Article(id=1322218866265142257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744646400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-15, revisedDate=1747584000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171143355, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171143355, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171143355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171143355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218730805904072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1261', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751212800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171111059, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325445066, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322866054611714261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322866054611714262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1342, endPage=1349, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218866772653042, articleId=1322218866265142257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=New-onset urethral stricture after transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and analysis on its influencing factors, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To systematic analyze the risk factors for new-onset urethral stricture after transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods‍

A case-control study was conducted on 746 BPH patients undergoing HoLEP treatment in Department of Urology of the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from November 2021 to August 2024. After 23 cases were excluded because of complication of prostate cancer,finally 723 patients were included. General clinical data such as age,height,weight,history of smoking and drinking,perioperative parameters,and follow-up data at 1,3 and 6 months after operation were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the clinical risk factors for new-onset urethral stricture after HoLEP.

Results‍

The subjected patients had a median age of 66.5 (64.0,75.0) years,and a preoperative median prostate volume of 66 (45,92) mL,and a median indwelling catheter time of 4 (4,5) d. The incidence of new urethral stricture after operation was 5.8% (42/723),with membranous part of the urethra (61.9%) the most common site,followed by the external urethral orifice (21.4%) and the bladder neck (7.1%). Risk factor analysis indicated that low BMI (<18.5 kg/m²) (OR=4.682,P=0.037),young age (OR=0.946,P=0.005),and postoperative urinary tract infection (OR=4.513,P=0.001) were independent risk factors for new-onset urethral stricture after surgery. Prostate volume and indwelling time of urinary catheter had no significant association with the occurrence of new urethral stricture after surgery.

Conclusion‍

The occurrence of new-onset urethral stricture after HoLEP is significantly correlated with BMI,age and urinary tract infection. The above 3 factors can be used as better predictors of new-onset urethral stricture after HoLEP.

, authors=Jie WANG1, 2, Chenxi YE2, 3, Qiang HU2, 3, Guorong YANG2, Xiaowei HAO2, Yin LU2, Fan GAO2, Qing YUAN1, 2, authorsList=Jie WANG, Chenxi YE, Qiang HU, Guorong YANG, Xiaowei HAO, Yin LU, Fan GAO, Qing YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qing YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218868924331000, articleId=1322218866265142257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术后新发尿道狭窄及其影响因素分析, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

系统评估经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术(holmium laser enucleation of the prostate,HoLEP)治疗良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)后新发尿道狭窄的临床危险因素。

方法

采用病例-对照研究设计,连续纳入2021年11月至2024年8月期间于中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心泌尿外科接受HoLEP治疗的746例BPH患者,排除23例合并前列腺癌病例,最终纳入723例BPH患者。采集患者年龄、身高、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史等一般临床资料、围术期参数等和术后1、3、6个月的随访数据。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析分别对变量进行分析,探寻HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的临床危险因素。

结果

患者中位年龄为66.5(64.0,75.0)岁,术前中位前列腺体积为66(45,92)mL。中位导尿管留置时间为4(4,5)天。术后新发尿道狭窄发生率为5.8%(42/723)。狭窄部位以尿道膜部最为常见(61.9%),其次为尿道外口(21.4%)及膀胱颈(7.1%)。危险因素分析表明,偏瘦(<18.5 kg/m²,OR=4.682,P=0.037)、低龄(OR=0.946,P=0.005),及合并术后尿路感染(OR=4.513,P=0.001)是术后新发尿道狭窄的独立危险因素。前列腺体积、导尿管留置时间等与术后新发尿道狭窄发生无显著关联。

结论

HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的发生与患者BMI、年龄及尿路感染显著相关,以上3种因素可以作为较好的HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的预测因素。

, authors=王杰1, 2, 叶晨曦2, 3, 胡强2, 3, 杨国荣2, 郝晓伟2, 卢崯2, 高帆2, 袁清1, 2, authorsList=王杰, 叶晨曦, 胡强, 杨国荣, 郝晓伟, 卢崯, 高帆, 袁清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁清, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
袁清,E-mail:
YUAN Qing,E-mail:
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World J Urol,2024,42(1):573., articleTitle=Does sheath size matter:benchtop comparison of flow and pressure across variety of continuous flow endoscopes, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322218869171794937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218869180183546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, companyId=1322218869171794937, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Clinical Medicine,Shandong Second Medical University,Weifang,Shandong), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218869192766459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, companyId=1322218869171794937, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东第二医科大学临床医学院,山东 潍坊)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322218869280846844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218869289235453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, companyId=1322218869280846844, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Urology,Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218869297624062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, companyId=1322218869280846844, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2解放军总医院第三医学中心泌尿外科医学部,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322218869402481663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218869410870272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, companyId=1322218869402481663, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Postgraduate,Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou,Hebei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218869419257856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, companyId=1322218869402481663, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3河北北方学院研究生学院,河北 张家口)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322218874087518261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EQNh7ymCV5LxEp0zbPT0oA==, figureFileBig=1paNRVVKdvfcGUtBK2O/zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218874171404342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的列线图, figureFileSmall=EQNh7ymCV5LxEp0zbPT0oA==, figureFileBig=1paNRVVKdvfcGUtBK2O/zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218874402091063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VNZfJiTRkkdryc5KxZdOUg==, figureFileBig=1uqviDlywJbovIxXuIvsRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218874485977144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄风险预测模型的ROC曲线及AUC值, figureFileSmall=VNZfJiTRkkdryc5KxZdOUg==, figureFileBig=1uqviDlywJbovIxXuIvsRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218874574057529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未发生尿道狭窄组(n=681)新发尿道狭窄组(n=42)OR95%CIP
手术时长/min65(55.0,85.0)60(55.0,82.5)1.000.98~1.010.900
导尿管留置时间/d4(4.0,5.0)4(4.0,5.0)1.010.92~1.070.800
年龄/岁70(64.0,75.0)66.5(62.0,71.0)0.960.92~0.990.025
BMI/(kg/m²)
正常280 (41.1)19 (45.2)
偏瘦11 (1.6)3 (7.1)4.020.86~14.20.045
超重320 (47.0)14 (33.3)0.600.28~1.220.200
肥胖70 (10.3)6 (14.3)1.500.57~3.550.400
抽烟史
否380 (52.6)23 (54.8)
是301(47.4)19(45.2)1.150.61~2.160.700
饮酒史
否483 (70.9)32 (76.2)
是198(29.1)10(23.8)0.870.41~1.720.700
高血压
否393(57.7)26(61.9)
是288 (42.3)16(38.1)0.840.43~1.580.600
高血脂
否664 (97.5)42 (100.0)
是17 (2.5)0(0)---
糖尿病
否560 (82.2)33 (78.6)
是121 (17.8)9 (21.4)1.260.56~2.600.500
), ArticleFig(id=1322218874653749306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

术后新发尿道狭窄危险因素单因素分析 [M(P25,P75),例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未发生尿道狭窄组(n=681)新发尿道狭窄组(n=42)OR95%CIP
手术时长/min65(55.0,85.0)60(55.0,82.5)1.000.98~1.010.900
导尿管留置时间/d4(4.0,5.0)4(4.0,5.0)1.010.92~1.070.800
年龄/岁70(64.0,75.0)66.5(62.0,71.0)0.960.92~0.990.025
BMI/(kg/m²)
正常280 (41.1)19 (45.2)
偏瘦11 (1.6)3 (7.1)4.020.86~14.20.045
超重320 (47.0)14 (33.3)0.600.28~1.220.200
肥胖70 (10.3)6 (14.3)1.500.57~3.550.400
抽烟史
否380 (52.6)23 (54.8)
是301(47.4)19(45.2)1.150.61~2.160.700
饮酒史
否483 (70.9)32 (76.2)
是198(29.1)10(23.8)0.870.41~1.720.700
高血压
否393(57.7)26(61.9)
是288 (42.3)16(38.1)0.840.43~1.580.600
高血脂
否664 (97.5)42 (100.0)
是17 (2.5)0(0)---
糖尿病
否560 (82.2)33 (78.6)
是121 (17.8)9 (21.4)1.260.56~2.600.500
), ArticleFig(id=1322218874775384123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未发生尿道狭窄组(n=681)新发尿道狭窄组(n=42)OR95%CIP
冠心病
否633(93.0)40(95.2)
是48(7.0)2(4.8)0.660.11~2.240.600
慢性肾功能不全
否636(93.4)39(92.9)
是45(6.6)3(7.1)1.090.26~3.150.900
FPSA/TPSA比值0.2(0.2,0.3)0.2(0.2,0.3)1.000.98~1.000.600
总TPSA值/(ng/mL)4.3(2.1,7.8)5.6(1.8,6.2)0.970.91~1.010.400
前列腺体积/mL66.0(45.0,92.0)57.5(40.0,76.8)0.990.98~1.000.200
前列腺左右径/cm5.5(5.0,6.0)5.4(5.0,5.9)0.810.54~1.200.300
前列腺前后径/cm4.6(3.9,5.3)4.3(3.8,5.1)0.790.58~1.070.140
前列腺上下径/cm5.1(4.3,5.8)4.9(4.2,5.8)0.920.71~1.180.500
术后尿路感染
否641(94.1)34 (81.0)
是40(5.9)8 (19.0)3.771.54~8.330.002
), ArticleFig(id=1322218874867658812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=CN, label=续表1, caption=

术后新发尿道狭窄危险因素单因素分析 [M(P25,P75),例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量未发生尿道狭窄组(n=681)新发尿道狭窄组(n=42)OR95%CIP
冠心病
否633(93.0)40(95.2)
是48(7.0)2(4.8)0.660.11~2.240.600
慢性肾功能不全
否636(93.4)39(92.9)
是45(6.6)3(7.1)1.090.26~3.150.900
FPSA/TPSA比值0.2(0.2,0.3)0.2(0.2,0.3)1.000.98~1.000.600
总TPSA值/(ng/mL)4.3(2.1,7.8)5.6(1.8,6.2)0.970.91~1.010.400
前列腺体积/mL66.0(45.0,92.0)57.5(40.0,76.8)0.990.98~1.000.200
前列腺左右径/cm5.5(5.0,6.0)5.4(5.0,5.9)0.810.54~1.200.300
前列腺前后径/cm4.6(3.9,5.3)4.3(3.8,5.1)0.790.58~1.070.140
前列腺上下径/cm5.1(4.3,5.8)4.9(4.2,5.8)0.920.71~1.180.500
术后尿路感染
否641(94.1)34 (81.0)
是40(5.9)8 (19.0)3.771.54~8.330.002
), ArticleFig(id=1322218874964127805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称类型赋值方式说明
年龄连续变量按原始数值纳入
手术时长连续变量按原始数值纳入
尿管携带时间连续变量按原始数值纳入
BMI分组变量正常=0(参考组),偏瘦=1,超重=2,肥胖=3
抽烟史二分类变量否=0,是=1
饮酒史二分类变量否=0,是=1
高血压二分类变量否=0,是=1
高血脂二分类变量否=0,是=1
糖尿病二分类变量否=0,是=1
冠心病二分类变量否=0,是=1
慢性肾功能不全二分类变量否=0,是=1
FPSA/TPSA比值连续变量按原始数值纳入
总TPSA值/(ng/mL)连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺体积/mL连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺左右径/cm连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺前后径/cm连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺上下径/cm连续变量按原始数值纳入
术后尿路感染二分类变量否=0,是=1
结局变量(是否狭窄)二分类变量未发生尿道狭窄=0,发生尿道狭窄=1
), ArticleFig(id=1322218875178037310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄发生危险因素赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量名称类型赋值方式说明
年龄连续变量按原始数值纳入
手术时长连续变量按原始数值纳入
尿管携带时间连续变量按原始数值纳入
BMI分组变量正常=0(参考组),偏瘦=1,超重=2,肥胖=3
抽烟史二分类变量否=0,是=1
饮酒史二分类变量否=0,是=1
高血压二分类变量否=0,是=1
高血脂二分类变量否=0,是=1
糖尿病二分类变量否=0,是=1
冠心病二分类变量否=0,是=1
慢性肾功能不全二分类变量否=0,是=1
FPSA/TPSA比值连续变量按原始数值纳入
总TPSA值/(ng/mL)连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺体积/mL连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺左右径/cm连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺前后径/cm连续变量按原始数值纳入
前列腺上下径/cm连续变量按原始数值纳入
术后尿路感染二分类变量否=0,是=1
结局变量(是否狭窄)二分类变量未发生尿道狭窄=0,发生尿道狭窄=1
), ArticleFig(id=1322218875358392383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量SEWaldOR95%CIP
手术时长/min0.0070.081.0020.988~1.0160.778
尿管携带时间/d0.0360.8781.0350.963~1.1110.349
年龄/岁0.0246.9840.9460.897~0.9840.005
BMI/(kg/m²)
正常
偏瘦0.7623.1564.6820.922~18.340.037
超重0.3852.8060.5240.241~1.0900.085
肥胖0.5000.2491.2410.465~3.0470.600
抽烟史
否
是0.3550.0021.0150.507~2.0350.966
饮酒史
否
是0.3990.1600.8530.390~1.8640.690
高血压
否
是0.3600.0870.8990.444~1.8200.768
高血脂
否
是---
糖尿病
否
是0.4180.5121.3480.595~3.0560.474
冠心病
否
是0.7800.0990.7830.170~3.6080.753
慢性肾功能不全
否
是0.6580.2281.3690.377~4.9740.633
FPSA/TPSA比值0.1890.0141.0220.706~1.4810.907
总TPSA值/(ng/mL)0.0270.4670.9820.932~1.0350.494
前列腺体积/mL0.0130.4770.9910.966~1.0170.490
前列腺左右径/cm0.3000.1641.1290.627~2.0350.686
前列腺前后径/cm0.3040.0240.9540.525~1.7310.876
前列腺上下径/cm0.2750.3911.1880.692~2.0380.532
术后尿路感染
否
是0.46510.5114.5131.815~11.2220.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322218875496804416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

术后新发尿道狭窄危险因素多因素分析[M(P25,P75),例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量SEWaldOR95%CIP
手术时长/min0.0070.081.0020.988~1.0160.778
尿管携带时间/d0.0360.8781.0350.963~1.1110.349
年龄/岁0.0246.9840.9460.897~0.9840.005
BMI/(kg/m²)
正常
偏瘦0.7623.1564.6820.922~18.340.037
超重0.3852.8060.5240.241~1.0900.085
肥胖0.5000.2491.2410.465~3.0470.600
抽烟史
否
是0.3550.0021.0150.507~2.0350.966
饮酒史
否
是0.3990.1600.8530.390~1.8640.690
高血压
否
是0.3600.0870.8990.444~1.8200.768
高血脂
否
是---
糖尿病
否
是0.4180.5121.3480.595~3.0560.474
冠心病
否
是0.7800.0990.7830.170~3.6080.753
慢性肾功能不全
否
是0.6580.2281.3690.377~4.9740.633
FPSA/TPSA比值0.1890.0141.0220.706~1.4810.907
总TPSA值/(ng/mL)0.0270.4670.9820.932~1.0350.494
前列腺体积/mL0.0130.4770.9910.966~1.0170.490
前列腺左右径/cm0.3000.1641.1290.627~2.0350.686
前列腺前后径/cm0.3040.0240.9540.525~1.7310.876
前列腺上下径/cm0.2750.3911.1880.692~2.0380.532
术后尿路感染
否
是0.46510.5114.5131.815~11.2220.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322218875610050625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例(%)
狭窄部位
膀胱颈3(7.1)
尿道膜部26(61.9)
尿道外口9(21.4)
尿道外口+尿道膜部1(2.4)
尿道外口+前尿道1(2.4)
前尿道2(4.8)
二次处理
经尿道膀胱镜检15(35.7)
经尿道膀胱镜检+尿道探子扩张术23(54.8)
经尿道膀胱颈挛缩切开术3(7.1)
经尿道尿道狭窄内切开术1(2.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1322218877275189314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218866265142257, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

术后新发尿道狭窄患者信息分析 (n=42)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量例(%)
狭窄部位
膀胱颈3(7.1)
尿道膜部26(61.9)
尿道外口9(21.4)
尿道外口+尿道膜部1(2.4)
尿道外口+前尿道1(2.4)
前尿道2(4.8)
二次处理
经尿道膀胱镜检15(35.7)
经尿道膀胱镜检+尿道探子扩张术23(54.8)
经尿道膀胱颈挛缩切开术3(7.1)
经尿道尿道狭窄内切开术1(2.4)
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经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术后新发尿道狭窄及其影响因素分析
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王杰 1, 2 , 叶晨曦 2, 3 , 胡强 2, 3 , 杨国荣 2 , 郝晓伟 2 , 卢崯 2 , 高帆 2 , 袁清 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(12): 1342-1349
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (12) : 1342 -1349
经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术后新发尿道狭窄及其影响因素分析
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王杰1, 2, 叶晨曦2, 3, 胡强2, 3, 杨国荣2, 郝晓伟2, 卢崯2, 高帆2, 袁清1, 2
作者信息
  • 1山东第二医科大学临床医学院,山东 潍坊
  • 2解放军总医院第三医学中心泌尿外科医学部,北京
  • 3河北北方学院研究生学院,河北 张家口
通讯作者:
袁清,E-mail:
YUAN Qing,E-mail:
New-onset urethral stricture after transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and analysis on its influencing factors
Jie WANG1, 2, Chenxi YE2, 3, Qiang HU2, 3, Guorong YANG2, Xiaowei HAO2, Yin LU2, Fan GAO2, Qing YUAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Clinical Medicine,Shandong Second Medical University,Weifang,Shandong
  • 2Department of Urology,Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing
  • 3College of Postgraduate,Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou,Hebei,China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504055
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目的

系统评估经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术(holmium laser enucleation of the prostate,HoLEP)治疗良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)后新发尿道狭窄的临床危险因素。

方法

采用病例-对照研究设计,连续纳入2021年11月至2024年8月期间于中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心泌尿外科接受HoLEP治疗的746例BPH患者,排除23例合并前列腺癌病例,最终纳入723例BPH患者。采集患者年龄、身高、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史等一般临床资料、围术期参数等和术后1、3、6个月的随访数据。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析分别对变量进行分析,探寻HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的临床危险因素。

结果

患者中位年龄为66.5(64.0,75.0)岁,术前中位前列腺体积为66(45,92)mL。中位导尿管留置时间为4(4,5)天。术后新发尿道狭窄发生率为5.8%(42/723)。狭窄部位以尿道膜部最为常见(61.9%),其次为尿道外口(21.4%)及膀胱颈(7.1%)。危险因素分析表明,偏瘦(<18.5 kg/m²,OR=4.682,P=0.037)、低龄(OR=0.946,P=0.005),及合并术后尿路感染(OR=4.513,P=0.001)是术后新发尿道狭窄的独立危险因素。前列腺体积、导尿管留置时间等与术后新发尿道狭窄发生无显著关联。

结论

HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的发生与患者BMI、年龄及尿路感染显著相关,以上3种因素可以作为较好的HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的预测因素。

尿道  /  良性前列腺增生  /  经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术  /  尿道狭窄
Objective‍

To systematic analyze the risk factors for new-onset urethral stricture after transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods‍

A case-control study was conducted on 746 BPH patients undergoing HoLEP treatment in Department of Urology of the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from November 2021 to August 2024. After 23 cases were excluded because of complication of prostate cancer,finally 723 patients were included. General clinical data such as age,height,weight,history of smoking and drinking,perioperative parameters,and follow-up data at 1,3 and 6 months after operation were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the clinical risk factors for new-onset urethral stricture after HoLEP.

Results‍

The subjected patients had a median age of 66.5 (64.0,75.0) years,and a preoperative median prostate volume of 66 (45,92) mL,and a median indwelling catheter time of 4 (4,5) d. The incidence of new urethral stricture after operation was 5.8% (42/723),with membranous part of the urethra (61.9%) the most common site,followed by the external urethral orifice (21.4%) and the bladder neck (7.1%). Risk factor analysis indicated that low BMI (<18.5 kg/m²) (OR=4.682,P=0.037),young age (OR=0.946,P=0.005),and postoperative urinary tract infection (OR=4.513,P=0.001) were independent risk factors for new-onset urethral stricture after surgery. Prostate volume and indwelling time of urinary catheter had no significant association with the occurrence of new urethral stricture after surgery.

Conclusion‍

The occurrence of new-onset urethral stricture after HoLEP is significantly correlated with BMI,age and urinary tract infection. The above 3 factors can be used as better predictors of new-onset urethral stricture after HoLEP.

urethra  /  benign prostatic hyperplasia  /  transurethral holmium laser enucleation of prostate  /  urethral stricture
王杰, 叶晨曦, 胡强, 杨国荣, 郝晓伟, 卢崯, 高帆, 袁清. 经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术后新发尿道狭窄及其影响因素分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (12) : 1342 -1349 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504055
Jie WANG, Chenxi YE, Qiang HU, Guorong YANG, Xiaowei HAO, Yin LU, Fan GAO, Qing YUAN. New-onset urethral stricture after transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and analysis on its influencing factors[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (12) : 1342 -1349 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504055
良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)是老年男性泌尿系统最常见的疾病之一,全球60岁以上男性发病率超50%[1-4]。经尿道前列腺钬激光剜除术(holmium laser enucleation of the prostate,HoLEP)凭借其高效剜除、精准止血及术后恢复快等优势,逐步成为BPH手术治疗的“金标准”[5-8]。尽管经尿道前列腺术后尿道狭窄总体发生率(5%~10%)显著低于其他术式[9-10],但其危害性不容忽视。严重狭窄可引发进行性排尿功能障碍、反复尿路感染及梗阻性肾病等并发症,甚至可能进展为肾功能损害,对患者生活质量及远期预后构成显著威胁[11-12]。
尽管术后尿道狭窄的风险因素(如手术创伤、黏膜损伤等)已在传统术式[如经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral resection of prostate,TURP)]中得到充分探讨[13-15],但HoLEP因其能量传递特性等差异,可能具有独特的狭窄发生机制。然而,目前针对HoLEP术后狭窄的研究稀缺,且现有证据多源于欧美人群,尚缺乏对于中国患者的系统分析。本研究通过单中心HoLEP手术患者的临床数据,评估分析了HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的流行病学特征及预后,旨在为术前高危患者筛查及精准化围术期管理提供决策依据,以期为高危患者的术前风险分层及精准围术期干预策略提供循证依据,最终改善患者远期预后,推动BPH外科治疗从标准化向个体化诊疗范式的临床转化。
回顾性分析2021年11月至2024年8月期间于中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心泌尿外科接受HoLEP治疗的BPH患者723例(已排除23例合并前列腺癌病例)。纳入标准:①通过影像学检查(超声、核磁)明确诊断为BPH;②存在不同程度下尿路症状(lower urinary tract symptom,LUTS);③符合《2019年中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南》外科治疗适应证。排除标准:①有经尿道、膀胱或前列腺手术史;②术后病理诊断为前列腺癌或合并术前膀胱镜检确诊有膀胱慢性炎症、肿瘤等可能导致膀胱过度活动的疾病;③伴有严重未控制的内科疾病或精神类疾病;④其他如膀胱颈挛缩、尿道狭窄、尿崩症、肾小管功能障碍等引起的LUTS患者。本研究经中国人民解放军总医院医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:S2022-700-01),符合赫尔辛基宣言。
手术采用全麻或腰麻,患者取截石位,冲洗液选用0.9% NaCl溶液。能量平台为摩西钬激光机(美国科医人公司),切割功率:80 W(2.0 J×40 Hz),止血功率:50 W(1.0 J×50 Hz)。经尿道置入26Fr Storz内窥镜,插入550 nm直出光纤。采用整叶法进行剜除,剜除组织推入膀胱,在Storz肾镜直视下经组织粉碎器(中国大华公司)粉碎后吸出。所有手术由解放军总医院同一名副主任医师完成。
根据术后6个月内是否新发尿道狭窄(诊断标准:术中未发现尿道狭窄,并且术后通过膀胱镜复查证实存在尿道管腔狭窄),将患者分为术后新发尿道狭窄组(42例)和术后未发生狭窄组(681例)。
年龄、身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)(依据中国标准分类:偏瘦<18.5 kg/m²,正常18.5~<23.9 kg/m²,超重23.9~<27.9 kg/m²,肥胖≥27.9 kg/m²)、吸烟史、饮酒史、常见慢性病。
术前游离前列腺特异性抗原(free prostate-specific antigen,FPSA)/总前列腺特异性抗原(total prostate-specific antigen,TPSA)比值(FPSA/TPSA比值)、TPSA、前列腺体积(经直肠前列腺超声测量三径计算,体积=0.52×左右径×前后径×上下径)、手术时长(从激光启动至剜除完成)、术后导尿管留置时间、是否术后尿路感染(诊断标准:术后1、3、6个月复查时尿培养细菌菌落计数≥105 CFU/mL)。
采用R软件4.2.2版本进行统计分析。在统计描述中,计量资料符合正态分布以x¯±s表示,若不符合正态分布则以M(P25,P75)表示。计数资料用例(%)表示。通过单变量Logistic回归分析筛选适合和有效的狭窄风险因素。然后,采用多元Logistic回归分析对显著性指标进行校正,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
本研究共回顾性纳入723例患者,患者中位年龄为66.5(64.0,75.0)岁,其中术后新发尿道狭窄组42例(5.8%),术后未发生尿道狭窄组681例(94.2%),中位导尿管留置时间为4(4,5)天。术后新发尿道狭窄发生率为5.8%(42/723)。见表2。
单因素分析结果显示,2组患者在手术时长(P=0.900)、导尿管留置时间(P=0.800)、抽烟史(P=0.700)、饮酒史(P=0.700)、高血压(P=0.600)、糖尿病(P=0.500)、冠心病(P=0.600)、慢性肾功能不全(P=0.900)、FPSA/TPSA比值(P=0.600)、总TPSA值(P=0.400)、前列腺体积(P=0.200)以及前列腺左右径(P=0.300)、前后径(P=0.140)、上下径(P=0.500)等方面差异无统计学意义,患者年龄(P=0.025)、偏瘦(P=0.045)、术后尿路感染(P=0.002)差异具有统计学意义,见表1。
在单因素分析的基础上,将所有相关因素纳入多因素分析范畴,进一步开展多因素Logistic回归分析。为提高模型的解释力并便于OR值方向判断,所有变量在建模前进行了赋值处理(表2)。
经多因素Logistic回归分析,研究结果显示:低龄、偏瘦以及术后尿路感染均为术后新发尿道狭窄的独立危险因素(P<0.05,表3)。
根据多因量分析,构建了年龄、BMI、术后尿路感染的列线图(图1),用于预测HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的风险。列线图显示年龄是最具影响的预测因子。受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)分析显示,列线图模型的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.792(95%CI:0.721~0.864,图2)。
本研究对42例术后新发尿道狭窄患者的狭窄部位、治疗方式及尿流率变化进行了详细分析(表4)。42例术后新发尿道狭窄患者的狭窄部位中,尿道膜部狭窄最为常见,共26例(61.9%),其次为尿道外口狭窄,共9例(21.4%)。42例患者的术后治疗方式中:经尿道膀胱镜检并用镜鞘扩张15例(35.7%);经尿道膀胱镜检+尿道探子扩张术23例(54.8%);经尿道膀胱颈挛缩切开术3例(7.1%);经尿道尿道狭窄内切开术1例(2.4%)。术后治疗新发狭窄的方式选择主要基于狭窄部位及狭窄程度。术前最大尿流率中位数为7.7(5.4,12.9)/(mL/s),术前平均尿流率中位数为4.2(3.3,6.0)/(mL/s)。术后最大尿流率中位数为9.5(7.5,13.4)/(mL/s),术后平均尿流率中位数为4.5(2.9,6.8)/(mL/s),患者排尿功能障碍得到显著缓解。
BPH作为老年男性常见的泌尿系统疾病,其发病率随年龄增长而显著上升,80岁以上男性中患病率可超过90%[1-4]。对于中重度症状患者,经尿道手术干预仍是最主要的治疗方式,HoLEP手术因其出血少、切除彻底、恢复快等优势逐渐成为主流[5-8]。然而,与所有侵入性手术一样,HoLEP术后仍可能引发一系列并发症,其中尿道狭窄尤为重要。狭窄一旦形成,可能导致排尿困难、尿潴留、反复感染,甚至需二次手术处理,严重影响患者术后生活质量[11-12]。
本研究基于723例接受HoLEP手术的BPH患者,回顾分析其术后尿道狭窄的发生情况,结果显示术后新发尿道狭窄发生率为5.8%,与既有文献报道的2%~10%基本一致[15],说明HoLEP虽然是一种微创、安全的手术方式,但仍不能完全避免术后狭窄的风险。这一发生率既体现了HoLEP相对于传统TURP手术的进步,也反映出在部分特定人群中仍存在需要关注和干预的高风险因素。因此,深入探讨影响术后狭窄发生的因素,对于术式优化、风险预警以及术后管理均具有重要意义[13-16]。
多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,低龄、偏瘦及术后尿路感染为HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的独立危险因素。其中,年龄作为一个传统的变量,在泌尿外科手术中常被视为术后恢复能力的间接指标。与部分研究结果不同的是,本研究发现年龄与狭窄风险呈负相关,即年龄越低,发生狭窄的风险越高。这一结果与ELSAQA等[17]的研究相左,可能原因在于本研究纳入人群中中年患者占比较高,年龄结构偏向于更具瘢痕体质的阶段。研究认为,年轻患者的成纤维细胞活性更旺盛,组织修复过程中更易发生过度瘢痕形成,进而导致尿道腔变窄[18]。这为术前风险评估提供了新的方向,提示术者在中年患者中应提高术后狭窄的警惕性。
BMI的影响则更加突出。研究发现偏瘦显著增加了术后尿道狭窄的风险(OR=4.682),其背后隐藏的是患者营养状况与免疫修复能力之间的密切关联。这与SANDHU等[19]和VAN ROERMUND等[20]关于肥胖增加前列腺术后并发症的结论形成互补,提示营养状态对尿道修复的影响呈U型曲线。既往研究表明[21-22],BMI偏低往往与营养不良密切相关,而营养不良状态会抑制机体的免疫功能,使术后抵抗感染的能力下降,进而增加泌尿道感染的发生概率。在感染的基础上,机体会启动强烈的炎症反应,激活如TNF-α/NF-κB、TGF-β1/Smad等信号通路[23],诱导成纤维细胞活化与胶原沉积,最终形成瘢痕组织,导致尿道腔狭窄。因此,“营养不良-免疫低下-感染-纤维化-狭窄”成为一个闭环式病理过程,揭示了BMI作为风险因素的深层机制。此外,这也提示临床医生在术前管理中应重视患者的营养评估与干预,特别是对于BMI偏低者,应提前进行营养支持治疗,以降低狭窄的风险。
术后尿路感染是另一个具有高度独立性的危险因素,分析结果显示其将尿道狭窄的风险提高了4.513倍(OR=4.513,95%CI:1.815~11.222),与CASTELLANI等[24]的大样本研究结果一致。感染引发的免疫炎症级联反应,不仅会破坏尿道黏膜的正常结构,还可促进肌成纤维细胞的分化与增殖,诱导大量胶原蛋白沉积于局部组织[25],从而形成难以逆转的瘢痕组织结构[26]。在临床中,这种过程往往难以早期察觉,一旦进入纤维化阶段,传统抗感染治疗便无法有效阻止狭窄的进展。因此,术后感染的早期识别与有效控制,成为防控尿道狭窄的关键步骤。基于本研究的结论,术前可考虑进行尿液培养并根据药敏结果使用靶向抗生素,术后则应密切监测患者体温、尿液性质及炎症指标,及时处理可能出现的感染。
虽然手术时长与前列腺体积等手术参数可能会增加术后新发尿道狭窄发生的概率,但本研究结果显示,在HoLEP手术下,这些因素在狭窄与无狭窄患者之间并无显著差异。这一方面反映出HoLEP术式本身在切除效率与创伤控制方面的优势,另一方面也说明手术时间并非直接决定狭窄风险的变量。相较于传统TURP手术,HoLEP具备更高的组织选择性与更精准的止血能力,因此即便在大体积前列腺中实施剜除术,也不会显著延长操作时间或增加热损伤概率。此外,诸如高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等慢性基础疾病,虽可影响患者全身恢复状况,但在本研究中也未表现出与术后新发尿道狭窄显著相关的统计关系。说明这些疾病更多影响远期康复而非局部瘢痕反应,提示术者在术中操作的规范性与术后感染的控制仍是更关键的干预点。
在狭窄部位的分析中,本研究发现尿道膜部是最常见的狭窄区域,占总狭窄病例的61.9%。该区域处于外括约肌与前列腺尖之间,是手术中器械频繁进出的关键过渡带。由于其解剖位置狭窄、局部黏膜较薄,且剜除过程中激光探头需多次变换方向,这就使该区域容易受到机械摩擦与热损伤的双重影响[27-29],进而诱发黏膜损伤与后期瘢痕形成。虽然HoLEP手术在视野清晰、能量可控等方面具有明显优势,但尿道膜部因解剖脆弱性仍处于高风险之中。因此在术中应特别注意此区域的操作精度,尽量减少激光反复照射与镜鞘摩擦。
基于本研究结果,提出了3条针对性预防策略,以降低HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的发生风险。首先,在器械选择方面,可考虑使用较小直径的24Fr镜鞘替代传统的26Fr镜鞘,从而有效减少对尿道黏膜的直接压迫和摩擦,降低术后损伤率[16,30]。其次,在术者操作方面,应强化内镜下操作的规范性,避免在膜部区域进行频繁且不必要的激光调整,提升术者对于尿道敏感部位的识别与保护意识。最后,对于感染控制,应强化围术期抗生素干预策略,在术前进行尿液培养和个性化用药,术后严密观察感染征象并快速反应处理,最大限度减少术后炎症引发的瘢痕风险[17]。
本研究在已有文献基础上做出了重要拓展。其一,区别于以往以TURP为主的研究模式,本研究聚焦HoLEP术后并发症,系统分析其特异性的狭窄发生机制,填补了术式特异风险评估的空白;其二,数据基于中国本土患者,纳入大量中年群体与不同营养状态的受试者,结论更贴合中国人群的临床特点,具有良好的现实指导意义。
然而,本研究存在以下局限性:首先,术后6个月的检查数据可能未能充分捕捉迟发性狭窄病例;其次,单中心数据可能因手术团队技术同质性高而影响结论的外推性。未来研究可通过前瞻性设计将数据记录周期延长至12个月以上,并联合多中心数据验证中年、低BMI、尿路感染人群的风险普适性。
本研究通过单中心回顾性研究,不仅系统揭示了HoLEP术后新发尿道狭窄的危险因素,更重要的是揭示了“营养-炎性交互作用”这一可能的机制。这些发现将术后狭窄的防控重心从单一技术优化转向“患者个体化全程管理”,尤其为低龄、低BMI患者的围术期精准干预(如靶向抗炎、营养支持)提供了直接证据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504055
  • 接收时间:2025-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-15
  • 修回日期:2025-05-19
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    1山东第二医科大学临床医学院,山东 潍坊
    2解放军总医院第三医学中心泌尿外科医学部,北京
    3河北北方学院研究生学院,河北 张家口

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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