Article(id=1322211080726753559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738166400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-30, revisedDate=1741795200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169287139, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169287139, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169287139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169287139, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210896617783335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='749', pageEnd='892', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745942400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169243243, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325231503, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865158855184776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210896617783335, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=766, endPage=774, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322211080919691544, articleId=1322211080726753559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Altered expression of adenosine A1 receptor in the paraventricular thalamus and its role in the regulation of sleep, columnId=1320435149808980440, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Neuroscience, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the expression profile of adenosine A1 receptor in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) in wakefulness/sleep state and its role in regulating sleep.

Methods‍

Male C57BL/6J mice (6~12 weeks old, weighing 22~28 g) were randomly divided into ZT0, ZT6, ZT10, ZT12, and sleep deprivation and recover0y sleep groups (n=16 or n=4). RT-qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to observe the changes of adenosine A1 receptor in PVT. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording was conducted to determine the effects of adenosine on the membrane potential and discharge frequency of PVT neurons. The experimental animals were divided into adenosine A1 receptor interference group (n=8) and interference control group (n=7). After RNA interference, electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) were applied simultaneously to observe the changes in wake and sleep time between the 2 groups during sleep deprivation for 6 h and sleep recovery for 4 h.

Results‍

RT-qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that the expression of adenosine A1 receptor in PVT was affected by wakefulness/sleep state, with the level in the ZT0 group (active stage) significantly higher than that in the ZT12 group (non-active stage, P<0.05). Whole-cell patch clamp recording indicated that adenosine exerted inhibitory effects on PVT neurons through 2 distinct response types (P<0.05), and the inhibition was in a diminishing trend with a decrease in the expression level of adenosine A1 receptor. After sleep deprivation, the expression level of adenosine A1 receptor showed significant intergroup differences: the level was significantly higher in the sleep deprivation group than the recovery sleep group (P<0.05), while that of the recovery sleep group was higher than that of the ZT6 group and that of the ZT10 group (P<0.05). After knocking down adenosine A1 receptor (shRNA-A1R) in the PVT, the wakefulness timing of the shRNA-A1R group was significantly increased, while the sleep timing was significantly decreased within 1 h after sleep recovery when compared with the interference control group (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

The expression of adenosine A1 receptor in the PVT is dynamically regulated by sleep pressure, which was increasing as sleep pressure rises.

, authors=Yifeng ZHU1, Na WANG1, Junya HU2, Mengzhu LEI3, Jianxia XIA1, Yaling WANG1, Zhi’an HU1, authorsList=Yifeng ZHU, Na WANG, Junya HU, Mengzhu LEI, Jianxia XIA, Yaling WANG, Zhi’an HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaling WANG, Zhi’an HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322211084140917028, articleId=1322211080726753559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=丘脑室旁核腺苷A1受体表达变化及其在睡眠调控中的作用, columnId=1322185530771619910, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=神经科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究丘脑室旁核(paraventricular thalamus,PVT)内腺苷A1受体在觉醒/睡眠状态下的表达模式及其在调控睡眠中的作用。

方法

选取6~12周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(体质量22~28 g)为实验动物,按照随机数字表法将实验动物分为ZT0组、ZT6组、ZT10组、ZT12组、睡眠剥夺组和恢复睡眠组(n=16或n=4),采用RT-qPCR和荧光原位杂交方法,检测PVT脑区腺苷A1受体RNA表达变化。采用离体全细胞膜片钳记录方法,观察腺苷对小鼠PVT神经元膜电位和放电频率的影响。将实验动物按照随机数字表法分为腺苷A1受体干扰组(n=8)和干扰对照组(n=7),采用RNA干扰和脑肌电记录技术,观察在睡眠剥夺6 h、恢复睡眠4 h过程中2组觉醒及睡眠时间变化。

结果

RT-qPCR和荧光原位杂交实验表明小鼠PVT中腺苷A1受体受觉醒/睡眠状态的影响,ZT0组(活跃期)表达明显高于ZT12组(非活跃期,P<0.05)。全细胞膜片钳结果显示腺苷对PVT神经元的抑制效应有2种反应类型,随腺苷A1受体表达水平降低而减弱(P<0.05)。睡眠剥夺后,睡眠压力越大,腺苷A1受体表达水平呈现显著组间差异:睡眠剥夺组显著高于恢复睡眠组(P<0.05),而恢复睡眠组又高于正常昼夜节律的ZT6组和ZT10组(P<0.05)。与干扰对照组相比,PVT脑区腺苷A1受体干扰组在恢复睡眠1 h内觉醒时间明显升高,睡眠时间明显下降(P<0.05)。

结论

PVT内腺苷A1受体的表达受到睡眠压力的动态调控,表达水平随着睡眠压力增大而升高。

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王亚玲,E-mail:,‍
胡志安,E-mail:
HU Zhi’an,E-mail:
WANG Yaling,E-mail:
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A:振动切片示意图;B:PVT脑区提取示意图 D3V:第三脑室;C:RT-qPCR验证PVT脑区Adora1基因在ZT0组和ZT12组的相对表达量;D:ZT0组和ZT12组Adora1基因FISH染色示意图;白框:PVT脑区,黄框:图片放大位置,蓝色荧光:DAPI染色,红色荧光:Adora1基因染色;E~G:PVT脑区在ZT0组和ZT12组中表达Adora1基因的阳性细胞数量; a:P<0.01,与ZT0-0个组比较;b:P<0.01,c:P<0.05,与ZT0-0个组比较;d:P<0.01,与ZT12-0个组比较

, figureFileSmall=/qJ8sGN4mQGopLB4XxlbAw==, figureFileBig=GqG7167mIHbRK9plW319Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211091468366173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211080726753559, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=I/Tf5a6fDiqEa/bHvqTsxw==, figureFileBig=1tv0HffHK0GRroCpl3quIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211091539669342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211080726753559, language=CN, label=图2, caption=腺苷对PVT神经元抑制作用呈时相依赖性的改变

A:膜片钳在PVT脑区钳制细胞示意图;黄色箭头:分别指代记录的PVT脑区和所记录的神经元;B:Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型反应模式示意图;C~E:Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型反应的放电频率抑制比例;a:P<0.01,与Ⅰ型神经元比较

, figureFileSmall=I/Tf5a6fDiqEa/bHvqTsxw==, figureFileBig=1tv0HffHK0GRroCpl3quIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211091606778207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211080726753559, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rtnr611/s35jqdNdhbCpyA==, figureFileBig=Fze9aiNm3q4wUclkUI67MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211091703247200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211080726753559, language=CN, label=图3, caption=睡眠压力增加PVT腺苷A1受体的表达

A:SD模型建立示意图;B:PVT脑区Adora1基因FISH染色;白框:PVT脑区,黄框:图片放大位置,蓝色荧光:DAPI染色,红色荧光:Adora1基因FISH染色;C:PVT脑区在SD组、ZT6组、RS组、ZT10组表达Adora1基因的阳性细胞数量;D:单细胞Adora1 RNA平均拷贝数;E:RT-qPCR验证Adora1基因的相对表达量;a:P<0.05:与SD组比较;b:P<0.05:与ZT6组比较;c:P<0.05,与RS组比较

, figureFileSmall=rtnr611/s35jqdNdhbCpyA==, figureFileBig=Fze9aiNm3q4wUclkUI67MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211091774550369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211080726753559, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=k7JEERO6cHnxgEadjUCcHg==, figureFileBig=XutqowwuYhKQDJ+ctsJf9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211091850047842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211080726753559, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PVT内腺苷A1受体参与睡眠的启动过程

A:PVT病毒注射与脑肌电安装示意图;B:shRNA(scramble)组、shRNA(AIR)组在PVT的病毒表达情况和腺苷A1受体免疫荧光观察,白框:PVT脑区;C:SD模型建立示意图;D~G:SD-shRNA(scramble)组和对照组在ZT0-10中每小时觉醒所占时长百分比、睡眠所占时长百分比、RS 1 h及4 h中觉醒和睡眠所占时长百分比的变化;H~K:SD-shRNA(A1R)组和SD-shRNA(scramble)组在ZT0-10中每小时觉醒所占时长百分比、睡眠所占时长百分比、RS 1 h及4 h中觉醒和睡眠所占时长百分比的变化; a:P<0.05,与对照组比较;b:P<0.05,与SD-shRNA(scramble)组比较

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丘脑室旁核腺苷A1受体表达变化及其在睡眠调控中的作用
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朱一峰 1 , 王娜 1 , 胡俊雅 2 , 雷梦珠 3 , 夏建霞 1 , 王亚玲 1 , 胡志安 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 神经科学 2025,47(8): 766-774
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陆军军医大学学报 |神经科学 2025 , 47 (8) : 766 -774
丘脑室旁核腺苷A1受体表达变化及其在睡眠调控中的作用
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朱一峰1, 王娜1, 胡俊雅2, 雷梦珠3, 夏建霞1, 王亚玲1 , 胡志安1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院生理学教研室,重庆
  • 2重庆脑与智能科学中心,重庆
  • 3重庆市妇幼保健院睡眠心理科,重庆
通讯作者:
王亚玲,E-mail:,‍
胡志安,E-mail:
HU Zhi’an,E-mail:
WANG Yaling,E-mail:
Altered expression of adenosine A1 receptor in the paraventricular thalamus and its role in the regulation of sleep
Yifeng ZHU1, Na WANG1, Junya HU2, Mengzhu LEI3, Jianxia XIA1, Yaling WANG1 , Zhi’an HU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Physiology,College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence,Chongqing
  • 3Department of Sleep and Medical Psychology,Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501078
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目的

探究丘脑室旁核(paraventricular thalamus,PVT)内腺苷A1受体在觉醒/睡眠状态下的表达模式及其在调控睡眠中的作用。

方法

选取6~12周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(体质量22~28 g)为实验动物,按照随机数字表法将实验动物分为ZT0组、ZT6组、ZT10组、ZT12组、睡眠剥夺组和恢复睡眠组(n=16或n=4),采用RT-qPCR和荧光原位杂交方法,检测PVT脑区腺苷A1受体RNA表达变化。采用离体全细胞膜片钳记录方法,观察腺苷对小鼠PVT神经元膜电位和放电频率的影响。将实验动物按照随机数字表法分为腺苷A1受体干扰组(n=8)和干扰对照组(n=7),采用RNA干扰和脑肌电记录技术,观察在睡眠剥夺6 h、恢复睡眠4 h过程中2组觉醒及睡眠时间变化。

结果

RT-qPCR和荧光原位杂交实验表明小鼠PVT中腺苷A1受体受觉醒/睡眠状态的影响,ZT0组(活跃期)表达明显高于ZT12组(非活跃期,P<0.05)。全细胞膜片钳结果显示腺苷对PVT神经元的抑制效应有2种反应类型,随腺苷A1受体表达水平降低而减弱(P<0.05)。睡眠剥夺后,睡眠压力越大,腺苷A1受体表达水平呈现显著组间差异:睡眠剥夺组显著高于恢复睡眠组(P<0.05),而恢复睡眠组又高于正常昼夜节律的ZT6组和ZT10组(P<0.05)。与干扰对照组相比,PVT脑区腺苷A1受体干扰组在恢复睡眠1 h内觉醒时间明显升高,睡眠时间明显下降(P<0.05)。

结论

PVT内腺苷A1受体的表达受到睡眠压力的动态调控,表达水平随着睡眠压力增大而升高。

‍腺苷A1型受体  /  丘脑室旁核  /  觉醒/睡眠  /  睡眠压力
Objective

To explore the expression profile of adenosine A1 receptor in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) in wakefulness/sleep state and its role in regulating sleep.

Methods‍

Male C57BL/6J mice (6~12 weeks old, weighing 22~28 g) were randomly divided into ZT0, ZT6, ZT10, ZT12, and sleep deprivation and recover0y sleep groups (n=16 or n=4). RT-qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to observe the changes of adenosine A1 receptor in PVT. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording was conducted to determine the effects of adenosine on the membrane potential and discharge frequency of PVT neurons. The experimental animals were divided into adenosine A1 receptor interference group (n=8) and interference control group (n=7). After RNA interference, electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) were applied simultaneously to observe the changes in wake and sleep time between the 2 groups during sleep deprivation for 6 h and sleep recovery for 4 h.

Results‍

RT-qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that the expression of adenosine A1 receptor in PVT was affected by wakefulness/sleep state, with the level in the ZT0 group (active stage) significantly higher than that in the ZT12 group (non-active stage, P<0.05). Whole-cell patch clamp recording indicated that adenosine exerted inhibitory effects on PVT neurons through 2 distinct response types (P<0.05), and the inhibition was in a diminishing trend with a decrease in the expression level of adenosine A1 receptor. After sleep deprivation, the expression level of adenosine A1 receptor showed significant intergroup differences: the level was significantly higher in the sleep deprivation group than the recovery sleep group (P<0.05), while that of the recovery sleep group was higher than that of the ZT6 group and that of the ZT10 group (P<0.05). After knocking down adenosine A1 receptor (shRNA-A1R) in the PVT, the wakefulness timing of the shRNA-A1R group was significantly increased, while the sleep timing was significantly decreased within 1 h after sleep recovery when compared with the interference control group (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

The expression of adenosine A1 receptor in the PVT is dynamically regulated by sleep pressure, which was increasing as sleep pressure rises.

‍adenosine A1 receptor  /  paraventricular thalamic nucleus  /  wakefulness/sleep  /  sleep pressure
朱一峰, 王娜, 胡俊雅, 雷梦珠, 夏建霞, 王亚玲, 胡志安. 丘脑室旁核腺苷A1受体表达变化及其在睡眠调控中的作用. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (8) : 766 -774 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501078
Yifeng ZHU, Na WANG, Junya HU, Mengzhu LEI, Jianxia XIA, Yaling WANG, Zhi’an HU. Altered expression of adenosine A1 receptor in the paraventricular thalamus and its role in the regulation of sleep[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (8) : 766 -774 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501078
睡眠是所有生物共有的一个高度保守的生理过程,在清除脑内代谢废物、降低能量消耗、促进记忆巩固等生理功能中发挥重要作用[1]。目前研究发现,睡眠的发生除了与脑内促睡眠神经系统密切相关外[2],还受昼夜节律和体液因素的调节,其中,腺苷是最早发现和确认的内源性代谢类促睡眠物质[3]。作为细胞活动代谢产物,腺苷广泛存在于中枢神经系统细胞内外,通过激活腺苷A1受体和A2A受体发挥促睡眠效应[4-5]。既往研究已经证实,腺苷A1受体介导了腺苷对促觉醒脑区如基底前脑谷氨酸能神经元活动的特异性抑制效应,促进睡眠的发生[6]。由此,睡眠稳态理论认为,腺苷对促觉醒脑区的抑制性作用是睡眠发生的关键。
丘脑室旁核(paraventricular thalamus,PVT)是控制觉醒的关键核团[7],内源性节律性睡眠因子褪黑素的受体在PVT表达具有昼高夜低的节律性变化,有助于发挥最佳的促睡眠效应[8]。PVT主要为谷氨酸能神经元,并高丰度地表达腺苷A1受体。有研究发现激活谷氨酸能神经元能释放腺苷,增加睡眠压力[7]。然而,腺苷A1受体是否随着睡眠压力的变化而改变,以便于能更好地与腺苷变化相适应,最大限度地发挥腺苷促睡眠效应尚不清楚。因此,本研究在离体水平探究PVT内腺苷A1受体在不同睡眠压力下的RNA表达水平差异,及在腺苷A1受体不同表达水平下腺苷效应的差异性,并通过在体RNA干扰技术敲低PVT内腺苷A1受体表达,以探究腺苷A1受体在睡眠压力下启动和维持睡眠的作用。
选用健康成年雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(6~12周龄,体质量22~28 g),购自陆军军医大学动物实验中心。饲养小鼠环境符合标准实验室条件,并维持早上8:00(ZT0)开灯、晚上20:00(ZT12)关灯的光照条件,环境温度控制在(23±1)℃。所有实验均符合陆军军医大学动物护理和使用的伦理要求,并通过陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准(AMUWEC20211747)。
TRIzol试剂(15596026)购自美国Ambion公司;Kitwith gDNA Eraser试剂盒(RR092A)、TB Green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ试剂盒(RR820A)购自日本TaKaRa公司;磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,ZLI-9061)购自中国中杉金桥公司;RNAscope Multiplex Fluorescent试剂盒(323100)、Mm-Adora1探针(402261)购自美国ACD公司;腺苷(3624)购自美国Tocris公司;RNA干扰病毒:ScAAV-U6-shRNA-A1R-CMV-EGFP(PT-11515)、ScAAV-U6-shRNA-scramble-CMV-EGFP(PT-3618)购自武汉枢密公司;封闭液(P0260)、一抗稀释液(P0262)、二抗稀释液(P0265)购自中国碧云天公司;Rabbit Anti-A1R(ab3460)、Goat Anti-Rabbit 568(ab175471)购自美国Abcam公司;4%多聚甲醛(4% Paraformaldehyde,PFA)、含有DAPI的防荧光淬灭封片剂、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钠、碳酸氢钠、D-葡萄糖、NMDG、葡萄糖酸钾、氯化镁、K2ATP、EGTA、HEPES均购自美国Sigma公司。
将小鼠(8~12周龄)按取材时间随机分为ZT0组、ZT6组、ZT10组、ZT12组、睡眠剥夺(sleep deprivation,SD)组、恢复性睡眠(recovery sleep,RS)组,每组16只小鼠;SD组于ZT0-6睡眠剥夺后取材,RS组于ZT6-10恢复性睡眠后取材。取材方法:异氟烷(浓度>3%)诱导麻醉小鼠后快速断头取出大脑,用振动切片机切片(VT1000,德国Leica公司)收集含PVT的脑片,冠状切200 μm。TRIzol试剂提取小鼠的PVT总RNA,并使用Kitwith gDNA Eraser试剂盒反转录合成cDNA。按照TB Green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ试剂盒说明书以GAPDH为对照,通过Real-Time PCR(CFX96,美国Thermo Fisher公司)仪检测完成RT-qPCR反应过程。目的基因荧光信号定性定量均通过Bio-Rad CFX Manager(美国Thermo Fisher公司)软件完成。目标基因引物序列:Adora1上游:5'-TTCCAGGCTGCCTACATTGG-3',下游:5'-TCACCAGTACATTTCCGGGC-3';GAPDH上游:5'-GGTTGTCTCCTGCGACTTCA-3',下游:5'-TGG-TCCAGGGTTTCTTACTCC-3'。
小鼠(8~12周龄)分组方法和处理方式同1.2.1。异氟烷(浓度>3%)诱导麻醉小鼠后用PBS 50 mL心脏灌注,然后用4 ℃预冷的4% PFA经心脏进行后固定灌注,将脑组织在4% PFA中固定16 h,于脱水机内依次梯度按75%酒精4 h,85%酒精2 h,90%酒精2 h,95%酒精1 h,无水乙醇Ⅰ 30 min,无水乙醇Ⅱ 30 min,醇苯5~10 min,二甲苯Ⅰ 5~10 min,二甲苯Ⅱ 5~10 min,蜡Ⅰ 1 h,蜡Ⅱ 1 h,蜡Ⅲ 1 h的顺序和时间进行梯度脱水。脱水包埋后使用石蜡切片机(RM 2015,德国Leica公司)制备大脑冠状石蜡切片(厚5 μm)。FISH实验步骤按照RNAscope Multiplex Fluorescent Assays V2提供的实验方法进行,使用Mm-Adora1探针对Adora1转录本进行荧光标记。共聚焦显微镜(LSM900,德国Zeiss公司)进行荧光成像拍摄,对完成荧光成像的图片使用ZEN 2012软件(德国Zeiss公司)通过人工盲法定量计数和分析,每一个荧光点标记为1个mRNA拷贝。
人工脑脊液(artificial cerebrospinal fluid,ACSF):氯化钠119 mmol/L,氯化钾2.5 mmol/L,氯化钙2 mmol/L,硫酸镁2 mmol/L,磷酸二氢钠1.2 mmol/L,碳酸氢钠25 mmol/L,D-葡萄糖125 mmol/L。孵育液:NMDG 110 mmol/L,氯化钾2.5 mmol/L,磷酸二氢钠1.2 mmol/L,碳酸氢钠25 mmol/L,葡萄糖125 mmol/L,硫酸镁2 mmol/L,氯化钙2 mmol/L,用盐酸调节pH 7.2~7.4。电极内液:葡萄糖酸钾125 mmol/L,氯化镁2 mmol/L,氯化钾20 mmol/L,K2ATP 2 mmol/L,EGTA 1 mmol/L,HEPES 10 mmol/L,用盐酸调节pH 7.2~7.3。
异氟烷(浓度>3%)诱导麻醉C57BL/6J小鼠(6~8周龄)后快速断头取出大脑,放入0~4 ℃混合气(95% O2+5% CO2)饱和的ACSF中,经过30 s浸泡预冷后取出修块,用502胶把修整好的脑组织固定于振动切片机的样本托上,随后在0~4 ℃混合气饱和的ACSF中用振动切片机将PVT按冠状面切成厚度约200 μm的薄片。将切片放入32 ℃孵育液中孵育15 min,之后再将切片转移至混合气饱和的ACSF中,在室温下(20~24 ℃)孵育30 min以上备用。
用充满电极内液的玻璃电极轻压神经元表面,封接破膜完成后,钳制细胞维持至-60 mV。使用EPC 10放大器(德国HEKA公司)进行数据采集,腺苷100 μmol/L灌注时间为3 min,随后使用Igor Pro v.4.03软件(美国Novato公司)、mini分析(美国Synaptosoft公司)和FitMaster软件(德国HEKA公司)自动分析。
脑立体定位病毒注射的操作流程参考课题组已发表的文献[9],小鼠(8~12周龄)使用1.5%异氟烷(流速1 L/min)诱导进入麻醉,将其放于立体定位仪上(68803,中国瑞沃德公司),而后麻醉药浓度调至1%。参照小鼠脑图谱第4版,以前囟点为坐标轴原点进行调平,调平后确定PVT脑区位置(AP=-1.22 mm;ML=0 mm;DV=-2.60 mm)。使用微推玻璃针注射100 nL ScAAV-U6-shRNA-A1R-CMV-EGFP/ScAAV-U6-shRNA-scramble-CMV-EGFP到PVT脑区,注射完毕后留针8 min,缓慢拔出玻璃注射针。消毒并缝合后待小鼠恢复觉醒状态再放入笼中饲养备用。
将1.2.4中病毒注射1周后的小鼠以前囟点为坐标轴原点进行调平,用颅骨钻钻孔后(AP=+1.5 mm、ML=±1.5 mm;AP=-3.0 mm、ML=±2.0 mm)对前额叶(2个孔)和顶叶(2个孔)进行螺钉埋置,同时将2个肌电电极放入颈部背侧肌肉组织中,用牙科丙烯酸树脂将电极固定在颅骨上,术后将小鼠单笼饲养。待小鼠在手术恢复7 d后开始脑肌电记录,记录前先将待记录小鼠放入脑肌电记录系统中适应3 d,以500 Hz采样频率记录并保存。小鼠的觉醒/睡眠状态由睡眠分析软件SleepSign 2.0 for animal(日本Kissei Comtec公司)测定,随后再进行人工校正。小鼠觉醒/睡眠判读标准参考课题组已发表的工作[10]。
睡眠模型建立参考课题组已发表的文献[11]。在SD开始前3 d,SD-shRNA(A1R)组、SD-shRNA(scramble)组和对照组小鼠首先适应12 h光照/12 h黑暗交替节律。适应1周后SD-shRNA(A1R)组和SD-shRNA(scramble)组小鼠进行SD 6 h,剥夺时间为08:00-14:00,随后RS 4 h,睡眠时间为14:00-18:00,对照组未对觉醒/睡眠状态进行干扰。
小鼠按照1.2.2中方法灌注,待完成后固定及脱水,使用包埋剂固定脑组织,放入冰冻切片机(CryoStarNX50 OP,美国Thermo Fisher公司),-20 ℃下连续切片(厚度为30 μm)。选取含PVT的脑片,封闭液室温封闭15 min;孵育一抗Rabbit Anti-A1R(1∶500),4 ℃过夜。次日,用PBS漂洗3次,5 min/次,漂洗后加入稀释后的二抗Goat Anti-Rabbit 568(1∶500),避光室温孵育2 h,PBS漂洗3次后贴片,晾干后用含有DAPI的防荧光淬灭封片剂封片,在共聚焦显微镜(LSM900,德国Zeiss公司)下拍照,收集形态学数据。
所有数值均以x¯±s表示,采用Sigma plot1 4.0(美国Systat Software公司)和GraphPad Prism8.0软件(美国GraphPad Software公司)进行统计分析。RT-qPCR和FISH实验结果的统计分析中两组间采用两独立样本t检验,多组间采用单因素方差分析;两组间全细胞膜片钳记录的实验结果、行为学数据的统计分析选用两独立样本t检验。如果数据不符合正态分布,则进行非参数检验。P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
夜行啮齿类动物小鼠在光照周期(ZT0-12)处于非活跃期(睡眠期为主),在黑暗周期(ZT12-24)处于活跃期(觉醒期为主)。为了分析PVT内腺苷A1受体是否与觉醒/睡眠活动状态相关,分别收集ZT0和ZT12含小鼠PVT的冠状脑片,在显微镜下用玻璃电极提取出PVT组织(图1A、B),RT-qPCR结果显示,ZT0组的Adora1基因表达水平明显高于ZT12组(P<0.05,图1C)。FISH结果显示,ZT0和ZT12 2组PVT脑区的Adora1阳性细胞数没有统计学差异,但ZT0组的单细胞平均拷贝数明显高于ZT12组(P<0.05,图1D~F)。进一步将单细胞拷贝数细化分类后,发现ZT0组细胞主要为Adora1基因高表达型(>6单细胞拷贝数)(P<0.05,图1G)。以上结果表明,PVT脑区ZT0组的腺苷A1受体RNA表达水平高于ZT12组,提示腺苷A1受体表达水平可能随小鼠的觉醒/睡眠状态的转换而发生改变,即觉醒期神经元活动高导致腺苷水平增加,腺苷A1受体表达水平亦随之升高,反之睡眠期腺苷水平降低,腺苷A1受体表达水平亦下降。
为进一步探讨PVT中腺苷A1受体变化对腺苷效应的影响,本研究采用全细胞膜片钳技术,记录并分析给予腺苷后PVT神经元的放电频率和膜电位变化。结果显示,胞外灌流给予100 μmol/L腺苷后,所记录到的PVT神经元呈现出2种反应模式(图2A、B):Ⅰ型反应为给予腺苷作用后,神经元发放的动作电位几乎全部被抑制,并伴随膜电位的超极化;Ⅱ型反应为给予腺苷后,神经元发放动作电位的数量和放电频率为部分减少甚至增加,不伴有膜电位的改变(P<0.01,图2C、D)。在ZT0-18的记录过程中,Ⅰ型反应比例逐渐下降,而Ⅱ型反应比例逐渐升高(图2E),表明在睡眠期随着腺苷水平的降低,PVT区腺苷A1受体的表达亦下降,导致腺苷抑制效应减弱。
为进一步观察增加睡眠压力对腺苷A1受体的表达变化,在小鼠活跃期结束时,采用SD 6 h来增加小鼠的觉醒时长,即睡眠压力,随后进行RS 4 h(图3A)。FISH结果显示,SD组与RS组的Adora1基因表达阳性细胞数及mRNA平均单细胞拷贝数均高于同期对照组;且与SD组相比,RS组Adora1基因的平均单细胞拷贝数明显下降,但仍高于2组对照组(P<0.05,图3B~D)。RT-qPCR结果与FISH结果趋势一致,睡眠剥夺组显著高于恢复睡眠组(P<0.05),而恢复睡眠组又高于正常昼夜节律的ZT6组和ZT10组(P<0.05,图3E)。结果表明腺苷A1受体表达水平受睡眠压力调控,即睡眠压力越大,腺苷A1受体表达水平越高。
为了明确PVT中腺苷A1受体的差异性表达在觉醒/睡眠调控中的作用,本研究利用shRNA定向干扰PVT内腺苷A1受体的表达,记录SD 6 h后小鼠RS的情况。结果显示,在PVT局部注射ScAAV-U6-shRNA-A1R-CMV-EGFP或ScAAV-U6-shRNA-scramble-CMV-EGFP病毒3周后,SD-shRNA(A1R)干扰组内的A1型受体表达水平相对SD-shRNA(scramble)对照组明显下降(图4A、B)。随后对SD-shRNA(A1R)组与SD-shRNA(scramble)组在活跃期结束后进行了SD 6 h(图4C),与未经SD的对照组相比,6 h SD后的SD-shRNA(scramble)组小鼠在随后的RS 1 h和4 h内,表现出显著的觉醒水平减少和睡眠水平升高(P<0.05,图4D~G)。与SD-shRNA(scramble)组相比,SD-shRNA(A1R)组在RS 1 h表现出显著的觉醒水平升高和睡眠水平下降(P<0.05,图4H~J),而在RS 4 h无明显差异(图4K),提示腺苷A1受体主要参与睡眠启动的过程。
腺苷是一种内源性促睡眠物质,在脑内的积累水平与觉醒时长密切相关。经过长时间觉醒后,基底前脑等脑区及脑脊液中的腺苷水平均显著增高[12-16]。腺苷A1受体是腺苷抑制促觉醒脑区降低觉醒水平、促进睡眠的关键腺苷受体亚型。已知腺苷A1受体在多个脑区参与觉醒/睡眠的调节[6,17-19],但腺苷A1受体的表达是否随觉醒/睡眠周期中腺苷浓度的变化而发生相应改变,目前尚不清楚。
睡眠稳态理论认为,随着觉醒时间的延长,胞外腺苷积聚水平越来越高,对睡眠的需求,即睡眠压力也越来越大[20]。既往研究主要关注的是睡眠压力增大时,内源性促睡眠物质如腺苷、前列腺素D2浓度的增加[20-21],却鲜有文献报道随睡眠压力改变是否伴随受体表达水平差异。已有文献报道,PVT神经元活动性与觉醒水平高度相关,在活跃期(觉醒期为主),PVT神经元兴奋水平最高,代谢最活跃[21]。本研究通过RT-qPCR和FISH实验,从形态学角度证实小鼠活跃期(觉醒期)结束时(ZT0组),PVT脑区腺苷A1受体的表达显著高于非活跃期(睡眠期)结束时(ZT12组)。这一发现表明,腺苷A1受体的表达与脑内活跃水平紧密相关,其表达量随觉醒期内神经元活动水平的增加而上升,这一现象与脑内腺苷水平的变化相一致。在觉醒期,随着神经元活动水平的增加,腺苷产生增多并在胞外积聚[16],A1受体表达亦增加,反之在睡眠期腺苷水平下降,A1受体表达亦下降。离体电生理实验进一步显示,腺苷能够抑制PVT神经元的活动,且这种抑制效应具有明显的时相依赖性。随着睡眠期活跃程度的降低,腺苷的抑制效应逐渐减弱。因此,本研究在功能上进一步证明,在觉醒期,随着PVT神经元活动的增强,腺苷生成增多,腺苷A1受体的表达也相应增加,以匹配增多的腺苷,更好地发挥其对PVT的抑制效应,从而促进觉醒向睡眠的转换。相反,在睡眠期,腺苷水平逐渐下降,A1受体表达相应降低,从而解除腺苷对PVT的抑制效应,有助于PVT发挥促觉醒作用。值得注意的是,课题组前期研究发现另一种内源性促睡眠物质褪黑素的受体在PVT的表达及其促睡眠效应亦存在显著的时相性[8],本研究进一步提示PVT区具有独特的促睡眠模式,腺苷或褪黑素受体的表达变化与腺苷或褪黑素水平的改变相适应,以便于快速地发挥促睡眠效应。
上述研究表明PVT腺苷A1受体在正常觉醒/睡眠周期中具有时相性变化规律,为了进一步探索这一现象,本研究通过延长活跃期(即觉醒期)的时长,增加睡眠压力,以观察A1受体的变化。研究结果显示,在SD 6 h后,PVT内腺苷A1受体的表达随着睡眠压力的增加而显著升高。该研究结果表明,随着睡眠压力的增加,不仅伴随着促睡眠物质腺苷的增加,PVT内腺苷A1受体亦能感知睡眠的需求,受体表达也会相应地增加。敲低PVT内腺苷A1受体表达后,发现仅在SD后RS开始的1 h内,受体敲低组小鼠表现出睡眠减少,提示PVT内腺苷A1受体可能参与了睡眠的启动,配合腺苷抑制PVT神经元发挥促睡眠效应。因此,PVT内腺苷A1受体在腺苷介导的睡眠调控中可能起到了“开关”的作用,当其表达被敲低时,正常的睡眠启动受到干扰,导致小鼠在RS初期无法顺利进入睡眠状态。本研究亦发现腺苷A1受体的敲除对睡眠的总时长并没有显著影响,提示腺苷A1受体主要影响的是睡眠启动阶段,而睡眠的维持更多地依赖其他因素的调控,如γ-氨酸丁酸能系统[22]、5-羟色胺能系统等神经系统[23]。
本研究重点关注了PVT区腺苷A1受体在觉醒/睡眠周期中随着腺苷浓度的变化而发生相应改变的规律。已有研究报道,A1受体介导了腺苷对基底前脑、下丘脑室旁核等脑区的抑制效应,但其表达未见活动依赖性[24-25]。在基底前脑中,腺苷A1受体通过G蛋白偶联机制抑制腺苷酸环化酶的活性,减少环磷酸腺苷的生成,降低蛋白激酶A活性,最终抑制乙酰胆碱的生成,减少皮层神经元的兴奋性输入,发挥促睡眠效应。虽有研究指出,腺苷A1受体的激活还会影响磷脂酰肌醇3激酶-蛋白激酶B通路、钙离子、蛋白磷酸酶2A等多种信号通路[26-30],但其在A1受体调控睡眠中的作用尚不清楚。因此,PVT脑区中腺苷A1受体时相性变化影响神经元活动进而调控睡眠的细胞机制还有待进一步深入研究。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,PVT内腺苷A1受体的表达与睡眠压力呈正相关关系,在睡眠的启动中发挥着关键作用。这一发现为深入理解睡眠发生的受体机制提供了新视角,并为优化睡眠药物递送的有效时间窗口期等治疗策略提供理论依据。

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2025年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501078
  • 接收时间:2025-01-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-30
  • 修回日期:2025-03-13
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院生理学教研室,重庆
    2重庆脑与智能科学中心,重庆
    3重庆市妇幼保健院睡眠心理科,重庆

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