCs受损的成骨分化能力,充分体现了MCDsCS合成的科学价值与应用潜力。
综上所述,本研究系统比较3种不同前驱体(CA、AA及CS)合成的MCDs的理化性质与成骨相关功能,成功筛选出兼具抗炎与促成骨双重功能的MCDsCS。该材料具有优良的生物相容性和细胞摄取能力,能够在炎症微环境下显著促进hPDLSCs的成骨分化,缓解炎性损伤,显示出其在牙周炎相关骨缺损治疗中的应用潜力,为牙周组织内源性再生提供一种新型有效的纳米材料策略。然而,本研究仍存在一定局限性:①尽管本研究已设置LPS+Met+CS组作为LPS+MCDsCS组的对照,以验证CDs结构的协同优势,但未设置单独LPS+Met组与LPS+CS组,可能在一定程度上限制对单药成分作用机制的剖析;②缺乏对MCDsCS促成骨的体内验证及其机制的深入探讨。本课题组将在后续动物实验及机制研究中同时补充单药对照组,进一步厘清其相关作用机制,并探索MCDsCS与精准给药系统及多功能支架的协同应用,以期推动其在组织工程和临床牙周再生治疗中的转化与应用。

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2025年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202505002
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
  • 修回日期:2025-07-04
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    1重庆医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科,重庆
    2口腔疾病研究重庆市重点实验室,重庆
    3口腔生物医学工程重庆市高校市级重点实验室,重庆
    4重庆市卫生健康委口腔生物医学工程重点实验室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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