Article(id=1322190386710298899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504122, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164353300, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164353300, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164353300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164353300, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322190358751069178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='17', pageStart='1981', pageEnd='2144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1757865600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164346635, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164560388, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191255602319723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322190358751069178, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2079, endPage=2087, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322190386894848276, articleId=1322190386710298899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Effects of high-intensity exercise load on function and quality of skeletal muscle in mice under a hot and humid environment, columnId=1320435151990014650, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Military Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the alterations in skeletal muscle function and mass in an experimental mouse model of high-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment.

Methods‍

Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice (7~8 weeks old, weighing 21.30±0.67 g) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON group), a normal temperature and humidity exercise group (NE group), and a high temperature and humidity exercise group (HE group), with 8 mice in each group. The HE group was subjected to a high-temperature simulation chamber, maintaining a temperature of 37~39 ℃ and humidity of 70%~80%, for a 60-minute exercise intervention at a 10° incline and 80% of maximum velocity (12 min of exercise followed by 8 min of rest, for 3 cycles). The CON group did not exercise, while the NE group exercised in the same manner in a normal temperature and humidity environment. The overall condition of the mice was evaluated by monitoring their body weight and analyzing their body composition. Their serum creatinine and urea levels were detected using an automated biochemical analyzer. After exercise, skeletal muscle function in the mice of each group was assessed by measuring their grip strength and exhaustion time. The skeletal muscle contractility and resistance to fatigue were evaluated using an in situ/in vivo/ex vivo muscle testing system. HE staining was employed to observe the morphological and structural changes in the skeletal muscles, and the average cross-sectional area and diameter of the muscle fibers were analyzed. Genes related to protein synthesis (Eif4ebp1, p70S6k) and breakdown (Foxo3, Fbxo32, Trim63) and heat stress-related genes (Hsf-1, Hspa1a, Hsp90aa) were quantified using RT-qPCR.

Results‍

① Compared with the CON and NE groups, the HE group exhibited significant decreases in body weight (P<0.01) and lean body mass (P<0.05), an upward trend of creatinine level (P<0.05), and increases in the urea content (P<0.01). ② The mice in the HE group had notably reduced grip strength (P<0.001), diminished skeletal muscle contraction, and weakened resistance to fatigue (P<0.05) than the CON and NE groups. ③ The HE group demonstrated a reduction in the average cross-sectional area of muscle fibers (P<0.05) and a decrease in average fiber diameter (P<0.05), with particular up-regulation of Fbxo32, Trim63 and Eif4ebp1 (P<0.01) and down-regulation of p70S6k (P<0.05) in comparison to the NE and CON groups. ④ The expression levels of heat stress-related genes were higher in the HE group than the CON and NE groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

High-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment can lead to a decline in skeletal muscle function and mass in mice, potentially due to the disturbance of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation triggered by excessive heat stress.

, authors=Hongtao YU1, Weifang LI1, Chang LUO1, Xuesen YANG2, Long YI1, Ka CHEN1, Mantian MI1, authorsList=Hongtao YU, Weifang LI, Chang LUO, Xuesen YANG, Long YI, Ka CHEN, Mantian MI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ka CHEN, Mantian MI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322190390422257954, articleId=1322190386710298899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量的影响, columnId=1320435152170369724, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·军事医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

通过构建模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷实验动物模型,探究该条件下小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量变化情况。

方法

将24只7~8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠[体质量(21.30±0.67)g]按随机数字表法分为常温常湿对照组(CON组)、常温常湿运动组(NE组)、高温高湿运动组(HE组),每组各8只。HE组暴露于37~39 ℃、70%~80%湿度的高温高湿模拟舱内以坡度10°、80%最大速度进行全程60 min运动干预(运动12 min、休息8 min,循环3次)。CON组不运动,NE组以相同的运动模式在常温常湿环境下进行。通过监测小鼠体质量、体成分分析评估小鼠一般情况,采用全自动生化分析仪检测小鼠血清肌酐、尿素含量。运动结束后,测量小鼠抓力、力竭时间评估运动能力,采用原位/体内/离体肌肉测试系统检测骨骼肌收缩能力及抗疲劳能力,采用骨骼肌HE染色观察骨骼肌形态结构变化并分析肌纤维平均横截面积和平均直径,采用RT-qPCR检测骨骼肌蛋白质合成相关基因(Eif4ebp1、p70S6k)和分解相关基因(Foxo3、Fbxo32、Trim63)以及热应激相关基因(Hsf-1、Hspa1a、Hsp90aa)的表达水平。

结果

①HE组小鼠与CON组和NE组相比体质量显著降低(P<0.01),瘦体质量降低(P<0.05),HE组小鼠肌酐含量与CON组及NE组比较,均呈现出增高趋势(P<0.05),HE组小鼠尿素含量与CON组及NE组比较,明显增高(P<0.01)。②HE组小鼠与CON组和NE组相比,抓力降低(P<0.001),骨骼肌收缩能力下降及抗疲劳能力减弱(P<0.05)。③与NE组和CON组相比,HE组小鼠肌纤维平均横截面积减少(P<0.05),平均纤维直径减少(P<0.05), Fbxo32、Trim63、Eif4ebp1呈现明显升高(P<0.01),p70S6k表达下降(P<0.05)。④HE组小鼠与CON组和NE组相比,热应激相关基因表达增高(P<0.05)。

结论

湿热环境高强度运动负荷会导致小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量下降,这可能与过度热应激引发骨骼肌蛋白质合成和分解扰乱有关。

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陈卡,E-mail:
糜漫天,E-mail:
CHEN Ka,E-mail:
MI Mantian,E-mail:
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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2023,325(6):R735-R749., articleTitle=Effect of heat stress on heat shock protein expression and hypertrophy-related signaling in the skeletal muscle of trained individuals, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322190390690693411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190390699082020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, companyId=1322190390690693411, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Military Nutrition and Food Hygiene,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Health,Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190390707470629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, companyId=1322190390690693411, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322190390774579494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190390782968103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, companyId=1322190390774579494, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322190390791356712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, companyId=1322190390774579494, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:热带医学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322190393140166996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=General conditions of mice subjected to high-intensity exercise in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=8), figureFileSmall=1ERbT7PTiPha3fcQEmjBCw==, figureFileBig=g5AY13dmMba3vvQEPKWx9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393219858773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=CN, label=图1, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷条件下小鼠一般情况(n=8)

a:P<0.01,c:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.01,d:P<0.05,compared with the NE group A:Body weight before and after load; B:Lean body mass before and after load; C:Creatinine content; D:Urea content

, figureFileSmall=1ERbT7PTiPha3fcQEmjBCw==, figureFileBig=g5AY13dmMba3vvQEPKWx9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393437962582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Grip strength(A) and exhaustion time(B) of mice subjected to high-intensity exercise in a simulated hot and humid environment (n=8), figureFileSmall=j3ozMqN3HRMZHQMjfiXGfA==, figureFileBig=EsZ915IBRvVUCScOxuqAtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393513460055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=CN, label=图2, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷条件下小鼠抓力(A)和力竭时间(B)(n=8)

a:P<0.001,c:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.001,compared with the NE group

, figureFileSmall=j3ozMqN3HRMZHQMjfiXGfA==, figureFileBig=EsZ915IBRvVUCScOxuqAtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393588957528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Impact of muscle function in mice subjected to high-intensity exercise in a simulated hot and humid environment(n=4), figureFileSmall=eZWTMko8Q7t/hqekh7WzRQ==, figureFileBig=yYD6JE4HL6w7VQ/ynfZIBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393660260697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=CN, label=图3, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠肌肉功能的影响(n=4)

a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the NE group A:percentage of strength reduction in mice throughout the fatigue process; B:percentage of strength regained in mice throughout the fatigue recovery process; C:mouse force-frequency response curve

, figureFileSmall=eZWTMko8Q7t/hqekh7WzRQ==, figureFileBig=yYD6JE4HL6w7VQ/ynfZIBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393748341082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Skeletal muscle structure of mice subjected to high-intensity exercise in a simulated hot and humid environment(n=3), figureFileSmall=oEc1op9wDUdrWW6z5vaFMw==, figureFileBig=tzY5MOeMG0zzQ/ooukhlBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393836421467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=CN, label=图4, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠骨骼肌结构的影响(n=3)

a:P<0.05,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,c:P<0.01,compared with the NE group A:HE staining for skeletal muscle; B:statistical graph of skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area; C:frequency distribution diagram of skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area; D:statistical graph of skeletal muscle fiber diameter; E:frequency distribution of skeletal muscle fiber diameter

, figureFileSmall=oEc1op9wDUdrWW6z5vaFMw==, figureFileBig=tzY5MOeMG0zzQ/ooukhlBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190393920307548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Impact of high-intensity exercise under simulated hot and humid conditions on protein synthesis and degradation in mouse skeletal muscle (n=4), figureFileSmall=9WWe+UstlSByyif64UWpAg==, figureFileBig=QydOKPrti6+nXHGO6LiRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190394008387933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠骨骼肌蛋白质合成与分解的影响(n=4)

a:P<0.05,c:P<0.01,d:P<0.001,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.01,compared with the NE group

, figureFileSmall=9WWe+UstlSByyif64UWpAg==, figureFileBig=QydOKPrti6+nXHGO6LiRLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190394104856926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of high-intensity exercise load in a simulated hot and humid environment on the heat stress status of mice (n=4), figureFileSmall=TaUeS6R5UOSHk1Oe+a4Y7A==, figureFileBig=D33Qbu7uc8XdtGfy7HncWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190394176160095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=CN, label=图6, caption=模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠热应激状态的影响(n=4)

a:P<0.05,c:P<0.01,compared with the CON group; b:P<0.05,compared with the NE group

, figureFileSmall=TaUeS6R5UOSHk1Oe+a4Y7A==, figureFileBig=D33Qbu7uc8XdtGfy7HncWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322190394251657568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences(5′→3′)
Gapdhupstream :GGCAAATTCAACGGCACAGTCAAG
downstream :TCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTGATGG
Fbxo32upstream :CTGGGAGTCGGGACACTTCATTTG
downstream :TTCCATCGGCAACTGCATCTCTTC
Trim63upstream :ATCACGCAGGAGCAGGAGGAG
downstream :CTTGGCACTTGAGAGGAAGGTAGC
Foxo3upstream :CCGTGAGCAAGCCGTGTACTG
downstream :TATCCAGCAGGTCGTCCATGAGG
Eif4ebp1upstream :AGTGTCGGAACTCACCTGTGG
downstream :GGAGGCTCATCGCTGGTAGG
p70S6kupstream :CGCCACTTCCAATCCGACAAC
downstream :TTCATCATAGATTCATCCGCAGGTG
Hsf-1upstream :GGAGTTGTCAGGCTGGCTTGTG
downstream :CAGGACCAAGTTCCATCTGTGCTC
Hsp90aaupstream :CGTCTCGTGCGTGTTCATTCAG
downstream :TCGACCTCCTCCTCCTCCATTG
Hspa1aupstream :CTCGTGCGTGGGCGTGTTC
downstream :CTGGTTCTTGGCGGCGTCTC
), ArticleFig(id=1322190394339737953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322190386710298899, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences(5′→3′)
Gapdhupstream :GGCAAATTCAACGGCACAGTCAAG
downstream :TCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTGATGG
Fbxo32upstream :CTGGGAGTCGGGACACTTCATTTG
downstream :TTCCATCGGCAACTGCATCTCTTC
Trim63upstream :ATCACGCAGGAGCAGGAGGAG
downstream :CTTGGCACTTGAGAGGAAGGTAGC
Foxo3upstream :CCGTGAGCAAGCCGTGTACTG
downstream :TATCCAGCAGGTCGTCCATGAGG
Eif4ebp1upstream :AGTGTCGGAACTCACCTGTGG
downstream :GGAGGCTCATCGCTGGTAGG
p70S6kupstream :CGCCACTTCCAATCCGACAAC
downstream :TTCATCATAGATTCATCCGCAGGTG
Hsf-1upstream :GGAGTTGTCAGGCTGGCTTGTG
downstream :CAGGACCAAGTTCCATCTGTGCTC
Hsp90aaupstream :CGTCTCGTGCGTGTTCATTCAG
downstream :TCGACCTCCTCCTCCTCCATTG
Hspa1aupstream :CTCGTGCGTGGGCGTGTTC
downstream :CTGGTTCTTGGCGGCGTCTC
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湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量的影响
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余宏涛 1 , 李韦昉 1 , 罗昶 1 , 杨学森 2 , 易龙 1 , 陈卡 1 , 糜漫天 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·军事医学 2025,47(17): 2079-2087
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·军事医学 2025 , 47 (17) : 2079 -2087
湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量的影响
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余宏涛1, 李韦昉1, 罗昶1, 杨学森2, 易龙1, 陈卡1 , 糜漫天1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:热带医学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
陈卡,E-mail:
糜漫天,E-mail:
CHEN Ka,E-mail:
MI Mantian,E-mail:
Effects of high-intensity exercise load on function and quality of skeletal muscle in mice under a hot and humid environment
Hongtao YU1, Weifang LI1, Chang LUO1, Xuesen YANG2, Long YI1, Ka CHEN1 , Mantian MI1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Military Nutrition and Food Hygiene,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Health,Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504122
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目的

通过构建模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷实验动物模型,探究该条件下小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量变化情况。

方法

将24只7~8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠[体质量(21.30±0.67)g]按随机数字表法分为常温常湿对照组(CON组)、常温常湿运动组(NE组)、高温高湿运动组(HE组),每组各8只。HE组暴露于37~39 ℃、70%~80%湿度的高温高湿模拟舱内以坡度10°、80%最大速度进行全程60 min运动干预(运动12 min、休息8 min,循环3次)。CON组不运动,NE组以相同的运动模式在常温常湿环境下进行。通过监测小鼠体质量、体成分分析评估小鼠一般情况,采用全自动生化分析仪检测小鼠血清肌酐、尿素含量。运动结束后,测量小鼠抓力、力竭时间评估运动能力,采用原位/体内/离体肌肉测试系统检测骨骼肌收缩能力及抗疲劳能力,采用骨骼肌HE染色观察骨骼肌形态结构变化并分析肌纤维平均横截面积和平均直径,采用RT-qPCR检测骨骼肌蛋白质合成相关基因(Eif4ebp1、p70S6k)和分解相关基因(Foxo3、Fbxo32、Trim63)以及热应激相关基因(Hsf-1、Hspa1a、Hsp90aa)的表达水平。

结果

①HE组小鼠与CON组和NE组相比体质量显著降低(P<0.01),瘦体质量降低(P<0.05),HE组小鼠肌酐含量与CON组及NE组比较,均呈现出增高趋势(P<0.05),HE组小鼠尿素含量与CON组及NE组比较,明显增高(P<0.01)。②HE组小鼠与CON组和NE组相比,抓力降低(P<0.001),骨骼肌收缩能力下降及抗疲劳能力减弱(P<0.05)。③与NE组和CON组相比,HE组小鼠肌纤维平均横截面积减少(P<0.05),平均纤维直径减少(P<0.05), Fbxo32、Trim63、Eif4ebp1呈现明显升高(P<0.01),p70S6k表达下降(P<0.05)。④HE组小鼠与CON组和NE组相比,热应激相关基因表达增高(P<0.05)。

结论

湿热环境高强度运动负荷会导致小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量下降,这可能与过度热应激引发骨骼肌蛋白质合成和分解扰乱有关。

湿热环境  /  运动能力  /  骨骼肌  /  热应激
Objective‍

To investigate the alterations in skeletal muscle function and mass in an experimental mouse model of high-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment.

Methods‍

Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice (7~8 weeks old, weighing 21.30±0.67 g) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON group), a normal temperature and humidity exercise group (NE group), and a high temperature and humidity exercise group (HE group), with 8 mice in each group. The HE group was subjected to a high-temperature simulation chamber, maintaining a temperature of 37~39 ℃ and humidity of 70%~80%, for a 60-minute exercise intervention at a 10° incline and 80% of maximum velocity (12 min of exercise followed by 8 min of rest, for 3 cycles). The CON group did not exercise, while the NE group exercised in the same manner in a normal temperature and humidity environment. The overall condition of the mice was evaluated by monitoring their body weight and analyzing their body composition. Their serum creatinine and urea levels were detected using an automated biochemical analyzer. After exercise, skeletal muscle function in the mice of each group was assessed by measuring their grip strength and exhaustion time. The skeletal muscle contractility and resistance to fatigue were evaluated using an in situ/in vivo/ex vivo muscle testing system. HE staining was employed to observe the morphological and structural changes in the skeletal muscles, and the average cross-sectional area and diameter of the muscle fibers were analyzed. Genes related to protein synthesis (Eif4ebp1, p70S6k) and breakdown (Foxo3, Fbxo32, Trim63) and heat stress-related genes (Hsf-1, Hspa1a, Hsp90aa) were quantified using RT-qPCR.

Results‍

① Compared with the CON and NE groups, the HE group exhibited significant decreases in body weight (P<0.01) and lean body mass (P<0.05), an upward trend of creatinine level (P<0.05), and increases in the urea content (P<0.01). ② The mice in the HE group had notably reduced grip strength (P<0.001), diminished skeletal muscle contraction, and weakened resistance to fatigue (P<0.05) than the CON and NE groups. ③ The HE group demonstrated a reduction in the average cross-sectional area of muscle fibers (P<0.05) and a decrease in average fiber diameter (P<0.05), with particular up-regulation of Fbxo32, Trim63 and Eif4ebp1 (P<0.01) and down-regulation of p70S6k (P<0.05) in comparison to the NE and CON groups. ④ The expression levels of heat stress-related genes were higher in the HE group than the CON and NE groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

High-intensity exercise in a hot and humid environment can lead to a decline in skeletal muscle function and mass in mice, potentially due to the disturbance of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation triggered by excessive heat stress.

hot and humid environment  /  exercise performance  /  skeletal muscle  /  heat stress
余宏涛, 李韦昉, 罗昶, 杨学森, 易龙, 陈卡, 糜漫天. 湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠骨骼肌功能及质量的影响. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (17) : 2079 -2087 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504122
Hongtao YU, Weifang LI, Chang LUO, Xuesen YANG, Long YI, Ka CHEN, Mantian MI. Effects of high-intensity exercise load on function and quality of skeletal muscle in mice under a hot and humid environment[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (17) : 2079 -2087 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504122
随着全球气候变暖,夏季高温高湿天气逐年增加,军事卫勤保障面临严峻挑战[1]。有证据表明,在高温高湿环境下,进行高强度军事任务,会使军人的核心体温升高,当机体的核心体温≥40.5 ℃时,会发生炎症反应、氧化应激反应、肠屏障被破坏等病理生理过程,引起运动能力下降、认知障碍、消化功能损伤等表现[2-3],并构成热应激损伤,影响军事作战任务进程。热应激是由于环境温度升高所致组织器官的应激性反应[4],可通过氧化应激和炎症反应导致多器官功能障碍[5]。骨骼肌作为人体重要的器官,在运动、热量产生和代谢平衡中发挥重要作用[6],这也使得骨骼肌成为容易受到热损伤的器官之一[7]。然而,目前关于湿热环境下的高强度运动负荷对骨骼肌功能的影响仍不明确,亟需建立模拟湿热环境下的高强度运动负荷实验动物模型,为后续防护研究奠定基础。
关于热应激对骨骼肌的影响,目前研究尚无定论。早期研究发现,单纯的热应激能够改善大鼠的肌肉萎缩[8],而目前发现,热应激会导致骨骼肌的氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍和凋亡的发生[7]。此外,热应激会导致蛋白质分解代谢增强[9],蛋白质合成和分解的不平衡,会引起骨骼肌质量下降,甚至出现萎缩。热休克蛋白被认为是应激反应伴侣,在维持细胞稳态方面发挥着关键作用[10]。研究表明,无论是单独的热应激还是将其与阻力运动相结合,都能促进热休克蛋白的表达,且这些热休克蛋白已被证明能与骨骼肌萎缩相关的信号通路相互作用[11-12],提示热休克蛋白可能在调节骨骼肌肥大与萎缩中起到作用。骨骼肌萎缩相关信号通路主要为泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)、自噬溶酶体系统(autophagy lysosomal system,ALS)和mTOR信号通路,UPS和ALS是机体主要的蛋白质分解代谢途径[13]。UPS主要通过两种肌肉特异性E3泛素连接酶发挥作用,即atrogin-1/Mafbx和MuRF1,它们是分解代谢条件下骨骼肌蛋白水解的关键调节因子[14]。活化的FOXO3进入细胞核,可促进atrogin-1/Mafbx基因的表达[15],进而激活UPS系统。蛋白质合成的主要依靠mTOR信号传导中两种主要底物介导:真核起始因子4E结合蛋白(eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding proteins,4E-BPs)[16]和70 kDa核糖体蛋白S6激酶(p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase,p70S6K)[17]。研究表明,骨骼肌蛋白质分解和合成的扰乱,是引起骨骼肌质量下降,甚至导致肌肉萎缩的主要原因,表现为力量下降、容易疲劳、运动能力下降,以及生活质量降低[6],导致军人无法完成任务。因此,本研究拟在构建模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷实验动物模型的基础上,探究该条件下小鼠骨骼肌质量及功能变化情况,以期为后续防护研究奠定基础。
24只7~8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠[体质量(21.3±0.67)g],购自重庆莱比特生物科技有限公司[许可证号:SCXK(湘)-2019-0004)],将小鼠按随机数字表法分为常温常湿对照组(CON组)、常温常湿运动组(NE组)、高温高湿运动组(HE组),每组各8只。所有动物饲养于陆军军医大学SPF级实验动物中心,在标准温度和湿度条件下饲养,12 h/12 h循环光暗周期,各组小鼠自由进食和饮水,保持小鼠笼内清洁卫生。所有动物实验程序按照实验指南进行,实验设计、过程以及动物处死方法经陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20250019)。
所有小鼠在电动跑步机(江苏塞昂斯生物科技有限公司)上经过5 d的适应性训练(坡度10°、15 m/min,10 min)。第6天通过增量负荷测试确定最大速度(Vmax),休息1 d后,HE组暴露于高温高湿[温度(37~39 ℃)、湿度(70%~80%)]模拟舱以坡度10°、80%Vmax进行全程60 min运动干预(运动12 min、休息8 min,循环3次)作为高强度运动负荷[18]。NE组以相同地运动模式在22~24 ℃、45%~55%湿度下运动。CON组在22~24 ℃、湿度45%~55%环境下饲养,不运动。每个循环跑步结束后监测HE组直肠温度和小鼠状态,当小鼠直肠温度超过42 ℃,停止运动。运动5 d后,进行抓力测试、力竭时间测试和肌肉功能测试。实验结束,麻醉后处死小鼠。从眼球中采集血液进行离心(825×g,15 min,4 ℃)以收集血清。同时收集腓肠肌,并在-80 ℃下储存备用,部分腓肠肌组织采取横切的方式,保存于环保型GD肌肉固定液中,用于制作石蜡切片。
高温高湿模拟舱购自烟台豪特氧业设备有限公司;1.25%阿佛丁(2,2,2-三溴乙醇)即用型小鼠麻醉剂购自成都亨瑞生物科技有限公司;环保型GD肌肉固定液购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;用于RT-qPCR的(2×)Universal SYBR Green Fast qPCR Mix、(5×)ABScript Ⅲ RT Master Mix购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司。
小鼠在电动跑步机上以坡度10°、8 m/min的速度,1 m/min2的加速度奔跑直到疲劳。疲劳定义为动物即使受到轻微的电刺激,仍无法跟上跑步机速度至少10 s的时间,记录此时跑步机的即刻速度,作为该小鼠的最大奔跑速度(Vmax),计算所有小鼠的平均最大速度,定义80%的平均最大速度为高强度运动负荷[18]。
采用清醒小动物体成分分析仪(苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司),对小鼠干预前后的体成分进行测量。
将实验小鼠水平放置在抓力计(意大利Ugo Basile公司)上,缓慢拉动小鼠尾巴,保证小鼠抓住探头,重复测量3次,记录抓力计上的读数,取最大值。
抓力测量结束后,对所有小鼠进行力竭时间测试。小鼠以坡度10°、20 m/min的速度跑步直至力竭。力竭判断标准为小鼠在电极片持续不断地刺激下仍无法奔跑20 s[19]。
力竭时间测试后,每组选取4只小鼠使用原位/体内/离体肌肉测试系统(上海埃飞电子科技有限公司)进一步对小鼠肌肉功能进行测试。将小鼠麻醉后,右腿固定在膝盖处,并将脚固定在脚踏板和力传感器上。将皮下刺激电极放置在腓肠肌的近端和远端,优化刺激电流以产生最大抽搐力(1~10 mA)。使用刺激器和Aurora DMC V5.5软件获得的扭矩刺激肌肉,按照10~140 Hz频率刺激,得到力随频率变化曲线。休息1 min后,每4秒刺激500 ms,持续3 min,以模拟肌肉疲劳过程,得到肌肉疲劳过程中力的变化过程,并对疲劳过程中力量变化结果进行具体分析。随后再每隔1分钟进行1次刺激,模拟肌肉疲劳恢复过程,并对恢复过程中力量变化结果进行具体分析。通过Aurora DMA V5.321软件进行分析[20]。
麻醉后,处死小鼠,并每组选取3只小鼠,将其新鲜腓肠肌组织浸于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h,修剪组织,在自动脱水机中进行以下步骤:流水冲洗2 h、脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋;切片机连续切片,厚度为4 μm;切片进行HE染色。染色后使用数字切片工作站VS120对切片进行全波片扫描后用Olympus VS-120图像处理软件观察拍照。对每只小鼠腓肠肌HE染色切片随机选取3个视野,使用Image J软件对视野内所有肌纤维进行横截面积测定并计算不同横截面积区间肌纤维数量占比(区间肌纤维数量/总肌纤维数);同时测定所有肌纤维最大长轴直径进行测定并计算不同直径区间肌纤维数量占比。
取50 μL血清,用生理盐水稀释至200 μL,采用全自动生化分析仪检测相应指标包括:肌酐(creatinine,CREA)、尿素(Urea)含量。具体操作按仪器操作说明书进行。
每组选取4只小鼠进行荧光定量PCR检测。用TRIzol RNA分离试剂提取小鼠腓肠肌总RNA,测定RNA浓度和纯度,取1 μg总RNA,使用反转录试剂反转录后得到cDNA。20 μL体系进行定量PCR反应,SYBR Green 10 μL、cDNA 1 μL、DEPC水 8 μL、上下游引物各0.5 μL,每个样本设2个复孔。以Gapdh为内参,2-ΔΔCt计算Hsf-1、Hspa1a、Hsp90aa、Foxo3、Fbxo32、Trim63、Eif4ebp1、p70S6k基因的相对表达,引物序列见表1。
通过GraphPad Prism 9.4.1软件对小鼠一般情况、血生化结果、运动能力、肌肉功能、骨骼肌基因变化等数据进行统计分析,计量数据以x¯±s表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析。P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。
采用电子体重秤对各组小鼠体质量进行监测发现,负荷后HE组小鼠与CON组和NE组相比体质量显著降低(P<0.01,图1A),瘦体质量降低(P<0.05,图1B)。采用全自动生化分析仪对小鼠血清生化进行检测后发现,HE组小鼠肌酐含量与CON组及NE组相比,均呈现出增高趋势(P<0.05,图1C),HE组小鼠尿素含量与CON组及NE组比较,明显增高(P<0.01,图1D),提示HE组小鼠可能出现了一定的肌肉分解代谢增强现象,导致瘦体质量及体质量下降。
通过对模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷条件下运动5 d后的小鼠抓力及力竭时间进行检测,结果发现,与NE组和CON组比较 ,HE组小鼠抓力显著下降(P<0.001,图2A),但力竭时间未见明显下降(图2B),提示HE组小鼠运动能力下降主要体现在力量下降方面,对耐力影响不显著。
为了解湿热环境高强度运动负荷对小鼠肌肉收缩功能的影响,采用原位/体内/离体肌肉测试系统对小鼠腓肠肌群的收缩功能进行了检测。结果发现,HE组小鼠在疲劳模式1、2、3 min其收缩力下降程度明显高于其余2组小鼠(图3A);并且HE组小鼠在疲劳恢复过程1、2、3 min其力量恢复明显低于其余几组小鼠(图3B),说明HE组小鼠的腓肠肌群在收缩过程中更易疲劳且疲劳后恢复更慢,提示HE组小鼠抗疲劳能力弱于其余2组小鼠。HE组小鼠整体收缩力明显低于CON组和NE组(图3C),提示其力量弱于另2组小鼠。
采用HE染色观察小鼠骨骼肌结构变化,结果显示,CON组和NE组小鼠腓肠肌纤维排列致密、形态正常,而HE组肌纤维间隙显著增宽(图4A)。定量分析表明:HE组肌纤维平均横截面积较CON组降低(P<0.05,图4B),直径较NE组减少(P<0.01,图4D)。分布特征显示,HE组肌纤维尺寸分布曲线明显左移,小尺寸肌纤维(横截面积<1 000 μm²,直径<40 μm)比例显著增加(图4C、E)。提示湿热环境下高强度运动负荷会导致小鼠骨骼肌纤维萎缩,引发肌纤维质量下降。
进一步研究了模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷条件下小鼠骨骼肌蛋白质合成与分解相关mRNA表达情况,RT-qPCR检测结果表明,与CON组相比,HE组小鼠与骨骼肌蛋白质分解相关的Fbxo32、Trim63 mRNA相对表达量显著增高(P<0.05,图5),Foxo3表达量增高但差异没有统计学意义,与骨骼肌蛋白质合成相关的Eif4ebp1 mRNA相对表达量增高(P<0.01),p70S6k mRNA相对表达量降低(P<0.05,图5)。上述结果提示模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷导致小鼠骨骼肌发生了蛋白质合成与分解不平衡现象。
采用RT-qPCR检测小鼠骨骼肌热应激相关基因的表达情况发现,与CON组和NE组相比,HE组小鼠Hsf-1、Hspa1a、Hsp90aa的mRNA表达均呈现出明显增高趋势,其中Hspa1a、Hsp90aa mRNA表达量与CON组和NE组相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),Hsf-1的mRNA表达量仅与CON组小鼠相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01,图6),提示HE组小鼠处于严重的热应激状态。
军人职业的特殊性要求他们经常在高温高湿环境下进行高强度军事训练或作战,因此面临较大的热应激风险[21]。热应激的发生,会不同程度的影响到军人的身体机能、运动表现,进而影响到任务的完成[22]。因此,如何减轻军人的热应激反应尤为重要。
为构建能有效模拟湿热环境下高强度运动对骨骼肌功能影响的动物模型,本研究将模拟的湿热环境条件设定为37~39 ℃与70%~80%湿度,该条件贴切地模拟了军人执行任务时所面临的高温高湿的极端环境。根据既往研究显示,最大摄氧量是衡量有氧运动能力的理想指标,因其客观性和可比性,被广泛用作评定运动强度的标准,由于小鼠跑速与最大摄氧量之间存在相关性[23]。因此,本课题组采用增量负荷测试测定小鼠的Vmax,并据此定义高强度运动负荷为80%Vmax,以制定后续实验所需的高强度运动方案。选择80%Vmax的强度旨在模拟军人执行高强度任务时的运动状态。鉴于军事任务具有强度大、时间长的特点,本研究采用了高强度运动负荷,并结合连续5 d热暴露的模型。通过比较负荷后小鼠的运动能力,发现高温高湿环境下,小鼠的抓力、肌肉抗疲劳能力均存在不同程度的下降,说明模型构建成功。
当肌肉质量和纤维横截面积减少,骨骼肌将表现出力量减少、容易疲劳、运动能力下降,运动训练是目前发现最有效的解决上述问题的方法[24]。然而,本研究发现,在高温高湿环境下连续进行高强度运动,会导致HE组小鼠体质量及瘦体质量降低、抓力与骨骼肌收缩力减弱、抗疲劳能力下降,并伴随骨骼肌纤维横截面积和直径的减小。这表明高温高湿环境下的高强度运动负荷会显著损害骨骼肌质量与功能。因此,采取有效的干预措施以防止或改善此种状况,显得至关重要。骨骼肌蛋白质合成和降解反应的不平衡是肌肉质量下降的重要原因。尿素和肌酐作为代谢的含氮终产物[25],在本研究中其增高提示HE组小鼠蛋白质分解代谢的增强。研究发现,骨骼肌蛋白质分解的调节主要依赖于泛素-蛋白酶体途径的活性,即atrogin-1/Mafbx和MuRF1[26]。Foxo3是促进atrogin-1/Mafbx的表达和体内肌肉质量下降的关键分子[27],它们的激活会引起蛋白质分解的增强。蛋白质合成的主要调节方式为mTOR信号传导,mTOR的激活可以调控下游的效应基因靶点Eif4ebp1和p70S6k,进而调控骨骼肌质量[28]。本研究发现,高温高湿环境下,小鼠连续高强度运动后,其腓肠肌的Eif4ebp1、Fbxo32、Trim63基因表达增高,p70S6k基因表达降低。以上研究结果均表明,高温高湿环境下小鼠骨骼肌出现蛋白质合成和分解的不平衡现象,从而导致小鼠骨骼肌质量下降。
热休克蛋白被广泛认为是应激反应伴侣,在维持细胞稳态方面发挥着关键作用[10]。热休克蛋白由热休克转录因子(heat stress transcription factors,HSFs)进行转录调节[29],并在热应激或运动等刺激下表达。有证据表明,热应激或运动都可以增加这些热休克蛋白家族中特定成员的翻译和表达,并且其与肌肉萎缩和肥大相关的信号因子也关系密切[30]。研究发现,单独或结合阻力运动的热应激可以刺激或增强骨骼肌的肥大反应[31]。本研究中,小鼠在高温高湿环境下高强度运动后,Hsf-1、Hspa1a、Hsp90aa的表达均有不同程度的升高,其中HE组小鼠与CON组相比,Hspa1a升高了近20倍。热休克因子和热休克蛋白的增高,是机体对应激的反应,但是当应激过于强烈时,超出了机体的代偿能力时,仍会对机体造成不利的影响。因此,本研究推测HE组小鼠出现骨骼肌质量及功能下降的原因,可能是高温高湿环境高强度体力负荷导致小鼠的过度应激。
综上所述,本研究在成功构建模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷实验动物模型基础上,发现湿热环境高强度运动负荷诱导小鼠出现骨骼肌功能及质量下降,可能与过度应激导致骨骼肌蛋白质合成和分解扰乱有关。减轻湿热环境高强度运动应激反应,补充易消化吸收的优质蛋白质、多肽,靶向抑制Fbxo32/Trim63、激活p70S6k纠正骨骼肌蛋白质代谢紊乱,可作为改善模拟湿热环境高强度运动负荷所致骨骼肌功能及质量下降的有效防护措施,本研究为后续研究湿热环境下军人作业效能维护和提升提供了基础。

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2025年第47卷第17期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504122
  • 接收时间:2025-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-29
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:军队营养与食品卫生学教研室,重庆市营养与健康重点实验室,重庆市医学营养研究中心,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系:热带医学教研室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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