Article(id=1322210967291810586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=1740844800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169260093, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169260093, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169260093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169260093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=816, endPage=825, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210967681880859, articleId=1322210967291810586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=RANKL drives autophagy and osteoclast differentiation via ROS-mediated HIF-1α down-regulation, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the molecular mechanism by which receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) regulates autophagy and osteoclast differentiation through the ROS-HIF-1α signaling axis.

Methods‍

Mouse monocytic/macrophage RAW264.7 cells were randomly divided into control group, RANKL group, and 3 combined intervention groups, that is, RANKL+CQ group (intervention with autophagy inhibitor, CQ), RANKL+FG-4592 group (intervention with HIF-1α stabilizer, FG-4592), and RANKL+NAC group (intervention with ROS scavenger, NAC). The number of mature multinucleated osteoclasts was quantitatively detected with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining; the protein levels of HIF-1α and LC3 were detected by Western blotting and the mRNA levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes (TRAP, Cath K and MMP-9) were analyzed by qRT-PCR; autophagy flux and activity were observed by adenovirus mRFP-GFP-LC3 labeling system combined with confocal laser microscopy; and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by DCFH-DA probe.

Results‍

Compared with the control group, the RANKL group obtained significantly increased number of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts (P<0.05), up-regulated mRNA levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes, activated autophagy pathway, as evidenced by the increased LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio (P<0.05) and number of autophagic lysosomes (P<0.05), elevated intracellular ROS generation (P<0.05), and down-regulated HIF-1α protein level (P<0.05). NAC intervention significantly inhibited intracellular ROS accumulation (P<0.05), reversed the lowered expression of HIF-1α protein (P<0.05), decreased the LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio (P<0.05) and autophagy flux and activity (P<0.05), and reduced expression levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes and the number of mature osteoclasts (P<0.05). In the RANKL+FG-4592 group, HIF-1α protein level was significantly increased (P<0.05), autophagy activation was inhibited [with decreased LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio (P<0.05) and autophagy flux and activity (P<0.05)], and the expression of osteoclast differentiation-related genes and number of mature osteoclasts were decreased (P<0.05) when compared with the RANKL group. While CQ treatment resulted in inhibited autophagy flux and activity (P<0.05), declined expression levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes, and reduced number of mature osteoclasts (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

RANKL activates autophagy through ROS-mediated down-regulation of HIF-1α, and thereby promotes osteoclast differentiation.

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目的

探究核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)通过ROS-HIF-1α信号轴调控自噬和破骨细胞分化的分子机制。

方法

以RAW264.7小鼠单核/巨噬细胞系为模型,采用随机数字表法将细胞分为Control组、RANKL组及联合干预组[RANKL+CQ组(自噬抑制剂干预)、RANKL+FG-4592组(HIF-1α稳定剂干预)、RANKL+NAC组(ROS清除剂干预)]。通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色定量检测成熟多核破骨细胞数量;Western blot检测HIF-1α、LC3蛋白表达水平;qRT-PCR分析破骨细胞分化相关基因(TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9)mRNA表达水平;基于腺病毒mRFP-GFP-LC3标记系统结合激光共聚焦显微镜观察自噬通量活性;DCFH-DA探针检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平。

结果

与Control组相比,RANKL组中TRAP阳性多核破骨细胞数量显著增加(P<0.05),破骨细胞分化相关基因mRNA表达水平明显上调;同时激活自噬通路,表现为LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值升高(P<0.05)及自噬溶酶体数量增加(P<0.05);细胞内ROS水平显著升高(P<0.05),且HIF-1α蛋白表达下调(P<0.05)。与RANKL组比较,RANKL+NAC组显著抑制细胞内ROS蓄积(P<0.05),并逆转HIF-1α蛋白的低表达(P<0.05);同时降低LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值(P<0.05)及自噬通量活性(P<0.05);伴随破骨细胞分化相关基因表达水平下降(P<0.05)及成熟破骨细胞数量减少(P<0.05)。与RANKL组比较,RANKL+FG-4592组明显提升HIF-1α蛋白表达水平(P<0.05);同时抑制自噬激活[LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值降低(P<0.05);自噬通量活性减少(P<0.05)],进而减少破骨细胞分化相关基因表达(P<0.05)及成熟破骨细胞数量(P<0.05)。与RANKL组比较,RANKL+CQ组显著抑制自噬通量活性(P<0.05);同时明显减少破骨细胞分化相关基因表达水平(P<0.05)及成熟破骨细胞数量(P<0.05)。

结论

RANKL通过ROS介导的HIF-1α下调激活自噬,促进破骨细胞分化。

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‍初同伟,E-mail:
CHU Tongwei,E-mail:
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Cancer Sci,2021,112(7):2753-2769., articleTitle=NAD(P)HX epimerase downregulation promotes tumor progression through ROS/HIF-1α signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322210970999575336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210971007963945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, companyId=1322210970999575336, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Orthopaedics,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210971012158250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, companyId=1322210970999575336, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院骨科,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322210971075072811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210971087655724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, companyId=1322210971075072811, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Spinal Surgery,Ninth Medical Center,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322210971096044333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, companyId=1322210971075072811, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国人民解放军总医院第九医疗中心脊柱外科,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322210972413055813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Giz1VotrRLXIPNKMV8d45g==, figureFileBig=Rpasr9CyULzSyHygnJeWjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210972513719110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, language=CN, label=图1, caption=RANKL诱导破骨细胞形成与自噬激活 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与Control组比较;↘:示典型的成熟破骨细胞;A:RANKL处理后RAW264.7细胞向成熟破骨细胞分化;B:Western blot检测LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达水平;C:LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白相对比值

, figureFileSmall=Giz1VotrRLXIPNKMV8d45g==, figureFileBig=Rpasr9CyULzSyHygnJeWjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210972736017223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3B1LLkPCJ8MkDINRpQiFlA==, figureFileBig=KueFRlFhuzvCpyWFozPP2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210972803126088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, language=CN, label=图2, caption=抑制自噬对RANKL诱导破骨细胞分化的影响 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与Control组比较;b:P<0.05,与RANKL组比较;A:激光共聚焦显微镜评估自噬流;B:自噬小体和自噬溶酶体的量化;C:Western blot检测LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达水平;D:LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白相对比值;E:qRT-PCR检测破骨细胞分化相关基因TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9的mRNA表达水平;F:TRAP染色评估TRAP阳性多核(细胞核数≥3)成熟破骨细胞的形成情况

, figureFileSmall=3B1LLkPCJ8MkDINRpQiFlA==, figureFileBig=KueFRlFhuzvCpyWFozPP2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210972874429257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=58oFUp3jkJMECIZFNG24NQ==, figureFileBig=JO+g7iVz/GxfVq/ASx/nWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210972937343818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210967291810586, language=CN, label=图3, caption=稳定HIF-1α对自噬和破骨细胞分化的调控 (n=3,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与Control组比较;b:P<0.05,与RANKL组比较;A:Western blot检测HIF-1α的蛋白表达水平;B:Western blot检测LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ的蛋白表达水平;C:LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白相对比值;D:激光共聚焦显微镜评估自噬流;E:自噬小体和自噬溶酶体的量化;F:qRT-PCR检测破骨细胞分化相关基因TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9的mRNA表达水平;G:TRAP染色评估TRAP阳性多核(细胞核数≥3)成熟破骨细胞的形成情况

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a:P<0.05,与Control组比较;b:P<0.05,与RANKL组比较;A:DCFH-DA探针检测细胞内ROS水平;B:NAC处理后Western blot检测HIF-1α的蛋白表达水平;C:Western blot检测LC3-Ⅰ、LC3-Ⅱ的蛋白表达水平;D:LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白相对比值

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a:P<0.05,与对照组比较;b:P<0.05,与RANKL组比较;A:NAC处理后激光共聚焦显微镜评估自噬流;B:自噬小体和自噬溶酶体的量化;C:qRT-PCR检测破骨细胞分化相关基因TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9的mRNA表达水平;D:TRAP染色评估TRAP阳性多核(细胞核数≥3)成熟破骨细胞的形成情况

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RANKL通过ROS介导HIF-1α下调促进自噬和破骨细胞分化
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李松涛 1 , 孙靖 2 , 初同伟 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(8): 816-825
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (8) : 816 -825
RANKL通过ROS介导HIF-1α下调促进自噬和破骨细胞分化
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李松涛1, 孙靖2, 初同伟1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院骨科,重庆
  • 2中国人民解放军总医院第九医疗中心脊柱外科,北京
通讯作者:
‍初同伟,E-mail:
CHU Tongwei,E-mail:
RANKL drives autophagy and osteoclast differentiation via ROS-mediated HIF-1α down-regulation
Songtao LI1, Jing SUN2, Tongwei CHU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Orthopaedics,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2Department of Spinal Surgery,Ninth Medical Center,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502048
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目的

探究核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)通过ROS-HIF-1α信号轴调控自噬和破骨细胞分化的分子机制。

方法

以RAW264.7小鼠单核/巨噬细胞系为模型,采用随机数字表法将细胞分为Control组、RANKL组及联合干预组[RANKL+CQ组(自噬抑制剂干预)、RANKL+FG-4592组(HIF-1α稳定剂干预)、RANKL+NAC组(ROS清除剂干预)]。通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色定量检测成熟多核破骨细胞数量;Western blot检测HIF-1α、LC3蛋白表达水平;qRT-PCR分析破骨细胞分化相关基因(TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9)mRNA表达水平;基于腺病毒mRFP-GFP-LC3标记系统结合激光共聚焦显微镜观察自噬通量活性;DCFH-DA探针检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平。

结果

与Control组相比,RANKL组中TRAP阳性多核破骨细胞数量显著增加(P<0.05),破骨细胞分化相关基因mRNA表达水平明显上调;同时激活自噬通路,表现为LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值升高(P<0.05)及自噬溶酶体数量增加(P<0.05);细胞内ROS水平显著升高(P<0.05),且HIF-1α蛋白表达下调(P<0.05)。与RANKL组比较,RANKL+NAC组显著抑制细胞内ROS蓄积(P<0.05),并逆转HIF-1α蛋白的低表达(P<0.05);同时降低LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值(P<0.05)及自噬通量活性(P<0.05);伴随破骨细胞分化相关基因表达水平下降(P<0.05)及成熟破骨细胞数量减少(P<0.05)。与RANKL组比较,RANKL+FG-4592组明显提升HIF-1α蛋白表达水平(P<0.05);同时抑制自噬激活[LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值降低(P<0.05);自噬通量活性减少(P<0.05)],进而减少破骨细胞分化相关基因表达(P<0.05)及成熟破骨细胞数量(P<0.05)。与RANKL组比较,RANKL+CQ组显著抑制自噬通量活性(P<0.05);同时明显减少破骨细胞分化相关基因表达水平(P<0.05)及成熟破骨细胞数量(P<0.05)。

结论

RANKL通过ROS介导的HIF-1α下调激活自噬,促进破骨细胞分化。

HIF-1α  /  自噬  /  破骨细胞分化  /  活性氧
Objective

To investigate the molecular mechanism by which receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) regulates autophagy and osteoclast differentiation through the ROS-HIF-1α signaling axis.

Methods‍

Mouse monocytic/macrophage RAW264.7 cells were randomly divided into control group, RANKL group, and 3 combined intervention groups, that is, RANKL+CQ group (intervention with autophagy inhibitor, CQ), RANKL+FG-4592 group (intervention with HIF-1α stabilizer, FG-4592), and RANKL+NAC group (intervention with ROS scavenger, NAC). The number of mature multinucleated osteoclasts was quantitatively detected with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining; the protein levels of HIF-1α and LC3 were detected by Western blotting and the mRNA levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes (TRAP, Cath K and MMP-9) were analyzed by qRT-PCR; autophagy flux and activity were observed by adenovirus mRFP-GFP-LC3 labeling system combined with confocal laser microscopy; and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by DCFH-DA probe.

Results‍

Compared with the control group, the RANKL group obtained significantly increased number of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts (P<0.05), up-regulated mRNA levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes, activated autophagy pathway, as evidenced by the increased LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio (P<0.05) and number of autophagic lysosomes (P<0.05), elevated intracellular ROS generation (P<0.05), and down-regulated HIF-1α protein level (P<0.05). NAC intervention significantly inhibited intracellular ROS accumulation (P<0.05), reversed the lowered expression of HIF-1α protein (P<0.05), decreased the LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio (P<0.05) and autophagy flux and activity (P<0.05), and reduced expression levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes and the number of mature osteoclasts (P<0.05). In the RANKL+FG-4592 group, HIF-1α protein level was significantly increased (P<0.05), autophagy activation was inhibited [with decreased LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio (P<0.05) and autophagy flux and activity (P<0.05)], and the expression of osteoclast differentiation-related genes and number of mature osteoclasts were decreased (P<0.05) when compared with the RANKL group. While CQ treatment resulted in inhibited autophagy flux and activity (P<0.05), declined expression levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes, and reduced number of mature osteoclasts (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

RANKL activates autophagy through ROS-mediated down-regulation of HIF-1α, and thereby promotes osteoclast differentiation.

HIF-1α  /  autophagy  /  osteoclast differentiation  /  reactive oxygen species
李松涛, 孙靖, 初同伟. RANKL通过ROS介导HIF-1α下调促进自噬和破骨细胞分化. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 816 -825 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502048
Songtao LI, Jing SUN, Tongwei CHU. RANKL drives autophagy and osteoclast differentiation via ROS-mediated HIF-1α down-regulation[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 816 -825 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502048
正常骨代谢及骨量的维持依赖于成骨细胞介导的骨形成与破骨细胞介导的骨吸收之间的动态平衡[1]。破骨细胞是源自造血干细胞单核/巨噬细胞谱系的融合分化细胞,TRAP染色鉴定为阳性。作为骨吸收的关键效应细胞,其在维持骨骼稳态中具有重要作用[2]。破骨细胞的过度分化及其所致的骨吸收增强是多种骨吸收性疾病的病理基础,如绝经后骨质疏松症、炎症性关节炎和骨质增生症[3]。因此,靶向破骨细胞分化的药物抑制剂有望为骨吸收性疾病的预防和治疗提供新的策略。破骨细胞分化与成熟过程复杂,受多种细胞因子的调控[4]。其中,RANKL作为肿瘤坏死因子超家族的关键信号分子,通过特异性结合破骨前体细胞表面的RANK受体,激活NF-κB、Src、MAPK等信号通路,释放核转录因子(如NFATc1、AP-1),并通过调节破骨细胞生成关键基因的表达水平,促进其分化与成熟[5-6]。然而,RANKL诱导破骨细胞形成的具体机制尚未完全阐明。
自噬作为高度保守的胞内代谢调控机制[7],依赖于溶酶体,对维持细胞稳态至关重要[8]。自噬与多种细胞类型的发育和分化密切相关,包括淋巴细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞、神经元和红细胞[9-10]。研究表明,自噬在糖皮质激素治疗、缺氧条件和微重力条件下的破骨细胞形成过程中起促进作用[11-12]。此外,自噬相关蛋白(如Atg5和LC3)通过调控溶酶体内容物的分泌,影响破骨细胞的骨吸收功能[13]。近年来,研究发现RANKL不仅能诱导破骨细胞的分化,还能激活自噬过程。RANKL处理可显著增加破骨细胞前体细胞中的自噬标志物LC3-Ⅱ的表达,并促进自噬体的形成[14]。然而,RANKL诱导破骨细胞自噬的具体分子机制仍不清楚。
缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)是细胞在缺氧条件下稳定表达的关键转录因子[15],通过调控下游靶基因参与细胞代谢及生存适应。在常氧条件下,HIF-1α被VHL蛋白结合,VHL招募泛素连接酶,导致HIF-1α被蛋白酶体降解。VHL的结合依赖于HIF-1α中一个特定脯氨酸残基的羟基化,该羟基化过程由脯氨酸羟化酶PHD催化,使用O2作为底物,因此,在缺氧条件下,PHD活性受到抑制[16],HIF-1α得以稳定并进入细胞核,激活下游基因的转录。HIF-1α可转录激活超过100个基因,对细胞生命活动具有重要调控作用。研究表明,HIF-1α能够通过多种机制激活自噬。ROS在细胞自噬和凋亡中扮演重要角色,本课题组前期研究表明,在RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成中,ROS的累积能够促进自噬的激活[17]。此外,有文献提示ROS与HIF-1α之间存在密切的相互作用[18-20],在细胞的生理与病理过程中具有重要作用。在RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化过程中,ROS、HIF-1α和自噬之间可能存在复杂的相互作用网络,这些因子可能通过多种机制相互影响,最终导致破骨细胞的形成,但具体的调控机制和相互关系需要进一步研究。本研究旨在揭示这一分子机制,为骨吸收性疾病的治疗提供新的理论依据。
RANKL(315-11)购自Peprotech公司;氯喹磷酸盐(S4157,CQ)购自Selleck公司;N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(A9165)购自Sigma公司;FG-4592购自MCE公司;含有mRFP-GFP-LC3的腺病毒(HB-AP210 0001)购自HanBio公司;GAPDH(60004-1-Ig)的抗体购自Proteintech公司;LC3A/B(4108S)的抗体购自Cell Signalling Technology公司;HIF-1α(ab308433)的抗体购自Abcam公司。
RAW264.7小鼠单核/巨噬细胞系购自中国科学院细胞培养中心,采用含1%青霉素/链霉素(P/S)及10%胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM培养基培养。细胞在37 ℃、95%空气和5%CO₂的湿润环境中孵育。采用随机数字表法将细胞分为:Control组,细胞在不含RANKL的基础培养基中培养;RANKL组,细胞在含100 ng/mL RANKL的培养基中诱导培养;RANKL+CQ组,在RANKL诱导培养基中加入自噬抑制剂CQ(5和10 μmol/L)处理;RANKL+FG-4592组,在RANKL诱导培养基中加入HIF稳定剂FG-4592(50和100 μmol/L)处理;RANKL+NAC组:在RANKL诱导培养基中加入ROS清除剂NAC(10和20 mmol/L)处理。细胞于诱导培养后第3天收集自噬相关指标,第4天进行蛋白表达检测取样,第6天进行TRAP染色及破骨细胞计数分析。
通过TRAP染色检测破骨细胞的形成情况。RAW264.7细胞经100 ng/mL RANKL及不同浓度药物处理6 d后,固定30 min,使用TRAP染色试剂盒(碧云天)染色。以TRAP阳性的多核细胞(≥3个细胞核)作为成熟破骨细胞的判定依据,采用光学显微镜计数TRAP+多核细胞进行定量分析。
RIPA裂解液提取蛋白后,经梯度凝胶(6%/8%/12%分离胶,5%浓缩胶)电泳并转至PVDF膜。一抗(GAPDH、HIF-1α、LC3A/B)4 ℃孵育16 h,HRP标记二抗室温孵育1 h。采用Millipore化学发光底物(WBKLS0100)于GE ImageQuant LAS4000系统显影,然后用Image J软件进行灰度分析。
使用RNAiso试剂(日本TaKaRa)提取总RNA,NanoDrop2.0系统(美国Thermo)测定RNA浓度及纯度。按PrimeScriptTM RT试剂盒(含gDNA清除剂,日本TaKaRa)合成cDNA第一链。采用SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ(2×)试剂盒(日本TaKaRa)于ABI7500实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国Foster City)进行扩增,引物由上海生工合成,GAPDH作为内参基因。
细胞接种至共聚焦培养皿,当细胞汇合度达50%,用腺病毒mRFP-GFP-LC3(中国汉恒)感染细胞,感染复数(MOI)为1 000,感染24 h。随后用含有100 ng/mL RANKL的培养基替换为新鲜完全培养基,继续培养细胞72 h。处理结束后,用PBS洗涤细胞,采用激光共聚焦显微镜(德国Leica)检测自噬区室。基于GFP(绿色荧光)和RFP(红色荧光)特性,早期自噬小体(黄色斑点,GFP+RFP+)和自噬溶酶体(红色斑点,RFP+)可被区分。每皿随机选取5个视野,共观察30个细胞,计算荧光斑点的平均数量以量化自噬通量水平。
按试剂盒(中国碧云天)说明,以2’,7’二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(DCFH-DA)探针检测ROS。细胞经处理后在无血清培养基中孵育10 μmol/L探针30 min,胞内酯酶水解生成DCFH,ROS氧化后产生绿色荧光,荧光信号通过激光共聚焦显微镜定量分析。
采用GraphPad Prism软件进行统计分析,连续变量以x¯±s表示。两组间比较使用t检验,多组比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
通过TRAP染色评估RAW264.7细胞的分化情况,与Control组相比,RANKL组中融合多核细胞的比例显著增加,且诱导形成了TRAP阳性的多核(≥3)破骨细胞(P<0.05,图1A)。进一步探讨RANKL是否通过自噬调控破骨细胞形成,Western blot结果显示,与Control组相比,RANKL处理组中LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值显著升高(P<0.05,图1B、C)。此外,通过腺病毒-mRFP-GFP标记的LC3系统检测自噬通量活性,与Control组相比,RANKL处理组的合并图像中黄色和红色荧光斑点的数量显著增加(P<0.05,图2A、B),说明自噬小体形成和自噬溶酶体降解均被激活。使用自噬抑制剂CQ进行干预,与RANKL组相比,RANKL+CQ处理组中红色荧光斑点的数量显著减少(P<0.05,图2A、B),同时LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值进一步升高(P<0.05,图2C、D),表明CQ处理显著抑制了自噬溶酶体的降解。qRT-PCR检测结果显示,与RANKL组相比,RANKL+CQ处理组中破骨细胞分化相关基因TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9的mRNA表达量明显被抑制(P<0.05,图2E)。且RANKL+CQ组中TRAP阳性多核(≥3)破骨细胞的数量较RANKL组明显减少(P<0.05,图2F)。
Western blot检测结果示,与Control组相比,RANKL组中HIF-1α的蛋白表达水平显著下调(P<0.05,图3A)。采用HIF-1药理学稳定剂FG-4592干预后,与RANKL组相比,RANKL+FG-4592组中的HIF-1α蛋白表达水平显著上升(P<0.05,图3A),并逆转了RANKL诱导的LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值升高(P<0.05,图3B、C)。
利用腺病毒-mRFP-GFP标记的LC3系统进一步检测自噬通量活性,结果显示,相较于RANKL组,RANKL+FG-4592组的合并图像中黄色和红色荧光斑点的数量均显著减少(P<0.05,图3D、E)。qRT-PCR结果显示,RANKL+FG-4592组中破骨细胞分化相关基因TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9的mRNA表达量较RANKL组显著下调(P<0.05,图3F)。TRAP染色进一步证实,RANKL+FG-4592组中的TRAP阳性多核(≥3)破骨细胞的数量较RANKL组显著减少(P<0.05,图3G)。
DCFH-DA探针检测结果显示,与Control组相比,RANKL组细胞内ROS水平在第3天显著升高(P<0.05);而RANKL+NAC组细胞中的ROS含量较RANKL组明显降低(P<0.05,图4A)。进一步探究ROS对HIF-1α的调控作用,Western blot结果显示,RANKL组细胞中的HIF-1α蛋白表达水平较Control组明显降低(P<0.05),而RANKL+NAC组细胞中的HIF-1α蛋白表达水平显著高于RANKL组(P<0.05,图4B)。检测NAC处理后的自噬活性,结果显示,RANKL组中的LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值显著高于Control组,而RANKL+NAC组中该比值较RANKL组明显下降(P<0.05,图4C、D)。通过腺病毒-mRFP-GFP标记的LC3系统进一步检测自噬通量活性发现,RANKL组中自噬小体与自噬溶酶体的数量均显著增加(P<0.05),而RANKL+NAC组中自噬小体和自噬溶酶体数量较RANKL组明显减少(P<0.05,图5A、B)。qRT-PCR检测结果示,RANKL组中破骨细胞分化相关基因TRAP、Cath K和MMP-9的mRNA表达量较Control组显著上调(P<0.05),而RANKL+NAC组中这些基因的表达水平较RANKL组明显下调(P<0.05,图5C)。TRAP染色结果进一步证实,RANKL+NAC组中的TRAP阳性多核(≥3)破骨细胞的数量较RANKL组显著减少(P<0.05,图5D)。
自噬作为细胞稳态的核心调节机制,通过动态清除受损细胞器及调控关键信号分子参与骨代谢,对骨稳态的维持具有重要意义[21]。一方面,磨损颗粒诱导的CD147上调可激活Beclin-1介导的自噬,从而促进破骨细胞形成[22];另一方面,GIT1通过破坏Beclin-1与Bcl-2的结合激活自噬,推动破骨细胞分化[23]。这些发现共同印证了自噬在破骨细胞分化中的复杂调控作用。本研究进一步证实,RANKL通过激活自噬促进破骨细胞形成,与之前的研究结果一致,但其上游分子机制仍存在关键空白。本课题组前期发现RANKL-NOX4-ROS调控轴,RANKL与受体RANK结合后激活TRAF6信号通路,进而促进NOX4的转录与翻译,NOX4作为定位于内质网的氧化酶,催化NADPH生成非线粒体来源的ROS[17]。本研究阐明RANKL通过增加细胞内ROS水平,下调HIF-1α的蛋白表达,从而激活自噬并促进破骨细胞形成。这一发现不仅为RANKL诱导的破骨细胞生成机制提供了新的见解,更为骨吸收性疾病提供了潜在的治疗靶点,即通过干预ROS-HIF-1α轴调控自噬活性,可能成为现有RANKL靶向治疗(如地诺单抗[24])的有效补充策略。
本研究发现RANKL处理可显著下调HIF-1α的蛋白表达水平,而通过药理学手段稳定HIF-1α表达后,RANKL诱导的自噬激活和破骨细胞分化均受到显著抑制,这表明HIF-1α在自噬和破骨细胞分化过程中可能发挥关键作用。有研究表明,HIF-1α能够通过直接或间接机制调控自噬。HIF-1α在低氧条件下通过调控BNIP3和BNIP3L等基因的表达,破坏Beclin-1与Bcl-2的相互作用,从而释放Beclin-1并启动自噬[25]。此外,HIF-1α还可通过激活AMPK/mTOR信号通路,抑制mTOR活性,促进自噬体的形成[26]。然而,本研究发现,在常氧条件下,HIF-1α过表达反而抑制自噬,这与低氧条件下HIF-1α促进自噬的作用存在明显差异,这种差异可能源于低氧诱导的自噬需要特定激活一种自噬诱导分子BNIP3(另一种类似于Beclin 1的仅含BH3结构域的Bcl-2家族成员),而该分子仅在缺氧细胞中由HIF-1α激活[27]。此外,有研究发现,在肿瘤细胞中,HIF-1α的降解可通过下调Bcl-2促进Beclin-1与hVps34的结合,从而诱导自噬[28]。本研究在常氧条件下的结果与上述研究一致,进一步支持了HIF-1α在不同氧环境下对自噬调控的复杂性。
ROS是一类具有高反应活性的含氧化合物,包括过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子(O2)和自由基(HO•)。近年来的研究表明,ROS不仅是细胞代谢的副产物,还可调控多种细胞内信号通路,在免疫反应、自噬、细胞应激和炎症等过程中发挥关键作用[29]。本研究发现,RANKL处理可显著增加细胞内ROS水平,而使用ROS清除剂NAC可逆转RANKL诱导的HIF-1α表达下调,并抑制自噬激活和破骨细胞分化。这一结果提示,ROS在RANKL诱导的自噬和破骨细胞生成中具有关键作用。在缺氧条件下,ROS通过抑制脯氨酸羟化酶(prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins,PHDs)的活性,稳定HIF-1α蛋白水平[30]。然而,本研究在RANKL诱导的常氧条件下发现,ROS含量的增多反而降低了细胞内HIF-1α蛋白的表达。这一现象与部分研究结果一致,即H₂O₂可通过阻止HIF-1α蛋白的积累,选择性抑制缺氧诱导的HIF-1活性。这表明ROS对HIF-1α的调控具有氧浓度依赖性:在缺氧条件下,ROS通过抑制PHDs稳定HIF-1α;而在常氧条件下,ROS可能通过促进HIF-1α的降解或抑制其合成来下调其表达。这种差异反映了细胞在不同氧环境下的适应性调节机制。
综上所述,本研究揭示了RANKL通过“ROS/HIF-1α/自噬”信号轴调控破骨细胞分化的分子机制,为骨吸收性疾病的治疗提供了新的潜在靶点。然而,本研究也存在一些局限性。首先,本研究所有实验均基于RAW264.7细胞系,该模型虽广泛用于破骨细胞研究,但缺乏骨微环境中成骨细胞-破骨细胞的偶联作用,可能影响对体内真实生理过程的模拟效果。其次,HIF-1α调控自噬的下游效应分子尚未完全解析,例如HIF-1α是否通过调控BNIP3和Bcl-2等基因的表达,破坏Beclin-1与Bcl-2的相互作用,从而释放Beclin-1并启动自噬过程[25],这一机制仍有待进一步阐明。最后,本研究中ROS-HIF-1α-自噬轴的作用仅在体外细胞模型中进行了研究,未来需要通过动物实验进一步探讨这一调控机制在体内的具体作用。

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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502048
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-02
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院骨科,重庆
    2中国人民解放军总医院第九医疗中心脊柱外科,北京

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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