Article(id=1322954442869449121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322954407050092740, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742918400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-26, revisedDate=1754928000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793346518484, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1760457600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793346518484, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793346518484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793346518484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322954407050092740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='19', pageStart='2289', pageEnd='2444', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760457600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793346509945, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793346509945, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2365, endPage=2373, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322954443053998498, articleId=1322954442869449121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Erianin inhibits proliferation of activated T cells by downregulating CyclinB1, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the inhibitory effect of erianin on T cell proliferation and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated using density gradient centrifugation, and T cells were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) with immunomagnetic beads, followed by being activated with anti-human CD3 antibodies and anti-human CD28 antibodies. The activated T cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and the effects of erianin (0.05~0.20 μmol/L) on the proliferation, apoptosis, expression of activation marker cluster of differentiation 25 (CD25), cell cycle distribution of activated T cells, as well as the survival rate of resting T cells were assessed using flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to determine the secretion levels of IL-2 and IL-17 in the culture supernatant of erianin-treated activated T cells. Western blotting was employed to examine the impact of erianin on the protein expression of cell division cycle protein 2 (CDC2), phosphorylated CDC2 (p-CDC2), and Cyclin B1. The differences were observed between the erianin-treated group and the positive control group (activation with CD3/CD28 antibodies).

Results

CFSE proliferation assay demonstrated that the proliferative rate of activated T cells was in a concentration-dependent decline after 0.05~0.20 μmol/L erianin treatment (P<0.0001), with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.09±0.10 μmol/L. No significant differences were observed in apoptotic rates or survival rates among the erianin-treated groups (activated and resting T cells) and the positive control cells. Analysis of T cell activation markers revealed that erianin had no impact on CD25 expression or IL-2 secretion. However, ELISA results indicated erianin exerted a significant suppression on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 (P<0.0001). Cell cycle analysis showed that erianin arrested activated T cells at the G2/M phase (P<0.05). Further mechanistic investigations demonstrated that while erianin did not alter CDC2 phosphorylation or total CDC2 expression, but it markedly down-regulated CyclinB1 expression (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Erianin exhibits potent immunomodulatory activity by suppressing activated T cell proliferation through down-regulating Cyclin B1.

, authors=Lin JING1, Ting ZHANG2, Xinyan LUO2, Yang LIU2, Yi LAI3, authorsList=Lin JING, Ting ZHANG, Xinyan LUO, Yang LIU, Yi LAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang LIU, Yi LAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322954446359110062, articleId=1322954442869449121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=毛兰素通过下调CyclinB1蛋白表达抑制活化T细胞增殖, columnId=1320434418343329969, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=论著·基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

毛兰素抑制活化T细胞增殖及其作用机制探究。

方法

利用密度梯度离心法分离人外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),采用人T细胞MACS磁珠阴性分选试剂盒纯化T细胞,抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激活化T细胞。采用羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester,CFSE)标记活化T细胞,通过流式细胞术检测毛兰素对活化T细胞增殖、凋亡、活化标志物CD25表达、细胞周期分布以及静息T细胞存活率的影响。采用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)定量分析毛兰素处理后的活化T细胞培养上清中IL-2和IL-17的分泌水平。Western blot分析毛兰素对细胞分裂周期蛋白2(cell division cycle protein 2,CDC2)、P-CDC2、以及CyclinB1蛋白表达的影响。观察并分析毛兰素处理组(0.05~0.20 μmol/L)与阳性对照组(纯化后仅用抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激的T细胞)的显著性差异结果。

结果

CFSE增殖结果表明毛兰素处理组(0.05~0.20 μmol/L)的活化T细胞增殖率呈浓度依赖性下降(P<0.0001),其半数抑制浓度(IC50)为(0.09±0.10) μmol/L。细胞凋亡和细胞存活率结果表明活化T细胞和静息T细胞经毛兰素处理后,毛兰素处理组与阳性对照组的凋亡率和存活率无显著差异。通过对活化T细胞标志物分析发现,毛兰素不影响CD25的表达和IL-2的分泌。ELISA检测显示毛兰素显著抑制IL-17炎性因子的分泌(P<0.0001)。细胞周期实验表明毛兰素阻滞活化T细胞周期于G2/M期(P<0.05),进一步机制研究发现,毛兰素不影响P-CDC2、CDC2的表达,但显著抑制CyclinB1蛋白的表达(P<0.01)。

结论

毛兰素具有显著免疫抑制活性且通过下调CyclinB1蛋白表达抑制活化T细胞增殖。

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刘阳,E-mail:
赖翼,E-mail:
LIU Yang,E-mail:
LAI Yi,E-mail:
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Int J Mol Sci,2016,17(9):1530., articleTitle=Sulforaphane,a dietary isothiocyanate,induces G₂/M arrest in cervical cancer cells through CyclinB1 downregulation and GADD45β/CDC2 association, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322954455724990978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, doi=10.3390/cancers14051106, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=5, pageStart=1106, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=28, authorNames=TAN X L, YUAN G J, WANG Y J, journalName=Cancers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAN X L,YUAN G J,WANG Y J,et al. RAB20 promotes proliferation via G2/M phase through the Chk1/cdc25c/cdc2-cyclinB1 pathway in penile squamous cell carcinoma[J]. 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A:CFSE proliferation profile; B:Proliferation index of T cells; C:Bar chart of CFSE analysis results,a:P<0.000 1,compared with the activated T cells without erianin treatment; D:Cell viability; E:Flow cytometry results of T cell apoptosis. CFSE:Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester

, figureFileSmall=S7YM9GQjtu5RiOkWwx9e8w==, figureFileBig=wqTXUOsagXuzHw0TRnDi4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451291611613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of erianin on T cell activation, figureFileSmall=7pZHzemwWG0mfs8zCzJXrw==, figureFileBig=ykfR9X+nBoQy1t8/tyDrCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451354526174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=CN, label=图2, caption=毛兰素对T细胞活化的影响

A and B:Flow cytometry of CD25 expression and its quantitative analysis; C:IL-2 level in the supernatant detected by ELISA. a:P<0.000 1,compared with the activated T cells without erianin treatment

, figureFileSmall=7pZHzemwWG0mfs8zCzJXrw==, figureFileBig=ykfR9X+nBoQy1t8/tyDrCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451438412255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Influence of erianin on the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, figureFileSmall=dEE0DUqpYeh3BIjhVVXtTQ==, figureFileBig=6/MvUFa7tw1SYD5b4kgn9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451513909728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=CN, label=图3, caption=毛兰素对炎性因子表达水平的影响

a:P<0.000 1,compared with the activated T cells without erianin treatment

, figureFileSmall=dEE0DUqpYeh3BIjhVVXtTQ==, figureFileBig=6/MvUFa7tw1SYD5b4kgn9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451597795809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of erianin on cell cycle, figureFileSmall=sc1ikCeOiyA0XNs2Cr7Bag==, figureFileBig=bLYqqfcTwv1ImdNyFNatKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451664904674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=CN, label=图4, caption=毛兰素对细胞周期的影响

A:Representative flow cytometry histograms; B:Quantitative analysis of the percentages of cells in the G2/M phase. a:P<0.000 1,b:P<0.05,compared with the activated T cells without erianin treatment

, figureFileSmall=sc1ikCeOiyA0XNs2Cr7Bag==, figureFileBig=bLYqqfcTwv1ImdNyFNatKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451727819235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of erianin on cyclin expression levels, figureFileSmall=trRgXsJ5TiGTLni1qk+G9A==, figureFileBig=W6MO5BvNfbJZHeoCqS3Tug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322954451807511012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322954442869449121, language=CN, label=图5, caption=毛兰素对细胞周期蛋白表达水平的影响

A~C:Relative expression levels of p-CDC2 (A),CyclinB1 (B) and CDC2 (C); D:Western blot bands representing p-CDC2,CDC2,Cyclin B1,with GAPDH as the internal control. a:P<0.000 1,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.05,compared with the activated T cells without erianin treatment

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毛兰素通过下调CyclinB1蛋白表达抑制活化T细胞增殖
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敬林 1 , 张婷 2 , 罗兴燕 2 , 刘阳 2 , 赖翼 3
陆军军医大学学报 | 论著·基础医学 2025,47(19): 2365-2373
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陆军军医大学学报 |论著·基础医学 2025 , 47 (19) : 2365 -2373
毛兰素通过下调CyclinB1蛋白表达抑制活化T细胞增殖
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敬林1, 张婷2, 罗兴燕2, 刘阳2 , 赖翼3
作者信息
  • 1广西大学生物医学院,广西特色生物医药重点实验室,广西南宁
  • 2成都医学院 科研实验中心 四川 成都
  • 3成都医学院 检验医学院 ,四川 成都
通讯作者:
刘阳,E-mail:
赖翼,E-mail:
LIU Yang,E-mail:
LAI Yi,E-mail:
Erianin inhibits proliferation of activated T cells by downregulating CyclinB1
Lin JING1, Ting ZHANG2, Xinyan LUO2, Yang LIU2 , Yi LAI3
Affiliations
  • 1Guangxi Key Laboratory of Characteristic Biomedicine,School of Medicine,Guangxi University,Nanning,Guangxi
  • 2Scientific Research Experiment Center,Chengdu Medical College,Chengdu,Sichuan,China
  • 3School of Laboratory Medicine,Chengdu Medical College,Chengdu,Sichuan,China
出版时间: 2025-10-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503074
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目的

毛兰素抑制活化T细胞增殖及其作用机制探究。

方法

利用密度梯度离心法分离人外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC),采用人T细胞MACS磁珠阴性分选试剂盒纯化T细胞,抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激活化T细胞。采用羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester,CFSE)标记活化T细胞,通过流式细胞术检测毛兰素对活化T细胞增殖、凋亡、活化标志物CD25表达、细胞周期分布以及静息T细胞存活率的影响。采用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)定量分析毛兰素处理后的活化T细胞培养上清中IL-2和IL-17的分泌水平。Western blot分析毛兰素对细胞分裂周期蛋白2(cell division cycle protein 2,CDC2)、P-CDC2、以及CyclinB1蛋白表达的影响。观察并分析毛兰素处理组(0.05~0.20 μmol/L)与阳性对照组(纯化后仅用抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激的T细胞)的显著性差异结果。

结果

CFSE增殖结果表明毛兰素处理组(0.05~0.20 μmol/L)的活化T细胞增殖率呈浓度依赖性下降(P<0.0001),其半数抑制浓度(IC50)为(0.09±0.10) μmol/L。细胞凋亡和细胞存活率结果表明活化T细胞和静息T细胞经毛兰素处理后,毛兰素处理组与阳性对照组的凋亡率和存活率无显著差异。通过对活化T细胞标志物分析发现,毛兰素不影响CD25的表达和IL-2的分泌。ELISA检测显示毛兰素显著抑制IL-17炎性因子的分泌(P<0.0001)。细胞周期实验表明毛兰素阻滞活化T细胞周期于G2/M期(P<0.05),进一步机制研究发现,毛兰素不影响P-CDC2、CDC2的表达,但显著抑制CyclinB1蛋白的表达(P<0.01)。

结论

毛兰素具有显著免疫抑制活性且通过下调CyclinB1蛋白表达抑制活化T细胞增殖。

毛兰素  /  免疫抑制剂  /  CyclinB1蛋白  /  活化T细胞  /  增殖
Objective

To investigate the inhibitory effect of erianin on T cell proliferation and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated using density gradient centrifugation, and T cells were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) with immunomagnetic beads, followed by being activated with anti-human CD3 antibodies and anti-human CD28 antibodies. The activated T cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and the effects of erianin (0.05~0.20 μmol/L) on the proliferation, apoptosis, expression of activation marker cluster of differentiation 25 (CD25), cell cycle distribution of activated T cells, as well as the survival rate of resting T cells were assessed using flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to determine the secretion levels of IL-2 and IL-17 in the culture supernatant of erianin-treated activated T cells. Western blotting was employed to examine the impact of erianin on the protein expression of cell division cycle protein 2 (CDC2), phosphorylated CDC2 (p-CDC2), and Cyclin B1. The differences were observed between the erianin-treated group and the positive control group (activation with CD3/CD28 antibodies).

Results

CFSE proliferation assay demonstrated that the proliferative rate of activated T cells was in a concentration-dependent decline after 0.05~0.20 μmol/L erianin treatment (P<0.0001), with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.09±0.10 μmol/L. No significant differences were observed in apoptotic rates or survival rates among the erianin-treated groups (activated and resting T cells) and the positive control cells. Analysis of T cell activation markers revealed that erianin had no impact on CD25 expression or IL-2 secretion. However, ELISA results indicated erianin exerted a significant suppression on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 (P<0.0001). Cell cycle analysis showed that erianin arrested activated T cells at the G2/M phase (P<0.05). Further mechanistic investigations demonstrated that while erianin did not alter CDC2 phosphorylation or total CDC2 expression, but it markedly down-regulated CyclinB1 expression (P<0.01).

Conclusion

Erianin exhibits potent immunomodulatory activity by suppressing activated T cell proliferation through down-regulating Cyclin B1.

erianin  /  immunosuppressant  /  Cyclin B1  /  activated T cells  /  proliferation
敬林, 张婷, 罗兴燕, 刘阳, 赖翼. 毛兰素通过下调CyclinB1蛋白表达抑制活化T细胞增殖. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2365 -2373 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503074
Lin JING, Ting ZHANG, Xinyan LUO, Yang LIU, Yi LAI. Erianin inhibits proliferation of activated T cells by downregulating CyclinB1[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (19) : 2365 -2373 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503074
T细胞的正常增殖与分化是适应性免疫应答的核心调控机制[1]。然而在移植排斥反应及类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、多发性硬化和银屑病等自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune diseases,AID)中,普遍存在T细胞异常活化与分化失衡现象。此类疾病的共同病理特征在于免疫系统对自身抗原的异常识别,引发淋巴细胞过度活化并介导组织损伤,其发病机制极其复杂。目前,他克莫司、托法替尼、霉酚酸酯这类免疫抑制剂在临床上已经用于治疗这些疾病,并成功帮助众多患者延长寿命并改善生活品质[2-3]。然而临床上常用的免疫抑制剂并非对所有患者有治疗效果,不同患者的诱发原因和药物敏感性存在显著的个体差异。目前尚未开发出一种对所有患者有效的药物。当单一药物治疗效果不明显时,常选择联合用药(联合、轮换、序贯治疗)以及个体化精准用药,以增效减毒是目前公认的AID药物治疗策略患者[4]。因此,开发新型免疫抑制剂对于为患者带来更多治疗选择显得尤为重要。
石斛入药历史悠久,具有提高免疫力等药理作用,品种丰富,包括铁皮石斛、鼓槌石斛、流苏石斛和黄草石斛等。毛兰素是一种从小型的石斛植物如铁皮石斛和鼓槌石斛中提取的联苄类中药单体[5-6],其广谱抗肿瘤作用已得到充分验证,主要通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、阻滞细胞周期、调控自噬及铁死亡等途径抑制肿瘤增殖[7]。此外,毛兰素还具有显著的抗炎作用,研究表明毛兰素通过降低小鼠血清中IL-6、IL-1β等炎性因子的表达水平从而减轻葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium salt,DSS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎症[8]。然而迄今尚未见毛兰素对T细胞增殖分化调控的研究报道。本研究发现毛兰素显著抑制活化T细胞增殖,提示其具有免疫调节新功能。因此,本研究初步探讨了毛兰素抑制活化T细胞增殖的分子机制,为开发新型免疫抑制剂药物提供线索,也为进一步揭示石斛药理学活性物质基础提供理论依据。
化合物毛兰素购自美国MedChemexpress公司;RPMI 1640培养基、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)均购自美国ThermoScientific公司;LY294002购自美国Promega公司;抗人CD3/CD28抗体、人细胞因子IL-17、IL-2、ELISA试剂盒均购自美国eBioscience公司; CFSE、抗人CD25-APC抗体、抗人CD4-PE抗体、抗人CD3-PE抗体均购自美国Biolegend公司;人淋巴细胞分离液购自挪威Axis-Shield POC公司;Annexin V和PI双染试剂盒、细胞周期检测试剂盒均购自上海碧云天生物技术公司;人T细胞MACS磁珠阴性分选试剂盒购自德国Miltenyl Biotec公司;CDC2、P-CDC2、CyclinB1抗体均购自美国Cell Signaling Technoloy公司。
Novo Express流式细胞仪购自美国安捷伦公司;全波长酶标仪购自美国BioTec公司;二级A2型生物安全柜、CO2培养箱、小型台式离心机均购自美国Thermo公司;落地式离心机购自安徽嘉文仪器有限公司;倒置相差显微镜购自日本Olympus公司,全自动化学发光系统购自美国Bio-Rad公司。
血液均来源于成都医学院招募的健康人外周血,受试者的招募完全基于自愿与知情同意原则,已通过成都医学院生物医学伦理委员会审批(2024NO.109)。采用密度梯度离心法分离PBMC,具体操作如下:将采集的健康人外周血用等量1×PBS稀释。再将稀释的血液倾斜45°,沿着已预先加入淋巴分离液的离心管管壁缓慢加入。稀释的血液与淋巴分离液的体积比例为1∶1,常温下以600×g离心20 min。取出中间乳白色层,采用1×PBS洗涤采集的乳白色层细胞,常温下以300×g离心10 min,重复洗涤2次。用含有10%FBS的RPMI 1640完全培养基重悬洗涤后的PBMC。用人T细胞MACS磁珠阴性分选试剂盒分离人T细胞。采用抗人CD3-PE抗体染色结合流式细胞仪检测分选的T细胞纯度,T细胞纯度达到95%,可用于后续实验。
采用2.1项方法分选出T细胞,用0.1%BSA-PBS重悬至细胞密度为1×106个/mL,在细胞中加入CFSE(2.5 µmol/L),37 ℃下孵育10 min,常温下以500×g离心5 min,弃上清;用RPMI 1640不完全培养基重悬后在冰上孵育5 min,常温下以500×g离心5 min,弃上清;再用RPMI 1640不完全培养基洗涤沉淀,重复洗涤2次后,弃上清,用含10%FBS的RPMI 1640完全培养基重悬沉淀至细胞密度为2×106个/mL。将CFSE标记的活化T细胞加入到预先包被抗人CD3抗体(2 µg/mL)的96孔板中,再加入抗人CD28抗体(1 µg/mL)和不同浓度的毛兰素(0.05、0.10、0.20 µmol/L)。细胞培养96 h后,采用流式细胞仪分析活化T细胞增殖情况。将纯化后未用抗人CD3/CD28刺激的T细胞作为阴性对照(定义为静息T细胞,增殖活性设为0%);将纯化后仅用抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激的T细胞作为阳性对照(定义为活化T细胞,增殖活性设为100%),后续实验中均采用此标准进行结果计算和比较。
不同浓度的毛兰素(0.05、0.10、0.20 µmol/L)与人静息T细胞共培养48 h,用流式细胞仪检测毛兰素对静息T细胞存活的影响。
本研究采用Annexin V和PI双染试剂盒,通过特异性标记磷脂酰丝氨酸外翻和细胞膜完整性,准确区分活细胞、早期凋亡细胞、晚期凋亡细胞及坏死细胞[9]。抗人CD3抗体(2 µg/mL)和抗人CD28抗体(1 µg/mL)刺激活化T细胞,再加入毛兰素(0.05、0.10、0.20 µmol/L),细胞培养48 h后,采用流式细胞仪分析。
研究表明,经抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激活化的T细胞表达CD25、IL-2等活化标志物[10]。LY294002为T细胞活化抑制剂,可作为阳性化合物对照[11]。采用抗人CD3抗体(2 µg/mL)和抗人CD28抗体(1 µg/mL)刺激活化T细胞,再加入毛兰素(0.05、0.10、0.20 µmol/L)和LY294002(50 µmol/L),共培养48 h,采用抗人CD25-APC抗体、抗人CD4-PE抗体双染活化T细胞并避光处理5 min,1× PBS清洗细胞后,通过流式细胞仪检测毛兰素对活化T细胞CD25表达的影响。
AID通常伴随着炎症反应。在T细胞的活化和增殖过程中,会释放出促进炎症的细胞因子如IL-17。这些炎症介质不仅可以损伤正常组织,还可以刺激T细胞活化和增殖,进一步加重炎症[12]。IL-2可促进活化T细胞增殖,是T细胞活化标志物[10]。为了探索毛兰素对炎性细胞因子和T细胞活化标志物的影响,采用ELISA试剂盒检测活化T细胞培养上清液中细胞因子IL-2、IL-17的表达。采用抗人CD3抗体(2 µg/mL)和抗人CD28抗体(1 µg/mL)刺激活化T细胞,再加入毛兰素(0.05、0.10、0.20 µmol/L)和LY294002(50 µmol/L),共培养48 h,收集细胞,室温以500×g离心5 min,收集上清后,采用全波长酶标仪检测。
T细胞经抗人CD3/CD28抗体活化,活化信号通过钙调磷酸酶(calcineurin,CN)等信号通路传入细胞核内激活转录因子,进而启动细胞周期进程[13]。抗人CD3抗体(2 µg/mL)和抗人CD28抗体(1 µg/mL)刺激活化T细胞,再加入毛兰素(0.05、0.10、0.20 µmol/L)、LY294002(50 µmol/L),共培养72 h,收集细胞,无水乙醇固定细胞后在4 ℃下过夜,常温以2 000×g离心5 min,去除乙醇上清,按照细胞周期检测试剂盒说明书方法染色细胞,采用流式细胞术分析毛兰素对活化T细胞周期的影响。
CyclinB1作为细胞周期家族成员与细胞蛋白依赖性激酶CDC2结合成复合物。该CyclinB1-CDC2复合物的活化状态在启动G2/M期和促进后续有丝分裂进程中扮演着非常重要的角色。CDC2磷酸化表达增加会抑制底物CDC2的降解,从而导致CyclinB1-CDC2复合物的活性降低,最终导致G2/M期的阻滞[14]。抗人CD3抗体(2 µg/mL)和抗人CD28抗体(1 µg/mL)刺激活化T细胞,加入毛兰素(0.05、0.10、0.20 µmol/L),共培养72 h后,收集细胞悬液,将离心机预冷至4 ℃,在12 000 ×g下离心5 min。细胞沉淀用1×PBS洗涤细胞,并以相同的离心条件离心,弃上清,将细胞裂解液加入至细胞沉淀中。将细胞裂解液中的40 µg蛋白质进行10%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离,转移至PVDF膜上。用含5%BSA的TBST封闭PVDF膜2 h,在4 ℃下孵育P-CDC2、CDC2和CyclinB1一抗过夜,再孵育兔二抗1 h,通过增强化学发光技术对蛋白质进行可视化分析。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.0统计软件进行数据分析,数据结果以x¯±s表示。组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
为了探究毛兰素对活化T细胞的免疫抑制活性,采用CFSE标记法结合流式细胞仪检测毛兰素对抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激活化T细胞增殖的影响。结果表明毛兰素显著抑制活化T细胞增殖(P<0.000 1,图1C),其半数抑制浓度(IC50)为(0.09±0.1)μmol/L(图1A、B)。药物对细胞的抑制作用可能是由于细胞存活率和凋亡等原因。为了验证毛兰素对T细胞的抑制机制是免疫抑制活性而不是细胞毒性,采用流式细胞仪分析毛兰素对静息T细胞存活和活化T细胞凋亡的影响。结果显示,毛兰素对静息T细胞的存活没有显著影响(图1D),也不会诱导活化T细胞凋亡(图1E)。以上结果提示毛兰素对活化T细胞具有显著的免疫抑制活性而无明显细胞毒性。
为了探究毛兰素是否通过影响T细胞活化抑制活化T细胞增殖。采用流式细胞仪检测CD25的表达,采用ELISA法检测IL-2水平。结果表明,毛兰素作用活化T细胞48 h后,在完全抑制活化T细胞增殖的浓度下,毛兰素对活化T细胞的CD25表达以及IL-2分泌无显著影响(图2),提示毛兰素虽抑制活化T细胞增殖,但不影响T细胞活化,其作用机制不同于LY294002这类T细胞活化抑制剂。
为了探究毛兰素对活化T细胞分泌促炎细胞因子的影响,采用ELISA法结合全波长酶标仪分析细胞上清液IL-17的表达。结果表明,毛兰素显著抑制活化T细胞分泌IL-17(P<0.000 1,图3),提示毛兰素能有效降低炎症因子的表达。
为了进一步研究毛兰素对活化T细胞周期的影响,按照周期试剂盒说明书方法结合流式细胞仪分析毛兰素对活化T细胞周期的影响。结果表明,毛兰素诱导活化T细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期,且随着毛兰素浓度的增加,G2/M期DNA含量逐渐增加,具有浓度依赖性(图4),提示毛兰素可能影响细胞周期蛋白,诱导活化T细胞阻滞于G2/M期(P<0.05)。
运用Westren blot法检测毛兰素作用活化T细胞72 h后周期蛋白P-CDC2、CDC2和CyclinB1相对水平的表达。各周期蛋白条带如图5D所示。进一步定量分析结果表明,毛兰素显著与仅用抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激活化组相比,毛兰素不影响CDC2及P-CDC2的表达(图5A、C),但显著抑制CyclinB1的相对表达(P<0.01,图5B),提示毛兰素可能是通过降低CyclinB1的相对表达诱导活化T细胞阻滞于G2/M期。
近年来,AID的患病率呈现上升趋势,严重威胁着人类的健康[15]。因此,本研究旨在探索具有免疫抑制活性的化合物,为AID患者提供更多的择药机会。本研究前期从中药单体库中得到一批中药单体化合物,通过高通量T细胞增殖抑制活性筛选平台,发现毛兰素显著抑制活化T细胞增殖。毛兰素是从石斛中提取的一种联苄类衍生物,对肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、膀胱癌、黑素瘤和急性髓系白血病等多种癌症,展现出显著的抗癌活性。既往研究表明毛兰素主要通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和细胞毒性抑制其增殖[7,16]。CHEN等[17]研究发现毛兰素显著抑制口腔鳞状癌细胞活力,并通过MAPK信号通路诱导细胞凋亡和自噬。XU等[18]研究表明毛兰素通过诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡和阻滞细胞于G2/M期抑制其增殖。某些药物由于自身具有细胞毒性和促细胞凋亡特性,可抑制细胞增殖。因此,在前期实验筛选具有免疫抑制活性化合物过程中,需要排除此类化合物。本研究发现毛兰素在完全抑制T细胞增殖的浓度下,不诱导活化T细胞凋亡,也不影响静息T细胞存活率,提示毛兰素通过发挥免疫抑制活性抑制活化T细胞增殖,而非细胞毒性,且其发挥免疫抑制活性的作用机制可能与其抗肿瘤作用机制不同。
T细胞异常增殖时,会分泌多种炎性细胞因子(如IL-17、IL-6、IFN-γ等),而这些炎性因子的过度产生不仅反过来促进T细胞自身增殖和分化,也会进一步加剧炎症和组织损伤,促进AID的发生发展。IL-17是Th17细胞分泌的一种促炎性细胞因子,在迟发性超敏反应(delayed-type hypersensitivity,DTH)、类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)、多发性硬化症(multiple sclerosis,MS)等多种AID中高度表达,与AID密切相关[19-21]。此外,IL-17在调节炎症反应中发挥着重要作用,与受体IL-17R的相互作用后激活T细胞,进而促进IL-6等其他炎性因子释放。IL-6的正反馈机制进一步加强了IL-17的分泌。这一级联反应增强了细胞免疫反应并推动了炎症反应,也会加重AID的发生和发展[12,22]。本研究发现毛兰素显著抑制IL-17的表达,提示毛兰素具有强大的抗炎效应,可能减轻AID所引发的炎症反应。上述结果提示,毛兰素通过发挥免疫抑制活性,展现出作为新型免疫抑制剂先导化合物的潜在临床应用价值。
钙调神经磷酸酶、有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶以及蛋白激酶C-核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)3条信号通路参与T细胞活化信号转导。任何一条通路的阻断都将抑制T细胞的活化进程。在受到双抗体刺激后,包括钙调磷酸激酶、NF-κB和MAPK在内的一系列信号通路发生变化,进而促使T细胞活化和多种细胞因子的生成[23]。在抗人CD3/CD28抗体刺激下,活化T细胞被激活并释放CD25。CD25与IL-2结合后,通过JAK3/STAT5、PI3K/Akt、MTOR/p70S6K等信号传导途径向细胞内发送增殖信号,进而调控CyclinB1等周期蛋白的表达来调控T细胞周期,促进T细胞增殖[24]。T细胞增殖依赖于T细胞周期的正常推进。周期蛋白CyclinB1与周期蛋白激酶CDC2在G2/M期细胞周期中扮演着至关重要的角色,二者结合成CyclinB1-CDC2复合物,并处于活化状态时,推动G2/M期细胞周期的正常进行。CyclinB1-CDC2复合物是T细胞从G2期进入M期的关键调控因子,其通过推动T细胞进入有丝分裂阶段促进T细胞增殖,是T细胞增殖的重要标志之一[25]。此外,CyclinB1蛋白表达异常或者功能缺失,可能会导致T细胞增殖受阻。CDC2磷酸化上调导致底物CDC2的活化降低,进而抑制CyclinB1-CDC2复合物活化,导致G2/M期阻滞,抑制T细胞的增殖[26-27]。本研究结果发现,毛兰素不影响IL-2的分泌和CD25表达,将细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期,提示毛兰素不影响T细胞活化进程,但可能抑制了G2/M期正常运行的某一调控因子。鉴于CyclinB1-CDC2复合物在驱动G2/M期进程中的关键作用以及在T细胞增殖过程中扮演着重要角色。因此,本课题组研究了毛兰素对该复合物关键组分的影响,结果表明毛兰素不影响P-CDC2和CDC2的表达,但显著抑制CyclinB1的表达,提示毛兰素可能通过抑制CyclinB1的表达从而降低CyclinB1-CDC2复合物的活化,诱导G2/M期阻滞,进而抑制活化T细胞增殖。
目前,本研究基于流式细胞术的高通量免疫抑制活性药物筛选平台,成功筛选出中药单体化合物毛兰素。本研究发现毛兰素具有显著免疫抑制活性且通过抑制CyclinB1蛋白表达阻滞T细胞周期于G2/M期。通过以上基础研究,为发现毛兰素的作用靶点奠定重要基础。然而,本研究还没有找到毛兰素抑制T细胞增殖的关键靶分子以及明确其体内活性。因此,后续本研究将通过分子对接,网络药理学,全转录组分析等分子生物学技术进一步探索毛兰素的作用靶点,阐明其抑制T细胞增殖的作用机理。本研究后续还将构建自身免疫性肝炎,银屑病等AID模型,进一步探索毛兰素体内免疫抑制活性,为毛兰素有效治疗AID提供理论依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503074
  • 接收时间:2025-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-10-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-26
  • 修回日期:2025-08-12
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    1广西大学生物医学院,广西特色生物医药重点实验室,广西南宁
    2成都医学院 科研实验中心 四川 成都
    3成都医学院 检验医学院 ,四川 成都

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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