Article(id=1322192302152462787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502077, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164809977, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164809977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164809977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164809977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1729, endPage=1740, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192302370566596, articleId=1322192302152462787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Damage effect of combined noise and CO exposure on spermatogenesis in male rats, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To analyze the detrimental effects of exposure to environmental noise alone and combined with carbon monoxide (CO) on spermatogenesis in male rats, investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in such damage, and evaluate the protective role of pterostilbene (PTE) against these adverse effects.

Methods‍

Sixty male SD rats (6~8 weeks old, weighing 200±10 g) were randomly divided normal control group (standard housing), sham-exposure control group (restraint stress only), noise exposure (85 dB), CO exposure (460 mg/m³), combined exposure (simultaneous exposure), and PTE intervention (80 mg/kg pretreatment), with 10 animals in each group. The rats were exposed daily for 2 h via a nose-only inhalation exposure system within a multifactorial environmental simulation chamber for 60 consecutive days. Sperm count and viability were measured after exposure. Histopathological changes of testicular tissues were observed with HE staining. qRT-PCR was used to measure stage-specific mRNA levels in germ cells. Serum sex hormone levels and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in testes and sperm were detected. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to observe the ultrastructural damage in the spermatocytes. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing was performed on testicular tissue, followed by bioinformatics analysis.

Results‍

Compared with the negative control group, the combined exposure group exhibited significant reductions in sperm viability and count (P<0.05), and developmental arrest of immature germ cells in the testicular tissue, with obviously less spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round/elongated spermatids (P<0.01). Additionally, significantly reduced levels of reproductive-related hormones, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone, and ATP levels in testes and sperm were observed in the mice after combined exposure (P<0.01), accompanied by mitochondrial rupture and cristae disruption in spermatocytes. Conversely, the PTE intervention group showed marked alleviation of these impairments, with parameters recovering almost to normal levels. Transcriptome sequencing identified biological processes related to reproductive development and ATP-dependent pathways as potential contributors to testicular injury induced by noise and CO exposure, with key genes including Nppa, Adm, Gnrh1, Ptafr, Atp13a5, Atp8b1, and LOC102555469.

Conclusion‍

Noise and CO exposure induce spermatogenic damage in rats, which may be related with energy metabolism and hormonal regulation, while PTE demonstrates significant protective effects against such reproductive impairments.

, authors=Lulu GUO, Zhonghao ZHANG, Chang LIU, Chaofeng SHI, Jiankang WANG, Lei SUN, Jinyi LIU, Yingqing LI, authorsList=Lulu GUO, Zhonghao ZHANG, Chang LIU, Chaofeng SHI, Jiankang WANG, Lei SUN, Jinyi LIU, Yingqing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingqing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192305822478805, articleId=1322192302152462787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=噪声联合一氧化碳暴露致大鼠精子发生损伤, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析环境噪声与一氧化碳(carbon monoxide, CO)在独立及联合暴露状态下对大鼠精子发生过程的损害效应,探究可能的损伤机制及紫檀芪(pterostilbene,PTE)对该损伤的保护作用。

方法

采用随机数字表法将60只雄性SD大鼠[6~8周龄,体质量(200±10)g]分为6组(n=10):正常对照组(常规饲养)、假暴露对照组(单纯束缚应激)、噪声暴露组(85 dB声压级)、CO暴露组(460 mg/m³)、联合暴露组(同步施加460 mg/m³ CO与85 dB噪声)及PTE干预组[在联合暴露基础上予PTE(80 mg/kg)预处理]。实验采用动态口鼻暴露系统,整体置于多因素环境暴露模拟舱内,每天暴露2 h,持续60 d。染毒结束后分析精子数量和存活率,用HE染色观察大鼠睾丸病理组织学损伤情况,采用qRT-PCR检测不同阶段生殖细胞特异性mRNA相对水平,并检测血清性激素水平、睾丸及精子三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)水平,通过透射电镜观察精母细胞超微结构损伤,睾丸组织进行转录组测序后行生物信息学分析。

结果

与假暴露对照组相比,联合暴露组精子存活率和数量显著降低(P<0.05),且病理结果提示联合暴露组大鼠睾丸组织出现未成熟生殖细胞的发育阻滞;qRT-PCR结果提示联合暴露组大鼠精原细胞、精母细胞以及圆形和长形精子细胞数量均显著降低(P<0.01);联合暴露组生殖相关激素(如促性腺激素释放激素、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素和睾酮)以及睾丸和精子ATP水平均显著降低(P<0.01),且透射电镜观察显示精母细胞线粒体破裂和嵴破坏。与联合暴露组相比,PTE干预组上述损伤效应有明显好转,并趋于正常水平。转录组测序结果提示,生殖发育以及ATP依赖的相关生物过程可能参与噪声和CO暴露对大鼠睾丸的损伤效应,其中关键基因包括Nppa、Adm、Gnrh1、Ptafr、Atp13a5、Atp8b1、LOC102555469等。

结论

噪声和CO可导致大鼠精子发生过程损伤,其机制可能与能量代谢和激素有关,且PTE可显著改善该生殖损伤。

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李迎庆,E-mail:
LI Yingqing,E-mail:
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Chongqing:Army Medical University,2024., articleTitle=Preliminary study on the adverse effects and mechanisms of combined exposure to noise and carbon monoxide on male reproductive system in rats, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322192306074137046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192306082525655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, companyId=1322192306074137046, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Military Toxicology,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192306090914264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, companyId=1322192306074137046, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军事毒理学教研室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322192310943724047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RpNw8Enohca47KglLtc4mQ==, figureFileBig=cm5Nwgxd2ZyP/cMDvMuGeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192311027610128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=CN, label=图1, caption=噪声、CO及其联合暴露对大鼠精子存活(A)及精子数量(B)的影响

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与假暴露组比较;c:P<0.01,与联合组比较

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黑色五角星:示生精小管空泡化,黑色箭头:示未成熟生殖细胞

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与假暴露组比较;c:P<0.01,与联合组比较

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与假暴露组比较;c:P<0.05,d:P<0.01,与联合组比较

, figureFileSmall=qRQk5Wrm0rCKKodvKPruvQ==, figureFileBig=wn33k6eXcp2/opy8hqt9jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192311635784215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pPxYomxKvJgHOUPzxwk+JQ==, figureFileBig=k7R/VCFpO7sF6lQbvZHjDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192311715475992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=CN, label=图5, caption=大鼠睾丸(A)和精子(B)ATP水平的检测

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与假暴露组比较;c:P<0.05,d:P<0.01,与联合组比较

, figureFileSmall=pPxYomxKvJgHOUPzxwk+JQ==, figureFileBig=k7R/VCFpO7sF6lQbvZHjDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192311807750681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=H//AALncDXb9Z4z9qu8UVw==, figureFileBig=vWcuxz0ChUj4euYVS+fFYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192313485472282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=CN, label=图6, caption=噪声、CO及其联合暴露后大鼠睾丸精母细胞的超微结构

白色箭头:示正常线粒体,黑色箭头:示线粒体肿胀和空洞化,空心箭头:示线粒体破损

, figureFileSmall=H//AALncDXb9Z4z9qu8UVw==, figureFileBig=vWcuxz0ChUj4euYVS+fFYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192313560969755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uQ570V8aVBxvt3p0ZTd3wg==, figureFileBig=rBLMO71lmpPQLWjH+8YCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192313636467228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=CN, label=图7, caption=联合暴露和PTE治疗后差异表达基因的GO富集分析结果

A:联合组相对于假暴露组DEGs的metascape数据库GO富集分析结果;B:PTE组相对于联合组DEGs的metascape数据库GO富集分析结果;C:联合组相对于假暴露组DEGs的panther数据库GO富集分析结果D:PTE组相对于联合组DEGs的panther数据库GO富集分析结果

, figureFileSmall=uQ570V8aVBxvt3p0ZTd3wg==, figureFileBig=rBLMO71lmpPQLWjH+8YCkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192313749713437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Owch7WPh9hbaCrxk8xhhGQ==, figureFileBig=sMoATAYVWyZ7s/8CG6lIzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192313858765342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=CN, label=图8, caption=联合暴露和PTE治疗后共同变化基因的韦恩图, figureFileSmall=Owch7WPh9hbaCrxk8xhhGQ==, figureFileBig=sMoATAYVWyZ7s/8CG6lIzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192313938457119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名引物序列(5′→3′)
Cd2上游:GCAACCCTGACCTGTGAAGT
下游:TCTCCAGCTCTTCACCTTTTCTC
Dazl上游:TGGTGTGTCGAAGGGCTATG
下游:AGGGCCCAGTTTCAGCTTTT
Sycp1上游:CATGGAGAAGCAGAAGCCCT
下游:TGCCAGAATTTGCAACCTGTTC
Sycp3上游:AGGCTAGGCTTCGTCAGATG
下游:GCTTTGTTGATGTCAGCTCCA
Tnp1上游:CGACCAGCCGCAAACTAAAG
下游:TCGGTAATTGCGACTTGCATC
Tnp2上游:CTCCTCTCGGCCTCAAAGTC
下游:CACTTGTATCTTCGTCCTGAGC
Prm1上游:GTCCACCAAAACTCCTGCCT
下游:AGGCTCCTGTTTTCCATCG
Prm2上游:CTACCGTCCCTCCTCTTCCA
下游:GGGATCTTCTGCAGCCTCTG
), ArticleFig(id=1322192314030731808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192302152462787, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

qRT-PCR检测基因表达相关引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名引物序列(5′→3′)
Cd2上游:GCAACCCTGACCTGTGAAGT
下游:TCTCCAGCTCTTCACCTTTTCTC
Dazl上游:TGGTGTGTCGAAGGGCTATG
下游:AGGGCCCAGTTTCAGCTTTT
Sycp1上游:CATGGAGAAGCAGAAGCCCT
下游:TGCCAGAATTTGCAACCTGTTC
Sycp3上游:AGGCTAGGCTTCGTCAGATG
下游:GCTTTGTTGATGTCAGCTCCA
Tnp1上游:CGACCAGCCGCAAACTAAAG
下游:TCGGTAATTGCGACTTGCATC
Tnp2上游:CTCCTCTCGGCCTCAAAGTC
下游:CACTTGTATCTTCGTCCTGAGC
Prm1上游:GTCCACCAAAACTCCTGCCT
下游:AGGCTCCTGTTTTCCATCG
Prm2上游:CTACCGTCCCTCCTCTTCCA
下游:GGGATCTTCTGCAGCCTCTG
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噪声联合一氧化碳暴露致大鼠精子发生损伤
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郭橹橹 , 张中豪 , 刘畅 , 师超峰 , 王建康 , 孙磊 , 刘晋祎 , 李迎庆
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(15): 1729-1740
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (15) : 1729 -1740
噪声联合一氧化碳暴露致大鼠精子发生损伤
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郭橹橹, 张中豪, 刘畅, 师超峰, 王建康, 孙磊, 刘晋祎, 李迎庆
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军事毒理学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
李迎庆,E-mail:
LI Yingqing,E-mail:
Damage effect of combined noise and CO exposure on spermatogenesis in male rats
Lulu GUO, Zhonghao ZHANG, Chang LIU, Chaofeng SHI, Jiankang WANG, Lei SUN, Jinyi LIU, Yingqing LI
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Military Toxicology,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502077
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目的

分析环境噪声与一氧化碳(carbon monoxide, CO)在独立及联合暴露状态下对大鼠精子发生过程的损害效应,探究可能的损伤机制及紫檀芪(pterostilbene,PTE)对该损伤的保护作用。

方法

采用随机数字表法将60只雄性SD大鼠[6~8周龄,体质量(200±10)g]分为6组(n=10):正常对照组(常规饲养)、假暴露对照组(单纯束缚应激)、噪声暴露组(85 dB声压级)、CO暴露组(460 mg/m³)、联合暴露组(同步施加460 mg/m³ CO与85 dB噪声)及PTE干预组[在联合暴露基础上予PTE(80 mg/kg)预处理]。实验采用动态口鼻暴露系统,整体置于多因素环境暴露模拟舱内,每天暴露2 h,持续60 d。染毒结束后分析精子数量和存活率,用HE染色观察大鼠睾丸病理组织学损伤情况,采用qRT-PCR检测不同阶段生殖细胞特异性mRNA相对水平,并检测血清性激素水平、睾丸及精子三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)水平,通过透射电镜观察精母细胞超微结构损伤,睾丸组织进行转录组测序后行生物信息学分析。

结果

与假暴露对照组相比,联合暴露组精子存活率和数量显著降低(P<0.05),且病理结果提示联合暴露组大鼠睾丸组织出现未成熟生殖细胞的发育阻滞;qRT-PCR结果提示联合暴露组大鼠精原细胞、精母细胞以及圆形和长形精子细胞数量均显著降低(P<0.01);联合暴露组生殖相关激素(如促性腺激素释放激素、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素和睾酮)以及睾丸和精子ATP水平均显著降低(P<0.01),且透射电镜观察显示精母细胞线粒体破裂和嵴破坏。与联合暴露组相比,PTE干预组上述损伤效应有明显好转,并趋于正常水平。转录组测序结果提示,生殖发育以及ATP依赖的相关生物过程可能参与噪声和CO暴露对大鼠睾丸的损伤效应,其中关键基因包括Nppa、Adm、Gnrh1、Ptafr、Atp13a5、Atp8b1、LOC102555469等。

结论

噪声和CO可导致大鼠精子发生过程损伤,其机制可能与能量代谢和激素有关,且PTE可显著改善该生殖损伤。

噪声  /  一氧化碳  /  联合暴露  /  雄性生殖毒性  /  精子发生  /  三磷酸腺苷  /  紫檀芪
Objective‍

To analyze the detrimental effects of exposure to environmental noise alone and combined with carbon monoxide (CO) on spermatogenesis in male rats, investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in such damage, and evaluate the protective role of pterostilbene (PTE) against these adverse effects.

Methods‍

Sixty male SD rats (6~8 weeks old, weighing 200±10 g) were randomly divided normal control group (standard housing), sham-exposure control group (restraint stress only), noise exposure (85 dB), CO exposure (460 mg/m³), combined exposure (simultaneous exposure), and PTE intervention (80 mg/kg pretreatment), with 10 animals in each group. The rats were exposed daily for 2 h via a nose-only inhalation exposure system within a multifactorial environmental simulation chamber for 60 consecutive days. Sperm count and viability were measured after exposure. Histopathological changes of testicular tissues were observed with HE staining. qRT-PCR was used to measure stage-specific mRNA levels in germ cells. Serum sex hormone levels and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in testes and sperm were detected. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to observe the ultrastructural damage in the spermatocytes. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing was performed on testicular tissue, followed by bioinformatics analysis.

Results‍

Compared with the negative control group, the combined exposure group exhibited significant reductions in sperm viability and count (P<0.05), and developmental arrest of immature germ cells in the testicular tissue, with obviously less spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round/elongated spermatids (P<0.01). Additionally, significantly reduced levels of reproductive-related hormones, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone, and ATP levels in testes and sperm were observed in the mice after combined exposure (P<0.01), accompanied by mitochondrial rupture and cristae disruption in spermatocytes. Conversely, the PTE intervention group showed marked alleviation of these impairments, with parameters recovering almost to normal levels. Transcriptome sequencing identified biological processes related to reproductive development and ATP-dependent pathways as potential contributors to testicular injury induced by noise and CO exposure, with key genes including Nppa, Adm, Gnrh1, Ptafr, Atp13a5, Atp8b1, and LOC102555469.

Conclusion‍

Noise and CO exposure induce spermatogenic damage in rats, which may be related with energy metabolism and hormonal regulation, while PTE demonstrates significant protective effects against such reproductive impairments.

‍noise  /  carbon monoxide  /  combined exposure  /  male reproductive toxicity  /  spermatogenesis  /  adenosine triphosphate  /  pterostilbene
郭橹橹, 张中豪, 刘畅, 师超峰, 王建康, 孙磊, 刘晋祎, 李迎庆. 噪声联合一氧化碳暴露致大鼠精子发生损伤. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1729 -1740 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502077
Lulu GUO, Zhonghao ZHANG, Chang LIU, Chaofeng SHI, Jiankang WANG, Lei SUN, Jinyi LIU, Yingqing LI. Damage effect of combined noise and CO exposure on spermatogenesis in male rats[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1729 -1740 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502077
工业化进程在推动现代文明发展的同时,不仅显著提升了人类生存质量,也引发了复杂的环境毒理学挑战。男性生殖系统作为遗传信息传递的核心载体,成为环境毒物作用的敏感靶标。统计显示2.5%~12.0%的育龄男性存在生育障碍[1],其所引发的生殖力衰减及子代健康风险已成为影响人口可持续发展的重大公共卫生议题。近年的流行病学研究持续揭示精子数量下降与环境污染的相关性[2-3],使得环境污染物对雄性生殖功能的影响机制研究备受关注。其中噪声与一氧化碳(carbon monoxide, CO)作为典型的环境共暴露污染物,其协同生殖毒性亟待阐明。动物实验表明,持续噪声暴露可显著降低大鼠血清睾酮(testosterone,T)浓度,并诱发曲细精管结构损伤[4],职业暴露人群研究亦证实噪声污染与精液质量下降存在显著关联[5]。另一方面,交通源和烟草燃烧产生的CO暴露,可通过干扰精子发生和T合成过程中的关键蛋白表达模式,导致精液质量下降[6-7]。且人群队列研究显示,环境CO污染是男性不育的重要风险因子[8]。然而,现有研究多局限于单一毒物暴露模型,难以模拟现实环境中多因素协同作用的复杂暴露场景,导致毒性评估存在偏差并制约防护策略研究。紫檀芪(pterostilbene,PTE)是一种天然存在的二苯乙烯类化合物,主要存在于蓝莓、龙血竭等植物中[9-10],其结构与白藜芦醇相似,但因甲氧基取代羟基,具有更强亲脂性和代谢稳定性[11]。PTE具有强效抗氧化、线粒体保护和多通路调控特性[12-13],且既往针对环境污染物(如双酚A)的生殖毒性研究显示,PTE通过Nrf2/HO-1通路减轻睾丸氧化损伤,支持其在生殖系统中的特异性保护作用[14-15]。
本研究基于自主研发的复合暴露染毒装置,建立噪声与CO单独及联合暴露的动物模型[16],系统评估不同暴露模式下大鼠睾丸组织病理学改变、生殖激素水平变化及分子调控机制差异,同时选取PTE作为干预措施,探索其对环境污染物(噪声、CO)复合暴露所致生殖损伤的干预潜力,为后续制定针对性防护方案提供毒理学依据。
实验设备:SUMMIT-708烟气分析仪购自韩国森美特SUMMIT公司,ASV5910+个体噪声暴露装置购自杭州爱华仪器有限公司,计算机辅助精液分析(sperm class analyzer,SCA)系统购自西班牙Microptic公司,PCR仪购自美国Thermo Scientific公司,HITACHI H-7650透射电镜购自日本日立公司。SpectraMax M2多功能酶标仪购自美国Molecular Device公司。辅助设备:FA2004电子天平购自东生兴业(香港)有限公司,THZ-92B恒温水浴箱购自中国太仓公司。实验试剂:HTF培养基购自美国Millipore公司,Bouin固定液、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)检测试剂盒购自碧云天生物技术有限公司,HE染液购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司,大鼠促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)、卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)和T试剂盒购自泉州市睿信生物科技有限公司,PTE购自成都慕思生物公司。TRIzol试剂购自美国Invitrogen公司,RNA提取试剂盒购自美国Promega公司,反转录试剂盒购自日本TaKaRa公司。
实验选用60只SD雄性大鼠[6~8周龄,体质量(200±10)g],由陆军军医大学实验动物中心提供[许可证号:SCXK(渝)2017-0006]。动物于屏障环境[温度(20±2)℃,湿度50%±5%,12 h昼夜节律]中适应性饲养7 d后,按随机数字表法分为6组(n=10):正常对照组(正常组)、假暴露对照组(假暴露组)、噪声暴露组(噪声组)、CO暴露组(CO组)、联合暴露组(联合组)和PTE干预组(PTE组)。大鼠每日固定于口鼻染毒装置进行2 h暴露(正常组除外),持续60 d,暴露舱置于常规实验室静态环境中,背景噪声65 dB。具体暴露条件如下:正常组自由活动于标准笼具;假暴露组除束缚装置固定外,其余舱内条件同正常组;噪声组暴露于85 dB白噪声中;CO组暴露于持续浓度460 mg/m³ CO中;联合组同步施加噪声(85 dB)及CO(460 mg/m³)暴露;PTE组在联合暴露基础上予PTE预处理[每日染毒前1 h实施80 mg/(kg·d)灌胃给药]。假暴露组设置旨在排除固定应激对实验结果的影响,除正常组外的各组均采用相同束缚装置。所有实验遵循国家实验动物伦理规定,并通过陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20226270)。
染毒周期(30 d)结束后,经乌拉坦麻醉后处死大鼠,常规解剖获取双侧睾丸及附睾,剔除脂肪组织。分侧处理睾丸:左侧睾丸用Bouin固定液固定24 h,右侧睾丸液氮速冻保存。取附睾尾剪碎制备精子悬液10 μL,经SCA专用精子计数板虹吸扩散后,静置2 min,用SCA系统评估精子运动参数。
解剖分离双侧附睾,完整置于预热无菌培养皿,使用无菌眼科剪纵向精细剪切成约1 mm³组织碎片,用移液枪轻柔吹打组织悬液4~5次,以确保分散均匀,静置2 min;吸取中层悬液10 μL匀速滴加至SCA专用精子计数板样本槽中,静置2 min待液体虹吸铺展;通过SCA系统捕获5个视野(≥200个精子),对精子质量进行自动检测,检测精子存活率和精子数量等指标。
分离睾丸并用Bouin固定液固定,进行脱水和石蜡包埋。将这些组织切成约5 μm厚的石蜡切片,装在玻璃载玻片上,去石蜡,重新脱水,并用HE染色。使用NIKON DS-U3数字切片扫描系统(物镜20×)对每例样本连续2张切片进行全视野扫描,基于Russell生精周期分期标准,筛选相同阶段生精小管,并由病理学家进行双盲评估。
分别使用相对应的ELISA试剂盒进行检测大鼠血清中的GnRH、FSH、LH和T,实验操作严格遵循制造商标准流程。设3复孔,依次加入50 μL样本、标准品、生物素标记抗体,并于37 ℃下孵育1 h,清洗5次,每次30 s;加80 μL亲和链酶素-辣根过氧化物酶(streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase,Streptavidin-HRP)37 ℃下孵育30 min;清洗后加底物A/B各50 μL避光显色15 min,显色结束后,每孔加入50 μL终止液终止显色反应。使用酶标仪于主波长450 nm下读取各孔的吸光度[OD(450)]值,按标准曲线计算浓度。
采用ATP检测试剂盒检测大鼠睾丸组织及精子细胞内ATP含量,实验操作严格遵循制造商标准流程。样品在4 ℃下用裂解液处理,并在4 ℃下以12 000×g离心5 min后取上清。制备ATP检测工作液,按1∶9的体积比稀释ATP检测试剂。将100 μL工作液加入检测孔,静置3~5 min后加入20 μL样品,迅速混匀。使用化学发光仪测定RLU值,并根据标准曲线计算ATP浓度。
收集细胞和睾丸并用透射电子显微镜固定液在4 ℃下固定。样品用0.1 mol/L PB(pH=7.4)清洗3次,每次10 min,用1%OsO4在0.1 mol/L PB(pH=7.4)中室温固定2 h,用不同比例(50%、70%、80%、90%、95%、100%)的乙醇脱水。树脂包埋后使用UC7超微切片机制作超薄切片,用2%醋酸铀饱和酒精溶液染色,在透射电镜下观察超微结构。
使用TRIzol试剂分离细胞和睾丸的总RNA,并使用RevertAid Master Mix将其逆转录为cDNA。使用GoTaq qPCR Master Mix和特定引物在CFX Real-Time系统拷贝得到循环值,采用2–ΔΔCt法计算基因相对表达量,引物具体序列见表1。
全转录组测序分析由深圳易基因公司完成,具体步骤如下:通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳评估睾丸组织RNA完整性,并采用Nanodrop测定样本浓度及Qubit精准定量,光密度比值D260/D280>1.8用于评估RNA纯度,排除蛋白质污染。构建测序文库,DNase Ⅰ消化去除基因组DNA、Ribo-off试剂盒清除rRNA、片段化后合成双链cDNA,并通过磁珠筛选目标片段,经PCR富集获得高质量文库(有效浓度>2 nmol/L),使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台进行双端150 bp测序。原始数据经FastQC质控后,采用DESeq2进行差异表达分析,筛选标准为|Log2FC|≥1且错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)<0.05的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)。
使用Metascape数据库(https://metascape.org/gp/index.html)和panther数据库(http://www.pantherdb.org/)进行DEGs的基因本体(gene ontology,GO)富集分析,进一步将联合组与假暴露组及PTE组与联合组之间共同富集的DEGs取交集。
利用GraphPad Prism 9.2进行数据统计分析与可视化制图,其中2组数据比较采用独立样本t检验,多组数据经单因素方差检验后通过Tukey多重比较事后检验进行组间差异分析,计量资料符合正态分布者以x¯±s表示,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
噪声组及联合组的大鼠精子存活率相较于假暴露组均显著降低(P<0.05,图1A),且噪声组和CO组以及联合组的大鼠精子数量均显著下降(P<0.05,图1B)。而PTE处理后,大鼠精子存活率和数量均显著提升(P<0.01)。结果提示噪音和CO暴露会损伤大鼠精子数量和存活率,且联合暴露损伤更为严重,而PTE干预能显著缓解这一损伤。
为了探索噪声和CO暴露对大鼠精子损伤的潜在原因,进一步对大鼠睾丸进行组织病理学检查,组织HE染色结果如图2所示,正常组和假暴露组大鼠睾丸组织结构完整,生精小管轮廓清晰,管壁基膜完整无断裂,生殖细胞按发育阶段分层排列(精原细胞-精母细胞-精子细胞-精子),管腔可见大量成熟精子聚集,生精小管周围间质组织完整,无明显间质水肿或纤维化。而噪声组和CO组生精小管出现空泡化,2个单独暴露组间损伤效应差异不明显。联合组的生精小管各级生殖细胞排列松散,并在本该出现精原或精母细胞的位置发现染色特征异常的未成熟生殖细胞,提示大鼠精子发生过程可能受到阻滞。而PTE组与假暴露组相似,睾丸结构正常,提示PTE则可以减轻联合暴露引起的损伤。
为进一步探究噪声和CO暴露对精子发生的阻滞机制,基于阶段特异性标志物对精细胞进行分类:Dazl/Cd2(精原细胞)、Sycp1/Sycp3(精母细胞)、Tnp1/Tnp2(圆形精子细胞)、Prm1/Prm2(长形精子细胞),与β-actin的相对mRNA水平可以半定量、间接地反映相应细胞的数量。对上述标志物mRNA相对水平的检测结果表明,与假暴露组相比,单独暴露于噪声只会显著降低Dazl、Sycp1、Sycp3、Tnp2、Prm1的mRNA相对水平(P<0.05),而单独暴露于CO则会显著降低除Cd2之外的所有其他标志物mRNA相对水平(P<0.01),且损伤效应相比噪声呈现更严重的趋势。但噪声和CO联合暴露可显著降低精原细胞(Dazl和Cd2)和精母细胞(Sycp1和Sycp3)的数量(P<0.01),且相对于精原细胞,噪声和CO对精母细胞的损伤效应似乎更为明显。噪声和CO联合暴露亦可导致圆形和长形精子细胞(Tnp1、Tnp2、Prm1和Prm2)数量显著下降(P<0.01)。PTE处理后,大鼠精原细胞、精母细胞、圆形和长形精子细胞数量均显著提高(P<0.01,图3)。对各类生物标志物的综合分析表明,噪声暴露对精母细胞的损伤效应更显著,而CO暴露导致的损伤则更为严重,会导致各级生精细胞(精原细胞、精母细胞及圆形和长形精子细胞)数量显著减少。
通过ELISA实验检测大鼠血清GnRH、FSH、LH和T的水平,结果显示,正常组与假暴露组间GnRH、FSH、LH及T水平均差异无统计学意义。与假暴露组相比,CO组和噪声组FSH和T分别呈现非同步下降趋势,而联合组GnRH、FSH、LH和T水平均显著降低(P<0.05),且相比单独暴露组损伤更为严重。PTE干预后联合组上述激素水平较治疗前显著回升(P<0.05),提示噪声与CO联合暴露可能通过干扰下丘脑-垂体-性腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal,HPG)轴激素释放导致生殖功能障碍,而PTE治疗可能通过调控内分泌稳态发挥保护作用(图4)。
为了探明噪声和CO暴露损伤大鼠精子发生过程的潜在原因,检测各组大鼠睾丸和精子中ATP蛋白浓度水平,结果显示,与假暴露组相比,噪声组主要降低的是睾丸ATP蛋白浓度(P<0.01),CO组则是精子ATP蛋白浓度(P<0.05),而联合组的睾丸和精子ATP蛋白浓度均显著降低(P<0.01,图5)。提示噪声和CO暴露联合可能是通过损伤ATP合成过程造成精子发生过程阻滞,而PTE可显著改善这一不良效应。
为了进一步验证对噪声和CO暴露损伤雄性大鼠生殖系统ATP合成过程的假设,用透射电子显微镜观察各组大鼠睾丸精母细胞超微结构,如图6所示,在正常、假暴露和PTE组中,线粒体形态正常,线粒体嵴结构清晰完整。而在噪声组中,超微结构显示出线粒体肿胀和空泡化,CO和联合组中的线粒体则出现线粒体破裂和嵴破坏的现象。该结果提示,CO和噪声的单独及联合暴露均会损伤大鼠睾丸精母细胞线粒体结构,而PTE治疗可显著改善这一现象。
为深入解析噪声与CO联合暴露诱导大鼠睾丸损伤的分子机制,本研究对假暴露组、联合组及PTE组大鼠睾丸组织进行全转录组测序及生物信息学分析,筛选出联合组相较于假暴露组的DEGs,以及PTE组相较于联合组的DEGs。GO功能富集分析表明,联合组DEGs在发育过程(如细胞分化调控)、生殖功能(如配子形成)及ATP依赖相关生物过程中呈现显著富集(图7A、C);与此相对应,PTE干预后的DEGs同样在发育过程、生殖过程和ATP依赖相关生物过程中表现出富集趋势(图7B、D)。该结果提示,联合暴露可能通过干扰睾丸发育相关基因表达、损害生殖细胞能量代谢稳态引发生殖功能障碍,而PTE治疗可部分逆转上述分子通路的异常激活,具有潜在调控作用。
为了进一步聚焦生殖过程及ATP依赖相关生物过程,将联合组与假暴露组及PTE组与联合组之间共同富集的DEGs取交集(图8),发现其中共同变化的生殖相关基因有11个,分别是Nppa、Adm、Gnrh1、Ptafr、Npff、Prl7a3、Ifi27、Cyp3a9、Cyp2d4、Ace2、Cldn4,共同变化的ATP依赖相关基因有3个,分别是Atp13a5、Atp8b1、LOC102555469。相较于各自对照组,联合组和PTE组相关基因(除了Ifi27外)的表达变化整体呈现出相反的趋势。生殖相关基因Nppa、Npff、Prl7a3、Cyp3a9、Cyp2d4、Ace2在联合组中表达显著上升,而在PTE组中表达下降;Adm、Gnrh1和Cldn4在联合组中表达下降,但在PTE组中表达上升。此外,在ATP相关基因中,Atp13a5在联合组表达下降,而在PTE组表达上升;Atp8b1和LOC10255469在联合组表达上升,而在PTE组表达下降。
精子发生是男性生育能力的生物学基础,其有序进程依赖于生精上皮内多层次的调控网络。精子发生的生物学本质为生精上皮内连续的分裂与分化过程,该过程可分为3个关键时期:①精原细胞有丝分裂期,基底膜处精原细胞通过增殖形成生精细胞群,建立后续分化基础[17];②精母细胞减数分裂期,初级精母细胞经历同源染色体分离(减数分裂Ⅰ期)及姐妹染色体分离(减数分裂Ⅱ期),形成单倍体圆形精子细胞[18];③精子形成期,通过顶体发育、核质压缩等形态学改建,最终形成具有运动功能的成熟精子[19]。上述3个阶段的时序性调控对维持正常生精功能至关重要。先前研究表明,噪声和CO联合暴露会诱导睾丸氧化应激和生殖细胞凋亡增加[20],鉴于精子发生涉及增殖、分化和凋亡的精密调控,本研究推测联合暴露可能干扰该过程。为验证此假说,本研究通过实验证实噪音和CO联合暴露显著降低大鼠精子数量和存活率,组织病理学检查进一步显示,联合暴露组生精小管中各级生殖细胞排列松散,且在精原细胞或精母细胞的典型分布区域出现染色异常的未成熟生殖细胞,提示精子发生阻滞。然后对不同阶段生精细胞进行分类标记[21-25]后发现,联合暴露导致各级生精细胞数量逐级下降(从精母细胞向精子细胞层级的损伤放大)。此外需说明,mRNA相对水平属半定量指标,其结论需结合形态学或功能实验进一步验证。上述结果共同证实,噪声和CO联合暴露可对大鼠精子发生过程造成显著损伤。
精子发生过程受多种激素精密调控,其核心是T(由睾丸间质细胞分泌)和促性腺激素(如FSH与LH,由垂体分泌)。下丘脑分泌的GnRH通过脉冲式释放启动该过程,调控垂体分泌FSH与LH。FSH直接作用于支持细胞促进生精微环境建立,LH则刺激T合成;而T作为核心效应激素,全面调控生精细胞分化、精子形成及附睾功能[26-27]。本研究中,噪声和CO联合暴露导致GnRH、FSH、LH及T水平显著降低,从HPG轴激素层面证实联合暴露损伤精子发生。机制上,GnRH脉冲释放受抑将直接削弱FSH/LH分泌基础,而FSH与T协同作用的缺失可能通过抑制支持细胞间的紧密连接结构,致使血睾屏障(blood-testis barrier,BTB)完整性受损,并干扰附睾上皮的生理功能,最终通过破坏精子成熟微环境导致精子发育停滞[28]。
精子发生作为高度耗能的复杂生物学过程,其能量代谢稳态对维持正常生精功能至关重要。ATP作为细胞内核心能量载体,其含量下降可导致精原细胞有丝分裂减缓、精母细胞减数分裂阻滞、精子形态建成障碍及运动功能丧失,进而引发精液量减少、精子数量与活力下降、存活率降低,最终损害生育能力[29]。本研究发现联合暴露会导致大鼠睾丸和精子中的ATP水平显著降低,鉴于氧化磷酸化发生在线粒体——ATP生成的主要场所,该结果提示线粒体是联合暴露的关键靶标。透射电镜观察进一步显示,联合暴露可诱发精母细胞线粒体破裂及嵴结构破坏,此超微结构破坏将抑制线粒体复制与功能,降低氧化磷酸化效率,最终阻碍ATP合成。转录组生物信息学分析结果补充表明,联合暴露组中生殖过程及ATP代谢相关基因表达紊乱,而PTE干预可逆转此趋势,通过调控关键基因表达缓解损伤;这种反向表达模式也在一定程度上验证了ATP依赖过程的受损,证实上述精子发生过程损伤的原因可能与ATP水平下降有关,联合暴露会诱发线粒体功能障碍和能量代谢紊乱,进而影响精子发生与精子运动能力。
由此可见,噪声与CO联合暴露可能通过双重途径损害精子发生:激素失衡主要阻滞早期生精细胞分化和支持细胞功能,而能量代谢障碍则直接削弱精子成熟和运动能力。二者可能协同经氧化应激、表观遗传调控和信号通路交互放大损伤效应[30-31]。
本研究中,噪声及CO的单独和联合暴露导致的生殖损伤存在非同步差异。在单独暴露方面,噪声可能通过激活氧化应激通路及干扰FSH和LH的分泌,损害支持细胞功能,从而主要影响精母细胞的减数分裂。而CO则可能通过破坏线粒体结构与功能,抑制ATP合成,广泛阻碍各级生精细胞分化,从而影响精子成熟和运动能力。综上,噪声可能更侧重于氧化和激素途径,而CO更直接作用于能量代谢。另一方面,联合暴露在各方面的生殖损伤更严重,这可能是因为噪声和CO分别作用于不同的通路,联合后可能通过多通路协同作用放大生殖毒性,导致更全面的损伤,比如同时抑制激素轴和能量代谢,形成恶性循环。值得注意的是,PTE干预可多靶点显著缓解联合暴露引发的生殖毒性,具体表现为生精细胞数量回升、HPG轴激素稳态恢复及线粒体超微结构和ATP代谢损伤缓解,其作用机制可能覆盖能量代谢修复、激素轴稳态调节、氧化应激抑制及表观遗传调控,具有多靶点、多层次的保护优势。这与其抗氧化及线粒体保护作用传统效用相符,未来研究可进一步探索PTE在生殖毒性中的特异性靶点(如Adm、Gnrh1、Cldn4、Atp13a5)及其临床转化潜力。
综上所述,本研究揭示了噪声与CO联合暴露对大鼠生殖系统的多重损伤效应,其机制可能涉及睾丸线粒体超微结构破坏诱发的能量代谢紊乱和HPG轴相关激素分泌稳态失衡。上述病理改变共同导致精子运动能力降低、损伤精子发生过程。而PTE干预可能通过多靶点调控显著改善生精细胞能量代谢水平并修复激素调控稳态,成为拮抗此类生殖毒性的潜在药物,从而预防联合暴露引发的生殖损伤。该结果为环境污染物协同生殖毒性机制研究提供新视角,未来需聚焦于联合暴露的分子交互网络及PTE的临床转化研究,为职业暴露人群和环境污染敏感个体的生殖健康保护提供理论依据与实践方案。

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2025年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502077
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军事毒理学教研室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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