Article(id=1322192360285524938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=1747756800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793164823838, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1755187200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793164823838, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793164823838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793164823838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322192284670603597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1685', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1755187200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793164805810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793164826583, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322192371861799856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322192284670603597, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1741, endPage=1749, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322192360474268619, articleId=1322192360285524938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Transgenerational effects and transmission mechanisms of paternal PM2.5 exposure on growth and development in offspring, columnId=1320442291748192970, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Monographic Reports, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the transgenerational effects of paternal PM2.5 exposure on offspring growth and development, and to preliminarily elucidate the role of sperm DNA methylation modifications in mediating these effects.

Methods‍

Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into filtered air (FA), unfiltered air (UA), and concentrated PM2.5 (CAP) groups, with 10 animals in each group. The exposure was conducted from November 2019 to April 2020, and then, these male mice were mated with unexposed females to generate F1 offspring, which were bred successively to produce F2 and F3 generations. All the offspring were living in PM2.5-free environment. The birth body weight, birth number, and sex ratio of the offspring were recorded, body weight growth was monitored, and organ coefficients of the heart, liver, lung, and brain were calculated. Whole-genome methylation sequencing was performed on the sperm DNA of the CAP group, FA group, and their F1 generation offspring to screen for differentially methylated regions, and the genes and pathways associated with these regions were analyzed.

Results‍

When compared with the F1~F3 offspring of the FA group, the CAP group had significantly reduced birth body weight in the F1 generation (P<0.05), no statistical differences were observed in the birth body weight in the F2 and F3 generations (P>0.05), or either in the sex ratio and birth number among the F1, F2 and F3 generations. Compared with the FA group offspring, the F1~F3 offspring of CAP group exhibited delayed body weight gain, especially in the males (P<0.05), the CAP-F1 male generation had obviously elevated liver organ coefficient (P<0.01), but no statistical changes were observed in the heart, lung, or brain coefficients among the F1~F3 generations. Between the FA group and the CAP group, 37 997 differentially methylated regions were detected, with a reduction of approximately 50% in the number of differentially methylated regions in the F1 generation. Differentially methylated genes in F0 and F1 sperm were potentially related to developmental processes, including imprinting genes (Gnas, Igf2) and metabolic genes (Ppard, Rps6kb1).

Conclusion‍

Paternal exposure to PM2.5 leads to reduced birth weight and intergenerational growth retardation in offspring. Its impact on phenotypic effects is gradually weakened during intergenerational transmission. Changes in the methylation of development-related genes in sperm may be one of the mechanisms mediating this intergenerational effect.

, authors=Zhonghao ZHANG1, 2, Jiankang WANG1, Mengchao HE1, Lei SUN1, Qing CHEN1, Jinyi LIU1, Jia CAO1, authorsList=Zhonghao ZHANG, Jiankang WANG, Mengchao HE, Lei SUN, Qing CHEN, Jinyi LIU, Jia CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322192361728365526, articleId=1322192360285524938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=父源PM2.5暴露影响子代生长发育的跨代效应及传递机制研究, columnId=1322190423666315871, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=专题报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究父源PM2.5暴露对子代生长发育影响的跨代效应,初步探讨精子DNA甲基化修饰在跨代传递中的作用。

方法

按简单随机分组法将8周龄C57BL/6雄鼠分为过滤空气(filtered air,FA)组、未过滤空气(unfiltered air,UA)组和浓缩环境PM2.5(concentrated ambient PM2.5,CAP)组,每组10只,自2019年11月至2020年4月进行暴露。暴露结束后,与未暴露过PM2.5的正常雌鼠交配获得F1代,逐代繁殖到F2~F3代,所有子代饲养在无PM2.5环境中。记录子代的出生体质量、出生数量和性别比例,监测体质量增长情况,计算心脏、肝脏、肺脏和脑的脏器系数。对CAP组与FA组及其得到的F1代精子DNA进行全基因组甲基化测序,筛选差异甲基化区域,分析差异甲基化区域相关基因及通路。

结果

与FA组F1代相比,CAP组F1代小鼠出生体质量显著降低(P<0.05),F2~F3代组间出生体质量无显著差异,未发现F1~F3代各组间性别比例和出生数量的显著改变。与FA组子代相比,CAP组F1~F3代体质量增长迟缓,且在雄性中更为显著(P<0.05),CAP组F1代雄性小鼠肝脏器系数显著升高(P<0.01),未发现F1~F3代各组间心脏、肺脏、脑系数的显著改变。CAP组与FA组相比检测到37 997个差异甲基化区域,其F1代差异甲基化区域的数量减少约50%。F0和F1代精子中的差异甲基化修饰基因可能与发育过程相关,其中包括印记基因(Gnas、Igf2)及代谢基因(Ppard、Rps6kb1)。

结论

父源PM2.5暴露可导致子代出生体质量下降及跨代生长迟缓,对表型效应的影响在代际传递过程中逐渐减弱,精子中发育相关基因的甲基化改变可能是介导此跨代效应的机制之一。

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曹 佳,E-mail:
CAO Jia,E-mail:
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Nat Biotechnol,2015,33(5):510-517., articleTitle=Epigenome editing by a CRISPR-Cas9-based acetyltransferase activates genes from promoters and enhancers, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322192361942275031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192361950663640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, companyId=1322192361942275031, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Military Toxicology,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192361959052249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, companyId=1322192361942275031, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军事毒理学教研室,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322192362026161114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192362034549723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, companyId=1322192362026161114, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Field Medicine,Frontier Medical Service Training Brigade,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Hutubi,Xinjiang,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322192362042938332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, companyId=1322192362026161114, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)防卫勤训练大队野战医学教研室,新疆呼图壁)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322192366128189448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JPLsHdvULFxUCYqjHChUkg==, figureFileBig=c84tBYRzbakVUB6/Ctqgfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366195298313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动物暴露期间各组PM2.5浓度, figureFileSmall=JPLsHdvULFxUCYqjHChUkg==, figureFileBig=c84tBYRzbakVUB6/Ctqgfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366367264778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZUHhepKQCLcYL+NN079PRg==, figureFileBig=f5qpI1I2CWEj75ryAt8bNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366434373643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=CN, label=图2, caption=父源PM2.5对F1~F3代小鼠出生结局的影响(n=10,x¯±s)

A:各组F1~F3代小鼠出生体质量 a:P<0.05,与FA-F1组比较;B:各组F1~F3代小鼠出生数量;C:各组F1~F3代小鼠雌雄比

, figureFileSmall=ZUHhepKQCLcYL+NN079PRg==, figureFileBig=f5qpI1I2CWEj75ryAt8bNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366518259724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6PJWofESAeBTFIX3B2cblA==, figureFileBig=xbNK1TxaqblX6cio9dJwCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366576979981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=CN, label=图3, caption=父源PM2.5对F1~F3代小鼠体质量增长的影响(n=10,x¯±s)

a:P<0.05,与相应CAP组子代比较;b:P<0.05,与相应UA组子代比较A~C:各组F1~F3代雄鼠体质量增长曲线;D~F:各组F1~F3代雌鼠体质量增长曲线

, figureFileSmall=6PJWofESAeBTFIX3B2cblA==, figureFileBig=xbNK1TxaqblX6cio9dJwCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366644088846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SlWOactMJhdjRlqBsGUHtg==, figureFileBig=o5lXP4V34qa5alteuFCdJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366707003407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=CN, label=图4, caption=父源PM2.5暴露后F0~F1代小鼠精子DNA甲基化组改变

A:差异甲基化区域数量;B:差异甲基化区域的基因元件分布

, figureFileSmall=SlWOactMJhdjRlqBsGUHtg==, figureFileBig=o5lXP4V34qa5alteuFCdJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366774112272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Kb0xDbQntFfs87l6PKW6kA==, figureFileBig=v8eIdOYPNGHDYy4IcizQ9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366828638225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=CN, label=图5, caption=父源PM2.5暴露后F0~F1代精子差异甲基化基因生物信息学分析

A:F0-F1精子差异甲基化基因交集分析;B:重合基因GO富集分析

, figureFileSmall=Kb0xDbQntFfs87l6PKW6kA==, figureFileBig=v8eIdOYPNGHDYy4IcizQ9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322192366891552786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别心脏器系数/(mg/g)肝脏器系数/(mg/g)肺脏器系数/(mg/g)脑脏器系数/(mg/g)
FA-F1♂6.2±0.938.3±2.66.6±0.611.8±1.1
UA-F1♂6.1±1.040.7±2.46.7±0.910.6±0.9
CAP-F1♂6.4±1.141.6±1.5a6.7±1.111.0±0.8
FA-F1♀6.7±1.046.1±2.58.7±0.824.2±1.5
UA-F1♀6.1±0.843.1±3.69.0±1.223.8±1.3
CAP-F1♀6.5±0.743.3±2.68.8±0.724.8±1.2
FA-F2♂6.1±0.640.6±2.28.1±1.112.5±1.1
UA-F2♂6.5±1.438.9±3.77.2±0.612.6±0.5
CAP-F2♂6.5±1.140.3±2.58.1±1.312.9±0.8
FA-F2♀6.3±0.742.3±2.69.1±0.915.3±1.0
UA-F2♀7.0±1.239.5±5.09.0±1.415.2±1.1
CAP-F2♀6.6±0.640.3±2.39.3±1.015.1±0.6
FA-F3♂5.8±1.039.1±2.08.1±0.612.9±1.0
UA-F3♂6.0±1.239.1±3.08.0±1.212.6±0.7
CAP-F3♂5.5±0.739.2±3.77.7±0.912.4±0.8
FA-F3♀6.1±0.839.7±2.59.7±0.913.7±0.9
UA-F3♀5.9±0.637.2±2.49.2±0.815.6±1.5
CAP-F3♀5.8±0.739.2±1.29.4±0.814.6±0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322192368556691475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

父源PM2.5暴露对F1~F3代小鼠心、肝、肺和脑脏器系数的影响(n=10,x¯±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别心脏器系数/(mg/g)肝脏器系数/(mg/g)肺脏器系数/(mg/g)脑脏器系数/(mg/g)
FA-F1♂6.2±0.938.3±2.66.6±0.611.8±1.1
UA-F1♂6.1±1.040.7±2.46.7±0.910.6±0.9
CAP-F1♂6.4±1.141.6±1.5a6.7±1.111.0±0.8
FA-F1♀6.7±1.046.1±2.58.7±0.824.2±1.5
UA-F1♀6.1±0.843.1±3.69.0±1.223.8±1.3
CAP-F1♀6.5±0.743.3±2.68.8±0.724.8±1.2
FA-F2♂6.1±0.640.6±2.28.1±1.112.5±1.1
UA-F2♂6.5±1.438.9±3.77.2±0.612.6±0.5
CAP-F2♂6.5±1.140.3±2.58.1±1.312.9±0.8
FA-F2♀6.3±0.742.3±2.69.1±0.915.3±1.0
UA-F2♀7.0±1.239.5±5.09.0±1.415.2±1.1
CAP-F2♀6.6±0.640.3±2.39.3±1.015.1±0.6
FA-F3♂5.8±1.039.1±2.08.1±0.612.9±1.0
UA-F3♂6.0±1.239.1±3.08.0±1.212.6±0.7
CAP-F3♂5.5±0.739.2±3.77.7±0.912.4±0.8
FA-F3♀6.1±0.839.7±2.59.7±0.913.7±0.9
UA-F3♀5.9±0.637.2±2.49.2±0.815.6±1.5
CAP-F3♀5.8±0.739.2±1.29.4±0.814.6±0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322192370502848532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因染色体F0精子F1精子
CG数量甲基化率差值CG数量甲基化率差值
Map2chr18-0.109-0.27
Maelchr1100.1570.13
Gnaschr2430.11320.12
Macf1chr470.15280.17
Cacna1cchr670.14210.15
Foxp1chr6110.17110.31
Igf2chr7170.13200.14
Trpv2chr1170.16100.27
Rps6kb1chr1180.1660.40
Pparachr1560.1160.44
Dlg1chr16180.19210.15
Ppardchr1711-0.1613-0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1322192370582540309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322192360285524938, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

F0和F1代小鼠精子中生长发育相关的差异甲基化基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因染色体F0精子F1精子
CG数量甲基化率差值CG数量甲基化率差值
Map2chr18-0.109-0.27
Maelchr1100.1570.13
Gnaschr2430.11320.12
Macf1chr470.15280.17
Cacna1cchr670.14210.15
Foxp1chr6110.17110.31
Igf2chr7170.13200.14
Trpv2chr1170.16100.27
Rps6kb1chr1180.1660.40
Pparachr1560.1160.44
Dlg1chr16180.19210.15
Ppardchr1711-0.1613-0.17
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父源PM2.5暴露影响子代生长发育的跨代效应及传递机制研究
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张中豪 1, 2 , 王建康 1 , 何孟超 1 , 孙磊 1 , 陈卿 1 , 刘晋祎 1 , 曹佳 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 专题报道 2025,47(15): 1741-1749
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陆军军医大学学报 |专题报道 2025 , 47 (15) : 1741 -1749
父源PM2.5暴露影响子代生长发育的跨代效应及传递机制研究
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张中豪1, 2, 王建康1, 何孟超1, 孙磊1, 陈卿1, 刘晋祎1, 曹佳1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军事毒理学教研室,重庆
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)防卫勤训练大队野战医学教研室,新疆呼图壁
通讯作者:
曹 佳,E-mail:
CAO Jia,E-mail:
Transgenerational effects and transmission mechanisms of paternal PM2.5 exposure on growth and development in offspring
Zhonghao ZHANG1, 2, Jiankang WANG1, Mengchao HE1, Lei SUN1, Qing CHEN1, Jinyi LIU1, Jia CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Military Toxicology,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2Department of Field Medicine,Frontier Medical Service Training Brigade,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Hutubi,Xinjiang,China
出版时间: 2025-08-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502009
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目的

研究父源PM2.5暴露对子代生长发育影响的跨代效应,初步探讨精子DNA甲基化修饰在跨代传递中的作用。

方法

按简单随机分组法将8周龄C57BL/6雄鼠分为过滤空气(filtered air,FA)组、未过滤空气(unfiltered air,UA)组和浓缩环境PM2.5(concentrated ambient PM2.5,CAP)组,每组10只,自2019年11月至2020年4月进行暴露。暴露结束后,与未暴露过PM2.5的正常雌鼠交配获得F1代,逐代繁殖到F2~F3代,所有子代饲养在无PM2.5环境中。记录子代的出生体质量、出生数量和性别比例,监测体质量增长情况,计算心脏、肝脏、肺脏和脑的脏器系数。对CAP组与FA组及其得到的F1代精子DNA进行全基因组甲基化测序,筛选差异甲基化区域,分析差异甲基化区域相关基因及通路。

结果

与FA组F1代相比,CAP组F1代小鼠出生体质量显著降低(P<0.05),F2~F3代组间出生体质量无显著差异,未发现F1~F3代各组间性别比例和出生数量的显著改变。与FA组子代相比,CAP组F1~F3代体质量增长迟缓,且在雄性中更为显著(P<0.05),CAP组F1代雄性小鼠肝脏器系数显著升高(P<0.01),未发现F1~F3代各组间心脏、肺脏、脑系数的显著改变。CAP组与FA组相比检测到37 997个差异甲基化区域,其F1代差异甲基化区域的数量减少约50%。F0和F1代精子中的差异甲基化修饰基因可能与发育过程相关,其中包括印记基因(Gnas、Igf2)及代谢基因(Ppard、Rps6kb1)。

结论

父源PM2.5暴露可导致子代出生体质量下降及跨代生长迟缓,对表型效应的影响在代际传递过程中逐渐减弱,精子中发育相关基因的甲基化改变可能是介导此跨代效应的机制之一。

PM2.5  /  跨代效应  /  生长发育  /  DNA甲基化
Objective‍

To investigate the transgenerational effects of paternal PM2.5 exposure on offspring growth and development, and to preliminarily elucidate the role of sperm DNA methylation modifications in mediating these effects.

Methods‍

Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into filtered air (FA), unfiltered air (UA), and concentrated PM2.5 (CAP) groups, with 10 animals in each group. The exposure was conducted from November 2019 to April 2020, and then, these male mice were mated with unexposed females to generate F1 offspring, which were bred successively to produce F2 and F3 generations. All the offspring were living in PM2.5-free environment. The birth body weight, birth number, and sex ratio of the offspring were recorded, body weight growth was monitored, and organ coefficients of the heart, liver, lung, and brain were calculated. Whole-genome methylation sequencing was performed on the sperm DNA of the CAP group, FA group, and their F1 generation offspring to screen for differentially methylated regions, and the genes and pathways associated with these regions were analyzed.

Results‍

When compared with the F1~F3 offspring of the FA group, the CAP group had significantly reduced birth body weight in the F1 generation (P<0.05), no statistical differences were observed in the birth body weight in the F2 and F3 generations (P>0.05), or either in the sex ratio and birth number among the F1, F2 and F3 generations. Compared with the FA group offspring, the F1~F3 offspring of CAP group exhibited delayed body weight gain, especially in the males (P<0.05), the CAP-F1 male generation had obviously elevated liver organ coefficient (P<0.01), but no statistical changes were observed in the heart, lung, or brain coefficients among the F1~F3 generations. Between the FA group and the CAP group, 37 997 differentially methylated regions were detected, with a reduction of approximately 50% in the number of differentially methylated regions in the F1 generation. Differentially methylated genes in F0 and F1 sperm were potentially related to developmental processes, including imprinting genes (Gnas, Igf2) and metabolic genes (Ppard, Rps6kb1).

Conclusion‍

Paternal exposure to PM2.5 leads to reduced birth weight and intergenerational growth retardation in offspring. Its impact on phenotypic effects is gradually weakened during intergenerational transmission. Changes in the methylation of development-related genes in sperm may be one of the mechanisms mediating this intergenerational effect.

PM2.5  /  transgenerational effects  /  growth and development  /  DNA methylation
张中豪, 王建康, 何孟超, 孙磊, 陈卿, 刘晋祎, 曹佳. 父源PM2.5暴露影响子代生长发育的跨代效应及传递机制研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1741 -1749 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502009
Zhonghao ZHANG, Jiankang WANG, Mengchao HE, Lei SUN, Qing CHEN, Jinyi LIU, Jia CAO. Transgenerational effects and transmission mechanisms of paternal PM2.5 exposure on growth and development in offspring[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (15) : 1741 -1749 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502009
PM2.5暴露已成为我国公共卫生面临的严重威胁之一。“健康与疾病发育起源(developmental origins of health and disease,DOHaD)”学说指出生命早期(尤其是胎儿期、婴儿期和儿童期)暴露会对个体长期健康和疾病风险产生影响,这种影响甚至会延续数代[1-2]。近年提出的健康和疾病的父系起源(paternal origins of health and disease,POHaD)理论强调,父源环境污染物暴露、生活方式、心理压力等因素同样会对子代的远期健康产生影响[3-6]。已有研究发现,孕期PM2.5暴露会对胚胎发育和子代生长发育等造成不利影响[7-8]。然而,父源PM2.5暴露是否影响子代的生长发育,以及这种影响是否会跨代传递目前仍不完全清楚。在代际遗传过程中生殖细胞的DNA甲基化等表观遗传学调控可能发挥重要作用,这可能是解析父源暴露的跨代机制的关键切入点[9-10]。本研究旨在观察父源PM2.5暴露影响子代生长发育的跨代效应,同时初步探索精子DNA甲基化修饰在此过程中的改变,筛选可能在此过程中发挥作用的关键通路和分子,为预防父源环境PM2.5导致的子代健康危害提供实验依据。
PM2.5 在线浓缩动物全身吸入暴露系统购自北京慧荣和科技有限公司;40 μm细胞过滤器购自美国Corning公司;亚硫酸氢盐转化试剂盒购自美国Zymo Research公司产品;使用Illumina HiSeq 4000平台进行全基因组甲基化测序。
健康8周龄C57BL/6雄性和雌性小鼠,体质量20~25 g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。标准环境下饲养,保证昼夜节律,自由饮食,温度22~24 ℃,湿度控制在40%~60%,定期更换垫料。本研究已获第三军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准(AMUWEC20193803)。
按照简单随机分组法将雄性小鼠分为(n=10):过滤空气(filtered air,FA)组、未过滤空气(unfiltered air,UA)组和浓缩环境PM2.5(concentrated ambient PM2.5,CAP)组。其中FA组小鼠暴露在经高效微粒过滤器过滤的环境空气中,UA组维持环境空气PM2.5浓度,CAP组小鼠暴露在经过浓缩富集后的环境空气中。自2019年11月至2020年4月在华北理工大学实验动物中心分别以不同的方式进行暴露[11],每天6 h,每周5 d。暴露期间利用气溶胶检测仪监测暴露期间各组仓内的PM2.5浓度。
在各组小鼠PM2.5暴露结束后,为确保跨代效应仅来自雄性系,各组暴露后的雄鼠记为F0代,与未暴露过PM2.5的正常雌鼠按1∶2比例进行交配,发现阴道栓即为受孕,每窝仔鼠出生后3 d将按性别分别称量并编号,利用随机数字表法随机留取雌雄仔鼠各3只,其余仔鼠进行人道处死,各组分别得到FA组F1代(FA-F1)、UA组F1代(UA-F1)、CAP组F1代(CAP-F1),按照随机数字表法选择每窝F1代雄鼠与未暴露过PM2.5的正常雌鼠交配得到F2代(FA-F2、UA-F2和CAP-F2),剩余10只饲养至成年进行生长发育情况监测。以同样的方法得到各组F3代(FA-F3、UA-F3和CAP-F3),雌性和雄性仔鼠分别标注为“♀”和“♂”。所有子代小鼠饲养在高效微粒过滤器过滤的空气环境中以避免暴露于PM2.5环境。
记录F1~F3代小鼠的出生体质量、性别和数量,以各窝的平均值进行计算。每周测量各组小鼠生长过程中的体质量,计算每窝雄性和雌性小鼠体质量的平均值。待F1~F3代小鼠成年后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉后通过颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,进行心脏、肝脏、肺脏和脑的取材,记录脏器质量并计算脏器系数。
取出小鼠附睾,剪开附睾尾部使精子游离出来,使用40 μm细胞过滤网去除组织碎片,用体细胞裂解缓冲液去除体细胞污染物。提取精子基因组DNA后进行亚硫酸氢盐转化。在Illumina HiSeq 4000平台上生成测序数据。使用特定位置的甲基化胞嘧啶与总胞嘧啶的比率来确定甲基化水平。在F0代和F1代分别进行精子DNA进行差异甲基化区域分析,具体为CAP组和FA组比较、CAP-F1组和FA-F1组比较。差异甲基化区域筛选条件定为:长度>50 bp,甲基化率差值>0.1,胞嘧啶-鸟嘌呤(cytosine-guanine,CG)位点数量>5个,且差异具有统计学意义。将有至少1个差异甲基化区域注释到其启动子区域的基因作为差异甲基化基因,并对F0和F1代组间分别得到的差异甲基化基因进行联合分析,通过Metascape(https://metascape.org/)对差异甲基化基因进行基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)富集分析。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.2.0软件对数据进行分析和统计,符合正态分布的数据以x¯±s表示。多组间数据采用单因素方差分析,并利用Tukey’s post hoc检验进行多重比较。小鼠体质量增长曲线采用双因素重复测量方差进行统计分析。P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
CAP组暴露仓内的PM2.5浓度随着环境中PM2.5浓度的变化而波动,受冬季燃煤期的影响,CAP和UA组在2019年12月至2020年2月浓度最高,暴露期间FA、UA和CAP组的PM2.5平均浓度分别为0.15、60.42和431.40 μg/m3(图1)。
与FA-F1组相比,CAP-F1代小鼠出生体质量显著下降(P<0.05),UA-F1组的出生体质量无明显变化,未观察到F2~F3代各组出生体质量间的显著差异(图2A),未观察到F1~F3代各组间的出生数量和性别比例的显著差异(图2B、C)。
对雄性子代和雌性子代体质量增长情况进行持续观察并制作体质量增长曲线。雄性子代方面,与FA-F1相比,CAP-F1和UA-F1从2周龄起即持续呈现显著体质量增长迟滞(P<0.05,图3A);自4周龄起CAP-F2和UA-F2小鼠体质量明显低于FA-F2(P<0.05,图3B);未观察到UA-F3与FA-F3的体质量显著差异,5周龄和6周龄CAP-F3小鼠体质量显著低于FA-F3(P<0.05,图3C)。雌性子代方面,3周龄CAP-F1小鼠体质量较FA-F1组降低(P<0.05,图3D),4周龄和5周龄UA-F2和CAP-F2小鼠体质量显著低于FA-F2(P<0.05,图3E);未观察到F3代雌性小鼠各组间体质量显著差异(图3F)。以上结果提示,父源浓缩PM2.5暴露会影响子代的体质量增长,且对雄性的影响较雌性子代更大。
与相应FA组子代相比,UA组和CAP组F1~F3代心、肺和脑的脏器系数未观察到显著差异(表1)。CAP-F1雄性小鼠肝脏器系数较FA-F1雄性小鼠显著增高(P<0.01,表1)。
CAP组与FA组相比筛选到37 997个差异甲基化区域,CAP-F1与FA-F1组较F0代差异甲基化区域数量减少到16 692个(图4A)。F0和F1代中的大多数差异甲基化区域位于基因间和内含子区域,在F0和F1精子中分别有14.47%和22.13%的差异甲基化区域可以注释到启动子区域(图4B)。
考虑到启动子区域对基因表达调控的重要作用,本研究重点分析了注释到启动子区域的差异甲基化基因及其生物学功能,CAP组与FA组、CAP-F1组与FA-F1组分别比较发现了3 662和2 740个差异甲基化基因。对F0和F1代筛选到的差异甲基化基因进行联合分析,发现了647个在F0和F1代均呈现差异甲基修饰的基因(图5A)。为了解这些差异甲基化基因的生物学意义,对重合基因进行GO富集分析,发现“GO:0032502:发育过程”这一生物过程富集最为显著(图5B),提示精子中发育过程相关基因DNA甲基化修饰的传递可能与父源PM2.5暴露引发的跨代生长发育改变相关。进一步分析该生物过程中的差异甲基化基因发现Mael、Gnas、Macf1、Cacna1c、Foxp1、Igf2、Trpv2、Rps6kb1、Ppara和Dlg1启动子区域在F0及F1精子中高甲基化修饰,Map2和Ppard呈低甲基化状态(表2)。以上结果提示,发育过程相关基因的异常甲基化修饰的代际传递可能是父源PM2.5暴露影响子代生长发育的潜在机制。
气管滴注等方式构建的动物PM2.5暴露模型多与人群环境PM2.5实际暴露情况不一致[12],采用能够模拟人群真实环境中暴露的动物PM2.5暴露模型开展实验是必要的[13]。本研究建立了一个模拟人类日常暴露模式的PM2.5暴露模型,这在一定程度上可以弥补传统研究中被动暴露的不足。本研究PM2.5暴露方案的设计考虑了环境暴露水平和相关报道,采取了每天6 h,每周5 d的实验设计[14]。需将PM2.5浓度换算为24 h平均浓度后与人群暴露情况进行对比,暴露期间UA组的24 h平均PM2.5浓度为10.79 μg/m3,CAP组的24 h平均值为77.03 μg/m3。换算后UA组的24 h平均PM2.5暴露水平与世界卫生组织10 μg/m3的标准大致相当[15],CAP组PM2.5的24 h浓度77.03 μg/m3对于PM2.5污染严重的地方的人群暴露风险评价也是有意义的[16]。前期发现PM2.5暴露可致精子质量下降等生殖损害效应[17],但是否会进一步影响子代远期健康有待研究。
不良出生结局目前已成为国民人口健康素质面临的突出问题[18]。多项研究表明孕期空气污染物暴露可能对胎儿发育及后代远期健康造成不良影响,妊娠期PM2.5暴露与低出生体质量和早产风险增加有关[19-21]。此外,一项出生队列研究发现,孕期暴露于PM2.5与儿童后期生长迟缓有关,表现为身高和体质量的增长速度减缓[22]。本研究重点观察父源PM2.5暴露对子代的影响,发现CAP-F1组较FA-F1组小鼠出生体质量显著降低,与流行病学研究证据提示的PM2.5水平与新生儿出生体质量呈负相关一致[23]。低出生体质量不仅可反映产前发育缓慢,而且还与成年后各种代谢性疾病的风险增加有关[24]。值得注意的是,本研究发现父源PM2.5暴露对子代的体质量增长迟缓的影响存在性别差异,表现为对雄性子代的影响更大,这可能与精子和子代性别特异性基因的表达有关[25-26]。以上发现提示,父源PM2.5暴露同样是影响子代出生结局和生长过程的重要危险因素,后续研究应更多地关注孕前父源环境PM2.5暴露这一重要窗口对子代健康的潜在危害[27]。
环境诱导的表观遗传修饰可能是导致跨代遗传效应的重要分子机制[28],其中甲基化是研究最多、最成熟的一种表观遗传修饰形式[29]。已有研究发现,部分差异DNA甲基化修饰区域可以逃避后代胚胎重编程从而导致代际和跨代效应[4]。因此,本研究聚焦DNA甲基化修饰在跨代影响中的作用进行探索。全基因组甲基化测序发现F1代较F0代差异甲基化区域的数量减少了50%以上,这可能与跨代传递过程中DNA甲基化修饰的逐步丢失和生殖细胞发育过程中的表观遗传重编程过程等因素相关[30-31]。为了进一步分析父源PM2.5影响F1及F2代的生长过程的机制,对PM2.5暴露影响的F0和F1精子中的启动子区域差异甲基化修饰的基因进行联合分析发现了647个重合基因,这些基因的甲基化修饰可能通过精子传递至F2代胚胎影响生长发育,并在发育过程条目中富集最为显著,其中包括Mael、Gnas等10个高甲基化修饰基因以及低甲基化修饰基因Map2和Ppard。在通常情况下,基因启动子区域的甲基化修饰会影响转录因子与启动子的结合,从而影响基因表达[32]。这些基因的甲基化修饰在跨代遗传和生长发育中具有重要作用,特别是代谢相关基因(如Ppara、Ppard和Rps6kb1)[33-34]。值得注意的是,印记基因的甲基化修饰极易受到环境因素的影响,对于哺乳动物的正常生长发育具有关键作用[35]。Gnas和Igf2是经典的印记基因,Gnas作为GNAS复合体核心组分,其启动子高甲基化可能通过干扰Gsα蛋白信号转导影响生长发育[36];Igf2甲基化修饰可能通过抑制胰岛素样生长因子信号影响胚胎发育和子代代谢,可能在父源PM2.5暴露后子代生长、肝的脏器系数等性别特异性效应中发挥潜在调控作用[37]。然而,本研究虽然初步筛选了部分发育相关基因的差异甲基化修饰的代际传递,但是仅侧重于识别和描述,未具体分析这些基因的差异甲基化位点以及检测转录水平,未来需要使用表观基因组编辑技术进一步验证它们在跨代性状传递中的功能[38]。
综上所述,父源PM2.5暴露是引发子代出生体质量下降和影响生长过程的重要危险因素,且体质量增长缓慢可以跨代传递,但影响递减。本研究初步筛选到数个精子中可能介导跨代效应的差异甲基化基因,可为父源PM2.5暴露对子代生长发育影响的跨代传递机制研究提供线索。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502009
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-08-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)军事预防医学系军事毒理学教研室,重庆
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)防卫勤训练大队野战医学教研室,新疆呼图壁

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曹 佳,E-mail:
CAO Jia,E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ljjydxxb/CN/10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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