Article(id=1322218815660871931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739462400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-14, revisedDate=1744646400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793171131291, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793171131291, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793171131291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793171131291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322218723616862544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='11', pageStart='1145', pageEnd='1242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793171109346, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325423536, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865964295766227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322218723616862544, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1177, endPage=1189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322218815874781436, articleId=1322218815660871931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Preparation of nanosized hypoxia-inducible factor 1α inhibitor and its application in reversing chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To modify YC-1, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) into nanoparticles and explore its effect on reversing chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells.

Methods‍

Nano-inhibitor mPEG350-YC-1 (MYC-1) was prepared by the carboxyl condensation reaction of the active functional group hydroxyl (-OH) in the YC-1 molecule with methoxy polyethylene glycol carboxylic acid, and was verified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Its morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), and its particle size distribution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). By interacting FITC-labeled MYC-1 (FYC-1) with HCT15 cells, the uptake ability of FYC-1 by the cells was observed using laser confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity of MYC-1 was measured with CCK-8 assay. The sensitization effect of MYC-1 on the chemotherapy drug 5-Fu was detected through toxicity tests of resistant HCT15 cells (resistant HCT15, R-HCT15) and live/dead cell staining. The mechanism of MYC-1 reversing drug resistance was determined with immunofluorescence staining of HIF-1α and western blotting. Finally, a subcutaneous transplanted tumor model of R-HCT15 cells was constructed. The tumor bearing mice were randomly divided into PBS, 5-Fu, MYC-1, and MYF groups, with 3 mice in each group. The tumor volume and weight were observed after treatment in each group to evaluate the ability of MYC-1 to reverse 5-Fu resistance in colorectal cancer.

Results‍

The nano-inhibitor MYC-1 was successfully prepared. TEM and DLS showed that MYC-1 could self-assemble into nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 19.96±2.97 nm in aqueous solution. FYC-1 was also successfully prepared. When FYC-1 was interacted with HCT15 cells, FYC-1 could be better taken up by the cells, indicating that the amphiphilic MYC-1 could be better endocytosed into the cells to exert its function. When MYC-1 and 5-Fu acted in combination in colon cancer R-HCT15 cells, the resistance index (RI) was decreased from 7.99 to 1.55, and the relative reversal rate (RRR) of RI was 80.6%. Live (green)/dead (red) cell staining revealed that MYC-1 increased the toxicity of 5-Fu to R-HCT15 cells. Immunofluorescence staining (P<0.01) and Western blotting indicated that MYC-1 effectively inhibited the intracellular expression of HIF-1α. The combined action of MYC-1 and 5-Fu on mice with R-HCT15 subcutaneous transplanted tumors had the best therapeutic effect when compared with PBS (P<0.001), 5-Fu (P<0.01), and MYC-1 (P<0.01). Immunofluorescence staining of HIF-1α in tumor tissues displayed that the expression of HIF-1α was decreased in the MYC-1 and MYF groups. HE staining showed that there was no obvious damage to the important organs in each treatment group.

Conclusion‍

Nano-inhibitor MYC-1 can reverse the drug resistance of colorectal cancer to 5-Fu chemotherapy by reducing the expression of HIF-1α protein in colorectal cancer cells, thereby effectively improving the therapeutic effect of 5-Fu.

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目的

对缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)抑制剂YC-1进行纳米化改性,探究其在逆转结直肠癌化疗耐药中的作用。

方法

利用YC-1分子中的活性官能团羟基(-OH)与甲氧基聚乙二醇-羧酸的羧基(methoxy-polyethylene glycol carboxylic acid,mPEG350-COOH)缩合反应构建纳米抑制剂mPEG350-YC-1 (MYC-1),并通过核磁共振氢谱(1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H-NMR)进行验证;利用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)分析其形貌,利用动态光散射(dynamic light scattering,DLS)分析其粒径分布情况;通过将FITC标记的MYC-1 (FYC-1)与HCT15细胞相互作用,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞对FYC-1的摄取能力;CCK-8实验检测MYC-1的细胞毒性;通过耐药HCT15细胞(resistant-HCT15,R-HCT15)的毒性实验和活/死细胞染色检测MYC-1对化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-Fu)的增敏效果;采用免疫荧光染色和Western blot实验来检测MYC-1逆转耐药的机制。构建小鼠R-HCT15皮下移植瘤模型,采用简单随机分组法将小鼠分为PBS(n=3)、5-Fu(n=3)、MYC-1(n=3)和MYF(n=3)组。通过绘制肿瘤体积增长曲线,测量完成疗效评估当日的小鼠肿瘤质量,对比各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,从而评价MYC-1逆转结直肠癌对5-Fu耐药的能力。

结果

成功制备了纳米抑制剂MYC-1,通过TEM和DLS验证MYC-1在水相溶液中能自组装成直径约为(19.96±2.97) nm的纳米颗粒。成功制备FYC-1,将FYC-1与HCT15细胞相互作用,FYC-1能更好地被细胞摄取,表明两亲性的MYC-1具有更强的内吞入胞能力;MYC-1与5-Fu联合作用于R-HCT15结肠癌细胞,其耐药指数(resistant index,RI)由7.99下降到1.55,耐药指数的相对逆转率(relative reversal rate,RRR)为80.60%;活/死细胞染色显示,MYC-1能增加5-Fu对R-HCT15细胞的毒性;免疫荧光染色和Western blot实验表明MYC-1能够有效抑制HIF-1α在胞内的表达(P<0.01);MYC-1与5-Fu联合作用于R-HCT15皮下移植瘤小鼠,与PBS(P<0.001)、5-Fu(P<0.01)和MYC-1(P<0.01)比较,MYF组治疗效果最佳;肿瘤组织HIF-1α免疫荧光染色显示,MYC-1和MYF组HIF-1α表达下降;小鼠重要脏器HE染色显示,各治疗组重要脏器未见明显损害。

结论

MYC-1纳米抑制剂能够通过降低结直肠癌细胞HIF-1α蛋白的表达,从而逆转结直肠癌对于5-Fu化疗的耐药性,有效改善5-Fu的治疗效果。

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罗强,E-mail:
LUO Qiang,E-mail:
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Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2016,14(5):651-658., articleTitle=Molecular biomarkers in the personalized treatment of colorectal cancer, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322218825622343955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218825651704084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, companyId=1322218825622343955, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Gastroenterology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322218825668481301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, companyId=1322218825622343955, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院消化内科,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322218834367467832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=peeED7s+9uY3BLViFh0J+w==, figureFileBig=dpYajjlPxJqjC08RWy72Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218834430382393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MYC-1合成路线及1H-NMR谱图

A:MYC-1抑制剂的合成示意图;B:YC-1、mPEG350-COOH和MYC-1的1H-NMR的示意图,溶剂为CDCl3

, figureFileSmall=peeED7s+9uY3BLViFh0J+w==, figureFileBig=dpYajjlPxJqjC08RWy72Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218834644291898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2ql7FOXC3RD/ZQGtc+eUtg==, figureFileBig=WFApU3lUNL9jztbzvxFfbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218834728177979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图2, caption=YC-1和MYC-1的形貌和粒径分布检测

A:TEM检测YC-1和MYC-1在水溶液中的形貌;B:DLS测试YC-1和MYC-1在水溶液中的粒径分布情况

, figureFileSmall=2ql7FOXC3RD/ZQGtc+eUtg==, figureFileBig=WFApU3lUNL9jztbzvxFfbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218834807869756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=34+Y43uDV11stKGxwqD/kQ==, figureFileBig=Av63nd8VBnisqBegqirkkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218834904338749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CCK-8检测不同浓度MYC-1作用HCoEpiC细胞(左)和HCT15细胞(右)24 h后的细胞存活率(n=6,x¯±s), figureFileSmall=34+Y43uDV11stKGxwqD/kQ==, figureFileBig=Av63nd8VBnisqBegqirkkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218834992419134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HNj7uvuM6X60LK73XQkHDQ==, figureFileBig=WNBTX/X2HOj7cPd806QZLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218835076305215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图4, caption=FYC-1的合成路径图及1H-NMR结果示意图

A:荧光标记的两亲性FYC-1抑制剂的合成示意图;B:YC-1、FITC-PEG2000-COOH和FYC-1的1H-NMR的示意图,溶剂为CDCl3 红色虚线:示FITC-PEG2000-COOH中5号位重复单元H特征峰

, figureFileSmall=HNj7uvuM6X60LK73XQkHDQ==, figureFileBig=WNBTX/X2HOj7cPd806QZLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218835160191296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XlTBPZ1BZj7ATKDO1wJ4DQ==, figureFileBig=e+N9cwaEZwvWwXFzAihnOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218836808552769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两亲性FYC-1及FITC-PEG2000-COOH与HCT15分别孵育24 h后CLSM检测结果, figureFileSmall=XlTBPZ1BZj7ATKDO1wJ4DQ==, figureFileBig=e+N9cwaEZwvWwXFzAihnOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218836930187586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3UIHeJPKf2E03cymayjHww==, figureFileBig=gsNpMJlpKgWeKein1fIJ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837018267971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MYC-1逆转5-Fu耐药实验

A:MYC-1对耐药细胞株R-HCT15作用48 h的抑制率结果图;B:5-Fu对HCT15、R-HCT15及R-HCT15+MYC-1的生长抑制曲线

, figureFileSmall=3UIHeJPKf2E03cymayjHww==, figureFileBig=gsNpMJlpKgWeKein1fIJ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837114736964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xkTs8Eyl7ieyEfDN7rY4HQ==, figureFileBig=IFJgHmMJ7u7zIQiLWLH5mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837190234437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MYC-1逆转R-HCT15耐5-Fu实验

倒置荧光显微镜检测PBS、MYC-1、5-Fu及MYF处理R-HCT15细胞48 h后活(绿色)、死(红色)细胞情况

, figureFileSmall=xkTs8Eyl7ieyEfDN7rY4HQ==, figureFileBig=IFJgHmMJ7u7zIQiLWLH5mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837320257862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=J+wOnOyxtLyWvKWYVdh5bQ==, figureFileBig=UlGjTlElYLd09cbHbPgTmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837441892679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图8, caption=MYC-1抑制R-HCT15细胞HIF-1α表达

A:免疫荧光染色实验检测常氧、缺氧及MYC-1组R-HCT15细胞中HIF-1α(红色)的表达;B:HIF-1α荧光强度定量结果(n=3,x¯±s) a:P< 0.01;C:给药处理后,Western blot检测各组细胞中HIF-1α蛋白表达情况

, figureFileSmall=J+wOnOyxtLyWvKWYVdh5bQ==, figureFileBig=UlGjTlElYLd09cbHbPgTmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837513195848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JU6Q0bkzWfwhqxtMvppccg==, figureFileBig=OBZptyKzbLr/uQE5qXuNFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837601276233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=图9, caption=MYC-1逆转5-Fu耐药的活体疗效评估及机制研究

A:给药方式及疗效评估流程图;B:经PBS、5-Fu、MYC-1和MYF治疗后的荷瘤小鼠实物图 白色圆圈:示肿瘤部位;C:各组治疗期间肿瘤体积增长曲线(归一化后)(n=3,x¯±s) a:P<0.01,b:P<0.001;D、E:各组治疗结束后第七天离体肿瘤实物图及肿瘤质量;F:肿瘤组织HIF-1α蛋白免疫荧光检测 红色箭头:示HIF-1α阳性细胞

, figureFileSmall=JU6Q0bkzWfwhqxtMvppccg==, figureFileBig=OBZptyKzbLr/uQE5qXuNFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837693550922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iPhTnpBA+ecfe7I5n0/oOA==, figureFileBig=C0Qn4F6UKxWrg+Rh/XdghQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322218837764854091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=续图9, caption=MYC-1逆转5-Fu耐药的活体疗效评估及机制研究

G:重要脏器(心、肝、脾、肺、肾)的HE染色

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分组IC50/(μmol/L)RIRRR/%
HCT1518.04 ± 1.2980.60
R-HCT15144.25 ± 38.027.99
R-HCT15+MYC-127.99 ± 14.281.55
), ArticleFig(id=1322218837961986381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322218815660871931, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MYC-1对IC50和耐药指数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组IC50/(μmol/L)RIRRR/%
HCT1518.04 ± 1.2980.60
R-HCT15144.25 ± 38.027.99
R-HCT15+MYC-127.99 ± 14.281.55
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缺氧诱导因子-1α纳米抑制剂的构建及在逆转结直肠癌细胞化疗耐药中的应用
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郑传浩 , 但瑞珏 , 奚茜 , 应望 , 罗强
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(11): 1177-1189
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (11) : 1177 -1189
缺氧诱导因子-1α纳米抑制剂的构建及在逆转结直肠癌细胞化疗耐药中的应用
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郑传浩, 但瑞珏, 奚茜, 应望, 罗强
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院消化内科,重庆
通讯作者:
罗强,E-mail:
LUO Qiang,E-mail:
Preparation of nanosized hypoxia-inducible factor 1α inhibitor and its application in reversing chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells
Chuanhao ZHENG, Ruijue DAN, Xi XI, Wang YING, Qiang LUO
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Gastroenterology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502006
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目的

对缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)抑制剂YC-1进行纳米化改性,探究其在逆转结直肠癌化疗耐药中的作用。

方法

利用YC-1分子中的活性官能团羟基(-OH)与甲氧基聚乙二醇-羧酸的羧基(methoxy-polyethylene glycol carboxylic acid,mPEG350-COOH)缩合反应构建纳米抑制剂mPEG350-YC-1 (MYC-1),并通过核磁共振氢谱(1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H-NMR)进行验证;利用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)分析其形貌,利用动态光散射(dynamic light scattering,DLS)分析其粒径分布情况;通过将FITC标记的MYC-1 (FYC-1)与HCT15细胞相互作用,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞对FYC-1的摄取能力;CCK-8实验检测MYC-1的细胞毒性;通过耐药HCT15细胞(resistant-HCT15,R-HCT15)的毒性实验和活/死细胞染色检测MYC-1对化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-Fu)的增敏效果;采用免疫荧光染色和Western blot实验来检测MYC-1逆转耐药的机制。构建小鼠R-HCT15皮下移植瘤模型,采用简单随机分组法将小鼠分为PBS(n=3)、5-Fu(n=3)、MYC-1(n=3)和MYF(n=3)组。通过绘制肿瘤体积增长曲线,测量完成疗效评估当日的小鼠肿瘤质量,对比各组小鼠肿瘤生长情况,从而评价MYC-1逆转结直肠癌对5-Fu耐药的能力。

结果

成功制备了纳米抑制剂MYC-1,通过TEM和DLS验证MYC-1在水相溶液中能自组装成直径约为(19.96±2.97) nm的纳米颗粒。成功制备FYC-1,将FYC-1与HCT15细胞相互作用,FYC-1能更好地被细胞摄取,表明两亲性的MYC-1具有更强的内吞入胞能力;MYC-1与5-Fu联合作用于R-HCT15结肠癌细胞,其耐药指数(resistant index,RI)由7.99下降到1.55,耐药指数的相对逆转率(relative reversal rate,RRR)为80.60%;活/死细胞染色显示,MYC-1能增加5-Fu对R-HCT15细胞的毒性;免疫荧光染色和Western blot实验表明MYC-1能够有效抑制HIF-1α在胞内的表达(P<0.01);MYC-1与5-Fu联合作用于R-HCT15皮下移植瘤小鼠,与PBS(P<0.001)、5-Fu(P<0.01)和MYC-1(P<0.01)比较,MYF组治疗效果最佳;肿瘤组织HIF-1α免疫荧光染色显示,MYC-1和MYF组HIF-1α表达下降;小鼠重要脏器HE染色显示,各治疗组重要脏器未见明显损害。

结论

MYC-1纳米抑制剂能够通过降低结直肠癌细胞HIF-1α蛋白的表达,从而逆转结直肠癌对于5-Fu化疗的耐药性,有效改善5-Fu的治疗效果。

结直肠癌  /  耐药  /  缺氧诱导因子-1α  /  YC-1纳米颗粒
Objective

To modify YC-1, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) into nanoparticles and explore its effect on reversing chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells.

Methods‍

Nano-inhibitor mPEG350-YC-1 (MYC-1) was prepared by the carboxyl condensation reaction of the active functional group hydroxyl (-OH) in the YC-1 molecule with methoxy polyethylene glycol carboxylic acid, and was verified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Its morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), and its particle size distribution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). By interacting FITC-labeled MYC-1 (FYC-1) with HCT15 cells, the uptake ability of FYC-1 by the cells was observed using laser confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity of MYC-1 was measured with CCK-8 assay. The sensitization effect of MYC-1 on the chemotherapy drug 5-Fu was detected through toxicity tests of resistant HCT15 cells (resistant HCT15, R-HCT15) and live/dead cell staining. The mechanism of MYC-1 reversing drug resistance was determined with immunofluorescence staining of HIF-1α and western blotting. Finally, a subcutaneous transplanted tumor model of R-HCT15 cells was constructed. The tumor bearing mice were randomly divided into PBS, 5-Fu, MYC-1, and MYF groups, with 3 mice in each group. The tumor volume and weight were observed after treatment in each group to evaluate the ability of MYC-1 to reverse 5-Fu resistance in colorectal cancer.

Results‍

The nano-inhibitor MYC-1 was successfully prepared. TEM and DLS showed that MYC-1 could self-assemble into nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 19.96±2.97 nm in aqueous solution. FYC-1 was also successfully prepared. When FYC-1 was interacted with HCT15 cells, FYC-1 could be better taken up by the cells, indicating that the amphiphilic MYC-1 could be better endocytosed into the cells to exert its function. When MYC-1 and 5-Fu acted in combination in colon cancer R-HCT15 cells, the resistance index (RI) was decreased from 7.99 to 1.55, and the relative reversal rate (RRR) of RI was 80.6%. Live (green)/dead (red) cell staining revealed that MYC-1 increased the toxicity of 5-Fu to R-HCT15 cells. Immunofluorescence staining (P<0.01) and Western blotting indicated that MYC-1 effectively inhibited the intracellular expression of HIF-1α. The combined action of MYC-1 and 5-Fu on mice with R-HCT15 subcutaneous transplanted tumors had the best therapeutic effect when compared with PBS (P<0.001), 5-Fu (P<0.01), and MYC-1 (P<0.01). Immunofluorescence staining of HIF-1α in tumor tissues displayed that the expression of HIF-1α was decreased in the MYC-1 and MYF groups. HE staining showed that there was no obvious damage to the important organs in each treatment group.

Conclusion‍

Nano-inhibitor MYC-1 can reverse the drug resistance of colorectal cancer to 5-Fu chemotherapy by reducing the expression of HIF-1α protein in colorectal cancer cells, thereby effectively improving the therapeutic effect of 5-Fu.

colorectal cancer  /  drug resistance  /  hypoxia-inducible factor 1α  /  YC-1 nanoparticles
郑传浩, 但瑞珏, 奚茜, 应望, 罗强. 缺氧诱导因子-1α纳米抑制剂的构建及在逆转结直肠癌细胞化疗耐药中的应用. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1177 -1189 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502006
Chuanhao ZHENG, Ruijue DAN, Xi XI, Wang YING, Qiang LUO. Preparation of nanosized hypoxia-inducible factor 1α inhibitor and its application in reversing chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (11) : 1177 -1189 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502006
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是全球癌症死亡的第三大常见原因,每年有将近900万人死于该病,预计在2035年,全球将增加250万结直肠癌新病例,在新诊断的患者中,有20%的患者已经发生转移,有25%的患者存在高转移风险[1-5]。我国结直肠癌的发病率迅猛增长,已成为世界上结直肠癌的高发地区之一,严重影响人们的身心健康[6-8]。5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-Fu)作为一种胸苷酸合成酶的抑制药物,可以通过抑制DNA合成而阻止肿瘤的生长。临床上,5-Fu常用作基础化疗药物,用于改善不可切除或者转移性结肠癌的辅助治疗[9-12]。然而,大量文献和临床研究数据表明,长期使用5-Fu治疗结直肠癌容易产生耐药,致使癌细胞出现转移或复发,总体治疗效果不佳[13-14]。因此,如何有效逆转结直肠癌对5-Fu的耐药性,提高其疗效具有重要的研究意义。
有文献报道,缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)是介导肿瘤化疗耐药的关键调控分子[15-18]。文献指出,肿瘤微环境缺氧会导致癌细胞中HIF-1α的表达上调,并通过激活下游信号通路诱导肿瘤增殖、侵袭、迁移和耐药[17,19-21]。因此,抑制HIF-1α蛋白的表达是增敏化疗、逆转耐药的潜在治疗手段[22-23]。YC-1是一种HIF-1α抑制剂,它最初是作为一种鸟苷酸环化酶激活剂,被用于预防和治疗血管栓塞[24-25]。近年来,较多文献指出YC-1能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞HIF-1α的表达,通过将YC-1与化疗药物联用,能起到化疗增敏的效果[26-27]。但是,YC-1存在疏水性强(几乎不溶水)、靶点多、副作用大等不足,这也限制了其应用范围[28]。目前,基于YC-1进行结构改性和化学修饰得到了一系列具有特殊功效的衍生物,其中,利奥西呱和唯立西呱已被美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准用于治疗射血分数降低的肺动脉高压和心力衰竭[29-31]。然而,对YC-1进行纳米化改性以改善其生物利用度和药效的研究还较少。因此,研究YC-1的化学修饰,以增加其靶向性和生物相容性并应用于逆转结直肠癌化疗具有重要意义。
近年来,纳米材料由于其独特的理化性能、尺寸、较高的比表面积等优势,被广泛用于生物医学领域[32-34]。肿瘤微环境具有增强渗透和滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention effect,EPR),允许纳米药物在肿瘤富集(即被动靶向),从而有效提高药物在肿瘤部位的局部药物浓度、降低其副作用[35-37]。因此,通过化学修饰等手段将疏水的YC-1修饰成两亲性的纳米药物,以改善其在肿瘤部位的聚集和肿瘤利用率,有助改善其抑制HIF-1α表达的能力,从而有效增加癌细胞对化疗药物5-Fu的敏感性,具有重要研究意义。
人正常结肠上皮细胞HCoEpiC购自中国吉妮欧生物科技有限公司;人结肠癌细胞HCT15、耐5-Fu的人结肠癌细胞(resistant-HCT15,R-HCT15)购自中国誉弛生物科技有限公司。YC-1、甲氧基聚乙二醇-羧酸的羧基(methoxy-polyethylene glycol carboxylic acid,mPEG350-COOH)、FITC-PEG2000-COOH、5-Fu、N,N'-二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)、4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)、二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)和氘代氯仿(CDCl3)均购自中国阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。HIF-1α单克隆抗体购自美国CST公司。β-actin、HRP-山羊抗兔IgG均购自中国爱博泰克公司。DMEM、青-链霉素、胰酶均购自美国GIBCO公司,胎牛血清(FBS)购自英国BBI Solutions公司。CCK-8试剂盒购自中国葆光生物技术有限公司。活/死细胞双染试剂盒购自中国碧云天生物技术股份有限公司。iF555-Tyramide、Alexa Fluor 488 标记山羊抗兔IgG、戊二醛电镜固定液和多聚甲醛均购自中国塞维尔生物科技公司。
本实验使用的15只4~6周龄雄性BALB/c-Nude裸鼠[体质量(20±2)g]均从中国华阜康实验动物技术有限公司采购[实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(京)2024-0006]。动物饲养于陆军军医大学第二附属医院实验动物中心SPF级屏障系统内[使用许可证号:SYXK(渝)2022-0018],环境参数严格控制在(25±1)℃恒温,不限制饮食饮水。为减少动物痛苦,所有给药治疗时于异氟烷吸入麻醉后操作。本研究设定人道终点为体质量下降超初始值25%、持续拒食超48 h或肿瘤体积超过1 000 mm3。达到人道终点的动物采用过量戊巴比妥钠(100 mg/kg,腹腔注射)实施安乐死。所有实验操作按照中国《实验动物管理条例》(2017年修订版)及国际实验动物评估和认可委员会(Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care,AAALAC)指南执行,并获陆军军医大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20245289)。
将194.8 mg (0.64 mmol)YC-1、224.0 mg(0.64 mmol)mPEG350-COOH、158.5 mg (0.77 mmol) DCC、46.2 mg (0.38 mmol) DMAP溶于160 mL CH2Cl2中,冰浴中搅拌反应30 min,于常温下继续搅拌反应24 h,然后通过硅胶柱层析分离法对上述产物进行分离和提纯,以得到目标产物MYC-1。利用CDCl3溶解上述产物,并利用核磁共振氢谱(1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H-NMR)对其表征。
将MYC-1和YC-1分别用DMSO溶解,以配制成10 mmol/L的母液,备用;将上述母液用H2O分别稀释1 000倍至10 μmol/L。取10 μL 10 μmol/L的样品液滴于超薄碳支持膜铜网上,自然沉降5 min,移除铜网上的样品液并用醋酸双氧铀染色5 min,吸走醋酸双氧铀染液并用蒸馏水洗净多余染料,待自然晾干后通过透射电镜仪器(transmission electron microscope,TEM)进行形貌观察。此外,上述10 μmol/L样品液直接通过动态光散射(dynamic light scattering,DLS)进行测试,以测量其在溶液中的尺寸。
FYC-1的制备同MYC-1合成方法一致:将35.8 mg(0.12 mmol) YC-1、23.4 mg(0.01 mmol) FITC-mPEG2000-COOH、42.2 mg(1.6 mmol)DCC、14.1 mg(0.12 mmol) DMAP溶于25 mL CH2Cl2中,冰浴中搅拌反应30 min后于常温搅拌反应24 h。通过硅胶柱层析分离法提取目标产物FYC-1,并利用1H-NMR进行表征。
配制10 mmol/L的FYC-1母液,备用;然后将FYC-1母液用无血清DMEM稀释至10 μmol/L的溶液,并将其与HCT15细胞作用24 h,随后通过CLSM观察。
将状态良好的HCT15细胞和HCoEpiC细胞以5 000个/孔铺于96孔板,在37 ℃、5%CO2下孵育24 h,待细胞完全贴壁后去掉培养基并用PBS润洗孔板2次。用无血清培养基配制不同浓度的MYC-1溶液(0、10、20、30、40、50 μmol/L),将不同浓度的MYC-1溶液加入各孔,继续培养24 h后去掉MYC-1溶液,PBS润洗孔板2次后每孔加入100 μL含有10%CCK-8溶液的培养基,在培养箱孵育30 min后用酶标仪于450 nm处测量每个孔的吸光度[A(450)]值,并根据公式计算细胞活率[细胞存活率=(A处理-A空白)/(A对照-A空白)× 100%]。
将R-HCT15细胞用不同浓度MYC-1(1、2、5、8、10、20、40 μmol/L)作用48 h,测定无毒性的MYC-1浓度。将HCT15和R-HCT15细胞与不同浓度5-Fu(0、16.5、31.3、62.5、125.0、250.0、500.0、1 000.0 μmol/L)作用48 h,测定两种细胞的半数抑制浓度(half inhibitory concentration,IC50),并分别用IC50(HCT15)和IC50(R-HCT15)表示。将上述筛选出的无毒性浓度的MYC-1加入R-HCT15细胞预处理,然后将不同浓度5-Fu(0、16.5、31.3、62.5、125.0、250.0、500.0、1 000.0 μmol/L)继续孵育R-HCT15细胞48 h,作为R-HCT15+MYC-1组,通过Origin 2021软件非线性拟合计算IC50值。耐药指数(resistance index,RI)和耐药相对逆转率(relative reversal rate,RRR)计算公式为:R-HCT15耐药指数(RIR-HCT15)=IC50(R-HCT15)/IC50(HCT15);R-HCT15+MYC-1耐药指数(RIR-HCT15+MYC-1)=IC50(R-HCT15+MYC-1)/IC50(HCT15);耐药相对逆转率(RRR)=(RIR-HCT15-RIR-HCT15+MYC-1)/RIR-HCT15×100%。
将R-HCT15细胞分别接种于4个细胞培养皿中,并分为PBS、5-Fu、MYC-1以及MYC-1+5-Fu(MYF组)4组,用无毒浓度的5-Fu和MYC-1通过单一和联合作用于R-HCT15细胞48 h,随后用钙黄绿素(calcein,CAL)和碘化吡啶(pyridine iodide,PI)分别对活、死细胞进行染色,通过荧光显微镜观察并拍照。
以常氧环境培养R-HCT15为常氧组,以缺氧环境培养R-HCT15为缺氧组,以缺氧环境下用10 μmol/L MYC-1孵育R-HCT15细胞设为MYC-1组。将R-HCT15细胞于上述条件作用24 h后提取蛋白,随后通过SDS-PAGE电泳、转硝酸纤维素膜、5%牛奶封闭1 h、一抗(HIF-1α、β-actin稀释比例1∶1 000)4 ℃孵育过夜、TBST洗膜3次(每次10 min)、二抗(HRP-山羊抗兔IgG,稀释比例1∶2 000)室温孵育2 h、TBST洗膜3次(每次10 min)、滴加超敏化学发光液后于凝胶成像仪上观察。
以常氧环境培养R-HCT15设为常氧组,以缺氧环境培养R-HCT15设为缺氧组,以缺氧环境下用10 μmol/L MYC-1孵育R-HCT15细胞设为MYC-1组。将R-HCT15细胞于上述条件作用24 h后通过4%多聚甲醛固定24 h、PBS清洗3次、破膜液破膜20 min、3%BSA封闭30 min、一抗(HIF-1α稀释比例1∶500)4 ℃孵育过夜、二抗(iF555-Tyramide稀释比例1∶500)常温暗盒孵育50 min、封片后通过CLSM拍照观察。
准备4周龄BALB/c-Nude裸鼠12只,在大腿外侧注射1×107个人结肠癌R-HCT15细胞,构建皮下移植瘤模型;待肿瘤生长3周后,用耳标将小鼠从1~12随机编号,随后将小鼠放于一个鼠笼中,采用简单随机分组的方法,从鼠笼随机抓取老鼠,每次3只,将第1~4次抓取的老鼠分别标记为PBS(n=3)、5-Fu(n=3)、MYC-1(n=3)以及MYF(n=3)组。其中PBS组不做任何处理;5-Fu组每隔1日腹腔给药5-Fu (2.5 mg/mL) 200 μL;MYC-1组每隔1日通过尾静脉给药MYC-1(100 μmol/L) 200 μL;MYF组每隔1日通过尾静脉给药MYC-1(100 μmol/L) 200 μL,次日通过腹腔给药5-Fu(2.5 mg/mL) 200 μL,各组共给4次药。每隔1天测量小鼠的肿瘤体积,计算公式为:Vtumor=A×B2/2,其中A为肿瘤的长径(mm),B为肿瘤的短径(mm)。
将取下的肿瘤通过4%多聚甲醛固定24 h、石蜡包埋、切片后通过脱蜡、梯度脱水、EDTA抗原修复、3%BSA封闭30 min、一抗(HIF-1α稀释比例1∶200)4 ℃孵育过夜、二抗(Alexa Fluor 488 标记山羊抗兔IgG,稀释比例1∶500)常温暗盒孵育50 min、DAPI染色10 min、封片后,通过CLSM观察。
将取下的小鼠内脏通过固定、包埋、切片后制备石蜡切片,随后通过苏木素染色10 min、酸洗、酸性酒精处理5 min、伊红染色5 min、脱水透化后用丙烯酰胺封片,通过正置荧光显微镜拍照观察。
所有数据以x¯±s表示,使用Origin 2021软件进行数据处理与图形绘制,HIF-1α免疫荧光染色荧光强度值及小鼠疗效评估最后1 d肿瘤体积的数据均为计量资料,数据均服从正态分布,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
如图1A所示,YC-1与mPEG350-COOH在DCC/DMAP催化作用下,25 ℃反应24 h合成两亲性化合物mPEG350-YC-1 (MYC-1)。产物纯化后,通过对YC-1、mPEG350-COOH以及产物MYC-1的1H-NMR进行结构解析,结果显示YC-1分子的1H-NMR图在4.75 ppm处的特征峰属于1号位上-CH2-,2、3号位的2个呋喃环氢分别对应6.87 ppm和6.48 ppm 2个特征峰;而图谱中5.65 ppm位移处的峰属于4号位-CH2-特征峰。在mPEG350-COOH图谱中,3.35 ppm化学位移峰属于典型的5号位CH3O-上H的特征峰。另一方面,在MYC-1的1H-NMR图中,5.25 ppm处的峰属于对应底物YC-1分子中1号位的-CH2-的特征峰,导致该位置上氢化学位移从4.75 ppm向5.25 ppm的移动是由于酯键形成而产生的吸电子效应;此外MYC-1分子中2~5号位所对应的特征峰与小分子YC-1和mPEG350-COOH上的峰可一一对应,表明成功制备了两亲性MYC-1(图1B)。
通过TEM和DLS观察YC-1和MYC-1在水溶液中的形貌和粒径分布情况。TEM检测结果显示,由于YC-1具有较强的疏水性,在水溶液中它会形成块状聚集体,这也是限制其广泛使用的主要原因之一;而两亲性MYC-1能够在水溶液自组装成直径约为(19.96±2.97)nm的纳米颗粒(图2A)。随后,通过DLS对其粒径分布情况进行测试,在水溶液中MYC-1尺寸分布均匀,直径约30 nm,然而YC-1则呈多尺寸多分散状态,这与其形成不规则聚集体有关(图2B)。以上结果表明MYC-1分散在水溶液中时,能自组装成尺寸均匀的纳米颗粒。
利用CCK-8实验测试MYC-1对人结肠癌细胞HCT15和人正常结肠上皮细胞HCoEpiC的毒性。结果显示,用MYC-1对HCT15和HCoEpiC细胞作用24 h后,MYC-1表现出浓度依赖的细胞毒性,细胞存活率随着浓度的增加而降低,在10 μmol/L时,HCT15和HCoEpiC细胞的存活率分别为(91.4±1.1)%、(91.8±0.1)%(图3)。以上结果表明,MYC-1的浓度在10 μmol/L以下具有较好的生物安全性,因此,将10 μmol/L的MYC-1确定为后续细胞实验的安全浓度,以评估其逆转化疗耐药的功效及其机制。
参照MYC-1的制备方法,利用FITC-PEG2000-COOH与YC-1的反应来制备FITC标记的YC-1(FYC-1),以模拟肿瘤细胞对纳米抑制剂MYC-1的摄取能力(图4A)。通过1H-NMR对FYC-1进行分析,结果显示,YC-1上1~4号位处的氢(4.75、6.92、6.49和5.68 ppm)与FITC-PEG2000-COOH中5号位重复单元里的H特征峰3.65 ppm在产物的FYC-1的1H-NMR图谱中均能够明显检测到(5.35、6.98、6.49、5.66和3.65 ppm);其中,1号位的位移差是由于FITC-PEG2000对临近-CH2-产生的吸电子效应所致(图4B)。以上结果表明,成功构建荧光标记的FYC-1。
利用无血清DMEM将FYC-1配制成10 μmol/L的溶液,并与HCT15细胞相互作用,随后通过CLSM观察FYC-1与HCT15细胞的作用情况。结果显示,具有两亲性结构的FYC-1在水溶液中可自组装形成纳米颗粒,在与HCT15细胞作用24 h后,细胞内能够观察到明显的绿色FITC荧光信号。然而,以FITC-PEG2000-COOH作为对照组与HCT15细胞作用24 h后,细胞对FITC-PEG2000-COOH摄取能力有限,细胞内仅有微量绿色FITC荧光信号(图5)。以上结果表明,FYC-1纳米粒子能够成功被细胞内吞,也表明两亲性MYC-1在与HCT15细胞作用后,具备内吞入胞的潜力。
利用CCK-8实验评估MYC-1对R-HCT15细胞作用48 h的细胞毒性,结果显示,高浓度的MYC-1对R-HCT15具有一定的细胞毒性,但是低浓度的MYC-1(1 μmol/L)对R-HCT15细胞基本无毒,细胞存活率约92.60%(图6A)。因此,选取1 μmol/L的MYC-1作为联合治疗浓度来评估其增敏5-Fu对R-HCT15细胞的毒性。随后,利用CCK-8实验测定5-Fu对HCT15细胞、R-HCT15及R-HCT15+MYC-1的细胞抑制率并拟合细胞抑制曲线,结果显示,相对于HCT15细胞,5-Fu对R-HCT15细胞的细胞抑制曲线明显右移,IC50浓度明显增大,说明R-HCT15细胞对5-Fu的杀伤效果产生了一定的抗性。但当将5-Fu联合1 μmol/L的MYC-1作用于R-HCT15细胞后,其细胞抑制曲线出现左移,且IC50浓度变小,说明MYC-1明显增强了5-Fu对R-HCT15细胞的杀伤效果(图6B,表1)。对RI进行计算,结果显示,MYC-1作用于R-HCT15细胞后,其RI由7.99下降到了1.55,RI相对逆转了80.60%(表1)。以上结果表明MYC-1具有逆转耐药的潜力。
通过活/死细胞染色进一步评估MYC-1对5-Fu的增敏效果。结果显示,MYC-1或5-Fu单药处理R-HCT15细胞与PBS处理组的结果类似,呈现出多数的活细胞(绿色)和较少的死细胞(红色);但联合给药的MYF组则出现大量红色荧光的死细胞(图7)。以上结果进一步说明,MYC-1增加了5-Fu对R-HCT15的细胞毒性,具有逆转化疗耐药的效果。
采用免疫荧光染色和Western blot实验观察各组间HIF-1α蛋白的表达情况,以探究MYC-1逆转化疗耐药的机制。免疫荧光结果显示,在常氧条件下细胞内HIF-1α的红色荧光信号较弱,而在缺氧条件下,红色荧光信号显著增加,表明缺氧条件下能上调HIF-1α蛋白的表达。在缺氧条件下,用MYC-1孵育细胞后,HIF-1α荧光信号明显下降,表明MYC-1能进入癌细胞并有效抑制HIF-1α的表达(图8A)。通过对3组细胞中的HIF-1α红色荧光信号进行量化分析,发现MYC-1组细胞的红色荧光信号强度比缺氧组降低了4.3倍(P<0.01,图8B),进一步证实了MYC-1具有显著抑制细胞HIF-1α表达的能力。此外,Western blot结果进一步显示,MYC-1处理组和常氧组细胞中的HIF-1α表达均明显弱于缺氧组(图8C)。以上结果证明,MYC-1能够较好地被癌细胞摄取并显著抑制HIF-1α的表达,为激活下游信号通路逆转耐药提供了理论依据。
利用R-HCT15构建耐药肿瘤细胞皮下移植瘤小鼠模型,以评估MYC-1对5-Fu的增敏效果(图9A)。在开始给药后第15天(即完成疗效评估当日),荷瘤小鼠实物图显示,MYF组的肿瘤体积明显小于5-Fu、MYC-1和PBS组(图9B)。在给药治疗和药效观察期间,肿瘤体积的生长曲线图(经归一化处理后)显示,MYF组中的肿瘤生长速率得到了显著的抑制,而其他3组肿瘤生长速率都显著高于MYF组,在第15天,MYF组肿瘤体积明显小于PBS(P<0.001)、5-Fu (P<0.01)和MYC-1(P<0.01)组(图9C)。此外,将治疗后的肿瘤组织剥离后进行比较和称量,以进一步评估MYF的治疗效果,离体肿瘤实物图显示MYF组的肿瘤组织的确更小(图9D),而离体肿瘤质量的统计结果则进一步证实MYF组的良好治疗效果(图9E)。以上结果说明,MYC-1具备增敏5-Fu化疗效果,逆转5-Fu耐药的重要作用。
通过对肿瘤组织进行HIF-1α免疫荧光染色,结果显示,MYC-1和MYF组的肿瘤组织HIF-1α(绿色)的表达明显低于PBS和5-Fu治疗组(图9F),表明MYC-1能通过下调肿瘤组织中HIF-1α的表达来增加肿瘤对5-Fu药物的敏感性。小鼠主要离体脏器的病理染色结果显示,各组均无明显的病理特征(图9G)。以上结果表明,MYC-1通过降低肿瘤组织中HIF-1α的产生来提高5-Fu的治疗效果,有效逆转结直肠癌对5-Fu的耐药性。
两亲性MYC-1通过mPEG350-COOH修饰后,在水溶液中自组装形成粒径约(19.96±2.97)nm的均匀纳米颗粒,不仅解决了疏水性YC-1的团聚难题,还能通过增强渗透滞留效应靶向富集于肿瘤,为体内递送提供了物理基础。荧光标记实验显示,经FITC-PEG2000-COOH修饰的类似物FYC-1可被癌细胞有效摄取,证实两亲性分子结构通过增强细胞膜亲和力提升了细胞内化效率,这为MYC-1在细胞内发挥HIF-1α抑制作用奠定了递送基础。CCK-8实验数据表明,MYC-1预处理可显著增强5-Fu对R-HCT15细胞的抑制效果,其IC50从(144.25±38.02)μmol/L降至(27.99±14.28)μmol/L,RI从7.99降至1.55,耐药指数相对逆转了80.60%,揭示其对5-Fu耐药的显著逆转作用。活/死细胞染色进一步证实MYC-1对5-Fu的增敏效果;细胞免疫荧光实验和Western blot结果显示,在缺氧微环境中,HIF-1α蛋白呈高表达状态,此实验结果与文献报道的结论一致[38]。在相同缺氧条件下,MYC-1分子可下调HIF-1α的表达水平,表明MYC-1通过降低HF-1α来逆转R-HCT15耐药的体外分子机制。荷瘤小鼠模型进一步显示,单独给药5-Fu进行治疗时,尽管能在一定程度上抑制肿瘤的生长速度,但其疗效显著弱于MYF组,表明MYC-1纳米制剂通过协同作用增强了5-Fu化疗敏感性。肿瘤组织免疫荧光染色显示,MYC-1和MYF组肿瘤组织中HIF-1α表达显著下调,证实MYC-1通过抑制HIF-1α通路逆转耐药的分子机制,与文献报道的HIF-1α高表达介导化疗抵抗的结论一致。重要脏器HE染色结果显示,各治疗组未见明显病理特征,表明该策略具有较好的组织相容性。
MYC-1通过增强渗透滞留效应实现肿瘤靶向富集,能够显著抑制癌细胞HIF-1α的表达,从而逆转结直肠癌对5-Fu的化疗耐药,有效改善了其化疗治疗效果,是一种具有开发前景的方法。不仅如此,考虑到HIF-1α在乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌等多种实体瘤中均呈高表达状态,因此有理由期待MYC-1联合化疗药物这一策略不仅适用于结直肠癌,对其它依赖HIF-1α通路的癌症类型可能依然适用。然而,除了HIF-1α可以引起化疗耐药之外,癌细胞凋亡异常、代谢重编程、瘤内菌、干细胞富集和肿瘤高度异质性等因素都会导致化疗治疗耐药[39-41]。因此,这些复杂因素都有可能影响MYC-1在逆转化疗耐药应用中的效果,甚至可能引发耐药复发的不良后果。由此可见,若要将MYC-1应用于临床,还有漫长且充满挑战的道路需要探索。未来,可以考虑在此基础上,对其进行靶向、载药修饰或多靶点联合策略等,以进一步提高其肿瘤富集率、针对肿瘤耐药的复杂机制进行多方位干预,充分发挥药物之间的协同效应,从而达到更为理想的抗肿瘤效果。在未来的临床试验和应用研究中,还可以借助精准医学的理念,通过基因检测技术与肿瘤分子分型手段,对患者的基因特征和肿瘤分子标志物进行深度剖析,从而精准筛选出对MYC-1具有高敏感性的患者亚群,实现治疗方案的高度精准化和个体化制定[42-44]。
综上所述,本研究构建的两亲性纳米抑制剂MYC-1通过自组装形成尺寸均匀的纳米颗粒,显著增强细胞摄取并抑制HIF-1α表达,有效逆转结直肠癌细胞对5-Fu的耐药性。其在体内外模型中展现的较好的逆转耐药能力,为化疗耐药难题提供了新解决方案。尽管临床转化仍面临耐药机制复杂性等挑战,MYC-1联合化疗的策略在HIF-1α相关实体瘤治疗中具有广阔前景,值得开展深入研究。

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2025年第47卷第11期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202502006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-14
  • 修回日期:2025-04-15
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院消化内科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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属
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种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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