Article(id=1322191175503696079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322191025829953744, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=1750694400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164541364, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1753804800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164541364, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164541364, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164541364, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322191025829953744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1557', pageEnd='1684', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753804800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164505679, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164547848, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322191202804420934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322191025829953744, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322191202804420935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322191025829953744, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1642, endPage=1651, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322191175939903696, articleId=1322191175503696079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Incidence and risk factors of acute renal injury after Stanford type A aortic dissections, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To explore the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD) after surgical treatment, analyze the risk factors, and construct a prediction model.

Methods‍

A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 138 TAAD patients undergoing surgical treatment in our hospital from January 2016 to June 2024. After Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria was performed within 1 week after surgery, they were divided into AKI (n=95) and non-AKI (n=43) groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the perioperative risk factors. Then a nomogram model were constructed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to analyze its predictive efficacy.

Results‍

The incidence of postoperative AKI was 68.84% (95 cases) in the TAAD patients, including 51.58% (49 cases) of stage 3 AKI and 38.95% (37 cases) requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. The length of ICU stay, time to extubation, and abandonment of treatment were significantly higher in the AKI group than the non-AKI group (P<0.001). Multifactorial analysis showed that the monocyte count on postoperative day 1 (OR=3.521) and preoperative creatinine level (OR=1.019) were independent risk factors for AKI, postoperative uric acid level (OR=1.005) was correlated with AKI, and intraoperative urine volume (OR=0.739) and globulin level at 1 d postoperatively (OR=0.781) were protective factors. The area under the ROC curve of the constructed model was 0.866, with a sensitivity of 0.811 and a specificity of 0.791.

Conclusion‍

Postoperative AKI occurrence can be reduced in TAAD patients by optimizing the intraoperative urine output, modulating the postoperative inflammatory response, and strengthening nutritional support. Our prediction model for AKI risk is of significance for early clinical identification of high-risk patients in TAAD patients after surgical treatment.

, authors=Xiao XU, Xiaodong LI, Jing WEN, Jiaolin NING, authorsList=Xiao XU, Xiaodong LI, Jing WEN, Jiaolin NING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiaolin NING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322191178011889876, articleId=1322191175503696079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾功能损伤的发生情况及其危险因素分析, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探索Stanford A型主动脉夹层(type A aortic dissection,TAAD)手术患者术后急性肾功能损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的发生情况,分析其危险因素并建立相关预测模型。

方法

本研究为回顾性病例对照研究,纳入2016年1月至2024年6月接受TAAD手术治疗的138例患者的临床资料,依据改善全球肾脏病预后组织定义诊断术后1周内AKI,分为AKI组(n=95)和非AKI组(n=43)。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析围术期危险因素,并构建列线图进行预测和分析受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估预测效能。

结果

TAAD患者术后AKI发生率为68.84%,其中3期AKI为51.58%(49例),38.95%(37例)需持续肾脏替代治疗;术后AKI组监护室天数、拔管时间及放弃继续治疗率显著高于非AKI组(P<0.001)。多因素分析表明,术后第1天单核细胞计数(OR=3.521)、术前肌酐(OR=1.019)是AKI的独立危险因素,术后尿酸水平(OR=1.005)与其相关,而术中尿量(OR=0.739)和术后第1天球蛋白水平(OR=0.781)为保护性因素;基于上述危险因素构建AKI风险预测模型,ROC曲线下面积为0.866,敏感性为0.811,特异性为0.791。

结论

通过优化TAAD患者术中尿量、调控术后炎症反应、加强营养支持可减少术后AKI的发生。AKI风险预测模型对临床早期识别TAAD术后AKI的高危患者具有一定意义。

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甯交琳,E-mail:
NING Jiaolin,E-mail:
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Effect of gamma globulin on immune status and serum inflammatory factors in patients with sepsis[J]. Chin J Gen Pract,2020,18(2):229-232., articleTitle=Effect of gamma globulin on immune status and serum inflammatory factors in patients with sepsis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322191197381185853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, doi=10.3389/fcvm.2022.984772, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=984772, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=44, authorNames=XINSAI L, ZHENGYE W, XUAN H, journalName=Front Cardiovasc Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XINSAI L,ZHENGYE W,XUAN H,et al. Prediction model of acute kidney injury after different types of acute aortic dissection based on machine learning[J]. 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Risk factors and prediction of renal replacement therapy after total arch replacement:report of 258 cases[J]. J Third Mil Med Univ,2018,40(3):237-241., articleTitle=Risk factors and prediction of renal replacement therapy after total arch replacement:report of 258 cases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322191197737701697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, doi=10.34067/kid.0003202022, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=3, issue=10, pageStart=1807, pageEnd=1814, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=47, authorNames=CHEN D C, POTOK O A, RIFKIN D, journalName=Kidney360, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN D C,POTOK O A,RIFKIN D,et al. Advantages,limitations,and clinical considerations in using cystatin C to estimate GFR[J]. 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Kidney Int,2024,105(4):684-701., articleTitle=Executive summary of the KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease:known knowns and known unknowns, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322191178435514581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322191178443903190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, companyId=1322191178435514581, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Anesthesiology,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322191178452291799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, companyId=1322191178435514581, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322191183548371190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yZjhrl0ZVfjiiJUgyAW7lg==, figureFileBig=7PV5d0M4mtkPAV0nyjbIFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322191183619674359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Stanford A 型主动脉夹层术后AKI预测列线图, figureFileSmall=yZjhrl0ZVfjiiJUgyAW7lg==, figureFileBig=7PV5d0M4mtkPAV0nyjbIFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322191183951024376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)χ2/ZP
住院总天数/d16.00(13.00,18.00)17.50(12.00,24.25)-1.5680.117
术后监护室天数/d5.00(4.00,6.00)8.00(5.00,11.00)-5.134<0.001
术后死亡数05(5.26)1.0830.298
放弃继续治疗数3(6.98)36(37.89)13.957<0.001
拔管时间/h28.32(21.23,42.43)85.75(40.90,134.92)-5.365<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322191184253014265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

术后AKI与非AKI组患者的临床治疗情况比较 [M(Q1,Q3),例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)χ2/ZP
住院总天数/d16.00(13.00,18.00)17.50(12.00,24.25)-1.5680.117
术后监护室天数/d5.00(4.00,6.00)8.00(5.00,11.00)-5.134<0.001
术后死亡数05(5.26)1.0830.298
放弃继续治疗数3(6.98)36(37.89)13.957<0.001
拔管时间/h28.32(21.23,42.43)85.75(40.90,134.92)-5.365<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322191184320123130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)t/χ²/ZP
年龄/岁49.56±11.4753.56±10.931.9610.052
BMI/(kg/m2)24.04±3.8225.20±3.911.6410.105
男性29(67.44)75(78.95)2.1100.146
合并主要脏器疾病7(16.28)29(30.53)3.1160.078
饮酒史21(48.84)56(58.95)1.2270.268
吸烟史26(60.47)58(61.05)0.0040.948
高血压史25(58.14)67(70.53)2.0440.153
糖尿病史3(6.98)3(3.16)1.0380.308
合并心律失常1(2.33)9(9.47)2.2500.134
心脑血管相关手术史3(6.98)2(2.11)1.9730.160
家族史1(2.33)02.2250.136
马方综合征4(9.30)3(3.16)2.3210.128
ASA分级1.8740.171
Ⅳ31(72.09)57(60.00)
Ⅴ12(27.91)38(40.00)
心功能分级2.1220.548
Ⅰ39(90.70)87(91.58)
Ⅱ2(4.65)4(4.21)
Ⅲ2(4.65)2(2.11)
Ⅳ02(2.11)
急诊手术32(74.42)83(87.37)1.2310.267
), ArticleFig(id=1322191184672444667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

术前基线资料情况比较 [x¯±s, 例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)t/χ²/ZP
年龄/岁49.56±11.4753.56±10.931.9610.052
BMI/(kg/m2)24.04±3.8225.20±3.911.6410.105
男性29(67.44)75(78.95)2.1100.146
合并主要脏器疾病7(16.28)29(30.53)3.1160.078
饮酒史21(48.84)56(58.95)1.2270.268
吸烟史26(60.47)58(61.05)0.0040.948
高血压史25(58.14)67(70.53)2.0440.153
糖尿病史3(6.98)3(3.16)1.0380.308
合并心律失常1(2.33)9(9.47)2.2500.134
心脑血管相关手术史3(6.98)2(2.11)1.9730.160
家族史1(2.33)02.2250.136
马方综合征4(9.30)3(3.16)2.3210.128
ASA分级1.8740.171
Ⅳ31(72.09)57(60.00)
Ⅴ12(27.91)38(40.00)
心功能分级2.1220.548
Ⅰ39(90.70)87(91.58)
Ⅱ2(4.65)4(4.21)
Ⅲ2(4.65)2(2.11)
Ⅳ02(2.11)
急诊手术32(74.42)83(87.37)1.2310.267
), ArticleFig(id=1322191184777302268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)POR
肌酐/(μmol/L)69.76(55.40,93.40)92.26(75.71,134.41)<0.0011.025
尿酸/(μmol/L)324.75±106.03399.41±138.500.0031.005
胱抑素C/(mg/L)0.99(0.66,1.21)1.17(0.92,1.51)0.0044.301
尿素/(mmol/L)6.34±1.839.03±13.590.0211.220
白细胞计数/(109/L)11.25±4.7213.20±4.390.0221.105
SIRI9.08(5.20,15.28)7.22(3.91,10.14)0.0231.071
中性粒细胞计数/(109/L)9.29±4.4411.09±4.290.0281.103
静脉K+浓度/(mmol/L)3.74(3.50,4.12)4.00(3.66,4.26)0.0392.265
影像肺部炎症15(34.88)53(55.79)0.0242.356
影像胸腔积液12(27.91)43(45.26)0.0560.468
单核细胞计数/(109/L)0.76±0.370.90±0.440.0652.485
血小板计数/(109/L)155.00(126.00,230.00)161.57±64.010.0920.996
MELD评分8.59±3.369.84±4.180.0911.098
), ArticleFig(id=1322191185125429501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

术前指标Logistic单因素分析 [M(Q1,Q3),x¯±s,例(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)POR
肌酐/(μmol/L)69.76(55.40,93.40)92.26(75.71,134.41)<0.0011.025
尿酸/(μmol/L)324.75±106.03399.41±138.500.0031.005
胱抑素C/(mg/L)0.99(0.66,1.21)1.17(0.92,1.51)0.0044.301
尿素/(mmol/L)6.34±1.839.03±13.590.0211.220
白细胞计数/(109/L)11.25±4.7213.20±4.390.0221.105
SIRI9.08(5.20,15.28)7.22(3.91,10.14)0.0231.071
中性粒细胞计数/(109/L)9.29±4.4411.09±4.290.0281.103
静脉K+浓度/(mmol/L)3.74(3.50,4.12)4.00(3.66,4.26)0.0392.265
影像肺部炎症15(34.88)53(55.79)0.0242.356
影像胸腔积液12(27.91)43(45.26)0.0560.468
单核细胞计数/(109/L)0.76±0.370.90±0.440.0652.485
血小板计数/(109/L)155.00(126.00,230.00)161.57±64.010.0920.996
MELD评分8.59±3.369.84±4.180.0911.098
), ArticleFig(id=1322191186769596670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)POR
麻醉时长/min474.00(414.00,535.00)510(454.00,610.00)0.0011.007
手术时长/min412.00(350.00,441.00)435(395.00,535.00)0.0031.007
停循环时长/min37.16±17.9643.46±13.820.0291.030
CVP最高值/mmHg12.00(10.00,15.00)16.00(12.00,19.00)0.0011.169
总出量/mL5 300.00(4 600.00,6 500.00)6 500.00(5 350.00,8 000.00)0.0031.000
总入量/mL5 542.00(4 784.00,6 272.00)6 521.00(5 670.00,7 850.00)0.0011.000
滤液/mL2 139.67±858.382 536.18±1 163.70.0401.000
尿量/[mL/(kg•h)]3.69(2.95,4.87)2.36(1.33,3.80)<0.0010.509
失血量/mL600.00(500.00,900.00)800(600.00,1 200.00)0.0061.001
晶体液/mL300.00(200.00,550.00)500.00(260.00,850.00)0.0131.002
灌注液/mL1 994.00(1 794.00,2 342.00)2 317.00(1 902.00,2 671.50)0.0131.001
血浆/mL600.00(547.50,800.00)800.00(600.00,1 332.50)0.0051.001
冷沉淀/mL200.00(200.00,400.00)400.00(200.00,400.00)0.0181.003
磷酸肌酸剂量/g6.00(5.50,6.00)6.00(6.00,8.00)0.0341.192
鱼精蛋白剂量/mg380.00(348.00,405.00)389.00(365.00,458.00)0.0101.007
去甲肾上腺/mg4.00(2.00,12.00)10.00(4.00,16.00)0.0061.076
肾上腺素剂/mg2.00(1.01,2.03)4.00(2.00,6.00)0.0021.361
主动脉瓣相关处理19(44.19)24(25.26)0.0282.342
红细胞/mL800.00(600,800)900.00(740.00,1 400.00)0.0541.001
体外循环转流时长/min210.00(179.00,256.00)230.00(194.00,257.00)0.1941.004
), ArticleFig(id=1322191186849288447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

术中指标Logistic单因素分析 [M(Q1,Q3),x¯±s,例(%)]

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指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)POR
麻醉时长/min474.00(414.00,535.00)510(454.00,610.00)0.0011.007
手术时长/min412.00(350.00,441.00)435(395.00,535.00)0.0031.007
停循环时长/min37.16±17.9643.46±13.820.0291.030
CVP最高值/mmHg12.00(10.00,15.00)16.00(12.00,19.00)0.0011.169
总出量/mL5 300.00(4 600.00,6 500.00)6 500.00(5 350.00,8 000.00)0.0031.000
总入量/mL5 542.00(4 784.00,6 272.00)6 521.00(5 670.00,7 850.00)0.0011.000
滤液/mL2 139.67±858.382 536.18±1 163.70.0401.000
尿量/[mL/(kg•h)]3.69(2.95,4.87)2.36(1.33,3.80)<0.0010.509
失血量/mL600.00(500.00,900.00)800(600.00,1 200.00)0.0061.001
晶体液/mL300.00(200.00,550.00)500.00(260.00,850.00)0.0131.002
灌注液/mL1 994.00(1 794.00,2 342.00)2 317.00(1 902.00,2 671.50)0.0131.001
血浆/mL600.00(547.50,800.00)800.00(600.00,1 332.50)0.0051.001
冷沉淀/mL200.00(200.00,400.00)400.00(200.00,400.00)0.0181.003
磷酸肌酸剂量/g6.00(5.50,6.00)6.00(6.00,8.00)0.0341.192
鱼精蛋白剂量/mg380.00(348.00,405.00)389.00(365.00,458.00)0.0101.007
去甲肾上腺/mg4.00(2.00,12.00)10.00(4.00,16.00)0.0061.076
肾上腺素剂/mg2.00(1.01,2.03)4.00(2.00,6.00)0.0021.361
主动脉瓣相关处理19(44.19)24(25.26)0.0282.342
红细胞/mL800.00(600,800)900.00(740.00,1 400.00)0.0541.001
体外循环转流时长/min210.00(179.00,256.00)230.00(194.00,257.00)0.1941.004
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指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)P值OR值
肌酐/(μmol/L)72.54(61.71,90.23)119.00(84.73,176.85)<0.0011.040
球蛋白/(g/L)24.61±3.3221.45±3.26<0.0010.737
尿素/(mmol/L)7.49±2.1210.12(7.81,12.95)<0.0011.505
尿酸/(μmol/L)272.2(216.10,324.10)340.(268.1,488.4)<0.0011.008
MELD评分8.59±2.1612.78±6.29<0.0011.266
单核细胞计数/(109/L)0.61(0.40,0.86)0.85(0.49,1.14)0.0232.858
血小板计数/(109/L)95.5(76.75,129.75)72(48.25,105.25)0.0030.987
SIRI11.63(6.93,15.72)15.08(8.08,29.14)0.0281.033
MLR1.31(0.78,1.95)1.49(0.82,2.54)0.0471.380
总蛋白/(g/L)52.23±8.0248.17±5.440.0090.920
PT-INR0.96(0.92,1.17)1.09(1.02,1.23)0.02273.544
白/球蛋白比值1.16(1.08,1.28)1.24(1.04,1.44)0.0237.12
手术前后球蛋白差/(g/L)5.00(2.33,6.12)6.65(3.63,9.38)0.0421.134
CVP最低值/mmHg6.00(4.00,7.00)7.00(5.00,9.00)0.0471.208
), ArticleFig(id=1322191187012866307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

术后指标Logistic单因素分析 [M(Q1,Q3),x¯±s]

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指标非AKI组(n=43)AKI组(n=95)P值OR值
肌酐/(μmol/L)72.54(61.71,90.23)119.00(84.73,176.85)<0.0011.040
球蛋白/(g/L)24.61±3.3221.45±3.26<0.0010.737
尿素/(mmol/L)7.49±2.1210.12(7.81,12.95)<0.0011.505
尿酸/(μmol/L)272.2(216.10,324.10)340.(268.1,488.4)<0.0011.008
MELD评分8.59±2.1612.78±6.29<0.0011.266
单核细胞计数/(109/L)0.61(0.40,0.86)0.85(0.49,1.14)0.0232.858
血小板计数/(109/L)95.5(76.75,129.75)72(48.25,105.25)0.0030.987
SIRI11.63(6.93,15.72)15.08(8.08,29.14)0.0281.033
MLR1.31(0.78,1.95)1.49(0.82,2.54)0.0471.380
总蛋白/(g/L)52.23±8.0248.17±5.440.0090.920
PT-INR0.96(0.92,1.17)1.09(1.02,1.23)0.02273.544
白/球蛋白比值1.16(1.08,1.28)1.24(1.04,1.44)0.0237.12
手术前后球蛋白差/(g/L)5.00(2.33,6.12)6.65(3.63,9.38)0.0421.134
CVP最低值/mmHg6.00(4.00,7.00)7.00(5.00,9.00)0.0471.208
), ArticleFig(id=1322191187184832772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标tPVIF
术后第1天SIRI0.0960.92436.655
术后第1天MLR0.2320.81725.955
术前白细胞0.7830.43644.593
术前中性粒细胞-0.7420.46139.561
麻醉时长-0.6300.53119.165
手术时长0.3280.74416.604
术后第1天SII0.5760.56720.603
术后第1天NLR-0.1780.86028.912
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共线性诊断阳性结果

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指标tPVIF
术后第1天SIRI0.0960.92436.655
术后第1天MLR0.2320.81725.955
术前白细胞0.7830.43644.593
术前中性粒细胞-0.7420.46139.561
麻醉时长-0.6300.53119.165
手术时长0.3280.74416.604
术后第1天SII0.5760.56720.603
术后第1天NLR-0.1780.86028.912
), ArticleFig(id=1322191187360993542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标术前肌酐
/(μmol/L)
总蛋白术后
第1天/(g/L)
术前SIRI术后第1天单核
细胞计数/(109/L)
冷沉淀/mL灌注液/mL晶体液/mL停循环时长/mL
相关性0.356-0.2020.2050.2150.2170.2270.2330.235
P值<0.0010.0170.0160.0110.0110.0070.0060.005
指标手术时长/min术中血浆
用量/mL
去甲肾上腺
素剂量/mg
术前尿素
/(mmol/L)
术中尿量
/[mL(kg•h)]
术后第1天尿酸
/(μmol/L)
术后第1天球
蛋白/(g/L)
术后第1天
MELD评分
相关性0.2460.2530.2560.281-0.3390.355-0.4060.416
P值0.0040.0030.0020.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322191187625234696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

术后AKI相关性分析

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指标术前肌酐
/(μmol/L)
总蛋白术后
第1天/(g/L)
术前SIRI术后第1天单核
细胞计数/(109/L)
冷沉淀/mL灌注液/mL晶体液/mL停循环时长/mL
相关性0.356-0.2020.2050.2150.2170.2270.2330.235
P值<0.0010.0170.0160.0110.0110.0070.0060.005
指标手术时长/min术中血浆
用量/mL
去甲肾上腺
素剂量/mg
术前尿素
/(mmol/L)
术中尿量
/[mL(kg•h)]
术后第1天尿酸
/(μmol/L)
术后第1天球
蛋白/(g/L)
术后第1天
MELD评分
相关性0.2460.2530.2560.281-0.3390.355-0.4060.416
P值0.0040.0030.0020.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322191187696537865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标回归系数标准误Wald值OR(95CI)P
术中尿量-0.3030.1484.1960.739(0.553~0.987)0.041
术前肌酐0.0190.0076.1001.019(1.004~1.034)0.014
术后第1天球蛋白-0.2470.0829.0570.781(0.665~0.917)0.003
术后第1天尿酸0.0050.0023.7491.005(1.000~1.009)0.053
术后第1天单核细胞1.2590.6264.0463.521(1.033~12.004)0.044
常数3.5102.1172.75033.4550.097
), ArticleFig(id=1322191188032082186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

多因素Logistic回归分析结果

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指标回归系数标准误Wald值OR(95CI)P
术中尿量-0.3030.1484.1960.739(0.553~0.987)0.041
术前肌酐0.0190.0076.1001.019(1.004~1.034)0.014
术后第1天球蛋白-0.2470.0829.0570.781(0.665~0.917)0.003
术后第1天尿酸0.0050.0023.7491.005(1.000~1.009)0.053
术后第1天单核细胞1.2590.6264.0463.521(1.033~12.004)0.044
常数3.5102.1172.75033.4550.097
), ArticleFig(id=1322191188115968267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标面积标准误P值95%CI
联合预测值0.8660.032<0.0010.803~0.930
术后第1天单核细胞计数0.6340.0500.0120.536~0.732
术前肌酐0.7220.046<0.0010.633~0.812
术后第1天球蛋白0.2470.045<0.0010.159~0.335
尿量0.2890.045<0.0010.201~0.377
术后第1天尿酸0.7200.044<0.0010.633~0.806
), ArticleFig(id=1322191188564758796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322191175503696079, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

ROC曲线下面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标面积标准误P值95%CI
联合预测值0.8660.032<0.0010.803~0.930
术后第1天单核细胞计数0.6340.0500.0120.536~0.732
术前肌酐0.7220.046<0.0010.633~0.812
术后第1天球蛋白0.2470.045<0.0010.159~0.335
尿量0.2890.045<0.0010.201~0.377
术后第1天尿酸0.7200.044<0.0010.633~0.806
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Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾功能损伤的发生情况及其危险因素分析
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徐小 , 李小东 , 文静 , 甯交琳
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(14): 1642-1651
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (14) : 1642 -1651
Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾功能损伤的发生情况及其危险因素分析
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徐小, 李小东, 文静, 甯交琳
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆
通讯作者:
甯交琳,E-mail:
NING Jiaolin,E-mail:
Incidence and risk factors of acute renal injury after Stanford type A aortic dissections
Xiao XU, Xiaodong LI, Jing WEN, Jiaolin NING
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Anesthesiology,First Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-07-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504009
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目的

探索Stanford A型主动脉夹层(type A aortic dissection,TAAD)手术患者术后急性肾功能损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的发生情况,分析其危险因素并建立相关预测模型。

方法

本研究为回顾性病例对照研究,纳入2016年1月至2024年6月接受TAAD手术治疗的138例患者的临床资料,依据改善全球肾脏病预后组织定义诊断术后1周内AKI,分为AKI组(n=95)和非AKI组(n=43)。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析围术期危险因素,并构建列线图进行预测和分析受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估预测效能。

结果

TAAD患者术后AKI发生率为68.84%,其中3期AKI为51.58%(49例),38.95%(37例)需持续肾脏替代治疗;术后AKI组监护室天数、拔管时间及放弃继续治疗率显著高于非AKI组(P<0.001)。多因素分析表明,术后第1天单核细胞计数(OR=3.521)、术前肌酐(OR=1.019)是AKI的独立危险因素,术后尿酸水平(OR=1.005)与其相关,而术中尿量(OR=0.739)和术后第1天球蛋白水平(OR=0.781)为保护性因素;基于上述危险因素构建AKI风险预测模型,ROC曲线下面积为0.866,敏感性为0.811,特异性为0.791。

结论

通过优化TAAD患者术中尿量、调控术后炎症反应、加强营养支持可减少术后AKI的发生。AKI风险预测模型对临床早期识别TAAD术后AKI的高危患者具有一定意义。

Stanford A型主动脉夹层  /  急性肾功能损伤  /  危险因素  /  预测模型
Objective‍

To explore the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD) after surgical treatment, analyze the risk factors, and construct a prediction model.

Methods‍

A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 138 TAAD patients undergoing surgical treatment in our hospital from January 2016 to June 2024. After Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria was performed within 1 week after surgery, they were divided into AKI (n=95) and non-AKI (n=43) groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the perioperative risk factors. Then a nomogram model were constructed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to analyze its predictive efficacy.

Results‍

The incidence of postoperative AKI was 68.84% (95 cases) in the TAAD patients, including 51.58% (49 cases) of stage 3 AKI and 38.95% (37 cases) requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. The length of ICU stay, time to extubation, and abandonment of treatment were significantly higher in the AKI group than the non-AKI group (P<0.001). Multifactorial analysis showed that the monocyte count on postoperative day 1 (OR=3.521) and preoperative creatinine level (OR=1.019) were independent risk factors for AKI, postoperative uric acid level (OR=1.005) was correlated with AKI, and intraoperative urine volume (OR=0.739) and globulin level at 1 d postoperatively (OR=0.781) were protective factors. The area under the ROC curve of the constructed model was 0.866, with a sensitivity of 0.811 and a specificity of 0.791.

Conclusion‍

Postoperative AKI occurrence can be reduced in TAAD patients by optimizing the intraoperative urine output, modulating the postoperative inflammatory response, and strengthening nutritional support. Our prediction model for AKI risk is of significance for early clinical identification of high-risk patients in TAAD patients after surgical treatment.

Stanford type A aortic dissection  /  acute kidney injury  /  risk factors  /  prediction model
徐小, 李小东, 文静, 甯交琳. Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾功能损伤的发生情况及其危险因素分析. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (14) : 1642 -1651 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504009
Xiao XU, Xiaodong LI, Jing WEN, Jiaolin NING. Incidence and risk factors of acute renal injury after Stanford type A aortic dissections[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (14) : 1642 -1651 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504009
主动脉夹层是指主动脉内膜撕裂导致血液通过内膜破口流入主动脉壁各层之间形成夹层血肿从而迫使主动脉壁各层分开,如累及升主动脉则称为Stanford A型主动脉夹层[1]。一项研究显示,中国城市主动脉夹层的发病率为2.78/10.00万人年,平均年龄为58.8岁,男性发病率明显高于女性[2]。Stanford A型主动脉夹层(type A aortic dissection,TAAD)病程进一步发展可导致主动脉破裂、心脏填塞、主动脉瓣关闭不全和心脑等重要器官灌注不良等致命性并发症。研究显示未经手术治疗的急性TAAD发病24 h内病死率每小时增加1%~2%,发病1周病死率超过70%,30 d病死率为74.5%[3]。因此一旦诊断,应尽快接受手术治疗以挽救TAAD患者[4]。
尽管TAAD手术技术已日趋成熟,但根据急性主动脉夹层国际登记研究,院内死亡率仍高达27%[5]。术后早期发生相关并发症的发生率高达58.3%[5],其中急性肾功能损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)发生率为10.5%~68.1%[6],与TAAD手术患者的不良预后密切相关。近年国内外研究主要关注于TAAD患者的临床病理特征、外科因素与手术近期和远期结局的关系,对于麻醉管理策略与AKI发生的研究较少。因此,本研究以陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科TAAD手术患者为研究对象,研究TAAD患者术后AKI的发生情况及其相关危险因素,为优化围术期管理策略、减少AKI发生、改善TAAD患者手术预后提供依据。
本研究为回顾性病例对照研究。样本根据纳入标准初步纳入2016年1月1日至2024年6月19日在陆军军医大学第一附属医院麻醉科进行手术治疗的TAAD患者159例。纳入标准:①Stanford A型主动脉夹层均经胸腹主动脉CT血管造影、超声确诊或手术确诊者;②发病15 d内入院并接受手术的患者;③年龄18~75岁。排除标准:①术中或术后24 h内死亡患者;②术前患者器官功能严重衰竭(如脑血管意外、严重肺部感染、心力衰竭、肝功能衰竭、脓毒症、肾衰竭等);③器官移植术后1年内或术前6个月内有心脑血管手术史者;④恶性肿瘤晚期;⑤病历资料缺失度>20%者。本研究的主要终点事件为急性 TAAD患者行手术后7 d内出现的急性肾功能损伤。依照排除标准排除:术中死亡4例、术前3个月内心脑血管手术史5例、病历资料缺失度>20%者12例,最终进入研究为138例。本研究经陆军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批同意[(B)KY2024241]。
有研究表明术前单核细胞-淋巴细胞比是TAAD术后发生AKI的独立危险因素,并表现较好的预测效果[7]。重点探索术后早期炎症反应指标(术后首次单核细胞数)是否为TAAD术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。根据前期预实验结果,其中术后1周内AKI发生率为68%,术后首次单核细胞数相对于其他协变量的决定系数(R2)为0.51,比值比(OR)为2.301,使用PASS 15.0软件进行样本量计算,设定双侧检验、α=0.05、检验效能1-β=0.8,则样本量N=109,N’=137(样本缺失率为20%时),故本研究样本量符合要求。
所有手术采取胸骨正中切口进行,探查后行动脉插管及右心房插管建立体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB),阻断升主动脉后开始逐步降温,实施主动脉根部或升主动脉置换,当鼻咽温度达26 ℃左右时停下半身循环,通过腋动脉实施顺行性脑灌注,流量5~10 mL/(kg·min);然后行主动脉弓切开将象鼻支架植入降主动脉真腔内,进行支架近端缝合缘与四分支人工血管远端吻合;待吻合完毕后通过四分支人工血管的灌注分支恢复下半身循环;主动脉弓分支血管采取原位开窗或端端吻合开通,进行左侧颈总动脉重建恢复脑灌注,重建升主动脉、无名动脉和左锁骨下动脉;心脏复跳后按计划撤离体外循环,手术完成。
AKI诊断依据改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)推荐指南定义[8]为:①在48 h内血清肌酐上升超过26.5 μmol/L;②已知或假定肾功能损害发生在7 d内,血清肌酐上升至基础值的1.5倍以上;③尿量<0.5 mL/(kg·h),持续6 h以上。满足以上任一条标准即可诊断AKI。
①基线资料:年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟史、高血压史、糖尿病史、合并心律失常与否、心脑血管相关手术史、马方综合征史、其他主要器官疾病史、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of AnesheSiologist,ASA)分级、心功能分级、是否急诊手术等;②术前指标:肝肾功能、凝血功能、血常规分类计数、血清离子、胸部及血管影像资料、术前用药情况等;③术中指标:手术信息(手术时长、麻醉时长、手术术式、主动脉弓处理情况、心脏复跳方式等)、体外循环相关信息(体外循环时间、主动脉/心肌阻断时长、停循环时长、脑灌注情况、转流温度、灌注液量、滤液量等)、输血情况、出入量情况、麻醉及治疗药物剂量、特殊情况处理等;④术后指标:肝肾功能、凝血功能、血常规、血清离子、电解质、术后影像学结果、术后7 d内尿量、引流量、输血量、拔管时间、特殊治疗情况、监护室天数、住院天数等。
采用SPSS 26.0软件及R语言(4.2.2版本)进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料采用M(Q1,Q3)表示,采用非参数秩和检验;分类变量采用例(%)表示,采用卡方检验或Fisher精确检验。以方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor,VIF)>10诊断自变量间存在共线性,将有统计学意义的基线变量、单因素Logistic回归有统计学意义的指标和相关性分析>0.2的自变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析;根据多因素Logistic回归结果使用构建AKI风险预测模型、绘制列线图,并采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估预测准确率。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
所有研究对象年龄(52.31±11.21)岁,男性104例、女性34例;并按术后是否发生AKI分为2组:AKI组(95例)和非AKI组(43例),AKI组患者年龄(53.56±10.93)岁,男性75例(78.95%),体外循环转流时长230 (194,257)min,深低温停循环时长(43.46±13.82)min。
本中心TAAD手术患者术后1周的AKI发生率为68.84%(95/138),97.89%AKI患者在72 h内可诊断,其中3期AKI患者占51.58%,37例(38.95%)AKI患者使用持续肾透析治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)。5例死亡患者均为AKI组,其中4例接受过CRRT。与非AKI组比较,AKI组患者术后监护室天数、放弃继续治疗率、平均拔管时间增高(P<0.001,表1)。
比较非AKI组与AKI组中基线资料,结果显示2组间年龄、身高、BMI、性别、合并主要脏器疾病、饮酒史、吸烟史、高血压史、糖尿病史、合并心律失常、心脑血管相关手术史、家族史、马方综合征、ASA分级、心功能分级、是否急诊手术的差异无统计学意义(表2)。
单因素回归提示术前肌酐、尿酸、尿素、胱抑素C、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、影像肺部炎症、静脉K+浓度、全身炎症反应指数(systemic inflammatory response index,SIRI),术中麻醉时长、手术时长、停循环时长、CVP最高值、总出量、总入量、滤液量、尿量、失血量、晶体液、灌注液量、血浆使用量、冷沉淀使用量、磷酸肌酸剂量、鱼精蛋白剂量、去甲肾上腺素剂量、肾上腺素剂量、主动脉瓣相关处理情况等,术后第1天肌酐、球蛋白、尿素、尿酸、终末肝病模型(models of end-stage liver disease,MELD)评分[9]、单核细胞计数、血小板计数、SIRI、单核细胞淋巴细胞比率(monocyte lymphocyte ratio,MLR)、总蛋白、国际标准化指数(prothrombin time-international standardization index,PT-INR)、白/球蛋白比值、CVP最低值及手术前后球蛋白差值等共计41项变量存在统计学差异(P<0.05,表3~5),可能为AKI发生的独立危险因素。其中术中尿量、术后第1天球蛋白、总蛋白及血小板计数OR<1,提示可能为保护性因素,其他变量可能为危险性因素。
由于TAAD发病率低、病死率高、及时手术率低,本研究样本量相对少,故先对上述单因素分析具有统计学差异的41项变量进行共线性分析,结果提示术前中性粒细胞、麻醉时长及术后第1天SIRI、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)与其他相应四项变量共线性明显(VIF>10,表6),临床意义上可能重合,剔除变量。将剩余指标与术后是否发生AKI进行相关性分析,采用斯皮尔曼法,将相关性绝对值>0.2的变量(表7)及已有研究证实的危险因素如体外循环转流时长、洗涤法自体血用量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析(表8),采用向前逐步回归法,结果显示术后第1天单核细胞计数及尿酸、术前肌酐为危险因素;术后第1天球蛋白、术中尿量为保护因素。
根据多因素Logistic回归分析结果,以β值作为危险因素的权重构建TAAD术后AKI风险预测模型,公式为log(TAAD术后AKI风险预测模型)=3.510-0.303×术中尿量+0.019×术前肌酐-0.247×术后第1天球蛋白+0.005×术后第1天尿酸+1.259×术后第1天单核细胞计数;术后AKI发生概率P=e×log(TAAD术后AKI风险预测模型)/[1+e(TAAD术后AKI风险预测模型)]。基于最终多因素Logistic回归分析结果,构建了包含预测TAAD手术患者AKI的5个基本危险因素的列线图。可根据单个危险因素值对应在刻度轴上获得相应分数,并用单项分数计算总分,最后将总分数投影到总分轴中,即可得到TAAD手术患者术后发生AKI的概率(图1)。对模型进行ROC曲线分析综合预测值AUC=0.866,敏感性=0.811,特异性=0.791时约登指数最大,为0.602,表明模型效果良好(表9)。
本中心TAAD患者术后早期AKI发生率为68.84%,同最新荟萃分析结果类似[10]。目前研究提示TAAD患者术后AKI患者的院内或30 d病死率为7.8%~15.9%[11],与本中心的最终术后病死率3.62%(5/138)差异较大。从院内短期结局看,AKI患者术后监护时间、拔管时间、放弃治疗率增加,提示TAAD患者出现术后AKI与不良预后相关。有研究表明使用CRRT的AKI组病死率为46.9%,显著高于未使用CRRT的AKI组病死率12.2%及无AKI组的1.3%[12]。我中心TAAD的CRRT-AKI病死率为10.8%(4/37),因此探索TAAD患者的独立危险因素,对于优化围术期麻醉管理策略、减少AKI发生、实现早期干预及改善预后具有重要意义。
组织中巨噬细胞来源于血液中的单核细胞,也被称为单核/巨噬细胞,除了吞噬作用外,还产生促炎趋化细胞因子,募集其他白细胞到相关组织以调整炎症细胞活性。在疾病发生机制研究中LI等[13]通过靶向耗竭模型小鼠中单核细胞/巨噬细胞显著抑制了主动脉夹层的发生及向模型小鼠输注单核细胞后可增加小鼠主动脉破裂发病率,证明单核细胞/巨噬细胞是导致主动脉夹层发生的重要因素。TAAD患者由于疾病和手术刺激启动其术后修复期全身炎症反应,引起免疫系统稳态调节失衡,涉及许多细胞及细胞因子,包括促红细胞生成素、糖蛋白非转移性黑色素瘤蛋白B、视黄酸、集落刺激因子-1、肌红蛋白、树突状细胞、中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞,大部分种类免疫细胞引起炎症反应导致肾血管失调及直接损伤肾小管、肾小球[14]。巨噬细胞在AKI中的多方面作用主要由 PI3K、NF-κ B、JAK/STAT、MAPK 、RA等信号通路介导[15]。
根据单核/巨噬细胞在炎症反应中的作用位置,LEE等[16]和HUEN等[17]先后设计实验通过在大鼠缺血再灌注模型中巨噬细胞的全身耗竭显著调节炎症反应减轻了肾损伤,并且证实巨噬细胞在肾损伤和修复过程中表现出促炎和修复两种表型。在AKI的不同阶段涉及不同的巨噬细胞亚型变化:①不同原因损伤激活的M1型巨噬细胞被募集到炎症活动组织中,并在AKI的初始阶段加剧炎症;②在AKI的自然消退阶段,选择性激活的M2型巨噬细胞在受伤组织中开始占据主导地位,并介导免疫抑制和组织再生;③单核/巨噬细胞可使术后早期AKI向慢性肾病的过渡[18]。现有动物实验表明AKI 中的全部或部分巨噬细胞耗竭可能有益于肾脏损伤修复[19],但对人体应用仍缺乏共识性证据。因此,可以利用单核细胞在术后的变化来预测AKI风险,甚至在未来可通过靶向细胞治疗来改善AKI转归。
尽管术后AKI组的术中尿量为2.36(1.33,3.80) mL/(kg·h),远高于目前指南要求不低于0.5 mL/(kg·h),这与其他研究术中尿量结果一致[20-21]。尿液是调节机体内水和电解质的平衡以及清除代谢废物的载体,尿量的多少主要取决于肾小球的滤过率、肾小管的重吸收和稀释与浓缩功能[22]。一般手术中,肾血管内血流减少或持续的全身低灌注可能导致肾灌注减少及滤过负荷降低,并可能导致术后肾功能损害和其他不良后果[23]。在心脏手术中,特殊的生理状态使肾功能调节复杂化,一方面,CPB引起的血液稀释和渗透压变化导致的抗利尿激素抑制、低温效应及临床干预可使术中尿量增加;另一方面体外循环期间的非搏动血流、全身炎症和游离血红蛋白的释放可能诱发微循环功能障碍和内皮功能障碍[24]及伴发的毛细血管渗漏和肾小球滤过率受损,使尿量减少。虽然目前心脏手术缺少术中少尿阈值的共识标准,但越来越多研究认为术中尿量对临床识别AKI高危风险具有重要意义。韩国一项研究[25]显示 CPB 期间尿量4 mL/(kg•h)作为心脏手术少尿区分的阈值是有意义的,也有研究[26]认为CPB期间尿量3.70 mL/(kg·h)对于术后AKI具有重要预测价值,其单独预测敏感性达71.43%,但这些研究结果仍是孤立的回顾性研究,需要进行样本量较大的多中心随机病例对照或前瞻研究进一步证明。
血浆球蛋白是非白蛋白血清蛋白的主要成分,主要在肝外合成,包括含量较多的免疫球蛋白和补体、多种糖蛋白等,在体内发挥免疫作用[27]。人血浆内球蛋白种类繁多,每一种在不同部位及免疫反应的不同阶段含量也不同,对于AKI这一过程球蛋白的效用可分为三类:①启动或促进炎症反应。由于缺血损伤组织暴露出某些自身抗原如膜连接蛋白Ⅳ、磷脂、DNA和组蛋白,从而使某些致病性天然抗体和自身抗体与缺血组织细胞结合并激活补体系统,进而产生组织损伤[28]。RENNER等[29]发现小鼠通过B1细胞分泌的IgM作用于加重肾缺血损伤。②减轻炎症反应。一项关于脓毒症研究显示广泛损伤时大量的游离细胞外G-肌动蛋白会影响DNase-1介导的游离DNA清除,引起血浆中具有细胞毒性的游离DNA水平持续升高,导致多器官功能障碍综合征[30]。也有研究认为Gc-球蛋白(肌动蛋白结合蛋白)可通过结合过量的肌动蛋白形成复合物被排泄发挥保护性作用[31],并在AKI预测诊断中具有重要价值[32]。③被排泄。此类球蛋白多属于小分子,生理状态下很容易被肾小球过滤并被近端肾小管细胞重吸收或分解代谢,但在AKI发生时,肾小管重吸收减少,导致球蛋白被排泄,比如α1-微球蛋白[33]、β2-微球蛋白[34]等。有研究显示血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体激动性自身抗体阳性的TAAD患者可能具有更高的死亡风险[35]。
关于球蛋白与TAAD患者手术后并发症的专门研究不多,刘璐等[36]研究按照TAAD术后第1天球蛋白随机分组,实验组给予个体化营养支持,结果显示TAAD患者术后的球蛋白水平与炎症反应水平负相关。与单纯局部感染相比,脓毒症会导致全系统释放细胞因子、介质和病原体相关分子产生细胞因子风暴;从炎症反应失调角度看,脓毒症与TAAD术中及术后早期病理生理过程具有较高的相似性,二者都是应激(感染、夹层与手术)刺激引起的促炎和抗炎反应上调,导致炎症和进行性组织损伤,最终导致多器官功能障碍。周挺等[37]研究显示,给予脓毒症患者丙种球蛋白后患者炎症反应水平下降。由此可见术后球蛋白水平与炎症反应调控有关,即术后球蛋白水平与术后AKI有关。目前使用静脉丙球蛋白作为脓毒症的支持性治疗是有争议的,但这也在血浆置换技术外,提供了一个临床预防或治疗TAAD患者术后过度炎症反应引起AKI的新思路。
术前血肌酐是TAAD患者术后AKI的危险因素,这与其他研究类似[38-39]。主动脉夹层导致术前肾功能受损常见原因有:夹层累及肾动脉,可能因假腔压迫导致肾灌注不良[40-41]、肾缺血。尽管两组术前血肌酐中位数均在正常参考范围内,但组间差异不能忽视,且研究中AKI组胱抑素C中位数值已明显超过正常参考范围1.03 mg/L,而胱抑素C已被证明是不同人群中肾功能的可靠和准确的标志物[42],说明AKI组患者术前就存在一定程度肾功能损伤,肾储备功能不足;这为早期识别提供了一定参考。
由于回顾性、观察性研究本身的限制,一般研究结果应被视为假设推断,尤其是关于球蛋白与TAAD术后AKI间的研究、补充球蛋白预防治疗TAAD术后或脓毒症引起AKI的文献报道少,缺乏相似研究辅助佐证,需开展更为严密的队列研究或前瞻性研究探索,故术中尿量和术后第1天球蛋白水平、单核细胞计数、尿酸及术前血肌酐与TAAD术后AKI之间的因果关系不能明确确定。其次,与任何观察性研究一样,尽管我们的分析中包括许多变量,但不能排除其他隐藏或未知因素对观察到的关系的影响。再次,本研究由于病例来源年份跨度较大,肝肾功能、凝血、血常规等的标本来源多在术前3 d至术前2 h,标准统一性有差距;术后第1天单核细胞计数大多是术后2 h内采集标本,剩下部分大多在术后10~12 h,存在不同病理生理状态及昼夜节律干扰可能。最后,本研究为单中心研究,且样本量相对小,无法分割开进行训练建模及验证,目前缺乏外部可靠数据进行验证,待后续研究进一步予以完善。因此在将这些结果推广到具有不同中心的患者时,建议谨慎参考。
综上所述,本研究发现术后第1天单核细胞计数与术前血肌酐是TAAD术后AKI的独立危险因素,术后尿酸可能参与术后AKI的发展,术中尿量和术后第1天球蛋白水平对术后AKI具有保护性作用,构建的AKI风险预测模型提高了TAAD 患者的术后AKI预测能力;其次本研究也提供了一些改善术后早期结局的临床思路,即通过改善术中尿量预防术后AKI发生,尽早干预补充球蛋白预防及治疗术后AKI。

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2025年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202504009
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
  • 修回日期:2025-06-24
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院麻醉科,重庆

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