Article(id=1322218664938557870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740240000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-23, revisedDate=1744387200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171095356, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1748534400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171095356, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171095356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171095356, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218660677140862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1029', pageEnd='1144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748534400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171094339, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325331065, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865576456868294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865576456868295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218660677140862, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1059, endPage=1068, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218666247180719, articleId=1322218664938557870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Molecular mechanism of hypoxia-induced spermatogenesis impairment by inhibiting the stability of sperm cilial microtubules, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To explore the effects of hypoxia on spermatid differentiation and stability of sperm flagellar microtubule, and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to clarify the potential adverse effects of hypoxia on male reproductive function.

Methods‍

Forty-eight 8-week-old healthy male SD rats (weighing 300~399 g) were subjected in this study. The experiments included ①an oxygen concentration gradient experiment (n=6): 21% oxygen was regarded as normoxia (control), and 13.5%, 11.8%, and 10.4% oxygen were used to simulate hypoxic environments at altitudes of 3 500, 4 500 and 5 500 m, respectively, for a continuous exposure of 2 months; ② a time gradient experiment (n=6): the rats were exposed to 10.4% oxygen for 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 months, respectively. Flow cytometry was employed to isolate round spermatids, and the following methods were employed to measure relevant indicators: ① RNA sequencing to analyze gene expression profile changes related to impaired spermatogenesis and abnormal flagellar structure under hypoxic stress; ②Western blotting to detect the expression levels of key proteins CEP290, RING 1A, and H2AK119ub; ③fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to monitor microtubule assembly dynamics and assess the immediate impact of hypoxia on microtubule stability.

Results‍

In the oxygen concentration gradient experiment, after 2 months of exposure to 10.4% oxygen, the proportions of spermatogonia, secondary spermatocytes, and round spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules were significantly increased (P<0.05), reaching 1.33±0.04, 1.06±0.01 and 1.60±0.02 times higher, respectively than that of the 21% normoxia group. Conversely, the proportions of primary spermatocytes and elongated spermatids were obviously decreased (P<0.05), taking 0.89±0.01 and 0.88±0.000 2 times respectively when compared with that of the 21% normoxia group, in a oxygen concentration-depended manner. In the time gradient experiment, after 0.5 months of exposure to 10.4% oxygen, the proportions of spermatogonia, secondary spermatocytes, and round spermatids began to increase (P<0.05), reaching 1.11±0.03, 1.04±0.01 and 1.29±0.003 times higher, respectively than that of the 0-month control group. The proportions of primary spermatocytes and elongated spermatids started to significantly decrease (P<0.05) after 1 month of exposure, only 0.94±0.03 and 0.95±0.008 times, respectively than that of the 0-month control group. After 2 months of exposure to 10.4% oxygen, the rate of sperm tail abnormalities in the epididymis of rats was significantly increased (P<0.05), rising from (12.1±1.7)% in the 21% normoxia group to (30.8±3.7)%. In G2 spermatocytes exposed to 1% hypoxia for 24 h, FRAP revealed a decrease in microtubule assembly rate and enhanced microtubule dynamic instability, with the maximum fluorescence recovery value decreasing from 0.37±0.02 in the normoxia group to 0.29±0.01. The results of RNA sequencing showed that under hypoxic condition, the transcription level of the key cilium basal body molecule CEP290 was increased, with an upregulation of 1.81±0.11 times than that of the 21% normoxia group. In contrast, the expression levels of PRC1 complex members RING 1A, RING 1B, CBX2, PHC1, and PCGF1 were decreased, to 0.74±0.02, 0.73±0.01, 0.78±0.02, 0.71±0.01 and 0.86±0.03 times of that of the 21% normoxia group, respectively. Western blotting indicated that the protein level of CEP290 was up-regulated in the hypoxia group, while that of RING 1A was down-regulated. ChIP-qPCR experiments showed that the binding of RING 1A and its product H2AK119ub to the CEP290 promoter were significantly decreased (P<0.000 1), with binding strengths of 0.38±0.02 and 0.52±0.06 times of that of the 21% normoxia group, respectively. In siRING 1A-treated G2 cells, the binding of H2AK119ub to the CEP290 promoter was significantly decreased (P<0.000 1), with a binding strength of 0.74±0.06 times of that of the control group, while CEP290 mRNA level was significantly increased (P<0.000 1), with an up-regulation of 3.35±0.37 times.

Conclusion‍

Hypoxic environment impair sperm flagellar microtubule stability via the RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290 signaling axis, which affects spermatid differentiation and leads to spermatogenic dysfunction.

, authors=Xiao WANG, Mengjie ZHANG, Fang DENG, Jun YIN, Bing NI, authorsList=Xiao WANG, Mengjie ZHANG, Fang DENG, Jun YIN, Bing NI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun YIN, Bing NI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218669556486582, articleId=1322218664938557870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=低氧抑制精子纤毛微管稳定性致精子发生障碍的分子机制研究, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在探讨低氧环境对精细胞分化及精子纤毛微管稳定性的影响及其分子机制,以明确低氧条件对雄性生殖功能的潜在危害。

方法

采用48只8周龄SPF级健康雄性SD大鼠(体质量300~399 g),由陆军军医大学实验动物研究所提供。大鼠实验设计如下:①氧浓度梯度实验:设置21%常氧对照、13.5%、11.8%、10.4%氧浓度,分别模拟海拔3 500、4 500、5 500 m低氧环境,持续暴露2个月,每组样本量为6只;②氧暴露时间梯度实验:在10.4%氧浓度下暴露0、0.5、1.0、2.0个月,每组样本量为6只。采用流式分选技术分离圆形精细胞,并采用以下方法测量相关指标:①转录组测序,分析低氧胁迫下精子分化障碍及纤毛结构异常的基因表达谱变化;②Western blot,检测关键蛋白CEP290、RING 1A、H2AK119ub的表达水平;②荧光漂白恢复技术(fluorescence recovery after photobleaching/FRAP),监测微管组装动力学,评估低氧对微管稳定性的即时影响。

结果

实验结果显示,在氧浓度梯度实验中,10.4%氧浓度暴露2个月后,大鼠睾丸生精小管中精原细胞、次级精母细胞及圆形精细胞的比例显著增加(P<0.05),分别为21%常氧组的(1.33±0.04)倍、(1.06±0.01)倍、(1.60±0.02)倍;而初级精母细胞和长形精细胞的比例显著降低(P<0.05),分别为21%常氧组的(0.89±0.01)倍、(0.88±0.000 2)倍。这种变化呈现出明显的氧浓度依赖性。在时间梯度实验中,暴露于10.4%氧浓度0.5个月时,精原细胞、次级精母细胞及圆形精细胞的比例开始增加(P<0.05),分别为0个月对照组的(1.11±0.03)倍、(1.04±0.01)倍、(1.29±0.003)倍;而初级精母细胞和长形精细胞的比例在暴露1个月后开始显著降低(P<0.05),分别为0个月对照组的(0.94±0.03)倍、(0.95±0.008)倍。暴露于10.4%氧浓度2个月的大鼠,其附睾内精子尾部畸形率显著增加(P<0.000 1),畸形率从21%常氧组的(12.1±1.7)%上升至(30.8±3.7)%。精母细胞系G2暴露于1%低氧环境中24 h后,FRAP显示微管组装速率降低,微管动态不稳定性增加,荧光恢复最大值从21%常氧组的(0.37±0.02)倍下降至(0.29±0.01)倍。转录组测序结果显示,低氧环境下纤毛基体关键分子CEP290的转录水平上调,上调倍数为21%常氧组的(1.81±0.11)倍;而PRC1复合体成员RING 1A、RING 1B、CBX2、PHC1及PCGF1的表达水平下调,分别为21%常氧组的(0.74±0.02)倍、(0.73±0.01)倍、(0.78±0.02)倍、(0.71±0.01)倍、(0.86±0.03)倍。Western blot验证结果显示,CEP290蛋白表达水平在低氧组上调,RING 1A蛋白表达水平下调。ChIP-qPCR实验显示,RING 1A及其产物H2AK119ub在CEP290启动子区的结合显著减少(P<0.000 1),结合强度分别为21%常氧组的(0.38±0.02)倍、(0.52±0.06)倍。而在siRING 1A组G2细胞中,H2AK119ub在CEP290启动子区的结合显著减少(P<0.000 1),结合强度为对照组的(0.74±0.06)倍,同时CEP290 mRNA水平显著上升(P<0.000 1),上调倍数为(3.35±0.37)倍。

结论

低氧环境通过RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290信号轴抑制精子纤毛微管稳定性,影响精细胞分化,导致精子发生障碍。

, authors=王潇, 张梦洁, 邓芳, 殷骏, 倪兵, authorsList=王潇, 张梦洁, 邓芳, 殷骏, 倪兵, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=殷骏, 倪兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
倪兵,E-mail:
殷骏,E-mail:
NI Bing,E-mail:
YIN Jun,E-mail:
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A:巴氏染色观察精子纤毛形态,a:P<0.000 1;B:扫描电镜观察精子纤毛形态,b:P<0.000 1;C:透射电镜观察精子纤毛轴丝中心体结构,c:P<0.000 1;D:FRAP分析微管动力学特征;E:微管动态不稳定性定量分析

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低氧抑制精子纤毛微管稳定性致精子发生障碍的分子机制研究
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王潇 , 张梦洁 , 邓芳 , 殷骏 , 倪兵
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(10): 1059-1068
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (10) : 1059 -1068
低氧抑制精子纤毛微管稳定性致精子发生障碍的分子机制研究
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王潇, 张梦洁, 邓芳, 殷骏 , 倪兵
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):高原军事医学系病理生理学教研室,全军高原医学重点实验室,教育部极端环境医学重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
倪兵,E-mail:
殷骏,E-mail:
NI Bing,E-mail:
YIN Jun,E-mail:
Molecular mechanism of hypoxia-induced spermatogenesis impairment by inhibiting the stability of sperm cilial microtubules
Xiao WANG, Mengjie ZHANG, Fang DENG, Jun YIN , Bing NI
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pathophysiology,Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine of Ministry of Education,Faculty of High Altitude Military Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-05-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502061
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目的

旨在探讨低氧环境对精细胞分化及精子纤毛微管稳定性的影响及其分子机制,以明确低氧条件对雄性生殖功能的潜在危害。

方法

采用48只8周龄SPF级健康雄性SD大鼠(体质量300~399 g),由陆军军医大学实验动物研究所提供。大鼠实验设计如下:①氧浓度梯度实验:设置21%常氧对照、13.5%、11.8%、10.4%氧浓度,分别模拟海拔3 500、4 500、5 500 m低氧环境,持续暴露2个月,每组样本量为6只;②氧暴露时间梯度实验:在10.4%氧浓度下暴露0、0.5、1.0、2.0个月,每组样本量为6只。采用流式分选技术分离圆形精细胞,并采用以下方法测量相关指标:①转录组测序,分析低氧胁迫下精子分化障碍及纤毛结构异常的基因表达谱变化;②Western blot,检测关键蛋白CEP290、RING 1A、H2AK119ub的表达水平;②荧光漂白恢复技术(fluorescence recovery after photobleaching/FRAP),监测微管组装动力学,评估低氧对微管稳定性的即时影响。

结果

实验结果显示,在氧浓度梯度实验中,10.4%氧浓度暴露2个月后,大鼠睾丸生精小管中精原细胞、次级精母细胞及圆形精细胞的比例显著增加(P<0.05),分别为21%常氧组的(1.33±0.04)倍、(1.06±0.01)倍、(1.60±0.02)倍;而初级精母细胞和长形精细胞的比例显著降低(P<0.05),分别为21%常氧组的(0.89±0.01)倍、(0.88±0.000 2)倍。这种变化呈现出明显的氧浓度依赖性。在时间梯度实验中,暴露于10.4%氧浓度0.5个月时,精原细胞、次级精母细胞及圆形精细胞的比例开始增加(P<0.05),分别为0个月对照组的(1.11±0.03)倍、(1.04±0.01)倍、(1.29±0.003)倍;而初级精母细胞和长形精细胞的比例在暴露1个月后开始显著降低(P<0.05),分别为0个月对照组的(0.94±0.03)倍、(0.95±0.008)倍。暴露于10.4%氧浓度2个月的大鼠,其附睾内精子尾部畸形率显著增加(P<0.000 1),畸形率从21%常氧组的(12.1±1.7)%上升至(30.8±3.7)%。精母细胞系G2暴露于1%低氧环境中24 h后,FRAP显示微管组装速率降低,微管动态不稳定性增加,荧光恢复最大值从21%常氧组的(0.37±0.02)倍下降至(0.29±0.01)倍。转录组测序结果显示,低氧环境下纤毛基体关键分子CEP290的转录水平上调,上调倍数为21%常氧组的(1.81±0.11)倍;而PRC1复合体成员RING 1A、RING 1B、CBX2、PHC1及PCGF1的表达水平下调,分别为21%常氧组的(0.74±0.02)倍、(0.73±0.01)倍、(0.78±0.02)倍、(0.71±0.01)倍、(0.86±0.03)倍。Western blot验证结果显示,CEP290蛋白表达水平在低氧组上调,RING 1A蛋白表达水平下调。ChIP-qPCR实验显示,RING 1A及其产物H2AK119ub在CEP290启动子区的结合显著减少(P<0.000 1),结合强度分别为21%常氧组的(0.38±0.02)倍、(0.52±0.06)倍。而在siRING 1A组G2细胞中,H2AK119ub在CEP290启动子区的结合显著减少(P<0.000 1),结合强度为对照组的(0.74±0.06)倍,同时CEP290 mRNA水平显著上升(P<0.000 1),上调倍数为(3.35±0.37)倍。

结论

低氧环境通过RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290信号轴抑制精子纤毛微管稳定性,影响精细胞分化,导致精子发生障碍。

低氧  /  精子生成  /  纤毛  /  微管稳定性  /  RING 1A
Objective‍

To explore the effects of hypoxia on spermatid differentiation and stability of sperm flagellar microtubule, and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to clarify the potential adverse effects of hypoxia on male reproductive function.

Methods‍

Forty-eight 8-week-old healthy male SD rats (weighing 300~399 g) were subjected in this study. The experiments included ①an oxygen concentration gradient experiment (n=6): 21% oxygen was regarded as normoxia (control), and 13.5%, 11.8%, and 10.4% oxygen were used to simulate hypoxic environments at altitudes of 3 500, 4 500 and 5 500 m, respectively, for a continuous exposure of 2 months; ② a time gradient experiment (n=6): the rats were exposed to 10.4% oxygen for 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 months, respectively. Flow cytometry was employed to isolate round spermatids, and the following methods were employed to measure relevant indicators: ① RNA sequencing to analyze gene expression profile changes related to impaired spermatogenesis and abnormal flagellar structure under hypoxic stress; ②Western blotting to detect the expression levels of key proteins CEP290, RING 1A, and H2AK119ub; ③fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to monitor microtubule assembly dynamics and assess the immediate impact of hypoxia on microtubule stability.

Results‍

In the oxygen concentration gradient experiment, after 2 months of exposure to 10.4% oxygen, the proportions of spermatogonia, secondary spermatocytes, and round spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules were significantly increased (P<0.05), reaching 1.33±0.04, 1.06±0.01 and 1.60±0.02 times higher, respectively than that of the 21% normoxia group. Conversely, the proportions of primary spermatocytes and elongated spermatids were obviously decreased (P<0.05), taking 0.89±0.01 and 0.88±0.000 2 times respectively when compared with that of the 21% normoxia group, in a oxygen concentration-depended manner. In the time gradient experiment, after 0.5 months of exposure to 10.4% oxygen, the proportions of spermatogonia, secondary spermatocytes, and round spermatids began to increase (P<0.05), reaching 1.11±0.03, 1.04±0.01 and 1.29±0.003 times higher, respectively than that of the 0-month control group. The proportions of primary spermatocytes and elongated spermatids started to significantly decrease (P<0.05) after 1 month of exposure, only 0.94±0.03 and 0.95±0.008 times, respectively than that of the 0-month control group. After 2 months of exposure to 10.4% oxygen, the rate of sperm tail abnormalities in the epididymis of rats was significantly increased (P<0.05), rising from (12.1±1.7)% in the 21% normoxia group to (30.8±3.7)%. In G2 spermatocytes exposed to 1% hypoxia for 24 h, FRAP revealed a decrease in microtubule assembly rate and enhanced microtubule dynamic instability, with the maximum fluorescence recovery value decreasing from 0.37±0.02 in the normoxia group to 0.29±0.01. The results of RNA sequencing showed that under hypoxic condition, the transcription level of the key cilium basal body molecule CEP290 was increased, with an upregulation of 1.81±0.11 times than that of the 21% normoxia group. In contrast, the expression levels of PRC1 complex members RING 1A, RING 1B, CBX2, PHC1, and PCGF1 were decreased, to 0.74±0.02, 0.73±0.01, 0.78±0.02, 0.71±0.01 and 0.86±0.03 times of that of the 21% normoxia group, respectively. Western blotting indicated that the protein level of CEP290 was up-regulated in the hypoxia group, while that of RING 1A was down-regulated. ChIP-qPCR experiments showed that the binding of RING 1A and its product H2AK119ub to the CEP290 promoter were significantly decreased (P<0.000 1), with binding strengths of 0.38±0.02 and 0.52±0.06 times of that of the 21% normoxia group, respectively. In siRING 1A-treated G2 cells, the binding of H2AK119ub to the CEP290 promoter was significantly decreased (P<0.000 1), with a binding strength of 0.74±0.06 times of that of the control group, while CEP290 mRNA level was significantly increased (P<0.000 1), with an up-regulation of 3.35±0.37 times.

Conclusion‍

Hypoxic environment impair sperm flagellar microtubule stability via the RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290 signaling axis, which affects spermatid differentiation and leads to spermatogenic dysfunction.

hypoxia  /  spermatogenesis  /  cilia  /  microtubule stability  /  RING 1A
王潇, 张梦洁, 邓芳, 殷骏, 倪兵. 低氧抑制精子纤毛微管稳定性致精子发生障碍的分子机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (10) : 1059 -1068 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502061
Xiao WANG, Mengjie ZHANG, Fang DENG, Jun YIN, Bing NI. Molecular mechanism of hypoxia-induced spermatogenesis impairment by inhibiting the stability of sperm cilial microtubules[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (10) : 1059 -1068 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502061
低氧环境对男性生殖功能的负面影响已引起广泛关注[1]。研究表明,慢性低氧暴露可导致精子数量减少及生育能力可逆性下降,其机制涉及多层面调控网络[2-3]。环境对男性生殖系统的影响包括精子数量减少及生育力可逆性下降,其分子机制研究聚焦于关键调控因子的功能解析。现有研究表明,V-ATP酶通过介导精母细胞凋亡加重低氧性生精障碍[4],而Hsp90α通过稳定HIF-1α维持精子发生稳态,提示低氧可能通过多层面信号网络破坏生殖细胞动态平衡[5-6]。然而,目前研究仍存在两大瓶颈:其一,精细胞分化晚期事件(如圆形/长形精细胞转换)及精子纤毛微管结构形成的关键调控机制尚未明确,尤其缺乏对微管动态稳定性表观遗传调控的系统解析;其二,现有研究多局限于短期低氧暴露模型,对长期低氧暴露下精子发生的动态演变规律缺乏深入探讨。值得注意的是,中心体蛋白CEP290调控纤毛微管组装的分子机制,以及组蛋白修饰酶RING 1A介导的H2AK119ub表观遗传修饰对纤毛相关基因的调控作用,可能构成低氧干扰精细胞分化的潜在靶点,但相关表观遗传-细胞骨架调控网络在低氧诱发生殖细胞微骨架失调中的功能仍属空白。
本研究聚焦于低氧环境对精子纤毛微管稳定性及精子发生障碍的分子调控机制。基于前期发现的低氧诱导生精功能损伤现象,结合表观遗传调控与细胞骨架动态平衡的潜在关联,提出低氧可能通过RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290信号通路影响精细胞分化过程的科学假设。通过建立不同氧浓度及暴露时长的大鼠模型,采用分子生物学实验、组织超微结构分析和基因功能验证等技术手段,系统探讨低氧环境对精细胞分化及精子纤毛微管稳定性的影响,并深入解析RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290信号轴在其中的调控作用。研究结果有望阐明低氧通过表观遗传-细胞骨架协同作用干扰精子发生的分子路径,为低氧相关男性生殖功能障碍的机制研究提供理论支持。
48只健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠(8周龄,体质量300~399 g)由陆军军医大学实验动物研究所提供。实验所用试剂包括:14%乌拉坦(美国Sigma-Aldrich公司),胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司),青-链霉素(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司),0.9%生理盐水(中国北京索莱宝科技有限公司),0.3%肝素生理盐水(中国北京索莱宝科技有限公司),DNase I(美国Amresco公司),胶原酶IV(美国Sigma-Aldrich公司),DMEM/F12培养基(美国Gibco公司),胰酶(美国Gibco公司)。瞬时转染实验采用Lipofectamine 3000(美国Invitrogen公司)进行操作。所有实验均常规设置3组平行样本,并重复进行3次以确保结果的可靠性。
为在体内过表达CEP290,将CEP290编码序列克隆至pLVX-GFP载体(中国吉凯基因医学科技股份有限公司)的强启动子下游,构建了一个带有GFP标记的慢病毒表达系统。通过转染293T细胞(中国普诺赛生命科技有限公司)包装重组病毒,经浓缩纯化获得高滴度病毒液(5×10⁸ TU/mL)。该病毒可通过GFP荧光示踪,用于后续体内转导实验。
首先通过PCR扩增获得带有酶切位点的TUBA1A基因片段,然后将其连接至线性化的慢病毒载体GV358(中国汉恒生物科技有限公司公司),经测序确认无误后,将重组载体与包装质粒共转染至293T细胞中,通过超速离心等方法收集并浓缩纯化慢病毒,最终获得高滴度病毒液利用携带TUBA1A-GFP序列的慢病毒在细胞中过表达TUBA1A蛋白。
选取8周龄健康SD大鼠构建低氧模型,使用Excel的 RAND()函数随机分为8组,每组6只。实验设计包括以下2部分,(1)氧浓度梯度实验:设置21%常氧对照、13.5%、11.8%、10.4%氧浓度,分别模拟海拔3 500米、4 500米、5 500米低氧环境,持续暴露2个月,每组样本量为6只。;(2)氧暴露时间梯度实验:在10.4%氧浓度下暴露0、0.5、1、2个月,每组样本量为6只。动物饲养环境的光照条件为12 h光照/12 h黑暗,室温维持在22~24 oC,相对湿度维持在40%~60%。
采用8周龄C57BL/6雄性小鼠,通过腹腔注射14%乌拉坦(1mL/100g,美国Sigma-Aldrich公司)麻醉后无菌摘取睾丸组织。经胶原酶IV(25 μg/mL)和DNase I(400 U/mL)35℃振荡消化5 min后,使用胰蛋白酶(200 μg/mL)进行二次消化,通过细胞筛过滤及4 ℃、3 500 r/min梯度离心25 min获得单细胞悬液(存活率>95%)。Hoechst 33342/Dye780(中国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)双染后流式分选获得初级精母细胞(4n)、圆形/长形精细胞(1n)及二倍体群体(2n)。进一步通过抗波形蛋白、PLZF和SCP3抗体免疫磁珠分选,从二倍体群体中纯化支持细胞、精原细胞及次级精母细胞(纯度>90%)。所有实验重复3次,分选过程均在BD FACSAria III(美国贝克顿迪金森公司)流式细胞仪完成。
G2细胞(ATCC CRL-2196)培养于含10%胎牛血清、1%青-链霉素的DMEM/F12培养基,置于37 ℃、5% CO₂恒温培养箱。当细胞融合度达到80%时,按照1∶3至1∶5的比例进行传代,每48 h更换1次培养基。低氧处理:将细胞以2×10⁵ 个/孔的密度接种于6孔板,贴壁24 h后转移至三气培养箱[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]中,在1% O₂、5% CO₂、94% N₂的条件下处理48 h。对照组则维持在常氧条件(21% O₂)下培养。
Western blot取材:低氧处理结束后立即收集细胞,裂解提取总蛋白,进行3次独立重复实验。ChIP-qPCR取材:低氧处理48 h后,采用1%甲醛交联染色质15 min(25 ℃),随后使用Covaris S220 超声破碎仪(美国Covaris公司),设置峰值功率75 W、10%占空比,超声处理60 s,使DNA片段大小达到200~500 bp。
所有分子实验(包括Western blot和ChIP-qPCR)均在低氧处理结束后2 h内完成样本制备制备,以确保样本的生物学状态一致性。
精子样本经过固定、脱水和干燥处理后,采用扫描电镜进行观察。精子样本的处理过程如下:首先,样本使用2.5%的戊二醛进行固定处理,随后再用1%的锇酸进行二次固定。完成固定后,样本经过梯度乙醇脱水,接着在干冰上进行干燥处理。最后,干燥后的精子样本在ZEISS CROSS BEAM 340扫描电镜(德国蔡司公司)下进行观察。
实验动物经戊巴比妥钠麻醉后,采用断颈法处死,迅速分离右侧睾丸组织。样本经10%中性甲醛固定液固定48 h,经梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明后行石蜡包埋。采用旋转式切片机制备厚度为5 μm的连续切片,经PAS染色法特异性标记糖原后,于光学显微镜下进行组织形态学观察。
涂片经95%乙醇预固定15 min后,依次用75%、50%乙醇和蒸馏水进行梯度水化,每步持续30 s。随后用Harris苏木素进行细胞核染色,染色时间为5 min,接着用流水冲洗。之后用1%盐酸乙醇进行分化,再用自来水返蓝10 min。然后依次用50%、75%、95%乙醇进行梯度脱水,每步持续时间分别为30 s、30 s和2 min。接着用橙黄 G 染色 1 min,用 EA36 复染 5 min。最后用 95% 乙醇分色,无水乙醇脱水,二甲苯透明封片。苏木素核染5 min,流水冲洗,1%盐酸乙醇分化后返蓝10 min。梯度脱水(50%乙醇30 s,75%乙醇30 s,95%乙醇2 min),橙黄G染色1 min、EA36复染5 min,最后经95%乙醇分色、无水乙醇脱水及二甲苯透明封片。
取小鼠左侧睾丸,10%中性甲醛固定48 h,梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明后石蜡包埋,切片5 μm。苏木素染色5 min,1%盐酸乙醇分化30 s,伊红复染2 min,光镜下观察组织结构。
采用奥林巴斯IX81共聚焦显微镜系统对转染pHBLV-CMV-TUBA1A-GFP慢病毒的细胞进行动态观测。实验流程包括:预采集3 s基线荧光信号后,使用405 nm激光(50 mW/cm²,500 ms)靶向漂白直径2 μm区域,随后连续监测80 s荧光恢复过程。通过Image J软件量化分析。
采用单指数模型I(t)=I₀+(I∞-I₀)(1-e(-kt))计算α-微管蛋白动力学参数(t₁/₂及Mf),其中,I(t)为时间t时的荧光强度;I₀为漂白后的初始荧光强度;I∞为完全恢复后的荧光强度;k为恢复速率常数;t为时间。实验全程在恒温条件下完成,激光能量经NIST校准功率计验证,系统误差<5%[7]。
首先,将睾丸组织切成1 mm3的小块,然后在4 ℃条件下用3%戊二醛进行初次固定,持续4 h。接下来,使用1%锇酸进行后固定,时间为90 min。随后,依次进行梯度乙醇脱水处理,再用环氧丙烷进行置换操作,最后进行环氧树脂浸渍包埋,并在60 ℃下聚合48 h。利用Leica UCT切片机将包埋好的组织切成60~70 nm的超薄切片。将切片捞取至铜网上后,依次进行醋酸铀染色20 min和柠檬酸铅染色5 min的双重染色处理,最后在JEM-1011电镜下以80 kV的加速电压进行观察。
经低氧处理后,采用Beyotime的Western 、IP细胞裂解试剂盒(含1 mmol/L PMSF)提取总蛋白。随后,蛋白样本经10%十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离,并通过电转印至聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜。膜经封闭后,于4 ℃下与一抗孵育过夜,包括抗CEP290(1∶1000,CST)、抗RING 1A(1∶1 000,CST)、抗H2AK119ub(1∶1000,CST)、抗β-actin(1∶500,Abcam)。之后,膜经TBST洗涤,与辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)偶联的二抗(中杉,北京)孵育。最后,经TBST洗涤后,利用 NBT/BCIP(Beyotime)显色。
经过甲醛交联处理的染色质分别使用抗RING 1A(Thermo)、抗H2AK119ub(Abcam)以及非特异性IgG(Abcam)进行免疫沉淀。随后,将染色质加入10 mmol/L DTT(二硫苏糖醇)进行洗脱,轻轻振荡于37℃孵育30 min。之后,免疫沉淀的DNA和输入DNA通过实时定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)进行定量分析。
所有数据采用SPSS 11.5软件进行分析,实验数据以x¯±s表示。多组数据采用多因素方差分析,多组间两两比较采用SNK-q检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
在氧浓度梯度组实验中,大鼠暴露于不同氧浓度(21%、13.5%、11.8%和10.4%)环境中2个月后,21%氧浓度暴露组大鼠睾丸生精小管结构完整,生精上皮分层清晰(6-8层),管腔内可见密集长形精细胞。13.5% 氧浓度暴露组大鼠睾丸生精上皮层次减少,初级精母细胞空泡化。11.8%氧浓度暴露组大鼠睾丸支持细胞极性紊乱,圆形精细胞异常堆积。10.4%氧浓度暴露组大鼠睾丸生精小管内生精细胞的极向排列紊乱,精母细胞层次减少,管腔内精子数量减少,呈现空虚状态(图1A)。大鼠睾丸生精小管内精原细胞、次级精母细胞及圆形精细胞的比例在10.4%氧浓度暴露下显著增加,分别为21%常氧组的(1.33±0.04)倍、(1.06±0.01)倍、(1.60±0.02)倍(P<0.05)。而初级精母细胞和长形精细胞的比例显著降低,分别为21%常氧组的(0.89±0.01)倍、(0.88±0.000 2)倍(P<0.05)。这种变化呈现出明显的氧浓度依赖性,即随着氧浓度的降低,精原细胞和圆形精细胞的比例逐渐增加,而初级精母细胞和长形精细胞的比例逐渐减少(图1B)。
在氧暴露时间梯度组实验中,大鼠暴露于10.4%氧浓度环境中不同时间(0、0.5、1和2个月)后,0.5个月组大鼠睾丸生精小管生精上皮基底膜增厚,支持细胞极性紊乱。1个月组大鼠睾丸生精小管精母细胞层次减少;2个月组大鼠睾丸生精小管腔内精子数量匮乏(图1C)。大鼠睾丸生精小管内精原细胞、次级精母细胞及圆形精细胞的比例在0.5个月时开始增加,分别为0个月对照组的(1.11±0.03)倍、(1.04±0.01)倍、(1.290±0.003)倍(P<0.05),并在2个月时达到显著水平(P<0.05)。与此同时,初级精母细胞和长形精细胞的比例在暴露1个月后开始显著降低,分别为0个月对照组的(0.94±0.03)倍、(0.950±0.008)倍,并在2个月时进一步减少(P<0.05,图1D)。这些结果表明,低氧环境对精细胞分化具有显著的抑制作用,且这种抑制作用随着氧浓度的降低和暴露时间的延长而加剧。
在氧浓度梯度组实验中,正常精子形态(21% 氧浓度组):头部呈镰刀状,尾部完整无弯曲。暴露于10.4%氧浓度环境中2个月的大鼠,其附睾内精子尾部畸形率显著增加(P<0.05),从21%常氧组的(12.1±1.7)%上升至(30.8±3.7)%,畸形类型主要表现为鞭毛弯曲和断裂(图2A、B)。透射电子显微镜观察显示,精子纤毛轴丝微管中心体结构不规则,13根原纤维残缺现象频繁出现,提示精子纤毛微管的稳定性显著降低(P<0.05,图2C)。
在离体实验中,G2细胞暴露于1%低氧环境中24 h后,FRAP显示微管组装速率显著降低(P<0.05),微管动态不稳定性增加,荧光恢复最大值从21%常氧组的(0.37±0.02)倍下降至(0.29±0.01)倍(图2D、E)。这一结果表明,低氧环境直接抑制了精母细胞中微管的组装过程,进而影响精子纤毛的形成和稳定性。综合上述实验结果,可以明确低氧环境对精子纤毛微管组装过程具有显著的抑制作用。
在氧浓度梯度组实验中,通过流式细胞术分选圆形精细胞并进行转录组测序分析,通过GO富集分析对差异基因进行深入挖掘,发现细胞骨架相关基因在该两组间呈现出显著的差异富集现象,包括CEP290、SPAG5(轴丝组装核心蛋白)、DNAH11(鞭毛动力臂)、DYNLT1(微管运输适配体)。进一步通路分析提示,差异表达基因在Hippo信号通路富集。其中,低氧环境下纤毛基体关键分子CEP290的转录水平显著上调(P<0.05),上调倍数为21%常氧组的(1.81±0.11)倍;而PRC1复合体成员RING 1A、RING 1B、CBX2、PHC1及PCGF1的表达水平显著下调(P<0.05),分别为21%常氧组的(0.74±0.02)倍、(0.73±0.01)倍、(0.78±0.02)倍、(0.71±0.01)倍、(0.86±0.03)倍(图3B)。Western blot验证结果与转录组测序数据一致(图3C)。此外,ChIP-qPCR实验显示,RING 1A及其产物H2AK119ub在CEP290启动子区的结合显著减少(P<0.05),结合强度分别为21%常氧组的(0.38±0.02)倍、(0.52±0.06)倍。表明低氧环境通过表观遗传调控影响CEP290的表达(图3D、E)。
在G2细胞中,过表达CEP290后,细胞微管解聚速率显著降低(P<0.05),微管稳定性增加(图3G)。而在siRING 1A组G2细胞中,H2AK119ub在CEP290启动子区的结合显著降低(P<0.05),结合强度为对照组的(0.74±0.06)倍,同时CEP290 mRNA水平显著上升(P<0.05),上调倍数为(3.35±0.37)倍(图3H和3I)。综合以上结果,本研究明确指出,低氧环境通过RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290信号轴对纤毛微管稳定性产生负面影响,进而导致纤毛微管失稳。
低氧环境通过多维度机制干扰精细胞分化[8-10]。既往研究提示,氧化应激可能通过激活JNK/c-Jun通路诱导精母细胞凋亡[11-12],而本研究发现低氧环境下精原细胞与圆形精细胞的异常累积,提示细胞周期阻滞可能成为新的调控节点。值得注意的是,V-ATP酶介导的酸化解偶联与Hsp90α-HIF-1α轴可能共同构成低氧应激的早期响应系统[4-5,13-14],而本研究揭示的RING 1A-H2AK119ub表观遗传调控则为晚期分化障碍提供了分子解释。这种从代谢应激向表观遗传重编程的级联反应,可能构成低氧干扰精子发生的“双阶段模型”:早期以能量代谢紊乱为主,晚期则以染色质重塑驱动的细胞分化停滞为特征。
微管失稳调节圆形精细胞向长形精细胞分化过程。支持细胞微管运输功能的破坏,可导致精子释放过程受阻,进而显著影响长形精细胞的运动能力[15]。此外,基因变异亦可能引发精子发生阻滞,具体表现为圆形及长形精细胞的缺失现象[16]。动力蛋白(kinesins)在哺乳动物精子发生及生殖细胞运输过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用,其中部分动力蛋白通过调节微管失稳机制,参与轴突修剪过程[17]。在长形精细胞中,组蛋白向鱼精蛋白的转换过程由相分离的CCER1蛋白介导,该过程的异常可能导致圆形精细胞向长形精细胞分化受阻[18]。此外,KIF19A作为一种微管解聚动力蛋白,可能通过调控纤毛长度,进而影响精细胞的伸长过程[19]。总体而言,微管失稳与多种遗传及分子机制的复杂相互作用,共同参与调节圆形精细胞向长形精细胞分化过程。
CEP290是一种重要的中心体蛋白,在微管稳定性及纤毛形成过程中发挥关键作用[20-21]。研究表明,CEP290的功能障碍会影响基因组稳定性,并导致微管稳定性受损,例如在携带CEP290特异性突变的患者诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)中,这种现象尤为明显[22]。此外,CEP290与中心体卫星组分(如PCM-1)相互作用,其敲低会导致细胞质微管网络紊乱[23]。此外,CEP290通过与其它微管结合蛋白相互作用来调节微管稳定性,CCDC66等中心体蛋白通过招募CEP290至微管[24]。CEP290在调节微管稳定性和组织过程中起着核心作用,其功能障碍会导致多种细胞缺陷。值得注意的是,CEP290过表达导致的微管失稳与其在纤毛基体的生理功能存在悖论。我们推测,CEP290的表达水平可能遵循“最适浓度定律”:生理浓度下通过结合PCM-1维持中心体-微管连接,而超生理浓度可能导致异常多聚体形成,干扰微管成核动力学。这种剂量效应为CEP290相关纤毛疾病的基因治疗提供了重要警示。
RING 1A(也称为RNF2)是多梳抑制复合物1(PRC1)的核心催化亚基,与RING1B共同负责介导组蛋白H2A在第119位赖氨酸上的单泛素化(H2AK119ub)修饰[25]。PRC1复合物由多个亚基组成,包括PCGF、PHC、CBX和RYBP等蛋白,这些亚基共同决定了PRC1的多样性和功能特异性[26-27]。RING 1A通过其RING结构域与E2泛素结合酶(如UBE2E3)相互作用,催化组蛋白H2A第119位赖氨酸的单泛素化,从而参与基因转录的调控[28]。这一过程在细胞分化、发育和疾病发生中具有重要意义[29]。本研究发现该修饰在CEP290启动子区的缺失,可能通过两种机制解除转录抑制:(1) 局部染色质开放促进RNA聚合酶II招募;(2) 三维基因组重构使远端增强子与启动子形成物理接触。这一发现与CEP290在遗传性视网膜疾病中的调控机制形成对比——在后者中,miRNA介导的竞争性内源RNA网络[30]通过转录后调控机制调节其表达,提示组织特异性表观遗传调控网络主导CEP290相关通路的可能性。
本研究为高原男性不育症提供了潜在干预靶点。特别是通过RING 1A-H2AK119ub-CEP290信号轴抑制精子纤毛微管的稳定性,进而影响精细胞分化,导致精子发生障碍。这些发现为解析低氧环境对生殖系统功能的调控机制提供了关键实验证据,并为生殖相关疾病的防治策略优化奠定了新的分子理论基础。
本未来研究需解决三个关键问题:①利用CRISPR-dCas9系统在特定生精细胞阶段操纵CEP290表达,验证其时空特异性功能;②建立CEP290表达水平的动态平衡模型,解析其剂量效应与微管稳态的定量关系(如构建CEP290浓度梯度下微管解聚速率的Hill方程);③开发基于类器官平台的药效评估体系,同步监测H2AK119ub修饰重建与精子运动功能恢复的时效关联(通过TIRF显微镜追踪单个精子尾部的微管波动动力学)。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502061
  • 接收时间:2025-02-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-12
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):高原军事医学系病理生理学教研室,全军高原医学重点实验室,教育部极端环境医学重点实验室,重庆

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倪兵,E-mail:
殷骏,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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