Article(id=1322218774871262166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739462400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-14, revisedDate=1742918400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171121566, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1751212800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171121566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171121566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171121566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218730805904072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='12', pageStart='1261', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1751212800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171111059, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325445066, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322866054611714261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322866054611714262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218730805904072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1388, endPage=1400, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218775529767895, articleId=1322218774871262166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Evolution of global disease burden, risk factors and trend projection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among individuals under 50 years old from 1990 to 2021, columnId=1322210927869546994, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Public Health and Preventive Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To systematically assess the spatiotemporal distribution,risk factors,and future trends of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among individuals under 50 years of age globally from 1990 to 2021 based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data in order to provide support for the formulation of prevention and control strategies of the disease.

Methods‍

The GBD data from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed for the incidence,mortality,disability-adjusted life years (DALYs),and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of COPD in <50-year-old individuals across 204 countries and regions. The data were stratified by age,sex,region,country,and sociodemographic index (SDI). The COPD trends until 2035 were predicted.

Results‍

In 2021,the global incidence of early-onset COPD was estimated at 2.5 million cases (95% uncertainty interval:2.09~2.96 million),representing a 50.55% increase compared to 1990. Significant regional heterogeneity was observed,with low SDI regions experiencing a 134.08% increase,whereas high SDI regions exhibited a rise-then-fall trend. Risk factor analysis identified environmental and occupational exposures (air pollution,ambient ozone pollution,household air pollution from solid fuels, etc.) and smoking as the primary etiological factors. Notably,household solid fuel exposure accounted for 50.90% of COPD-related deaths in low SDI regions,compared to only 0.03% in high SDI regions. Projections indicated that by 2035,the global burden of early-onset COPD will increase to 2.59 million cases.

Conclusion‍

The global disease burden of COPD among people under 50 years increased significantly from 1990 to 2021,with pronounced disparities across regions and socioeconomic levels. COPD deaths in low-SDI regions are strongly associated with solid fuel exposure and particulate matter pollution,and these regions are expected to remain the main drivers of global COPD incidence growth through 2035.

, authors=Yide WANG1, 2, Hongxia DUAN2, Yingqi WANG2, Yidie BAO2, Linhong JIANG2, Xiaoyu HAN5, Peijun LI2, Weibing WU5, Xiaodan LIU2, 3, 4, authorsList=Yide WANG, Hongxia DUAN, Yingqi WANG, Yidie BAO, Linhong JIANG, Xiaoyu HAN, Peijun LI, Weibing WU, Xiaodan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaodan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322218779409499112, articleId=1322218774871262166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=1990-2021年全球50岁以下慢性阻塞性肺病的疾病负担演变和风险因素及趋势预测, columnId=1322210929626960372, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=公共卫生与预防医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)数据,系统评估1990-2021年全球50岁以下慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的时空分布、风险因素及趋势预测,以期为防控策略的制定提供支持。

方法

分析1990-2021年的GBD数据,评估204个国家和地区50岁以下COPD的发病率、病死率、伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years,DALYs)和估计年度百分比变化(expected annual percentage change,EAPC),按照年龄、性别、地区、国家和社会人口学指数(socio-demographic index,SDI)进行分层,并对2035年的趋势进行预测。

结果

2021年全球50岁以下COPD新发病例达250万例(95%UI:209~296万),较1990年增长50.55%,呈现显著区域异质性:低SDI地区增幅达134.08%,而高SDI地区呈“先升后降”趋势。风险因素分析显示,环境与职业暴露(空气污染、环境臭氧污染、固体燃料引起的家庭空气污染等)和吸烟构成主要致病因素,其中低SDI地区50.90%的COPD病死归因于家庭固体燃料暴露,显著高于高SDI地区(0.03%)。趋势预测显示至2035年全球病例将增至259万例。

结论

1990-2021年全球50岁以下COPD疾病负担显著增加,存在明显的地区和社会经济发展差异;低SDI地区COPD病死与固体燃料暴露和颗粒物污染密切相关,预计到2035年该地区仍为全球病例增长的主要区域。

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刘晓丹,E-mail:
LIU Xiaodan,E-mail:
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A:发病例数;B:发病率;C:病死例数;D:病死率;E:DALYs绝对数量;F:DALYs率

, figureFileSmall=fxr2yLYhwGsCZY22Kkwrhw==, figureFileBig=AJ7fUz1c71rkiwMvzPaBeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218793900818479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218774871262166, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zpfrQYY7lzmsKFr25wolYg==, figureFileBig=CYYrr/YkdMVFz+5swYVU2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218794014064688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218774871262166, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990-2021年5个SDI区域50岁以下COPD的流行病学

A:按SDI和性别划分的发病例数;B:按SDI和性别划分的发病率;C:按SDI和性别划分的病死例数;D:按SDI和性别划分的病死率;E:按SDI和性别划分的DALYs绝对数量;F:按SDI和性别划分的DALYs率

, figureFileSmall=zpfrQYY7lzmsKFr25wolYg==, figureFileBig=CYYrr/YkdMVFz+5swYVU2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218794114727985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218774871262166, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tPzhyYv+wS/wRqW0s8dKEg==, figureFileBig=qmZMY+UjTwCsKWCp6C112g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218794236362802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218774871262166, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1990-2021年50岁以下COPD的发病率(A)、病死率(B)及DALYs率(C), figureFileSmall=tPzhyYv+wS/wRqW0s8dKEg==, figureFileBig=qmZMY+UjTwCsKWCp6C112g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218794513186867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218774871262166, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5E49GW6TmvFbY97sPdP2IA==, figureFileBig=1ZTkQarb3T1knkMzMuaGyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218794852925492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218774871262166, language=CN, label=图4, caption=204个国家和地区50岁以下COPD的疾病负担

A:发病例数;B:发病率;C:病死例数;D:病死率;E:DALYs绝对数量;F:DALYs率

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A:全球及5个SDI区域的50岁以下COPD病死由风险因素导致的比例 1:空气污染;2:环境臭氧污染;3:环境颗粒物污染;4:行为风险;5:环境/职业风险;6:高温;7:固体燃料引起的家庭空气污染;8:低温;9:职业风险职业颗粒物、气体和烟雾;10:职业风险;11:颗粒物污染;12:二手烟;13:吸烟;14:不适宜的温度; 15:烟草;B:5个SDI区域的50岁以下COPD的分解分析

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蓝色点:示代表接近前沿的低SDI国家,红色点:示代表最远离前沿的高SDI国家

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A:全球;B:安第斯拉丁美洲;C:澳大拉西亚;D:加勒比地区;E:中亚地区;F:中欧地区;G:中拉丁美洲;H:中非撒哈拉地区;I:东亚地区;J:东欧地区;K:东非撒哈拉以南地区;L:高收入亚太地区;M:高收入北美地区;N:北非及中东地区;O:大洋洲;P:南亚地区;Q:东南亚地区;R:南部拉丁美洲;S:南撒哈拉以南非洲;T:热带拉丁美洲;U:西欧地区;V:西撒哈拉以南非洲

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A:全球;B:安第斯拉丁美洲;C:澳大拉西亚;D:加勒比地区;E:中亚地区;F:中欧地区;G:中拉丁美洲;H:中非撒哈拉地区;I:东亚地区;J:东欧地区;K:东非撒哈拉以南地区;L:高收入亚太地区;M:高收入北美地区;N:北非及中东地区;O:大洋洲;P:南亚地区;Q:东南亚地区;R:南部拉丁美洲;S:南部撒哈拉非洲;T:热带拉丁美洲;U:西欧地区;V:西撒哈拉以南非洲

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全球与地区1990年2021年1990-2021年
发病例数发病率/10万人发病例数发病率/10万人发病例数增长率/%年均变化百分比
全球1 662 732.28
(1 407 734.67,1 922 346.17)
61.34
(51.94,70.92)
2 503 317.60
(2 087 721.61,2 955 787.12)
63.40
(52.87,74.86)
50.55
(44.68,56.61)
0.05
(-0.02,0.13)
SDI等级
高SDI地区299 193.32
(245 147.40,3 57 157.78)
64.92
(53.19,77.50)
344 556.44
(293 859.84,403 207.65)
68.60
(58.51,80.28)
15.16
(8.92,21.63)
0.13
(-0.08,0.35)
高-中SDI地区349 293.75
(294 941.18,406 269.20)
61.89
(52.26,71.98)
408 763.97
(337 569.10,490 499.47)
64.93
(53.62,77.91)
17.03
(10.29,24.26)
0.02
(-0.11,0.14)
中SDI地区525 202.08
(447 357.02,609 154.23)
57.68
(49.13,66.90)
770 846.74
(627 503.19,925 277.45)
61.42
(50.00,73.72)
46.77
(36.14,57.53)
0.18
(0.12,0.25)
低-中SDI地区360 879.29
(30 6425.13,411 755.97)
65.48
(55.60,74.72)
680 488.82
(576 122.53,784 436.97)
66.96
(56.69,77.19)
88.56
(82.31,95.12)
0.07
(0.06,0.09)
低SDI地区126 788.03
(106 962.58,144 854.95)
57.36
(48.39,65.53)
296 789.57
(249 920.26,343 772.89)
54.72
(46.08,63.38)
134.08
(125.83,141.89)
-0.19
(-0.20,-0.18)
地区
安第斯拉丁美洲5 753.04
(4 663.62,7 193.77)
30.87
(25.03,38.60)
11 500.24
(9 105.37,13 864.14)
32.88
(26.03,39.64)
99.90
(76.87,127.32)
0.24
(0.15,0.32)
澳大拉西亚4 729.60
(3 790.89,5 918.57)
43.83
(35.13,54.85)
5 066.51
(3 930.99,6 383.36)
35.09
(27.22,44.21)
7.12
(-5.46,21.46)
-0.84
(-1.05,-0.63)
加勒比地区6 804.22
(5 526.73,8 020.13)
37.25
(30.26,43.91)
11 304.69
(9 283.79,13 462.08)
47.21
(38.77,56.22)
66.14
(55.38,79.00)
0.84
(0.73,0.95)
中亚地区18 344.32
(16 124.86,20 986.48)
55.01
(48.36,62.93)
26 086.81
(22 290.95,30 731.06)
53.50
(45.72,63.03)
42.21
(32.22,51.22)
-0.15
(-0.26,-0.04)
中欧地区39 808.51
(32 987.14,48 317.23)
64.11
(53.12,77.81)
38 221.84
(31 404.58,46 830.19)
72.54
(59.60,88.88)
-3.99
(-11.31,2.66)
0.14
(0.02,0.26)
中拉丁美洲31 297.21
(25 847.85,36 820.95)
38.34
(31.67,45.11)
60 072.39
(48 949.53,72 613.12)
45.12
(36.77,54.54)
91.94
(78.69,105.98)
0.45
(0.36,0.55)
中非撒哈拉以南地区10 358.92
(8 622.17,12 275.87)
42.43
(35.31,50.28)
28 828.68
(23 950.46,34 110.19)
44.21
(36.73,52.32)
178.30
(160.00,199.61)
0.12
(0.08,0.16)
东亚地区447 798.23
(378 878.38,519 746.15)
65.01
(55.00,75.45)
450 179.73
(364 374.11,553 210.12)
65.39
(52.92,80.35)
0.53
(-9.72,11.17)
-0.05
(-0.20,0.09)
东欧地区69 960.08
(58 026.38,83 990.34)
63.43
(52.61,76.16)
63 726.64
(51 791.74,78 550.92)
66.23
(53.82,81.63)
-8.91
(-13.21,-4.22)
-0.10
(-0.32,0.11)
东非撒哈拉以南地区35 475.83
(29 865.14,41 120.41)
42.53
(35.80,49.30)
88 600.43
(74 826.90,102 919.04)
42.31
(35.73,49.15)
149.75
(138.42,160.02)
-0.13
(-0.18,-0.08)
高收入亚太地区36 130.96
(29 152.65,45 219.71)
38.92
(31.41,48.72)
31 263.25
(24 394.77,39 468.19)
39.97
(31.19,50.46)
-13.47
(-20.37,-6.25)
0.43
(0.22,0.65)
高收入北美地区118 768.91
(96 226.56,141 283.62)
79.70
(64.57,94.80)
147 844.66
(130 920.12,162 222.88)
87.66
(77.62,96.18)
24.48
(12.76,38.74)
0.27
(-0.05,0.59)
北非及中东地区83 736.74
(71 239.84,96 829.57)
52.25
(44.45,60.42)
215 437.81
(177 933.48,256 416.11)
64.44
(53.22,76.70)
157.28
(140.03,173.47)
0.60
(0.57,0.63)
大洋洲2 227.34
(1 917.93,2 547.77)
69.71
(60.03,79.74)
5 147.17
(4 429.94,5 974.23)
72.75
(62.61,84.44)
131.09
(117.76,143.79)
0.15
(0.13,0.18)
南亚地区386 928.46
(326 179.78,443 551.69)
73.14
(61.66,83.84)
756 574.72
(633 768.24,873 267.96)
75.15
(62.95,86.74)
95.53
(89.45,101.86)
0.09
(0.08,0.11)
东南亚地区123 061.10
(105 505.03,141 795.75)
52.01
(44.59,59.93)
215 500.04
(180 002.11,257 673.40)
58.12
(48.54,69.49)
75.12
(66.50,85.53)
0.35
(0.30,0.41)
南部拉丁美洲8 911.69
(7 285.88,10 578.67)
36.39
(29.75,43.19)
12 080.82
(9 724.96,14 768.98)
34.83
(28.04,42.58)
35.56
(18.91,54.43)
-0.24
(-0.30,-0.18)
南撒哈拉以南非洲12 644.78
(10 668.36,14 754.61)
49.09
(41.42,57.28)
22 438.17
(18 549.79,26 578.80)
51.98
(42.97,61.57)
77.45
(67.25,88.03)
0.07
(-0.03,0.17)
热带拉丁美洲44 397.35
(37 033.96,52 505.36)
56.54
(47.17,66.87)
74 324.21
(59 771.52,90 497.25)
62.02
(49.88,75.52)
67.41
(56.32,79.50)
0.12
(0.03,0.22)
西欧地区137 653.35
(113 618.03,165 035.58)
71.17
(58.74,85.33)
135 424.80
(111 021.43,164 989.79)
71.84
(58.89,87.52)
-1.62
(-7.00,3.87)
0.10
(-0.02,0.23)
西撒哈拉以南非洲37 941.65
(31 938.66,43 825.87)
44.32
(37.31,51.19)
103 694.00
(87 541.52,120 212.80)
45.22
(38.18,52.42)
173.30
(166.57,181.50)
0.12
(0.09,0.14)
), ArticleFig(id=1322218797625360446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218774871262166, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990-2021年全球及地区50岁以下COPD的疾病负担及变化趋势

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全球与地区1990年2021年1990-2021年
发病例数发病率/10万人发病例数发病率/10万人发病例数增长率/%年均变化百分比
全球1 662 732.28
(1 407 734.67,1 922 346.17)
61.34
(51.94,70.92)
2 503 317.60
(2 087 721.61,2 955 787.12)
63.40
(52.87,74.86)
50.55
(44.68,56.61)
0.05
(-0.02,0.13)
SDI等级
高SDI地区299 193.32
(245 147.40,3 57 157.78)
64.92
(53.19,77.50)
344 556.44
(293 859.84,403 207.65)
68.60
(58.51,80.28)
15.16
(8.92,21.63)
0.13
(-0.08,0.35)
高-中SDI地区349 293.75
(294 941.18,406 269.20)
61.89
(52.26,71.98)
408 763.97
(337 569.10,490 499.47)
64.93
(53.62,77.91)
17.03
(10.29,24.26)
0.02
(-0.11,0.14)
中SDI地区525 202.08
(447 357.02,609 154.23)
57.68
(49.13,66.90)
770 846.74
(627 503.19,925 277.45)
61.42
(50.00,73.72)
46.77
(36.14,57.53)
0.18
(0.12,0.25)
低-中SDI地区360 879.29
(30 6425.13,411 755.97)
65.48
(55.60,74.72)
680 488.82
(576 122.53,784 436.97)
66.96
(56.69,77.19)
88.56
(82.31,95.12)
0.07
(0.06,0.09)
低SDI地区126 788.03
(106 962.58,144 854.95)
57.36
(48.39,65.53)
296 789.57
(249 920.26,343 772.89)
54.72
(46.08,63.38)
134.08
(125.83,141.89)
-0.19
(-0.20,-0.18)
地区
安第斯拉丁美洲5 753.04
(4 663.62,7 193.77)
30.87
(25.03,38.60)
11 500.24
(9 105.37,13 864.14)
32.88
(26.03,39.64)
99.90
(76.87,127.32)
0.24
(0.15,0.32)
澳大拉西亚4 729.60
(3 790.89,5 918.57)
43.83
(35.13,54.85)
5 066.51
(3 930.99,6 383.36)
35.09
(27.22,44.21)
7.12
(-5.46,21.46)
-0.84
(-1.05,-0.63)
加勒比地区6 804.22
(5 526.73,8 020.13)
37.25
(30.26,43.91)
11 304.69
(9 283.79,13 462.08)
47.21
(38.77,56.22)
66.14
(55.38,79.00)
0.84
(0.73,0.95)
中亚地区18 344.32
(16 124.86,20 986.48)
55.01
(48.36,62.93)
26 086.81
(22 290.95,30 731.06)
53.50
(45.72,63.03)
42.21
(32.22,51.22)
-0.15
(-0.26,-0.04)
中欧地区39 808.51
(32 987.14,48 317.23)
64.11
(53.12,77.81)
38 221.84
(31 404.58,46 830.19)
72.54
(59.60,88.88)
-3.99
(-11.31,2.66)
0.14
(0.02,0.26)
中拉丁美洲31 297.21
(25 847.85,36 820.95)
38.34
(31.67,45.11)
60 072.39
(48 949.53,72 613.12)
45.12
(36.77,54.54)
91.94
(78.69,105.98)
0.45
(0.36,0.55)
中非撒哈拉以南地区10 358.92
(8 622.17,12 275.87)
42.43
(35.31,50.28)
28 828.68
(23 950.46,34 110.19)
44.21
(36.73,52.32)
178.30
(160.00,199.61)
0.12
(0.08,0.16)
东亚地区447 798.23
(378 878.38,519 746.15)
65.01
(55.00,75.45)
450 179.73
(364 374.11,553 210.12)
65.39
(52.92,80.35)
0.53
(-9.72,11.17)
-0.05
(-0.20,0.09)
东欧地区69 960.08
(58 026.38,83 990.34)
63.43
(52.61,76.16)
63 726.64
(51 791.74,78 550.92)
66.23
(53.82,81.63)
-8.91
(-13.21,-4.22)
-0.10
(-0.32,0.11)
东非撒哈拉以南地区35 475.83
(29 865.14,41 120.41)
42.53
(35.80,49.30)
88 600.43
(74 826.90,102 919.04)
42.31
(35.73,49.15)
149.75
(138.42,160.02)
-0.13
(-0.18,-0.08)
高收入亚太地区36 130.96
(29 152.65,45 219.71)
38.92
(31.41,48.72)
31 263.25
(24 394.77,39 468.19)
39.97
(31.19,50.46)
-13.47
(-20.37,-6.25)
0.43
(0.22,0.65)
高收入北美地区118 768.91
(96 226.56,141 283.62)
79.70
(64.57,94.80)
147 844.66
(130 920.12,162 222.88)
87.66
(77.62,96.18)
24.48
(12.76,38.74)
0.27
(-0.05,0.59)
北非及中东地区83 736.74
(71 239.84,96 829.57)
52.25
(44.45,60.42)
215 437.81
(177 933.48,256 416.11)
64.44
(53.22,76.70)
157.28
(140.03,173.47)
0.60
(0.57,0.63)
大洋洲2 227.34
(1 917.93,2 547.77)
69.71
(60.03,79.74)
5 147.17
(4 429.94,5 974.23)
72.75
(62.61,84.44)
131.09
(117.76,143.79)
0.15
(0.13,0.18)
南亚地区386 928.46
(326 179.78,443 551.69)
73.14
(61.66,83.84)
756 574.72
(633 768.24,873 267.96)
75.15
(62.95,86.74)
95.53
(89.45,101.86)
0.09
(0.08,0.11)
东南亚地区123 061.10
(105 505.03,141 795.75)
52.01
(44.59,59.93)
215 500.04
(180 002.11,257 673.40)
58.12
(48.54,69.49)
75.12
(66.50,85.53)
0.35
(0.30,0.41)
南部拉丁美洲8 911.69
(7 285.88,10 578.67)
36.39
(29.75,43.19)
12 080.82
(9 724.96,14 768.98)
34.83
(28.04,42.58)
35.56
(18.91,54.43)
-0.24
(-0.30,-0.18)
南撒哈拉以南非洲12 644.78
(10 668.36,14 754.61)
49.09
(41.42,57.28)
22 438.17
(18 549.79,26 578.80)
51.98
(42.97,61.57)
77.45
(67.25,88.03)
0.07
(-0.03,0.17)
热带拉丁美洲44 397.35
(37 033.96,52 505.36)
56.54
(47.17,66.87)
74 324.21
(59 771.52,90 497.25)
62.02
(49.88,75.52)
67.41
(56.32,79.50)
0.12
(0.03,0.22)
西欧地区137 653.35
(113 618.03,165 035.58)
71.17
(58.74,85.33)
135 424.80
(111 021.43,164 989.79)
71.84
(58.89,87.52)
-1.62
(-7.00,3.87)
0.10
(-0.02,0.23)
西撒哈拉以南非洲37 941.65
(31 938.66,43 825.87)
44.32
(37.31,51.19)
103 694.00
(87 541.52,120 212.80)
45.22
(38.18,52.42)
173.30
(166.57,181.50)
0.12
(0.09,0.14)
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1990-2021年全球50岁以下慢性阻塞性肺病的疾病负担演变和风险因素及趋势预测
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王益德 1, 2 , 段宏霞 2 , 王颖祺 2 , 包弋蝶 2 , 姜林鸿 2 , 韩晓雨 5 , 李培君 2 , 吴卫兵 5 , 刘晓丹 2, 3, 4
陆军军医大学学报 | 公共卫生与预防医学 2025,47(12): 1388-1400
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陆军军医大学学报 |公共卫生与预防医学 2025 , 47 (12) : 1388 -1400
1990-2021年全球50岁以下慢性阻塞性肺病的疾病负担演变和风险因素及趋势预测
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王益德1, 2, 段宏霞2, 王颖祺2, 包弋蝶2, 姜林鸿2, 韩晓雨5, 李培君2, 吴卫兵5, 刘晓丹2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1新疆医科大学第四临床医学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐
  • 2上海中医药大学康复医学院,上海
  • 3上海市中医药研究院康复医学研究所,上海
  • 4中医智能康复教育部工程研究中心,上海
  • 5上海体育大学运动健康学院,上海
通讯作者:
刘晓丹,E-mail:
LIU Xiaodan,E-mail:
Evolution of global disease burden, risk factors and trend projection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among individuals under 50 years old from 1990 to 2021
Yide WANG1, 2, Hongxia DUAN2, Yingqi WANG2, Yidie BAO2, Linhong JIANG2, Xiaoyu HAN5, Peijun LI2, Weibing WU5, Xiaodan LIU2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Fourth Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi,Xinjiang
  • 2School of Rehabilitation Science,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai
  • 3Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine,Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai
  • 4Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation of Ministry of Education,Shanghai
  • 5Department of Sports Rehabilitation,Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai,China
出版时间: 2025-06-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502034
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目的

基于全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)数据,系统评估1990-2021年全球50岁以下慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的时空分布、风险因素及趋势预测,以期为防控策略的制定提供支持。

方法

分析1990-2021年的GBD数据,评估204个国家和地区50岁以下COPD的发病率、病死率、伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years,DALYs)和估计年度百分比变化(expected annual percentage change,EAPC),按照年龄、性别、地区、国家和社会人口学指数(socio-demographic index,SDI)进行分层,并对2035年的趋势进行预测。

结果

2021年全球50岁以下COPD新发病例达250万例(95%UI:209~296万),较1990年增长50.55%,呈现显著区域异质性:低SDI地区增幅达134.08%,而高SDI地区呈“先升后降”趋势。风险因素分析显示,环境与职业暴露(空气污染、环境臭氧污染、固体燃料引起的家庭空气污染等)和吸烟构成主要致病因素,其中低SDI地区50.90%的COPD病死归因于家庭固体燃料暴露,显著高于高SDI地区(0.03%)。趋势预测显示至2035年全球病例将增至259万例。

结论

1990-2021年全球50岁以下COPD疾病负担显著增加,存在明显的地区和社会经济发展差异;低SDI地区COPD病死与固体燃料暴露和颗粒物污染密切相关,预计到2035年该地区仍为全球病例增长的主要区域。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病  /  全球疾病负担  /  风险因素
Objective‍

To systematically assess the spatiotemporal distribution,risk factors,and future trends of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among individuals under 50 years of age globally from 1990 to 2021 based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data in order to provide support for the formulation of prevention and control strategies of the disease.

Methods‍

The GBD data from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed for the incidence,mortality,disability-adjusted life years (DALYs),and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of COPD in <50-year-old individuals across 204 countries and regions. The data were stratified by age,sex,region,country,and sociodemographic index (SDI). The COPD trends until 2035 were predicted.

Results‍

In 2021,the global incidence of early-onset COPD was estimated at 2.5 million cases (95% uncertainty interval:2.09~2.96 million),representing a 50.55% increase compared to 1990. Significant regional heterogeneity was observed,with low SDI regions experiencing a 134.08% increase,whereas high SDI regions exhibited a rise-then-fall trend. Risk factor analysis identified environmental and occupational exposures (air pollution,ambient ozone pollution,household air pollution from solid fuels, etc.) and smoking as the primary etiological factors. Notably,household solid fuel exposure accounted for 50.90% of COPD-related deaths in low SDI regions,compared to only 0.03% in high SDI regions. Projections indicated that by 2035,the global burden of early-onset COPD will increase to 2.59 million cases.

Conclusion‍

The global disease burden of COPD among people under 50 years increased significantly from 1990 to 2021,with pronounced disparities across regions and socioeconomic levels. COPD deaths in low-SDI regions are strongly associated with solid fuel exposure and particulate matter pollution,and these regions are expected to remain the main drivers of global COPD incidence growth through 2035.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  /  global burden of disease  /  risk factors
王益德, 段宏霞, 王颖祺, 包弋蝶, 姜林鸿, 韩晓雨, 李培君, 吴卫兵, 刘晓丹. 1990-2021年全球50岁以下慢性阻塞性肺病的疾病负担演变和风险因素及趋势预测. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (12) : 1388 -1400 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502034
Yide WANG, Hongxia DUAN, Yingqi WANG, Yidie BAO, Linhong JIANG, Xiaoyu HAN, Peijun LI, Weibing WU, Xiaodan LIU. Evolution of global disease burden, risk factors and trend projection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among individuals under 50 years old from 1990 to 2021[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (12) : 1388 -1400 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502034
慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是全球范围内导致残疾和死亡的主要原因之一。根据最新的全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease,GBD)数据库研究估计,其全球患病率为10.3%(95% CI:8.2%~12.8%)[1]。作为一种进行性的慢性呼吸系统疾病,COPD不仅显著降低患者生活质量,更导致全球医疗系统每年承受超过1.5万亿美元的经济损失,并加剧社会不平等现象[2-4]。既往研究普遍认为,COPD是吸烟及老龄化相关的疾病,但近年研究揭示其病因具有多源性,早期生命阶段(如胎儿期至青少年期)的基因-环境交互作用可通过干扰肺发育轨迹,显著增加成年后COPD发病风险[5-6]。最新研究提出,关注50岁以下COPD具有重要意义,这一人群在最具生产力的年龄段经历了长期的疾病进程,医疗需求增加,并带来显著的社会经济负担[7-8]。针对这一群体的早期干预措施为改变疾病进程、减轻长期健康影响以及减少医疗成本提供了关键窗口。然而,尽管全球对中老年COPD的关注度很高,但对于年轻COPD的研究仍然有限,这限制了对50岁以下COPD流行病学和社会人口学动态及其风险因素的理解,阻碍了针对性预防和管理策略的发展。
针对当前关于COPD的研究主要聚焦中老年人群,导致对年轻群体的疾病负担评估不足、风险因素异质性不明及防控策略缺乏针对性这一科学问题,本研究基于GBD数据进行统计分析,系统分析1990-2021年全球50岁以下COPD的时空分布特征,解析不同环境暴露驱动疾病负担的差异,并利用前沿分析与贝叶斯预测模型评估区域防控潜力及未来趋势,以期为制定精准干预策略、优化公共卫生资源配置提供循证依据。
本研究使用2021年GBD研究的数据(https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/)[9]。GBD倡议基于目前最广泛的全球健康指标估算,整合来自调查、人口普查、生命登记系统和其他健康相关来源的数据[10]。具体而言,该数据集包括36 916个条目用于发病率估算,22 236个条目用于患病率估算,100 983个条目用于伤残调整生命年(disability-adjusted life years,DALYs)估算,并在2021年新增了19 189个数据点。GBD 2021涵盖了204个国家和地区、21个地区和5个社会人口学指数(socio-demographic index,SDI)类别,包含288种死因、371种疾病和伤害以及88个风险因素。本研究提取其中50岁以下COPD病例,为分析各年龄段负担,重点关注以下6个年龄亚组:20~24岁、25~29岁、30~34岁、35~39岁、40~44岁和45~49岁。为获得最小化异质性效应,所有数据均进行标准化和校准,并采用线性回归计算估计年度百分比变化(expected annual percentage change,EAPC)。本研究遵循观察性流行病学研究的报告(strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology,STROBE)指南[11]。GBD研究获得了华盛顿大学机构审查委员会的伦理批准,并被授予豁免获取知情同意(https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd)。
SDI作为一个复合指标,反映了国家或地区的经济发展水平,由生育率、教育程度和人均收入构成[12]。其范围从0到1,数值越高表示经济社会发展越先进。各国和地区被分为5个基于SDI的等级:低(SDI<0.466)、低-中(0.466≤SDI<0.619)、中(0.619≤SDI<0.712)、高-中(0.712≤SDI<0.810)和高(SDI≥0.810)。在本项研究中这种分层方法被用于分析50岁以下COPD负担与社会经济发展之间的关联。
为了量化50岁以下COPD的负担,本研究采用包括发病率、病死率和DALYs等流行病学指标,按照GBD方法学标准化为每10万人。通过线性回归模型评估疾病负担的时间趋势,以估算EAPC及其95%CI。负EAPC及相应的95%CI表示下降趋势,而正EAPC及相应的95%CI则表示上升趋势。使用高斯回归曲线分析EAPC、疾病率和人类发展指数之间的关系。此外,本研究进行风险因素分析,以确定50岁以下COPD的主要贡献因素,如环境与职业暴露和吸烟等。通过多重回归分析和因果推断技术确定每个风险因素对50岁以下COPD病死率的可归因分数。使用贝叶斯随机效应模型评估这些风险因素对不同SDI水平地区病死风险的影响。进一步使用贝叶斯层次模型分析不同层级的随机效应,并捕捉风险因素影响的时间变化。
分解分析采用Das Gupta方法将1990-2021年间50岁以下COPD负担的变化分为老龄化、人口增长和流行病学转变的贡献,从而提供对疾病负担趋势驱动因素的分析。构建基于SDI的年龄标准化病死率(age-standardized death rate,ASDR)前沿模型进行前沿分析。使用局部加权回归(locally estimated scatterplot smoothing,LOESS)和局部多项式回归生成平滑前沿线,以模拟SDI和ASDR之间的非线性关系。通过测量每个国家和地区在2021年的ASDR与前沿线之间的绝对距离来量化改进潜力[13]。最后,使用贝叶斯年龄-时期-队列(Bayesian age-period-cohort,BAPC)模型进行了预测分析[14],该模型在一个贝叶斯广义线性框架内整合了年龄、时期和队列效应,嵌套拉普拉斯近似(integrated nested laplace approximation,INLA)方法实现概率预测,利用“BAPC”R包和GBD 2021数据预测50岁以下COPD的全球负担。所有统计分析均使用R Studio 4.1.2进行,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
2021年全球50岁以下COPD的发病数量达到2 503 317.60例(95%UI:2 087 721.61~2 955 787.12),相较于1990年增加了50.55%(95%UI:44.68%~56.61%)。发病率从1990年的每10万人61.34例(95%UI:51.94~70.92)增加到2021年的每10万人63.40例(95%UI:52.87~74.86),EAPC为0.05(95%CI:-0.02~0.13,表1,图1A、B)。病死率下降了13.10%(95%UI:-22.63%~5.44%),病死例数从1990年的76 285.50例(95%UI:64 278.99~86 031.28)减少到2021年的66 289.80例(95%UI:59 355.60~73 210.98),EAPC为-1.95(95%CI:-2.05~-1.85,表1,图1C、D)。DALYs增加了6.72%(95%UI:-2.05%~20.68%),达到2021年的5 815 291.53(95%UI:5 237 298.32~6 353 942.04),年龄标准化率从1990年的每10万人201.03例(95%UI:176.06~221.86)下降到2021年的每10万人147.28例(95%UI:132.64~160.92,图1E、F)。
结果可见,女性50岁以下人群的COPD发病率低于男性。SDI能够反映一个地区或国家的社会经济发展状况。本项研究发现高,SDI地区随时间变化的发病例数、发病率、病死例数和病死率均呈现倒置U型趋势。低SDI地区的发病例数和病死例数呈现持续上升趋势,病死率和发病率均呈下降趋势(图2A~D)。其中,高SDI地区显示出最显著的下降EAPC:-3.48(95% CI:-3.76~-3.20),而低-中SDI地区的2021年病死率为最高(图2D)。此外,高SDI地区随时间变化的DALYs绝对数量和DALYs率呈现倒U型趋势,而低SDI地区的DALYs绝对数量呈现上升趋势,DALYs率呈现下降趋势(图2E、F)。
南亚在2021年出现了最高的发病例数756 574.72例(95%UI:633 768.24~873 267.96)和DALYs绝对数量2 181 605.52(95%UI:1 867 380.37~2 448 585.21),而澳大拉西亚的发病例数最低5 066.51例(95% UI:3 930.99~6 383.36)(表1、图3)。高收入北美地区的发病率最高每10万人87.66例(95%UI:77.62~96.18),大洋洲的病死率和DALYs率最高,分别为每10万人6.19例和391.96例(表1、图3)。
印度报告了最多的50岁以下COPD发病例数611 973.13例(95%UI:509 718.41~703 301.43),中国位居第二434 284.24例(95%UI:350 627.52~535 423.37,图4A);阿联酋的发病率最高,每10万人116.36例(95%UI:89.23~148.93,图4B)。印度的病死例数也最高21 026.44例(95%UI:16 905.99~24 866.07,图4C),而帕劳报告的病死率最高,每10万人7.27例(95%UI:5.63~9.43,图4D)。此外,印度的DALYs绝对数量最高176 7518.60例(95%UI:1 512 391.86~1 973 202.25,图4E),基里巴斯的DALYs率最高,每10万人445.04例(95%UI:323.10~659.32,图4F)。
在全球范围内,环境与职业暴露(空气污染、环境臭氧污染、固体燃料引起的家庭空气污染等)和吸烟是主要风险因素。固体燃料引起的家庭空气污染导致低SDI地区50.90%(95%CI:42.41%~57.73%)的病死率,但在高SDI地区仅为0.03%(95%CI:0.00%~0.23%)。PM2.5等颗粒物污染也非常重要,在低SDI地区导致了67.50%(95%CI:61.15%~73.47%)的病死率(图5A)。分解分析结果显示人口增长增加了2 183 899.21的DALYs,加剧了低和低-中SDI地区的负担。老龄化对DALYs的增长贡献了225.46%,而流行病学的变化减少了721.45%的负担(图5B)。
前沿分析发现了部分低SDI国家如布基纳法索和尼日尔在COPD管理上的高效性,而高SDI国家如挪威和荷兰则显示有较大改进空间(图6)。预计到2035年,全球50岁以下COPD发病例数将增加到259万(95%CI:2 455 235~2 729 692),年龄标准化率(age-standardized rate,ASR)将下降至59.40例每10万人(95%CI:56.26~62.55)。加勒比地区的ASR增长趋势最为显著,而其他地区的ASR普遍呈现下降趋势(图7)。关于发病例数撒哈拉以南非洲预计将会有最大的增幅,而高收入地区则呈下降趋势(图8)。
本研究系统揭示了1990-2021年全球50岁以下COPD疾病负担的时空异质性,基于多维度分解方法解析了疾病负担变化的驱动机制,并通过前沿分析及预测分析提出前瞻性防控策略优化方向。与既往聚焦中老年COPD的研究不同[15-18],本研究结果表明,50岁以下COPD不仅呈现显著增长趋势,更表现出与社会经济发展水平密切关联的区域差异特征。这一发现为重视年轻COPD疾病负担提供了流行病学证据支持,提示需突破传统"老年病"认知框架,建立覆盖全生命周期的防控体系。
作为一个综合性的指标,SDI旨在衡量全球不同国家和地区的社会经济发展水平。本研究揭示了不同SDI地区的显著差异:高SDI地区在过去三十年中呈现出倒置U形曲线,即50岁以下COPD的发病率首先上升然后下降,并且SDI水平越高,拐点出现得越早;而低SDI地区的50岁以下COPD发病率则持续上升。这种现象表明,经济发展水平对50岁以下COPD的发病率有重要影响,一方面,这可能是因为高SDI地区拥有更优越的医疗服务条件,能够实现年轻COPD的早期诊断和有效治疗[19-21];另一方面,不同SDI水平地区的50岁以下COPD风险因素也有所不同。例如,在高SDI地区,吸烟是50岁以下COPD死亡的主要风险因素之一,而家庭固体燃料使用的影响几乎可以忽略不计。相比之下,在低SDI地区,由固体燃料引起的家庭空气污染对50岁以下COPD的病死率产生了重要影响,占到了50.90%(95% CI:42.41%~57.73%),颗粒物污染的影响更为显著,达到了67.50%。因此,高SDI地区广泛使用清洁能源显著减少了传统生物燃料的暴露,可能是这些地区年轻COPD发病率低于低SDI地区的重要原因之一。基于此,推测在低SDI地区减少生物燃料的使用并逐步引入一定比例的清洁能源,或积极使用通风设备减少固体燃料颗粒暴露,将具有提前达到拐点并降低未来全球COPD负担的巨大潜力[22-26]。同时,鉴于高SDI地区年轻COPD的主要风险因素包括烟草、行为风险和环境/职业风险,未来的戒烟策略和环境污染控制措施仍将是公共卫生干预的重要方向。
在纳入的总体人群中,女性50岁以下COPD发病率低于男性,这与先前的研究结果一致[27-29]。本研究通过性别亚组分析揭示了不同经济发展水平下50岁以下COPD发病率的性别差异:在低SDI地区,女性的发病率高于男性;在低-中SDI地区,女性的发病率略高于或接近男性;而在中、高-中和高SDI地区,男性的发病率高于女性。具体原因尚不清楚,但推测可能与不同SDI水平地区的特定风险因素有关。具体而言,在低SDI和低中SDI地区,除了普遍存在的环境/职业风险和空气污染外,家庭固体燃料产生的室内空气污染和颗粒物污染对这些地区有显著影响。由于女性通常承担更多的烹饪工作,她们可能比男性更频繁地暴露于生物燃料颗粒[30]。此外,女性的气道可能比男性更敏感。先前的研究表明,即使吸烟量相同,女性也可能比男性更容易受到吸烟的有害影响,并可能出现更严重的疾病进展[31-32]。这表明,即使男性和女性有相似的传统生物燃料暴露史,女性患COPD的风险可能更高。
本研究进一步通过预测分析、分解分析与前沿模型揭示了50岁以下COPD疾病负担的动态变化趋势、驱动因素及其区域防控效能的异质性。数据显示,1990-2021年全球50岁以下COPD新发病例增长50.55%(2 503 318例;95% UI:2 087 722-2 955 787),预测至2035年将增至259万例。这一增长趋势表明,年轻COPD患者作为老年COPD的潜在人群,可能加剧未来全球疾病负担。分解分析进一步显示,人口增长是DALYs增加2 183 899.21的主要驱动因素,但其影响存在显著区域差异:低SDI和低-中SDI地区的DALYs分别上升92.63%和88.56%,而中等及以上SDI地区则呈下降趋势。尽管部分低SDI国家的年龄标准化发病率可能下降,但其高出生率与人口基数扩增仍将导致绝对病例数持续攀升,凸显此类地区未来防控的复杂性。前沿分析进一步量化了区域防控效能的差异。结果显示,低SDI国家如布基纳法索和尼日尔的DALYs率与SDI匹配的前沿线差距仅为8.5%,表明其在资源有限条件下实现了较高的防控效率;而高SDI国家如挪威和荷兰偏离前沿线达32.7%,提示其现有策略未能充分转化社会经济优势为健康收益。这一发现为差异化干预提供了关键依据,即低SDI地区需优先应对人口增长与环境污染的协同效应,而高SDI地区应强化风险分层管理与卫生系统优化。
本研究存在几个局限性,主要涉及GBD框架内数据的准确性和完整性。尽管GBD数据丰富,但由于依赖二次数据来源,可能会导致偏差,尤其是在数据收集系统不足的低收入和中等收入国家。不同地区的诊断标准和报告方法差异也可能扭曲50岁以下COPD患者发病率和病死率的估计。此外,至2035年的预测基于当前趋势,可能无法充分考虑突发的流行病学变化,如新风险因素或公共卫生措施的影响,这些因素可能改变50岁以下COPD发病率及其结果的发展轨迹。
综上所述,50岁以下COPD已成为全球健康领域的重大挑战,表现出地区差异、风险因素多样性及性别差异等显著特点。在全球范围特别是低收入的国家和地区,实施早期针对性的风险因素干预、及时诊断以及持续监测的综合策略,对于减轻疾病负担、促进健康公平以及改变疾病的长期发展轨迹具有重要意义。

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2025年第47卷第12期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502034
  • 接收时间:2025-02-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-14
  • 修回日期:2025-03-26
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    1新疆医科大学第四临床医学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐
    2上海中医药大学康复医学院,上海
    3上海市中医药研究院康复医学研究所,上海
    4中医智能康复教育部工程研究中心,上海
    5上海体育大学运动健康学院,上海

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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