Article(id=1322185541160915381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322185527667839311, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740844800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-02, revisedDate=1747670400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793163198032, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793163198032, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793163198032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793163198032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322185527667839311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1413', pageEnd='1555', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1752508800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793163194815, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793163440436, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322186557939892925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322185527667839311, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322186557939892926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322185527667839311, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1522, endPage=1535, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322185541370630582, articleId=1322185541160915381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Construction and validation of a prognostic model based on cuproptosis-related genes in patients with multiple myeloma, columnId=1320435174995772212, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Clinical Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To explore the potential cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and develop a prognostic model for improving prognosis and revealing features of the MM immune microenvironment.

Methods‍

① Transcriptome sequencing data and clinical information were retrieved from the GSE4581 dataset in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Cancer Genome Atlas-Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (TCGA-MMRF) database. The 859 patients from the TCGA-MMRF database were assigned into a training set,and the other 414 ones from the GSE4581 dataset into a validation set. LASSO-Cox and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to construct prognostic models and calculate risk scores. Based on the median risk score,they were categorized into high- and low-risk cohorts. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves were plotted to assess the predictive performance and accuracy of the model. The differences between the high- and low-risk cohorts were explored using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and immune microenvironment correlation analysis. ② RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to verify the expression of prognostic model genes in MM cell lines and normal bone marrow single-nucleated cells,and CCK-8 assay,flow cytometry,and Western blotting were applied to verify the biological function of UBE2D1 in MM cells.

Results‍

① LASSO-Cox and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that the model consisted of 4 genes,CDKN2A [HR=1.60 (95%CI:1.24~2.05),P=2.5e-4],PDE3B [HR=1.33 (95%CI:1.09~1.62),P=4.2e-3],UBE2D1 [HR=1.65 (95%CI:1.20~2.26),P=2.1e-3] and COA6 [HR=1.35 (95%CI:1.07~1.71),P=0.01]. In the training set,the time-dependent ROC curves predicted that the area under curve (AUC) value of 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rate was 0.63,0.71,and 0.78,respectively,and in the validation set,the AUC value was 0.656,0.657,and 0.797,respectively. Calibration curve analysis showed excellent agreement in predicting 1-,3-,and 5-year prognosis. In the training set,Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients in the high-risk cohort had a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) than the low-risk cohort [HR=2.18 (95%CI:1.58~3.02),P<0.001],and in the validation set,the high-risk cohort still had a shorter OS than the low-risk cohort [HR=2.45 (95%CI:1.49~4.05),P<0.001]. Immune correlation analysis revealed that the ratios of immune cells,such as plasma cells and CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in the high-risk cohort (P<0.05),and the risk scores were positively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint CTLA-4,tumor-targeted therapeutic sites TNFSF4 and ENTPD1,and microenvironmental chemokines CXCL16,CCL8,and CCL16 (P<0.05). ② Remarkable differences were observed in the expression of all 4 prognostic model genes between the MM cell lines and normal bone marrow single-nucleated cells (P<0.05),and knockdown of UBE2D1 notably inhibited the proliferation of MM cells (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Our prognostic models based on CDKN2A,PDE3B,UBE2D1,and COA6 genes can predict the prognosis of MM patients. The risk scores of the genes are significantly correlated with immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment,which providing new molecular markers for individualized therapy.

, authors=Zhongmin KANG1, 2, Licheng LI2, Yuying HUANG3, 4, Jishi WANG1, 2, Mengxing LI1, 2, Qinshan LI3, 4, authorsList=Zhongmin KANG, Licheng LI, Yuying HUANG, Jishi WANG, Mengxing LI, Qinshan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mengxing LI, Qinshan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322185544843514313, articleId=1322185541160915381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=多发性骨髓瘤患者基于铜死亡相关基因预后模型的构建与验证, columnId=1322185541475488183, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=临床医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)患者中潜在的铜死亡相关基因(cuproptosis-related genes,CRGs),并建立一个改善MM患者预后和揭示MM免疫微环境特征的预后模型。

方法

① 利用基因表达综合(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库中GSE4581数据集和癌症基因组图谱-多发性骨髓瘤研究基金会(the cancer genome atlas-multiple myeloma research foundation,TCGA-MMRF)数据库的转录组测序数据及临床资料,TCGA-MMRF患者(n=859)为训练集,GEO数据库中GSE4581数据集MM患者(n=414)为验证集。采用LASSO-Cox和多变量Cox回归分析构建预后模型并计算风险评分,根据风险评分中位数,将所有患者分为高风险和低风险队列。采用时间依赖性受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线和校准曲线评估模型的预测能力及准确性,通过Kaplan-Meier生存曲线、免疫微环境相关性分析探究高低风险队列的差异。②利用RT-qPCR和Western blot实验验证预后模型基因在MM细胞和正常骨髓单个核细胞中的表达,采用CCK-8、流式细胞术及Western blot实验验证UBE2D1在MM细胞中的生物学功能。

结果

① LASSO-Cox和多变量Cox回归分析发现该模型由CDKN2A[HR=1.60(95%CI:1.24~2.05),P=2.5e-4]、PDE3B[HR=1.33(95%CI:1.09~1.62),P=4.2e-3]、UBE2D1[HR=1.65(95%CI:1.20~2.26),P=2.1e-3]和COA6[HR=1.35(95%CI:1.07~1.71),P=0.01]4个基因构成。在训练集中,时间依赖性ROC曲线预测1、3、5年生存率的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.63、0.71、0.78,在验证集中,时间依赖性ROC曲线预测1、3、5年生存率的AUC分别为0.656、0.657、0.797,通过校准曲线显示在预测1、3、5年预后具有极好的一致性。在训练集中,Kaplan-Meier曲线显示高风险队列患者的总生存期(overall survival,OS)明显短于低风险队列[HR=2.18(95%CI:1.58~3.02),P<0.001],在验证集中,Kaplan-Meier曲线仍显示高风险队列患者比低风险队列的OS更短[HR=2.45(95%CI:1.49~4.05),P<0.001]。免疫相关性分析发现免疫细胞如浆细胞、CD4+ T细胞在高风险队列中显著下调(P<0.05),风险评分与免疫检查点CTLA-4、肿瘤靶向治疗免疫抑制因子TNFSF4、ENTPD1及微环境趋化因子CXCL16、CCL8、CCL16呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。②与正常骨髓单个核细胞相比,4个预后模型基因在MM细胞中均有表达差异(P<0.05),且敲低UBE2D1可显著抑制MM细胞增殖(P<0.05)。

结论

基于CDKN2A、PDE3B、UBE2D1和COA6基因成功构成的预后模型可预测MM患者预后,其风险评分与肿瘤微环境免疫浸润显著相关,为个体化治疗提供新分子标志物。

, authors=康忠敏1, 2, 李历程2, 黄玉莹3, 4, 王季石1, 2, 李梦醒1, 2, 李琴山3, 4, authorsList=康忠敏, 李历程, 黄玉莹, 王季石, 李梦醒, 李琴山, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李梦醒, 李琴山, authorNote=

同等贡献者

KANG Zhongmin and LI Licheng contributed equally to the article.

, correspAuthorsNote=
李梦醒,E-mail:
李琴山,E-mail:
LI Mengxing,E-mail:
LI Qinshan,E-mail:
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Am J Cancer Res,2023,13(7):2948-2968., articleTitle=IGF2BP2-modified UBE2D1 interacts with Smad2/3 to promote the progression of breast cancer, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322185545070006730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545078395339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545070006730, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Hematology,Guizhou Provincial Institute of Hematology,Guizhou Center Laboratory for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545086783948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545070006730, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1贵州医科大学附属医院:血液科,贵州省血液研究所,贵州省造血干细胞移植中心实验室,贵州 贵阳)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322185545158087117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545166475726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545158087117, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine,Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang,Guizhou), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545179058639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545158087117, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2贵州医科大学附属医院:妇产科,贵州省精准医学研究所,贵州贵阳;贵州医科大学:贵州 贵阳)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322185545254556112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545262944721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545254556112, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Clinical Medicine,), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545271333330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545254556112, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3贵州医科大学附属医院:临床医学院,贵州 贵阳)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322185545334247891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545342636500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545334247891, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Faculty of Clinical Biochemistry,School of Clinical Laboratory Science,Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang,Guizhou,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322185545355219413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, companyId=1322185545334247891, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4贵州医科大学附属医院:医学检验学院临床生物化学系,贵州 贵阳)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322185549134287361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YSsp3Cum0FUSOq5ZnkloBw==, figureFileBig=LMA0a7coelIeZG+k64Zr5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549239144962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MM中OS相关的CRGs筛选和模型构建

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.000 1,与低风险队列比较A:CRGs(44个)与OS相关基因取交集的韦恩图;B:采用单变量Cox回归分析16个与OS相关的CRGs;C:与OS相关的CRGs的GO富集分析;D:与OS相关的CRGs的KEGG富集分析;E:16个OS相关的CRGs的Pearson相关分析;F:多变量Cox回归分析筛选4个与OS相关的CRGs的森林图;G:LASSO-Cox回归变量选择的1 000倍交叉验证;H:CRGs的LASSO-Cox回归系数;I:患者风险评分的分布以及高、低风险队列患者生存时间的热图;J:高、低风险队列中MM患者中4个OS相关的CRGs的表达量

, figureFileSmall=YSsp3Cum0FUSOq5ZnkloBw==, figureFileBig=LMA0a7coelIeZG+k64Zr5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549440471555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Q7fHgSjFlWWAkqqwIkGE9A==, figureFileBig=r3WGFRF0sC7CXYYeQ4ryVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549612438020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MM患者OS相关的CRGs预后评价及验证

A:在训练集中预测1、3和5年OS的ROC曲线;B:训练集中低风险和高风险队列生存曲线;C:临床因素和风险评分的单变量Cox回归分析;D:临床因素和风险评分的多变量Cox回归分析;E~G:预测1、3和5年风险评分和临床因素OS的ROC曲线;H:预测MM患者在1、3和5年OS的列线图;I:验证预测1、3和5年生存率准确性的校准曲线;J:验证集中低风险和高风险队列的生存曲线;K:在验证集中预测1、3和5年OS的ROC曲线

, figureFileSmall=Q7fHgSjFlWWAkqqwIkGE9A==, figureFileBig=r3WGFRF0sC7CXYYeQ4ryVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549683741189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=97/g49uDh7OsOBGFKOt4qA==, figureFileBig=7MVfFYS9x05c44pSuUSVtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549746655750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=CN, label=图3, caption=低风险(A)和高风险(B)队列中铜死亡相关基因集的富集分析, figureFileSmall=97/g49uDh7OsOBGFKOt4qA==, figureFileBig=7MVfFYS9x05c44pSuUSVtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549817958919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rfV8H0o5TIkQa+2V1n1H7g==, figureFileBig=fRZKA82Ve87z08O2DBQQrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549880873480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DEGs的鉴定和富集

A:热图;B:火山图;C:GO富集分析:D:KEGG通路分析

, figureFileSmall=rfV8H0o5TIkQa+2V1n1H7g==, figureFileBig=fRZKA82Ve87z08O2DBQQrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185549973148169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RkZ+wCYDO709hg64S5sIdw==, figureFileBig=JEAegOUGQ3nX9hVaKxQLFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185550044451338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=CN, label=图5, caption=风险评分在MM患者肿瘤微环境中免疫相关性分析及单细胞测序数据分析

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,d:P<0.0001,与低风险队列比较A:免疫浸润细胞的相关性分析热图;B:高、低风险队列中MM患者的免疫浸润细胞表达差异柱状图;C:风险评分与24个免疫检查点之间的相关性分析;D:风险评分与46种肿瘤靶向检查点之间的相关性分析;E:风险评分与40种MM微环境中趋化因子之间的相关性分析;F:GSE176131单细胞数据集中注释的细胞簇;G:OS相关的4个CRGs在5个不同细胞簇的差异表达

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,与HD或Normal组比较A:Western blot检测4个OS相关的CRGs在MM.1S、U266及RPMI8226与正常对照细胞的蛋白表达水平;B:RT-qPCR检测4个OS相关的CRGs在MM.1S、U266、RPMI8226与正常对照细胞的mRNA表达水平

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,与Normal或Si-NC组比较A:RT-qPCR检测MM患者和健康供者中UBE2D1的mRNA表达水平;B:Western blot检测UBE2D1 SiRNA和Si-NC靶标序列在U266细胞中的UBE2D1蛋白相对表达水平:C:CCK-8检测UBE2D1敲低后MM细胞的增殖能力;D:流式细胞术检测UBE2D1敲低后MM细胞的细胞周期分布;E:Western blot检测UBE2D1敲低后MM细胞周期和凋亡相关因子的表达;F:UBE2D1高、低表达组的PI3K/AKT信号通路基因集富集分析

, figureFileSmall=nOuZmODBj1qt7By4Ymm39g==, figureFileBig=LM173BJuLbR6231ymkDVNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322185550535184913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5′→3′)
CDKN2A上游:GCACCAGAGGCAGTAACCAT
下游:AAATGGTTTCCGATCATTTCTGAGG
PDE3B上游:CCTTGTATTTCCAGAGAACAGATGA
下游:CCTATTTAGTCCTTGATAATGAGGC
UBE2D1上游:GGACCTGTGGGAGATGACTTG
下游:TGGTACTAAGGGGTCATCTGGA
COA6上游:GCTTAGCTTCATCGCAGTAGG
下游:AGGCTCAAATTGTCCTGCTTC
GAPDH上游:GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT
下游:GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG
), ArticleFig(id=1322185550623265298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322185541160915381, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基因引物序列

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基因引物序列(5′→3′)
CDKN2A上游:GCACCAGAGGCAGTAACCAT
下游:AAATGGTTTCCGATCATTTCTGAGG
PDE3B上游:CCTTGTATTTCCAGAGAACAGATGA
下游:CCTATTTAGTCCTTGATAATGAGGC
UBE2D1上游:GGACCTGTGGGAGATGACTTG
下游:TGGTACTAAGGGGTCATCTGGA
COA6上游:GCTTAGCTTCATCGCAGTAGG
下游:AGGCTCAAATTGTCCTGCTTC
GAPDH上游:GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT
下游:GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG
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多发性骨髓瘤患者基于铜死亡相关基因预后模型的构建与验证
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康忠敏 1, 2 , 李历程 2 , 黄玉莹 3, 4 , 王季石 1, 2 , 李梦醒 1, 2 , 李琴山 3, 4
陆军军医大学学报 | 临床医学 2025,47(13): 1522-1535
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陆军军医大学学报 |临床医学 2025 , 47 (13) : 1522 -1535
多发性骨髓瘤患者基于铜死亡相关基因预后模型的构建与验证
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康忠敏1, 2, 李历程2, 黄玉莹3, 4, 王季石1, 2, 李梦醒1, 2 , 李琴山3, 4
作者信息
  • 1贵州医科大学附属医院:血液科,贵州省血液研究所,贵州省造血干细胞移植中心实验室,贵州 贵阳
  • 2贵州医科大学附属医院:妇产科,贵州省精准医学研究所,贵州贵阳;贵州医科大学:贵州 贵阳
  • 3贵州医科大学附属医院:临床医学院,贵州 贵阳
  • 4贵州医科大学附属医院:医学检验学院临床生物化学系,贵州 贵阳
通讯作者:
李梦醒,E-mail:
李琴山,E-mail:
LI Mengxing,E-mail:
LI Qinshan,E-mail:
作者简介:

同等贡献者

KANG Zhongmin and LI Licheng contributed equally to the article.

Construction and validation of a prognostic model based on cuproptosis-related genes in patients with multiple myeloma
Zhongmin KANG1, 2, Licheng LI2, Yuying HUANG3, 4, Jishi WANG1, 2, Mengxing LI1, 2 , Qinshan LI3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Hematology,Guizhou Provincial Institute of Hematology,Guizhou Center Laboratory for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
  • 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Guizhou Institute of Precision Medicine,Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang,Guizhou
  • 3College of Clinical Medicine,
  • 4Faculty of Clinical Biochemistry,School of Clinical Laboratory Science,Guizhou Medical University,Guiyang,Guizhou,China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503002
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目的

探讨多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)患者中潜在的铜死亡相关基因(cuproptosis-related genes,CRGs),并建立一个改善MM患者预后和揭示MM免疫微环境特征的预后模型。

方法

① 利用基因表达综合(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库中GSE4581数据集和癌症基因组图谱-多发性骨髓瘤研究基金会(the cancer genome atlas-multiple myeloma research foundation,TCGA-MMRF)数据库的转录组测序数据及临床资料,TCGA-MMRF患者(n=859)为训练集,GEO数据库中GSE4581数据集MM患者(n=414)为验证集。采用LASSO-Cox和多变量Cox回归分析构建预后模型并计算风险评分,根据风险评分中位数,将所有患者分为高风险和低风险队列。采用时间依赖性受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线和校准曲线评估模型的预测能力及准确性,通过Kaplan-Meier生存曲线、免疫微环境相关性分析探究高低风险队列的差异。②利用RT-qPCR和Western blot实验验证预后模型基因在MM细胞和正常骨髓单个核细胞中的表达,采用CCK-8、流式细胞术及Western blot实验验证UBE2D1在MM细胞中的生物学功能。

结果

① LASSO-Cox和多变量Cox回归分析发现该模型由CDKN2A[HR=1.60(95%CI:1.24~2.05),P=2.5e-4]、PDE3B[HR=1.33(95%CI:1.09~1.62),P=4.2e-3]、UBE2D1[HR=1.65(95%CI:1.20~2.26),P=2.1e-3]和COA6[HR=1.35(95%CI:1.07~1.71),P=0.01]4个基因构成。在训练集中,时间依赖性ROC曲线预测1、3、5年生存率的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.63、0.71、0.78,在验证集中,时间依赖性ROC曲线预测1、3、5年生存率的AUC分别为0.656、0.657、0.797,通过校准曲线显示在预测1、3、5年预后具有极好的一致性。在训练集中,Kaplan-Meier曲线显示高风险队列患者的总生存期(overall survival,OS)明显短于低风险队列[HR=2.18(95%CI:1.58~3.02),P<0.001],在验证集中,Kaplan-Meier曲线仍显示高风险队列患者比低风险队列的OS更短[HR=2.45(95%CI:1.49~4.05),P<0.001]。免疫相关性分析发现免疫细胞如浆细胞、CD4+ T细胞在高风险队列中显著下调(P<0.05),风险评分与免疫检查点CTLA-4、肿瘤靶向治疗免疫抑制因子TNFSF4、ENTPD1及微环境趋化因子CXCL16、CCL8、CCL16呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。②与正常骨髓单个核细胞相比,4个预后模型基因在MM细胞中均有表达差异(P<0.05),且敲低UBE2D1可显著抑制MM细胞增殖(P<0.05)。

结论

基于CDKN2A、PDE3B、UBE2D1和COA6基因成功构成的预后模型可预测MM患者预后,其风险评分与肿瘤微环境免疫浸润显著相关,为个体化治疗提供新分子标志物。

多发性骨髓瘤  /  铜死亡  /  预后模型  /  肿瘤免疫微环境
Objective‍

To explore the potential cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and develop a prognostic model for improving prognosis and revealing features of the MM immune microenvironment.

Methods‍

① Transcriptome sequencing data and clinical information were retrieved from the GSE4581 dataset in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Cancer Genome Atlas-Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (TCGA-MMRF) database. The 859 patients from the TCGA-MMRF database were assigned into a training set,and the other 414 ones from the GSE4581 dataset into a validation set. LASSO-Cox and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to construct prognostic models and calculate risk scores. Based on the median risk score,they were categorized into high- and low-risk cohorts. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves were plotted to assess the predictive performance and accuracy of the model. The differences between the high- and low-risk cohorts were explored using Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and immune microenvironment correlation analysis. ② RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to verify the expression of prognostic model genes in MM cell lines and normal bone marrow single-nucleated cells,and CCK-8 assay,flow cytometry,and Western blotting were applied to verify the biological function of UBE2D1 in MM cells.

Results‍

① LASSO-Cox and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that the model consisted of 4 genes,CDKN2A [HR=1.60 (95%CI:1.24~2.05),P=2.5e-4],PDE3B [HR=1.33 (95%CI:1.09~1.62),P=4.2e-3],UBE2D1 [HR=1.65 (95%CI:1.20~2.26),P=2.1e-3] and COA6 [HR=1.35 (95%CI:1.07~1.71),P=0.01]. In the training set,the time-dependent ROC curves predicted that the area under curve (AUC) value of 1-,3-,and 5-year survival rate was 0.63,0.71,and 0.78,respectively,and in the validation set,the AUC value was 0.656,0.657,and 0.797,respectively. Calibration curve analysis showed excellent agreement in predicting 1-,3-,and 5-year prognosis. In the training set,Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients in the high-risk cohort had a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) than the low-risk cohort [HR=2.18 (95%CI:1.58~3.02),P<0.001],and in the validation set,the high-risk cohort still had a shorter OS than the low-risk cohort [HR=2.45 (95%CI:1.49~4.05),P<0.001]. Immune correlation analysis revealed that the ratios of immune cells,such as plasma cells and CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in the high-risk cohort (P<0.05),and the risk scores were positively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint CTLA-4,tumor-targeted therapeutic sites TNFSF4 and ENTPD1,and microenvironmental chemokines CXCL16,CCL8,and CCL16 (P<0.05). ② Remarkable differences were observed in the expression of all 4 prognostic model genes between the MM cell lines and normal bone marrow single-nucleated cells (P<0.05),and knockdown of UBE2D1 notably inhibited the proliferation of MM cells (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

Our prognostic models based on CDKN2A,PDE3B,UBE2D1,and COA6 genes can predict the prognosis of MM patients. The risk scores of the genes are significantly correlated with immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment,which providing new molecular markers for individualized therapy.

multiple myeloma  /  cuproptosis  /  prognostic model  /  tumor immune microenvironment
康忠敏, 李历程, 黄玉莹, 王季石, 李梦醒, 李琴山. 多发性骨髓瘤患者基于铜死亡相关基因预后模型的构建与验证. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (13) : 1522 -1535 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503002
Zhongmin KANG, Licheng LI, Yuying HUANG, Jishi WANG, Mengxing LI, Qinshan LI. Construction and validation of a prognostic model based on cuproptosis-related genes in patients with multiple myeloma[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (13) : 1522 -1535 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503002
多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是一种血液系统恶性肿瘤,其特征是骨髓中癌变浆细胞的异常积累,单克隆免疫球蛋白的分泌,疾病后期骨溶解性病变的发展和髓外器官的侵袭[1]。在2020年全球血液系统恶性肿瘤的流行病学分布中,MM是仅次于非霍奇金淋巴瘤和白血病的第三大常见血液系统恶性肿瘤,其发病率占比达14%[2]。虽然在临床实践中蛋白酶抑制剂和免疫靶向治疗等多种治疗方法的应用取得一定的效果,但高复发率和获得性耐药仍是临床主要挑战,且其分子机制尚未完全阐明。因此,识别新的预后生物标志物以阐明MM患者发病机制,对改善MM患者预后和治疗效果至关重要。
铜是各种生理过程的关键组成部分,参与包括线粒体呼吸、铁摄取、抗氧化和解毒过程。既往研究表明,在结直肠癌和乳腺癌中,患者肿瘤或血清中铜浓度升高,且血清铜水平升高与患者的肿瘤分期和疾病进展相关[3]。TSVETKOV等[4]在2019年描述铜依赖性死亡,同时探索伊利司莫(铜离子载体)的抗癌机制。最近的研究发现铜死亡是一种新型的细胞死亡形式,是依赖于铜诱导的细胞毒性,它的特征是在三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid,TCA)循环中,铜离子过度积累,进一步与脂酰化线粒体酶聚集,导致细胞死亡[5]。越来越多的证据表明,靶向铜死亡作为一种癌症治疗策略具有巨大潜力。有研究发现在MM中,弹性肌醇结合的Cu(Ⅱ)与线粒体酶铁氧还蛋白1(ferredoxin 1,FDX1)相互作用,被还原产生Cu(Ⅰ),导致活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平的增加,且使用伊利司莫的靶向治疗可减轻MM小鼠模型的肿瘤负担[4-6]。在神经母细胞瘤中发现铜死亡相关预后模型在预测生存风险和临床病理特征方面均显示出良好的预后价值,并发现铜死亡相关基因PDHA1促进神经母细胞瘤细胞增殖,促进肿瘤进展[7]。此外,最新研究发现铜死亡相关基因IAPP可通过NF-κB促进CD8+ T细胞发挥抗乳腺癌的作用[8]。然而,铜死亡在MM中的发生发展及免疫微环境中功能及机制仍未得到充分理解和认识。
因此,本研究基于公共数据库的基因表达谱数据,对MM样本中铜死亡相关基因(cuproptosis-related genes,CRGs)的表达特征及预后情况进行分析,通过LASSO-Cox回归构建并验证铜死亡相关预后模型的临床价值和风险基因的表达和功能。
从癌症基因组图谱-多发性骨髓瘤研究基金会(the cancer genome atlas-multiple myeloma research foundation,TCGA-MMRF)数据库(https //portal.gdc.cancer.gov/)中获得859例MM患者的数据,排除其中57例患者缺少临床数据,共获取802例患者临床数据,包括全基因组测序数据和患者生存数据,作为训练集;其中,<60岁的患者有276例(34.4%),女性有330例(41.1%),存活有611例(76.2%),ISS分期(Ⅲ)有255例(31.8%),复发患者有81例(10.1%)。从基因表达综合(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库中(https //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)获得414例MM患者的转录和临床生存数据,数据集为GSE4581,作为验证集。并使用鲁棒多阵列平均(resilient multiple array averaging,RMA)算法进行处理,该算法借助affy包进行处理,批次效应通过使用sva包处理。从GEO数据库GSE176131数据集中获得9例MM患者的单细胞测序数据。此外,在其他铜死亡文献中收集44个CRGs用于后续的分析[9]。
在TCGA-MMRF数据库787例MM患者中筛选出44个CRGs表达谱,采用单变量Cox回归分析选择P<0.05且与OS相关的CRGs,使用R包“VennDiagram”绘制韦恩图。利用ClusterProfiler软件包(4.6.2)进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)分析和京都基因和基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析,揭示OS相关的CRGs在MM中的作用。为探讨OS相关的CRGs之间的关系,使用Pearson相关性分析计算各基因在MM中的相关性。
为防止被过度拟合,在训练集中使用LASSO-Cox回归分析确定与OS相关的关键CRGs,并计算风险评分,以建立一个预后模型。对这些CRGs进行多变量Cox回归分析,并根据赤池信息量准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)选择最终模型变量。以下是基于优化的预后特征计算最终风险评分的公式:风险评分=∑inCoefi×Ai。在该式中,Coef表示回归系数,i表示CRGs,A表示签名中每个CRGs的相对表达值,n表示基因之和。根据中位风险评分,将患者分为2个队列:低风险队列和高风险队列。为比较2个队列,采用Log-rank检验和Kaplan-Meier分析高低风险队列的预后差异。利用时间依赖性受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线预测1、3、5年生存率的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值确定预后模型的预测精度。
采用RMS 6.3.0软件包拟合模型并绘制列线图,并将训练集的MM风险评分纳入临床因素分析。根据AIC选择的最终模型变量绘制校准曲线,以检验列线图的预测精度。
limma软件包用于识别高风险和低风险队列中的DEGs。使用EnhancedVolcano软件包绘制火山图可视化DEGs。利用功能富集分析包ClusterProfiler 4.6.2进行GO和KEGG富集分析,其中GO包含细胞成分(cellular component,CC)、分子功能(molecular function,MF)和生物过程(biological process,BP),了解CRGs在MM中的潜在生物学功能。使用聚类可视化包ClustVis 1.28.0对DEGs进行聚类分析。采用基因集富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)进一步确定低、高风险队列的主要富集途径。基于GSE4581数据集根据UBE2D1表达的中位数将MM患者分为高表达组和低表达组,进行HALLMARK基因集富集分析。
采用CIBERSORT及Spearman相关分析评估基于OS相关的CRGs风险评分与肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中免疫细胞浸润之间的相关性,如NK细胞、浆细胞、B细胞和T细胞。并评估风险评分与24个常见的免疫检查点、46个可能的肿瘤靶向治疗免疫抑制因子及肿瘤微环境中常见趋化因子的相关性。使用GSE176131数据集中MM患者的单细胞测序数据进行单细胞分析,利用Seurat包生成对象并过滤掉低丰度基因和低质量细胞;过滤标准:①表达细胞数<3个的基因(低丰度基因),②基因数<200个的细胞(低质量细胞),③线粒体基因含量>5%的细胞(低质量细胞)。每个细胞的唯一分子标识符(unique molecular identifier,UMI)计数均使用比例因子=10 000进行归一化处理,使用Seurat中ScaleData函数完成数据标准化。基于方差稳定化筛选前10个可变基因进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),前5个主成分被保留用于统一流形逼近与投影(uniform manifold approximation and projection,UMAP)或t-分布随机邻域嵌入(t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding,t-SNE)可视化和细胞聚类,使用Seurat包中FindClusters函数执行细胞聚类。
基于癌症药物敏感性基因组学(Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer,GDSC)数据库(www.cancerRxgene.org),对OS相关的CRGs进行药物敏感性分析。
从2021年6-12月在贵州医科大学附属医院血液科住院的患者中,通过骨髓穿刺活检获得6例临床样本,其中3例MM患者和3例健康供者(healthy donor,HD)(4例男性,2例女性,年龄为20~67岁,中位数为41岁)。纳入标准:①年龄为18~80岁;②MM患者均符合NCCN 2022年推荐的MM诊断标准[10];③HD年龄、性别与MM患者相匹配。排除标准为入院前未经过辅助化疗、造血干细胞移植和免疫治疗。使用淋巴细胞分离试剂FICOLL(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)提取单个核细胞,进一步提取蛋白质和RNA,并将RNA转化为cDNA。本研究经贵州医科大学伦理审查委员会审批[2024伦审第(248)号],且所有患者在研究前均签署知情同意书。
人MM三株细胞系MM.1S、U266、RPMI 8226均购自中国医学科学院基础医学研究所细胞中心,其中正常人骨髓细胞来源于1.8中收集的HD骨髓中的单个核细胞作为正常对照细胞(Normal)。人MM细胞系使用含10%胎牛血清和RPMI 1640培养基(美国Gibco公司)的完全培养基在37 ℃、5%CO₂条件下进行培养。所有细胞系通过短串联重复分析验证,支原体检测结果均为阴性。
在上海拜奥森生物科技有限公司构建UBE2D1 SiRNA和Si-NC的靶标序列(5′→3′):①Si-UBE2D1-1:ACAAATCTATAAATCAGACAA,563 bp;②Si-UBE2D1-2:TTGTCTCGATATTCTGAGGTC,448 bp;③Si-UBE2D1-3:ACAACAGACATGCAAGAGAAT,597 bp;④Si-NC:UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU。使用对数生长期U266细胞均匀铺在6孔板中,细胞密度为每孔1×10⁵个细胞,次日待细胞密度达60%~70%时使用Lipo8000TM转染试剂(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)对U266细胞进行SiRNA转染。
根据制造商的说明书,用TRIzol试剂(日本TaKaRa公司)从骨髓单个核细胞和MM细胞中提取总RNA。采用TB Green Master Mix(日本TaKaRa公司)进行RT-qPCR扩增总RNA,检测CDKN2A、PDE3B、UBE2D1和COA6的mRNA水平。引物对由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成,所有样本归一化为GAPDH,采用2-△△Ct法评价相对表达水平(表1)。
在MM.1S、U266和RPMI8226细胞及正常对照细胞中加入100~150 μL高效RIPA裂解液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司),放置于冰上,每隔15 s在振荡器上振荡30 s使其充分裂解,循环10次,在4 ℃下以12 000×g离心20 min,5×蛋白上样缓冲液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)加入上清液,在100 ℃金属浴中加热10 min。蛋白质在12%SDS-PAGE上分离,在0.22 mm聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜(美国Millipore公司)上印迹,置于5%中脱脂牛奶中,封闭约2 h,并与特定的抗体孵育。所使用的抗体如下:CDKN2A、CDK6、PCNA和Bcl2抗体来自万科生物科技有限公司,PDE3B、UBE2D1、COA6和Cyclin D1抗体购自武汉三鹰生物科技有限公司,GAPDH购自Bioworld技术有限公司。滴加ECL化学发光液(美国Millipore公司),所得结果使用Image J软件进行相对灰度值定量分析。
使用CCK-8(美国MCE公司),按照生产商提供的原液,以每孔1×104个细胞的密度在96孔板中接种分别转染Si-UBE2D1-2和Si-NC的U266细胞,其中转染Si-UBE2D1-2组为敲低组,转染Si-NC组为对照组,每24 h接种1次,接种3 d。使用酶标仪在450 nm波长下测量各孔的光密度[D(450)]值来评估细胞的生长曲线。
细胞周期检测分别转染Si-UBE2D1-2和Si-NC的U266细胞在70%酒精、4 ℃下固定过夜。在检测时加入500 μL事先准备好的RNase A和PI混合工作液染色,室温避光30~60 min。在流式细胞仪上检测细胞,记录激发波长为488 nm的红色荧光。使用ModFIT LT 2.0软件分析每个细胞周期的百分比。
使用GraphPad Prism 9.4和R软件(https://cloud.r-project.org/,4.2.1)进行统计分析。使用R软件的“survival”(3.3-1版)和“survminer”(0.4.9版)软件包进行单变量和多变量Cox回归分析,以筛选与MM患者预后相关的基因。使用“pROC”(1.18.0版)软件包绘制ROC曲线,评估模型的可预测性。生存分析中的Kaplan-Meier曲线使用对数秩检验进行评估。为确定正态分布变量组间的差异,对定量变量采用非配对的t检验。临床数据分析采用Wilcoxon检验。为保证实验的准确性和统计要求,体外实验至少重复3次。多组比较采用单因素方差分析。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
采用单变量Cox回归分析选择P<0.05且与OS相关的CRGs,得到16个与MM患者OS相关的CRGs并通过韦恩图可视化结果(图1A、B)。GO分析显示,这些CRGs主要富集在线粒体呼吸、细胞蛋白修饰过程、铜离子结合等与铜离子相关的调控中(图1C)。KEGG富集分析显示,这些CRGs还参与线粒体代谢途径、柠檬酸循环(TCA循环)、癌症相关的通路(HIF-1信号通路)等(图1D)。为探寻OS相关CRGs之间的相互作用关系,根据16个CRGs的表达水平,使用Pearson相关性分析确定这些CRGs相关性表达最为密切的6个关键基因,即DLD、COA6、CDKN2A、SOD1、PDHA1、UBE2D1(图1E),表明这些CRGs的调控机制可能在MM的发病中起关键作用。为避免潜在的过度拟合,使用LASSO-Cox回归分析选择关键OS相关的CRGs进行建模,计算风险评分系数(图1G),并通过多变量Cox回归分析确定4个CRGs,分别为CDKN2A、PDE3B、UBE2D1及COA6(图1F)。根据风险评分系数计算风险评分:风险评分=CDKN2A表达量×0.452 9+ PDE3B表达量×0.319 1+UBE2D1表达量×0.528 0+ COA6表达量×0.383 3(图1H)。
根据风险评分结果发现,高、低风险队列患者的死亡率随着风险评分的增加而增加(图1I)。进一步探寻这4个基因在高低风险队列的表达模式,其中CDKN2A、PDE3B、UBE2D1及COA6基因均在高风险队列高表达(P<0.000 1,图1J),表明这4个CRGs作为癌基因可能促进MM的进展。
在训练集中绘制ROC曲线显示预测1、3和5年OS的AUC值分别为0.63、0.71、0.78(图2A),表明该模型具有很高的预测能力。利用Kaplan-Meier曲线分析2组队列的生存预后差异,结果显示高风险队列患者的OS明显短于低风险队列(HR=2.18,P<0.001,图2B)。为进一步评价风险评分是否能作为MM患者独立的危险因素,在纳入年龄、性别、ISS分期和风险评分这些临床因素后进行单变量Cox回归分析,结果显示风险评分能作为一个独立的危险因素并与MM患者预后相关(图2C)。多变量Cox回归分析显示风险评分仍然能独立成为MM的预后指标,且ISS分期中Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期也被认为是独立的预后预测因素(图2D)。因此,使用ROC曲线比较风险评分与其他临床因素对于MM患者预后的诊断效能,预测1年以上OS的AUC值风险评分高于性别临床因素(图2E),预测3年以上OS的AUC值风险评分高于年龄和性别临床因素(图2F),预测5年以上OS的AUC值风险评分均高于年龄、性别、ISS分期等MM临床因素(图2G)。这一发现表明建立的预后模型与MM常用的临床因素具有相同的诊断效能优势,甚至在对5年OS长期预后生存的MM患者预测优势更加突出。为了以高度准确的方式评估预后模型,绘制一个结合风险评分、年龄、性别和ISS分期的列线图(图2H),通过校准曲线显示,它在预测1、3和5年OS方面具有极好的一致性(图2I),表明风险评分结合临床因素,可以高度准确地预测MM患者的OS。进一步在验证集中采用风险评分公式计算高、低风险队列患者的风险评分,以验证该预后模型的可靠性。结果发现与训练集一致,与低风险队列相比,高风险队列患者的OS更短,预后更差(图2J)。通过绘制ROC曲线预测1、3、5年OS的AUC值分别为0.656、0.657、0.797(图2K)。这表明该风险模型在验证集中MM患者同样具有良好的可靠性,且对远期预后生存的患者预测效能上表现出更好的准确性。
采用GSEA富集分析高低风险队列患者的生物学功能和相关信号通路。结果显示,在高风险队列中,显著富集细胞周期、细胞凋亡及免疫等途径。而低风险队列中显著富集细胞饥饿反应、EIF2AK4 GCN2对氨基酸缺乏反应、真核生物的翻译延伸等途径(图3)。表明在CRGs高表达的队列中,主要通过细胞周期、细胞凋亡与免疫途径的交互,进而介导MM疾病的进展。
在训练集中筛选DEGs,以评估潜在的分子通路对具有铜死亡特征的MM患者的调控作用。使用limma软件包在训练集中确定188个DEGs,这些DEGs在高、低风险队列中具有不同的基因表达模式,其中有110个基因下调,78个基因下调(图4A、B)。GO分析表明,CRGs参与多种免疫相关的生物学功能,如细胞增殖经典途径以及适应性免疫反应、B细胞介导免疫等与免疫相关的途径(图4C)。KEGG分析表明,CRGs主要参与细胞周期、癌症相关信号通路、P53等肿瘤相关信号通路(图4D)。这些结果表明高、低风险队列的DEGs主要通过免疫调节与肿瘤相关通路的方式介导疾病进展。
基于训练集构建的预后模型,评估其风险评分与TME中免疫细胞浸润之间的相关性,结果显示,在高风险队列中,免疫细胞如浆细胞、CD4+ T细胞显著下调,记忆B细胞、CD4+记忆T细胞、活化NK细胞、树突状细胞显著上调(图5A、B),表明风险评分与MM微环境中存在的多种肿瘤浸润性免疫细胞(tumorinfiltrating immune cells,TILs)显著相关。使用Spearman相关分析探讨风险评分与24个免疫检查点之间的相关性,发现风险评分与CTLA-4呈显著正相关,而与LGALS9、LAG3呈显著负相关(P<0.05,图5C)。对46种可能的肿瘤靶向治疗免疫抑制因子进行相关性分析,结果发现,风险评分与TNFSF4、ENTPD1呈显著正相关(P<0.05,图5D)。对40种肿瘤微环境中常见的趋化因子也进行相关性分析,结果表明风险评分与CXCL16、CCL8、CCL16呈显著正相关,而与CXCL17呈明显负相关(P<0.05,图5E)。这些免疫分析结果表明,具有铜死亡风险特征的MM患者更有可能受益于CTLA4、TNSF4、ENTPD1、CXCL16、CCL8、CCL16这些相应的免疫检查点、免疫抑制因子及趋化因子的治疗,而对于MM患者以LGALS9、LAG3、CXCL17为靶点的靶向治疗效果不佳。进一步从单细胞水平分析4个与OS相关的CRGs在MM中的表达模式,对MM单细胞数据集GSE176131进行降维和聚类,所有细胞共被注释为5个细胞簇(图5F),分析显示CDKN2A、COA6在浆细胞中表达量较高(图5G),而UBE2D1在巨噬细胞中表达较高。这些结果说明在MM微环境中,CRGs可能在介导浆细胞与巨噬细胞的细胞间交互方面发挥重要作用。
为探寻基于OS相关的关键CRGs潜在的靶向治疗药物,使用GDSC数据库对预后模型关键的CRGs进行药物敏感性分析,发现CDKN2A与Nutlin-3a(-)、PD-0332991呈显著正相关,PDE3B与Bleomycin(50 μmol/L)呈显著正相关,UBE2D1与PI-103呈显著正相关(图6)。表明这些药物对于以靶向铜死亡为基础的MM患者治疗模式,从而改善MM患者复发和治疗效果具有很强的前景。
为进一步验证OS相关的CRGs在MM细胞层面的表达水平,选择MM.1S、U266、RPMI8226 3种MM细胞,分别使用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。结果显示与正常对照细胞相比,CDKN2A、COA6、UBE2D1在MM细胞中的蛋白水平呈现高表达,而PDE3B则呈低表达(P<0.05,图7A)。此外,RT-qPCR检测3个基因的mRNA水平发现UBE2D1、COA6、PDE3B表达与检测的蛋白表达水平一致,而CDKN2A的mRNA表达水平则与蛋白表达水平呈现相反的趋势(P<0.05,图7B)。因此,推测CDKN2A可能在MM进展中受到某些转录后和翻译水平的表观遗传机制的调控。4个CRGs在MM细胞系蛋白水平的差异表达表明其确实参与MM患者的发病。
为评估UBE2D1对MM恶性进展的影响,利用RT-qPCR检测UBE2D1在MM患者和HD中的mRNA表达水平。结果发现,与HD相比,UBE2D1在MM患者中的表达水平明显升高(P<0.001,图8A)。此外,用UBE2D1的siRNA(3条序列)瞬时转染U266细胞,Western blot实验发现Si-UBE2D1-2敲低效率最显著(P<0.01,图8B),故选择Si-UBE2D1-2进行后续的功能实验。CCK-8检测结果显示,敲低UBE2D1能抑制U266细胞的增殖(P<0.05,图8C)。流式细胞术结果表明,敲低UBE2D1阻滞细胞周期的G0/G1期(P<0.05,图8D)。Western blot检测细胞周期和凋亡相关因子的表达,结果显示敲低UBE2D1显著降低PCNA、CDK6、Cyclin D1和Bcl-2的表达(P<0.05,图8E)。为探讨UBE2D1影响MM进展的机制,进行HALLMARK基因集富集分析显示,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶-蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B,PKB/AKT)信号通路在UBE2D1高表达组显著富集(P=0.0191,图8F)。以上结果表明UBE2D1可能通过PI3K/AKT信号通路促进MM的进展。
MM特征包括骨髓内恶性浆细胞的积累及相应靶器官损害。近年来靶向和免疫疗法的出现一定程度上改善MM患者的预后生存,但由于高复发率和耐药率,部分患者的预后生存依然很差。铜死亡在肿瘤中的具体调控机制主要包括上游摄取蛋白铜离子转运蛋白1蛋白(copper transporter 1,CTR1)与外排蛋白铜离子转运ATP酶α肽/β肽(ATPase,Cu++ transporting alpha/beta polypeptide,ATP7A/7B)的平衡决定细胞内铜离子浓度,核心执行是铜离子与硫辛酰化蛋白(如DLAT)结合导致毒性聚集体形成,进而促进铜死亡的发生[5]。最近有文献报道在胃癌中非典型甲基转移酶METTL16的乳酰化可通过FDX1 mRNA上的m6A修饰促进铜死亡[11]。在肿瘤中,铜死亡与其他死亡之间也存在相互作用,有研究发现在肝癌中,铁死亡激活剂索拉非尼和伊拉斯汀可以通过抑制FDX1降解,上调蛋白脂酰化,并减少铜螯合剂GSH的合成,进而促进肝癌细胞铜死亡[12]。铜死亡与凋亡存在一些共同调节分子,如P53的双重调控,P53既可诱导促凋亡基因(如BAX、PUMA)表达[13],也可能通过增强线粒体代谢、抑制糖酵解等机制促进铜死亡[14]。本研究通过LASSO-Cox和多变量Cox回归分析构建4个CRGs构成的具有最佳预后特征的预后模型,并通过ROC曲线、列线图结合MM临床因素发现该模型具有准确预测MM患者的预后潜力。目前有研究报道CRGs参与癌症的进展。如UBE2D1是E2泛素偶联酶的成员,属于UBE2D家族。最近研究发现在肝肿瘤中UBE2D1可通过降低泛素化依赖通路中p53的表达,促进体外和体内肝肿瘤的生长[15]。CDKN2A(P16)是位于9号染色体短臂上的抑癌基因,在淋巴瘤中,CDKN2A缺失与外周T细胞淋巴瘤非特指型(peripheral T cell lymphoma,not otherwise specified,PTCL NOS)患者预后不良相关[16]。PDE3B是一种磷酸二酯酶,它是一种能够降解环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)的酶。在白血病中,抑制PDE3B可增强PDE4抑制剂诱导的慢性淋巴细胞白血病患者凋亡[17]。COA6最初在人类中被命名为C1ORF31,且被确定为一种细胞色素c氧化酶组装因子[18]。最近有研究发现COA6通过氧化磷酸化途径促进乳腺癌的发生和进展[19]。通过功能富集分析发现CRGs在与线粒体呼吸、细胞质蛋白修饰过程、铜离子结合和其他铜离子相关的途径中显著富集。这表明CRGs依赖于铜离子代谢过程来调节铜死亡并促进MM的进展。
TILs与TME中的癌细胞之间的相互作用对肿瘤的进展和耐药性具有重要意义,铜死亡作为一种铜依赖的细胞死亡机制,目前有研究表明铜死亡与膀胱癌、乳腺癌等多种癌症的肿瘤微环境免疫浸润细胞有关[20-21]。此外,YANG等[22]将铜死亡预后模型应用于肺腺癌中,发现高表达组活化的B细胞、CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞、MDSC和NK细胞显著降低,同时,高CRGs评分与免疫抑制和基质途径激活显著相关[23]。此外,在乳腺癌中,CRGs风险评分模型与细胞毒性免疫细胞浸润呈负相关,与肿瘤进展和免疫抑制相关。铜死亡相关基因PDHA1表达上调与乳腺癌较差预后相关,并且与乳腺癌中CD4+记忆T细胞、巨噬细胞M0和M1细胞以及肥大细胞的浸润水平密切相关[24]。然而,铜死亡在MM免疫微环境的作用及具体调控机制尚不清楚。本研究发现基于OS相关的CRGs的风险评分与TME中免疫细胞浸润密切相关,如浆细胞、CD4+ T细胞在高风险队列中显著下调,记忆B细胞、CD4+记忆T细胞、活化NK细胞、树突状细胞在高风险队列中显著上调。并且通过单细胞水平分析4个MM预后相关的CRGs的表达模式,CDKN2A、COA6在浆细胞呈显著高表达,UBE2D1在巨噬细胞高表达,揭示铜死亡相关基因可能依赖于MM微环境中浆细胞和巨噬细胞的交互,从而造成MM的进展。这些结果表明,风险评分与MM微环境中存在的TILs显著相关,持续高水平的铜死亡可能造成MM患者强烈的免疫抑制微环境。此外,免疫检查点抑制剂是一种新型的靶向免疫治疗,最近已被用于MM的前期临床试验中。目前在多种癌症预后模型中发现铜死亡与肿瘤免疫检查点的关系,如在胰腺癌患者中,低风险队列的促炎细胞(如CD8+ T细胞)的数量显著大于高风险队列,并且免疫检查点基因(如PD-1和CTLA-4)的表达增加[25]。本研究的免疫相关性分析结果显示铜死亡相关特征患者更有可能受益于CTLA4、TNSF4、ENTPD1、CXCL16、CCL8、CCL16这些相应的免疫检查点、免疫抑制因子及趋化因子的治疗,而对于以LGALS9、LAG3、CXCL17为靶向治疗的效果存在不佳,因此,铜死亡的持续激活或抑制可能为部分免疫检查点治疗效果不佳的MM患者提供新的治疗机会。
应对新药开发挑战和提高现有药物治疗能力的潜在策略旨在改善药物靶点的选择和重新利用现有已批准的药物。基于GDSC药物敏感性分析发现CDNK2A与Nutlin-3a(-)、PD-0332991呈显著正相关,PDE3B与Bleomycin(50 μmol/L)呈显著正相关,UBE2D1与PI-103呈显著正相关。Nutlin-3a可通过恢复p53依赖的NKG2D和DNAM-1受体配体表达,增强自然杀伤细胞介导的神经母细胞瘤杀伤。PD-0332991是一种细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4和6抑制剂,在转移性肿瘤中显示出疗效。Bleomycin是霍奇金淋巴瘤、睾丸癌、生殖细胞癌等疾病金标准疗法的一部分。ASH2L可驱动霍奇金淋巴瘤和睾丸癌细胞对Bleomycin的增殖和敏感性。PI-103是一种很有前景的药物,它可以抑制PI3K和mTOR,进而可能在多个通路点上有效抑制突变不同的癌细胞,如胶质瘤、乳腺癌。因此,基于CRGs的药物敏感性分析的这些结果将有助于MM患者新的靶向治疗药物开发。
利用Western blot和RT-qPCR验证预后模型中CRGs在MM细胞株的蛋白和mRNA表达水平,其中CDKN2A的mRNA和蛋白的表达水平呈现相反的模式。有研究表明CDKN2A在肿瘤及衰老过程中可能受到表观遗传修饰的影响,其中包括其本身启动子的甲基化以及组蛋白乙酰化的调控[26-27]。因此进一步推测CDKN2A在MM中更易受到转录后表观遗传修饰而造成其mRNA水平低表达,进而影响MM疾病进展。进一步探究UBE2D1在MM增殖过程中的生物学功能。UBE2D1敲低组U266细胞的增殖能力明显弱于对照组,这表明UBE2D1在MM的发生发展过程中起着更重要的调控作用。与以往的研究相比[28],本研究新发现4个与MM预后密切相关的CRGs,并在MM细胞水平上得到验证。在这4个基因中,UBE2D1已被发现可能是多种癌症的预后和免疫相关的生物标志物[15,29],被认为是抗癌治疗的关键靶点,但是其在MM中的具体功能鲜有报道,因此本研究选择UBE2D1进行进一步的功能验证。通过CCK-8、流式细胞术及Western Blot实验发现UBE2D1可通过细胞周期促进MM细胞增殖,并且利用富集分析发现UBE2D1与PI3K/AKT通路呈正相关关系,且PI3K/AKT通路已被证明参与多种肿瘤的调控,主要参与肿瘤的恶性进展,以上结果表明UBE2D1可能通过PI3K/AKT信号通路调控MM细胞的增殖,进而促进MM进展。
本研究基于对铜死亡和MM患者的分析,建立一个特征性的风险预后模型。然而,本研究也有一定局限性:①TCGA-MMRF数据库提供的临床信息有限,可能缺乏其他临床参数;②虽然已经在细胞及临床样本层面上对关键的CRGs进行初步验证,但还需要更深入的实验研究,以探究CRGs在MM中的精确调控机制,包括CRGs与MM临床常用药物之间的关系以及CRGs对免疫细胞亚群的调控机制,进一步证实它们的临床意义。
综上所述,本研究表明CRGs在MM患者的预后和免疫细胞浸润中起着至关重要的作用,该模型可以根据风险评分提供个性化治疗。研究结果突出CRGs的重要临床意义,且CDKN2A、PDE3B、COA6和UBE2D1这4个基因可能是MM患者耐药的生物学标志物和新的潜在治疗靶点。同时,通过实验验证UBE2D1可通过细胞周期促进MM细胞增殖,为下一步探究UBE2D1调节MM患者发病机制提供新的依据。

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2025年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202503002
  • 接收时间:2025-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-02
  • 修回日期:2025-05-20
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    1贵州医科大学附属医院:血液科,贵州省血液研究所,贵州省造血干细胞移植中心实验室,贵州 贵阳
    2贵州医科大学附属医院:妇产科,贵州省精准医学研究所,贵州贵阳;贵州医科大学:贵州 贵阳
    3贵州医科大学附属医院:临床医学院,贵州 贵阳
    4贵州医科大学附属医院:医学检验学院临床生物化学系,贵州 贵阳

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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