Article(id=1322954546003194372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954356680696647, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=1758211200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346543074, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1761753600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346543074, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346543074, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346543074, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954356680696647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='20', pageStart='2445', pageEnd='2580', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761753600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346497936, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346497936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2558, endPage=2568, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954546330350085, articleId=1322954546003194372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Deferoxamine suppresses neuronal damage in T1DM rats by reducing cerebral iron content, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the ameliorative effect of deferoxamine (DFO) on cognitive impairment in a rat model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral iron overload in T1DM rats.

Methods

Thirty-six healthy male SD rats (weighing 180~250 g) were randomly assigned into a blank control group (Ctrl), a T1DM model group and a DFO group, with 12 rats in each group. A single dose of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) was intraperitoneally injected to the rats to establish a T1DM model, and those with fasting blood glucose ≥16.7 mmol/L at 3 d later were designated as the T1DM group. Intracerebroventricular administration of DFO (5 μg/kg·d) was given to the DFO group for 28 consecutive days since 21 d after STZ injection. Morris water maze test was carried out to assess the spatial learning and memory abilities. Nissl staining and immunofluorescence assay were applied to observe neuronal morphology and number in the hippocampus and cortex. The iron content in the hippocampus was measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The expression levels of iron metabolism related proteins were detected with Western blotting.

Results

In the T1DM group, significant declines in learning and memory abilities (P<0.01) and impaired neuronal morphology and reduced neuronal counts in the hippocampal CA1 region (P<0.01), CA3 region (P<0.01), and cortex (P<0.05) were observed when compared with those in the Ctrl group. ICP-MS analysis showed a marked increase in the hippocampal iron content in the T1DM group (P<0.01). Western blot results demonstrated that T1DM rats exhibited obviously up-regulated expression of iron storage proteins FTH and FTL in both the hippocampus (P<0.01, P<0.05) and the cortex (P<0.05, P<0.01), enhanced expression of iron import protein DMT1 in both the hippocampus and the cortex (P<0.05), while decreased expression of iron export protein FPN1 in the hippocampus (P<0.01) and the cortex (P<0.05). DFO treatment significantly ameliorated all above abnormalities.

Conclusion

The declines in learning and memory in T1DM rats are closely associated with neuronal damage induced by cerebral iron overload. Iron import protein DMT1 and export protein FPN1 jointly regulate cerebral iron content in T1DM rats. DFO reduces brain iron levels and mitigates iron overload-mediated neuronal injury by modulating the expression of DMT1 and FPN1.

, authors=Yunzhe CI1, 2, Haiyan LI3, Xuedong BAI4, Wenyi MA1, authorsList=Yunzhe CI, Haiyan LI, Xuedong BAI, Wenyi MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunzhe CI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954549648044564, articleId=1322954546003194372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=去铁胺通过降低脑铁含量抑制T1DM大鼠神经元损伤, columnId=1320435149964169690, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨去铁胺(deferoxamine,DFO)对1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)模型大鼠认知功能障碍的改善作用,并阐明T1DM大鼠脑铁过载的分子机制。

方法

将36只健康雄性SD大鼠(体质量180~250 g)用计算机生成随机序列分为3组,每组12只:第1组为空白对照组(Ctrl),不作处理;第2组与第3组通过一次性腹腔注射65 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)建立T1DM大鼠模型,3 d后筛选空腹血糖≥16.7 mmol/L者纳入实验,其中第2组为糖尿病组(T1DM),第3组在STZ注射21 d后予以侧脑室注射DFO(5 μg/kg·d),连续给药28 d,设为DFO治疗组(DFO)。采用Morris水迷宫实验评估大鼠空间学习记忆能力;尼氏染色与免疫荧光染色观察海马及皮层神经元形态与数量变化;ICP-MS法检测海马组织铁含量;Western blot检测脑铁代谢相关蛋白的表达。

结果

Morris水迷宫显示T1DM组大鼠学习记忆能力显著下降(P<0.01);尼氏染色与免疫荧光染色表明T1DM大鼠神经元形态损伤,海马CA1区(P<0.01)、CA3区(P<0.01)及皮层(P<0.05)神经元数量减少;ICP-MS检测提示T1DM组海马铁含量明显升高(P<0.01);Western blot结果显示,T1DM组海马铁储存蛋白FTH(P<0.01)和FTL(P<0.05)及皮层FTH(P<0.05)和FTL(P<0.01)表达显著上调;海马与皮层中铁摄取蛋白DMT1表达均升高(P<0.05);海马铁输出蛋白FPN1(P<0.01)及皮层FPN1(P<0.05)表达下降;DFO干预后上述异常表现均得到显著改善。

结论

T1DM大鼠学习记忆能力下降与脑铁过载所致的神经元损伤密切相关;铁摄取蛋白DMT1与铁输出蛋白FPN1共同参与影响T1DM大鼠脑铁含量;DFO可通过调控DMT1与FPN1的表达,降低T1DM大鼠脑铁含量,从而减轻脑铁过载介导的神经元损伤。

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次云哲,E-mail:
CI Yunzhe,E-mail:
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Neurochem Int,2020,134:104657., articleTitle=Iron overload induced by IRP2 gene knockout aggravates symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322954550113612309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550126195222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550113612309, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Histology and Embryology,Affiliated Hospital,Chengde Medical University,Chengde,Hebei), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550138778135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550113612309, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1承德医学院:组织学与胚胎学教研室,河北 承德)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954550226858520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550243635738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550226858520, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Human Anatomy,Affiliated Hospital,Chengde Medical University,Chengde,Hebei), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550252024347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550226858520, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2承德医学院:人体解剖学教研室,河北 承德)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954550344299036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550352687645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550344299036, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Department of Medical Imaging,Affiliated Hospital,Chengde Medical University,Chengde,Hebei), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550361076254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550344299036, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3承德医学院:附属医院医学影像科,河北 承德)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322954550516265503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550545625632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550516265503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Department of Histology and Embryology,China Medical University,Shenyang,Liaoning,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322954550562402849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, companyId=1322954550516265503, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4中国医科大学组织学与胚胎学教研室,辽宁 沈阳)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322954553792016961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flowchart of animal model preparation and experimental processing, figureFileSmall=m8q2QMJgEGeUtSMZBcd0EQ==, figureFileBig=a3TN9Foj8o4ejWcSDNcfgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954553859125826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动物模型制备及实验处理流程图, figureFileSmall=m8q2QMJgEGeUtSMZBcd0EQ==, figureFileBig=a3TN9Foj8o4ejWcSDNcfgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554081423939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of DFO on blood glucose,body mass,and excretia in T1DM rats, figureFileSmall=TEMV5G4mYQ2CMLu0oJi9qQ==, figureFileBig=EHpwBYMQQOYTeMS7slP03g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554156921412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DFO对T1DM大鼠血糖、体质量、排泄物水平的影响

A:Curved chart of blood glucose; B:Curved chart of body mass change; C:Curved chart of excreta weight. a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05,compared with the Ctrl group

, figureFileSmall=TEMV5G4mYQ2CMLu0oJi9qQ==, figureFileBig=EHpwBYMQQOYTeMS7slP03g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554232418885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of DFO on learning and memory abilities in T1DM rats water maze, figureFileSmall=DG9SiCmRrz4BDIMcTJoHxg==, figureFileBig=PlU7m/YVzm3sIrfvjnRc8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554303722054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水迷宫检测DFO对T1DM大鼠学习记忆的影响

A~D:Statistical analyses of latency to target (A),target crossing (B),entries in Q1 (C) and time in Q1 (D). a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=DG9SiCmRrz4BDIMcTJoHxg==, figureFileBig=PlU7m/YVzm3sIrfvjnRc8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554370830919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of DFO on the morphology,structure,and quantity of neurons in T1DM rats, figureFileSmall=7Tqpjk8b3+yuV6oVTACsAg==, figureFileBig=H5YYFo1sdaZYPnXR45qHXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554429551176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=CN, label=图4, caption=尼氏染色、透射电镜技术和免疫荧光化学检测DFO对T1DM大鼠脑神经元形态结构及数量的影响

A:Nissl staining showing the distribution and morphological changes of neurons; B:Transmission electron microscopy displaying changes in mitochondrial morphology and structure of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region. Arrows indicate mitochondria; C:Changes in the number of NeuN positive neurons and FTH protein expression in the hippocampal CA1 regions; a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=7Tqpjk8b3+yuV6oVTACsAg==, figureFileBig=H5YYFo1sdaZYPnXR45qHXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554496660041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of DFO on brain iron content and expression of NeuN and iron storage proteins FTH and FTL in T1DM rats, figureFileSmall=aA5rAxqurZQ0d6MK1OtFzQ==, figureFileBig=eMRjEERPUr0uk2tSkBOXMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554572157514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ICP-MS和Western blot检测DFO对T1DM大鼠脑铁含量及NeuN、铁储存蛋白表达的影响

A,B:Expression changes and statistical results of NeuN in hippocampus (A) and cerebral cortex (B); C:Statistical analysis of changes in brain iron content in the hippocampus; D,E:Expression changes and statistical analyses of FTH/FTL in the hippocampus (D) and cerebral cortex (E). a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=aA5rAxqurZQ0d6MK1OtFzQ==, figureFileBig=eMRjEERPUr0uk2tSkBOXMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554639266379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of DFO on the expression of iron metabolism related proteins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of T1DM rats, figureFileSmall=kvgzbgo0Q55GnW187STDFw==, figureFileBig=w0RiwM6V8wKjknOMkm1BZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954554706375244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954546003194372, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Western blot检测DFO对T1DM大鼠海马、皮层铁代谢相关蛋白表达的影响

A:Protein expression and statistical analysis of TfRc,DMT1 and FPN1 in the hippocampus; B:Protein expression and statistical analysis of TfRc,DMT1,and FPN1 in the cerebral cortex. a:P<0.01,b:P<0.05

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去铁胺通过降低脑铁含量抑制T1DM大鼠神经元损伤
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次云哲 1, 2 , 李海艳 3 , 白雪冬 4 , 麻雯熠 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·神经科学 2025,47(20): 2558-2568
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·神经科学 2025 , 47 (20) : 2558 -2568
去铁胺通过降低脑铁含量抑制T1DM大鼠神经元损伤
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次云哲1, 2 , 李海艳3, 白雪冬4, 麻雯熠1
作者信息
  • 1承德医学院:组织学与胚胎学教研室,河北 承德
  • 2承德医学院:人体解剖学教研室,河北 承德
  • 3承德医学院:附属医院医学影像科,河北 承德
  • 4中国医科大学组织学与胚胎学教研室,辽宁 沈阳
通讯作者:
次云哲,E-mail:
CI Yunzhe,E-mail:
Deferoxamine suppresses neuronal damage in T1DM rats by reducing cerebral iron content
Yunzhe CI1, 2 , Haiyan LI3, Xuedong BAI4, Wenyi MA1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Histology and Embryology,Affiliated Hospital,Chengde Medical University,Chengde,Hebei
  • 2Department of Human Anatomy,Affiliated Hospital,Chengde Medical University,Chengde,Hebei
  • 3Department of Medical Imaging,Affiliated Hospital,Chengde Medical University,Chengde,Hebei
  • 4Department of Histology and Embryology,China Medical University,Shenyang,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2025-10-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504070
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目的

探讨去铁胺(deferoxamine,DFO)对1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)模型大鼠认知功能障碍的改善作用,并阐明T1DM大鼠脑铁过载的分子机制。

方法

将36只健康雄性SD大鼠(体质量180~250 g)用计算机生成随机序列分为3组,每组12只:第1组为空白对照组(Ctrl),不作处理;第2组与第3组通过一次性腹腔注射65 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)建立T1DM大鼠模型,3 d后筛选空腹血糖≥16.7 mmol/L者纳入实验,其中第2组为糖尿病组(T1DM),第3组在STZ注射21 d后予以侧脑室注射DFO(5 μg/kg·d),连续给药28 d,设为DFO治疗组(DFO)。采用Morris水迷宫实验评估大鼠空间学习记忆能力;尼氏染色与免疫荧光染色观察海马及皮层神经元形态与数量变化;ICP-MS法检测海马组织铁含量;Western blot检测脑铁代谢相关蛋白的表达。

结果

Morris水迷宫显示T1DM组大鼠学习记忆能力显著下降(P<0.01);尼氏染色与免疫荧光染色表明T1DM大鼠神经元形态损伤,海马CA1区(P<0.01)、CA3区(P<0.01)及皮层(P<0.05)神经元数量减少;ICP-MS检测提示T1DM组海马铁含量明显升高(P<0.01);Western blot结果显示,T1DM组海马铁储存蛋白FTH(P<0.01)和FTL(P<0.05)及皮层FTH(P<0.05)和FTL(P<0.01)表达显著上调;海马与皮层中铁摄取蛋白DMT1表达均升高(P<0.05);海马铁输出蛋白FPN1(P<0.01)及皮层FPN1(P<0.05)表达下降;DFO干预后上述异常表现均得到显著改善。

结论

T1DM大鼠学习记忆能力下降与脑铁过载所致的神经元损伤密切相关;铁摄取蛋白DMT1与铁输出蛋白FPN1共同参与影响T1DM大鼠脑铁含量;DFO可通过调控DMT1与FPN1的表达,降低T1DM大鼠脑铁含量,从而减轻脑铁过载介导的神经元损伤。

糖尿病  /  认知功能障碍  /  铁过载  /  去铁胺  /  神经元损伤
Objective

To investigate the ameliorative effect of deferoxamine (DFO) on cognitive impairment in a rat model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebral iron overload in T1DM rats.

Methods

Thirty-six healthy male SD rats (weighing 180~250 g) were randomly assigned into a blank control group (Ctrl), a T1DM model group and a DFO group, with 12 rats in each group. A single dose of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) was intraperitoneally injected to the rats to establish a T1DM model, and those with fasting blood glucose ≥16.7 mmol/L at 3 d later were designated as the T1DM group. Intracerebroventricular administration of DFO (5 μg/kg·d) was given to the DFO group for 28 consecutive days since 21 d after STZ injection. Morris water maze test was carried out to assess the spatial learning and memory abilities. Nissl staining and immunofluorescence assay were applied to observe neuronal morphology and number in the hippocampus and cortex. The iron content in the hippocampus was measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The expression levels of iron metabolism related proteins were detected with Western blotting.

Results

In the T1DM group, significant declines in learning and memory abilities (P<0.01) and impaired neuronal morphology and reduced neuronal counts in the hippocampal CA1 region (P<0.01), CA3 region (P<0.01), and cortex (P<0.05) were observed when compared with those in the Ctrl group. ICP-MS analysis showed a marked increase in the hippocampal iron content in the T1DM group (P<0.01). Western blot results demonstrated that T1DM rats exhibited obviously up-regulated expression of iron storage proteins FTH and FTL in both the hippocampus (P<0.01, P<0.05) and the cortex (P<0.05, P<0.01), enhanced expression of iron import protein DMT1 in both the hippocampus and the cortex (P<0.05), while decreased expression of iron export protein FPN1 in the hippocampus (P<0.01) and the cortex (P<0.05). DFO treatment significantly ameliorated all above abnormalities.

Conclusion

The declines in learning and memory in T1DM rats are closely associated with neuronal damage induced by cerebral iron overload. Iron import protein DMT1 and export protein FPN1 jointly regulate cerebral iron content in T1DM rats. DFO reduces brain iron levels and mitigates iron overload-mediated neuronal injury by modulating the expression of DMT1 and FPN1.

diabetes mellitus  /  cognitive impairment  /  iron overload  /  deferoxamine  /  neuronal injury
次云哲, 李海艳, 白雪冬, 麻雯熠. 去铁胺通过降低脑铁含量抑制T1DM大鼠神经元损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2558 -2568 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504070
Yunzhe CI, Haiyan LI, Xuedong BAI, Wenyi MA. Deferoxamine suppresses neuronal damage in T1DM rats by reducing cerebral iron content[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (20) : 2558 -2568 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504070
1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)是一种由T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病,其特征是选择性永久破坏胰腺β细胞,造成胰岛素绝对缺乏和持续性高血糖[1]。研究表明,持续高血糖可引发T1DM患者中枢神经系统并发症,导致大脑结构改变、运动协调能力下降、注意力不集中、信息处理速度减慢以及学习记忆功能受损等多种认知障碍[2-3],严重时还可进展为轻度认知障碍或阿尔茨海默病[4]。大脑海马体是学习和记忆中枢,它与皮层功能交互作用,帮助人体增强长短期学习和记忆[5],其中神经元在此过程中发挥了重要作用。
铁是人体必需的微量元素,参与中枢神经系统内多项关键生理过程,包括红细胞中的氧运输、有髓神经纤维的髓鞘形成,以及神经递质的合成与代谢[6]。细胞铁吸收主要依赖两种途径:非转铁蛋白结合铁(nontransferrin-bound iron,NTBI)和转铁蛋白结合铁(transferrin-bound iron,TBI)。在NTBI途径中,细胞表面的Fe3+在内源性铁还原酶作用下被还原为Fe2+,并通过二价金属离子转运体(divalent metal transporter 1,DMT1)转运至胞质内[7]。而在TBI途径中,Fe3+与转铁蛋白(transferrin,Tf)结合形成Fe3+-Tf复合物,该复合物与细胞膜表面的转铁蛋白受体复合物(transferrin receptor compliment,TfRc)结合,通过内吞进入细胞。在胞内Fe3+被释放并还原为Fe2+,之后经DMT1或其他转运蛋白进入细胞质[8-10]。正常情况下,机体铁的摄入和释放保持着动态平衡,Fe2+和Fe3+也在动态平衡里相互转换[11],过量存在的Fe2+可与H2O2发生Fenton反应,产生大量羟自由基,引起细胞严重氧化损伤甚至死亡。
研究指出,大脑中铁过量积累是阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病中神经元死亡的关键诱因[12]。有报道提示高铁蛋白Ferritin(一种重要铁存储蛋白,由重链FTH和轻链FTL组成)水平与糖尿病发病相关[13],这可能源于铁蛋白储存的铁作为一种强氧化剂,通过Fenton反应产生过量羟自由基,直接造成组织氧化损伤,从而增加糖尿病风险[14]。早期研究还发现,糖尿病及其并发症的发生与铁过载密切相关,患者体内Ferritin水平异常升高,且血清Ferritin与胰岛素敏感性呈负相关[15]。然而,糖尿病中脑铁沉积的具体机制及其如何影响认知功能,目前仍不明确。
去铁胺(deferoxamine,DFO)是一种高效铁螯合剂,已获美国FDA批准用于铁超载相关疾病的治疗。研究表明,通过静脉放血或DFO等铁螯合剂治疗减轻铁负荷,可改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制[16-17]。大鼠的学习认知能力通常与其大脑中神经元活性相关[18],DFO能否通过抑制脑铁过载来保护认知功能,从而缓解糖尿病相关的认知缺陷,尚有待深入研究。本研究通过建立T1DM大鼠认知障碍模型,旨在探讨DFO对T1DM大鼠认知功能的保护作用,及其通过调节脑铁代谢、减轻脑铁沉积和铁依赖性神经元损伤的潜在机制。
6周龄SPF级SD健康雄性大鼠(体质量180~250 g)36只,购于北京斯贝福实验生物技术有限公司[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010],所有大鼠均选用国家标准啮齿类动物饲料饲养,在标准饲养环境下[12 h光/12 h暗交替,温度(22±2)℃,相对湿度(54±5)%],自由饮水和摄食。所有实验均按照中国医科大学实验动物管理和使用委员会审批(CMU2021004)的规定进行实验,符合动物实验伦理原则。
将链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)(美国Sigma公司)溶于0.1 mol/L柠檬酸钠溶液中(pH值为4.2~4.5),浓度为10 mg/mL;DFO(美国Sigma公司)溶于0.9%的无菌盐水(即生理盐水)中,浓度为0.25 μg/μL;本研究所用到的一抗分别是:NeuN(中国Abmart公司),Ferritin-H(FTH,美国Abcam公司,河北师范大学常彦忠教授赠送),Ferritin-L(FTL,美国Abcam公司,河北师范大学常彦忠教授赠送),DMT1(中国Proteintech公司),TfRc(中国Abcolonal公司),FPN1(中国Proteintech公司),GAPDH(中国Abclonal公司)。
将36只6周龄SPF级SD雄性健康大鼠采用计算机生成随机序列的方法分为3组,每组12只[19-20]:对照组(Ctrl组)、1型糖尿病组(T1DM组)和DFO治疗组(DFO组);Ctrl组自由生长不做处理,T1DM组和DFO组大鼠一次性腹腔注射STZ(65 mg/kg),3 d后测空腹血糖(中国三诺公司),若血糖含量≥16.7 mmol/L则说明造模成功并纳入后续实验[21]。21 d后(9周龄),DFO组大鼠侧脑室注射DFO(5 μg/kg·d)连续注射28 d(13周龄),统一进行动物行为学测试后取材(图1)。
提前将大鼠称量,用气体麻醉剂异氟烷诱导麻醉大鼠,并保证其一直处于麻醉状态,确定大鼠脚趾无疼痛反应后,大鼠头部前端固定于脑立体定位仪上,保持大鼠颅骨水平,并逐一旋紧耳杆。以左右耳蜗与对侧眼连线的交叉点为基准点,沿头颅中轴将皮肤剪一个长约1.5 cm的纵向切口,定位大鼠颅骨前囟点(Bregma点),侧脑室位于Bregma向左或右1.5 mm,向下(后囟方向)1.1 mm,深4.5 mm处。用小动物颅骨钻穿透颅骨后放置小动物侧脑室留置针套管(中国瑞沃德公司),用牙科水泥固定留置针,用微量注射器通过聚乙烯导管连接留置针套管,以1 µL/min的速率缓慢进行注射,停针10 min,待药物充分循环后退针,消毒后盖上套管金属帽。
检测DFO对T1DM大鼠血糖及代谢的影响。将纳入实验的大鼠常规合笼饲养,每笼3只,实验的6、20、34、48 d晚20:00,分别对实验大鼠进行禁食不禁水处理12 h,并更换新的垫料,同时记录垫料质量。次日8:00,分别检测大鼠尾静脉血糖及垫料质量,以此评估大鼠血糖及代谢物的平均变化。
水迷宫圆桶被人为地分为4个象限,平台所在象限为第1象限,逆时针标记其他象限,在每个象限的桶壁上贴有不同的标志,帮助大鼠定位学习记忆,测试时水温恒定在(22±2)℃。测试时,大鼠面向桶壁依次从4个象限入水,自由探索60 s,测试系统自动追踪记录实验数据,每只大鼠2次测试之间至少休息20 min。实验第1~2日为训练期,平台高于水面0.5~1 cm暴露平台,训练大鼠学习、记忆能力,大鼠找到平台,实验即停止;实验第3~5日为定位巡航期,此时期平台低于水面0.5~1 cm隐藏平台,大鼠找到平台,实验即停止;第6日为空间探索期,此时期去除平台,待时间耗尽,实验停止。所有实验全部完成后进行统计学分析。
检测大鼠海马、皮层中铁代谢相关蛋白的表达变化。用气体麻醉剂异氟烷诱导大鼠持续麻醉,37 ℃生理盐水经主动脉灌流后,快速断头取脑,在视交叉处分离皮层和海马,分别用RAPI高效组织裂解液,经超声破碎,以4 ℃、12 000× g,离心10 min后,取上清,Nano drop紫外分光光度计测定蛋白浓度,制蛋白样,以每孔10 μL中30 µg的量进行SDS-PAGE垂直电泳及转膜,加入50 g/L脱脂奶粉常温封闭1.5~2 h,分别用FTH/FTL/DMT1/TfRc/FPN1抗体(1∶1 000),4 ℃孵育过夜。TBST洗涤后,加入对应二抗(1∶5 000),室温孵育1.5 h。Fuji film LAS-4000化学发光系统,采集图像。
检测大鼠海马、皮层中神经元损伤情况。用异氟烷诱导大鼠持续麻醉,37 ℃生理盐水经主动脉灌流后,40 g/L多聚甲醛灌流固定,快速断头取全脑,并放入多聚甲醛后固定6 h,自来水冲洗过夜后,300 g/L的蔗糖溶液脱水处理,OCT包埋制作厚25 μm的连续冷冻切片,-20 ℃保存。室温下,山羊血清封闭1 h,加入NeuN+FTH混合抗体(1∶500),4 ℃过夜。Dylight 488或Alexa Fluor 549标记二抗,37 ℃孵育50 min,含DAPI的抗荧光淬灭剂封片,用激光共焦显微镜(德国蔡司公司)观察并采集图像。
检测大鼠神经元形态变化。按免疫组织荧光化学实验的方法全脑取材制作冰冻切片后,将切片浸入1%的硫堇染色液中,染色15~20 min,使用1%的盐酸酒精分色至背景清晰后流动的蒸馏水冲洗以去除多余的染料,依次经过70%~80%~95%的乙醇各2 min脱水,再用无水乙醇2次,每次10 min,二甲苯透明处理后中性树胶封片,使用普通光学显微镜(德国Leica公司)观察并采集图像。
检测大鼠脑铁含量。4%多聚甲醛浓缩瓶去皮后,将待测样品加入瓶中称重,获取实际质量T0;样品随瓶放进浓缩机中,控制温度为170~200 ℃,浓缩至样品水分蒸干;然后加入等量的1% HNO3溶液,继续在浓缩机中浓缩,控制加热温度为70~90 ℃,调整加热时间为5~30 min;浓缩结束后得到ICP-MS样品,再次称量获取浓缩后的质量T1,上机测试;根据提前绘制的铁标准曲线计算样品中铁含量。此部分实验由承德市疾控中心王占辉老师协助完成。
检测大鼠脑区神经元线粒体变化。2.5%戊二醛后固定样本至4 ℃过夜,次日,用大鼠脑模具(中国瑞沃德公司)将海马组织区域切成1 mm厚的冠状切片,取出海马CA1区域(约1 mm3),做上标记。使用0.1 mol/L PBS冲洗组织块3次,每次15 min。提前配制1%的四氧化锇固定液,将冲洗好的组织块浸入其中,室温缓慢摇动固定1 h。固定结束后,0.1 mol/L PBS冲洗组织块3次,每次15 min。采用乙醇丙酮混合液梯度脱水。选择SPI-PON 812树脂为包埋剂,用丙酮和包埋剂梯度包埋。60 ℃干燥箱内烘干备用,将包埋剂灌满包埋板,逐级加温聚合,最后将制作好的包埋块放入干燥缸内保存。修正包埋块后切割成50 nm的超薄切片,安装在镍网格,用醋酸二氧化铀和柠檬酸铅进行染色。利用透射电镜观察海马CA1区神经元细胞线粒体超微结构的变化,利用Image-pro Plus 6.0图像分析软件定量分析线粒体结构参数。
应用Image J分析蛋白灰度值及荧光强度,数据以x¯±s表示,Morris水迷宫实验和大鼠体质量采用双因素方差分析;其他实验分析主要采用非配对t检验,并使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行事后测试。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
采用鼠尾静脉取血检测大鼠空腹血糖并记录实验结果,双因素方差分析各组大鼠血糖之间的变化差异。结果显示,STZ处理72 h后,T1DM大鼠血糖含量最高值为32.3 mmol/L,最低值为26.1 mmol/L,血糖含量明显升高且>16.7 mmol/L,全都符合要求(P<0.01,图2A),并纳入实验。T1DM组大鼠的体质量随时间的增加而减少(P<0.01,图2B),排泄物也较Ctrl组显著增加(P<0.01,图2C)。DFO处理对大鼠血糖、体质量无直接影响,排泄物质量虽有减少,但与T1DM组相比无显著差异。以上结果表明,DFO处理对T1DM大鼠血糖、体质量及排泄物质量无显著影响。
为验证DFO对T1DM大鼠学习记忆的影响,本研究对所有大鼠进行Morris水迷宫实验,双因素方差分析各组大鼠行为之间的变化差异。结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,T1DM大鼠首次穿越原平台用时较长(P<0.01,图3A),穿越原平台次数减少(P<0.01,图3B);在不断寻找平台过程中,T1DM大鼠穿越目标象限的次数增加(P<0.01,图3C),在目标象限停留时间减少(P<0.01,图3D),以上均说明T1DM大鼠不确定原平台的位置,学习记忆能力下降。DFO处理后,T1DM大鼠的认知能力得到缓解,表现在首次穿越平台的时间明显减少(P<0.05,图3A);反复穿越目标象限寻找平台的次数较T1DM组大鼠显著下降(P<0.05,图3C)。
为了验证T1DM大鼠海马神经元的变化情况,本研究利用尼氏染色和透射电镜技术检测DFO对T1DM大鼠脑神经元及海马神经元内线粒体的影响。结果显示,T1DM组大鼠无论是海马CA1、CA3区或是皮层区神经元分布较Ctrl组更稀疏,体积较Ctrl组变小;DFO处理后,以上现象得以缓解(图4A)。透射电镜技术检测大鼠海马CA1区神经元内线粒体形态,结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,T1DM组大鼠表现出线粒体双层膜密度增高或有断裂、其内部线粒体嵴融合或消失等典型的铁死亡现象;DFO处理后,保护了T1DM大鼠线粒体形态结构免受损伤(图4B)。同时,使用免疫荧光化学检测NeuN阳性神经元与FTH在海马CA1区、CA3区及皮层的表达与分布情况。结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,T1DM组大鼠脑海马CA1区(P<0.01)、CA3区(P<0.01)及皮层区(P<0.05)神经元数量明显下降,说明T1DM大鼠脑神经元损伤;且FTH荧光强度在海马CA1区(P<0.01)、CA3区(P<0.01)及皮层区(P<0.01)显著增加,间接提示T1DM大鼠脑铁过载;DFO干预后缓解了T1DM大鼠因脑铁过载导致的神经元损伤(图4C~E)。
为了表征脑海马和皮层成熟神经元的变化,采用Western blot检测各组大鼠海马、皮层组织中NeuN蛋白的表达变化。结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,T1DM组大鼠脑区NeuN蛋白的表达在海马(P<0.01)与皮层区(P<0.05)显著下降,DFO干预后可缓解上述现象,但无明显差异(图5A、B)。为了评估T1DM大鼠海马、皮层铁含量,使用ICP-MS的方法检测大鼠海马组织中脑铁含量。结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,T1DM组大鼠海马中铁含量显著升高(P<0.01);DFO处理后,大鼠海马组织中脑铁含量明显下降(P<0.01,图5C),说明DFO可以改善T1DM大鼠脑区铁过载。同时,用Western blot检测大鼠海马、皮层中储铁蛋白FTH和FTL的表达变化,结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,T1DM组大鼠海马FTH(P<0.01)和FTL(P<0.05)的表达均明显升高;皮层中FTH(P<0.05)和FTL(P<0.01)的表达也显著升高,间接提示T1DM大鼠脑铁含量增加。DFO处理对T1DM大鼠海马区FTH(P<0.05)以及皮层区FTL(P<0.05)影响较大(图5D、E),提示DFO可影响其脑区铁储存蛋白的表达。
为了探究T1DM大鼠脑海马、皮层组织铁稳态失衡的原因,采用Western blot检测铁代谢相关蛋白的表达变化。与Ctrl组大鼠相比,T1DM大鼠海马中两种铁摄取蛋白TfRc(P<0.05)和DMT1(P<0.05)表达升高,而铁输出蛋白FPN1(P<0.01)表达下降。经DFO处理后,海马区TfRc和DMT1表达恢复,且TfRc(P<0.05)下降更明显,FPN1(P<0.05)表达显著升高(图6A)。同时,本研究也检测了大脑皮层中以上3种蛋白的表达变化。与海马结果类似,与Ctrl组大鼠相比,T1DM大鼠皮层DMT1(P<0.05)蛋白表达显著升高,FPN1(P<0.05)蛋白表达明显降低,TfRc(P<0.01)表达下降,可能是大鼠为对抗脑铁升高的一种保护反应。DFO处理后,T1DM大鼠脑皮层中3种蛋白的表达得到不同程度的逆转,其中DMT1(P<0.01)表达显著下降,TfRc(P<0.05)表达显著升高,FPN1虽有升高趋势但差异不明显(图6B),提示DFO可影响T1DM大鼠海马、皮层铁代谢相关蛋白的表达。
本研究通过水迷宫行为学实验评估T1DM大鼠的学习记忆能力,发现与Ctrl组相比,T1DM大鼠首次抵达原平台位置的逃避潜伏期显著延长,原平台穿越次数显著减少,在目标象限的穿越次数及停留时间亦明显缩短,表明T1DM大鼠记忆功能明显受损。经DFO干预后,DFO组大鼠首次穿越原平台的潜伏期较T1DM组缩短,目标象限穿越次数增加,说明DFO在一定程度上缓解了T1DM大鼠的记忆功能障碍。
大脑海马和皮层作为学习与记忆的关键中枢,该区域神经元损伤可导致认知功能减退[22]。本研究通过尼氏染色和透射电镜对T1DM大鼠脑神经元及其胞内线粒体形态进行观察,发现与Ctrl组相比,T1DM大鼠脑神经元分布更为稀疏,细胞体积缩小并呈现皱缩形态,胞内线粒体膜密度增高,线粒体嵴结构发生融合或消失,表现出类似铁死亡的超微结构特征,提示T1DM大鼠脑神经元存在显著损伤。DFO干预后,上述病理变化有所缓解,推测其可能通过抑制细胞铁死亡途径发挥神经保护作用,但具体机制尚需进一步研究。ICP-MS分析结果显示T1DM大鼠脑中存在铁沉积现象;同时,分析Western blot与免疫荧光化学实验结果可知,与Ctrl组相比,T1DM组大鼠海马和皮层中NeuN蛋白表达及NeuN阳性神经元数量均显著降低,而储铁蛋白FTH和FTL表达上升,提示该区域氧化损伤风险增加[20]。经DFO处理后,上述指标均有改善,表明DFO可能通过减轻脑内铁过载,缓解T1DM中铁依赖性的神经元损伤。
铁代谢相关蛋白的表达变化可影响T1DM大鼠脑内铁稳态[23]。本研究采用Western blot技术检测铁转运蛋白TfRc、DMT1以及铁输出蛋白FPN1的表达情况。与Ctrl组相比,T1DM大鼠海马组织中TfRc与DMT1表达上升,而FPN1表达下降,三者共同作用可能共同促成该脑区铁蓄积;DFO处理对海马中TfRc和FPN1的调节作用更为显著。在皮层区域,DMT1表达上升、FPN1下降,两者同样可能协同导致局部铁过载,且DFO干预对皮层DMT1的影响较为明显。已有研究表明,铁代谢调节常依赖于铁调素(Hepcidin),其通过与FPN1结合诱导其内化与降解,从而抑制铁外流[24-25]。DFO在降低细胞内铁水平的同时,可能影响Hepcidin的表达,间接调控FPN1蛋白稳定性。此外,DFO通过螯合铁降低细胞内铁浓度,可能干扰铁调控蛋白(IRP)的活性,进而调控DMT1与FPN1的翻译过程[26-27],具体机制仍有待进一步深入研究。
本研究表明DFO能够改善T1DM大鼠的学习记忆功能障碍,并减轻海马和皮层区域的铁依赖性神经元损伤。行为学和组织学结果显示,DFO干预显著恢复认知表现并减少神经元超微结构损害。DFO通过调节脑内铁代谢相关蛋白DMT1和FPN1的表达,降低铁过载。综上所述,DFO通过维持脑铁稳态和抑制神经损伤发挥保护作用,为T1DM相关认知障碍提供了潜在治疗策略。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504070
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
  • 修回日期:2025-09-19
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    1承德医学院:组织学与胚胎学教研室,河北 承德
    2承德医学院:人体解剖学教研室,河北 承德
    3承德医学院:附属医院医学影像科,河北 承德
    4中国医科大学组织学与胚胎学教研室,辽宁 沈阳

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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