Article(id=1322210985654473690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=1742227200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169264472, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169264472, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169264472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169264472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210968248107603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='893', pageEnd='1028', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169260321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325292291, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=893, endPage=903, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210986463974363, articleId=1322210985654473690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Residual cell types, molecular expression profiles and quality assessment of in vitro cultured human thymic slices, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

‍To analyze the composition and function of residual cells in pre-transplantation human thymic slices by single-cell transcriptomics sequencing (scRNA-seq), and established a quality assessment method for thymic slices based on the expression levels of molecular markers in the culture supernatant.

Methods‍

The discarded thymus from 18 patients with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical treatment in Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University from May 2023 to January 2024 were collected and prepared into thymic slices. After the slices were cultured in vitro for 14 d, scRNA-seq was employed to identify the residual cell types, and gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the biological function of the residual cells. Then based on the literature concerning thymic slice culture, the molecular markers indicating thymocyte function were screened out. ELISA was applied to detect the changes in protein levels of molecular markers in the supernatant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted and assess the value of the molecular markers in the supernatant in evaluating the quality of thymic slices with area under the curve (AUC). Then, the qualified and unqualified thymic slices determined by our obtained molecular markers were transplanted subcutaneously into male nude mice (6~8 weeks old, weighing 14~17 g), respectively, and the male nude mice without transplantation of the thymic slices served as control group. Flow cytometry and histologic analysis were utilized to observe the immune reconstitution after transplantation.

Results‍

① scRNA-seq identified 11 cell types in thymic slices, dominated with epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and T cells. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that epithelial cells were involved in enrichment entries related to chemotaxis, epithelial cell development, cell matrix adhesion and tight junction; fibroblasts were involved in enrichment entries related to extracellular matrix, epithelial cell proliferation, negative regulation of cell migration, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton; T cells were mainly related to T cell differentiation, regulation of T cell activation, T cell apoptosis, and T cell receptor signaling. ② Molecular markers, CCL19, CCL21,CXCL12, CXCL16, IL16 and SELL were identified to indicate thymocyte function. Compared with the levels of the first day, the protein secretions of CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12 and CXCL16 were significantly increased during in vitro culture (P<0.05), while the protein secretions of IL16 and L-selectin (protein form of SELL) were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The combined predictor Pre1 from subset of cytokines (IL16and L-selectin) had the highest value in the quality assessment of thymic slices after 1 d of culture (AUC=0.883), and the combined predictor Pre2 from subset of cytokines (CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12 and CXCL16) had the highest value in the quality assessment after 14 d of culture (AUC=0.948). ③ Transplantation in nude mice indicated that the qualified thymic slices could develop to thymus structure in vivo, and effectively increase the proportion of T cells in peripheral blood (P<0.01), while the unqualified thymic slices could not obtain the reconstitution of T cell development.

Conclusion‍

The main residual component cells in thymic slices are epithelial cells, fibroblasts and T cells. IL16 and L-selectin can be used as potential indicators to determine the quality of donor thymic samples. CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12 and CXCL16 can effectively evaluate the quality of thymic slices before transplantation.

, authors=Wanqing GUAN1, Guihua LUO2, Jingxuan HAN2, Qun XIANG2, 3, Yunfei AN4, Lu ZHAO5, Jianhong MI2, Zeqing FENG2, 3, Yuzhang WU1, 6, authorsList=Wanqing GUAN, Guihua LUO, Jingxuan HAN, Qun XIANG, Yunfei AN, Lu ZHAO, Jianhong MI, Zeqing FENG, Yuzhang WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zeqing FENG, Yuzhang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210990758941674, articleId=1322210985654473690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=体外培养人胸腺组织切片残余细胞类型、分子表达谱与质量评估的研究, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

拟通过单细胞转录组测序技术(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)解析移植前体外培养人胸腺组织切片的残余细胞类型和功能,并利用培养上清液分子标志物的水平特征建立胸腺组织切片质量评估方法。

方法

收集2023年5月至2024年1月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院心胸外科接受心脏外科手术的18例先天心脏病患者废弃的胸腺制备成胸腺组织切片。体外培养14 d后,通过scRNA-seq鉴定残余的细胞类型,联合基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析残余细胞的功能,并查阅胸腺组织切片培养的相关文献筛选出指示胸腺细胞功能的分子标志物。采用ELISA检测上清液分子标志物的蛋白水平变化,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC),以曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)判定上清液分子标志物对胸腺组织切片质量的评估价值。将分子标志物判定为质量检测合格与质量检测不合格的胸腺组织切片移植至6~8周龄Balb/c-nude雄性小鼠(体质量14~17 g)皮下(对照组不移植胸腺组织切片),通过流式细胞术和组织学检测分析移植后免疫重建效果。

结果

①scRNA-seq数据显示,胸腺组织切片中含有11种细胞,主要细胞为上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞。GO和KEGG富集分析显示,上皮细胞与趋化作用、上皮细胞发育、细胞基质粘附、紧密连接等条目相关;成纤维细胞主要与细胞外基质组织、上皮细胞增殖、负向调控细胞迁移、肌动蛋白细胞骨架调节等条目相关;T细胞主要与T细胞分化、T细胞活化的调控、T细胞凋亡、T细胞受体信号等条目相关。②筛选出CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16、IL16、SELL作为指示胸腺细胞功能的分子标志物,与第1天相比,CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12和CXCL16蛋白分泌量伴随体外培养显著增加(P<0.05),IL16和L-selectin(SELL表达分泌的蛋白)蛋白分泌量伴随体外培养显著下降(P<0.05)。联合IL16和L-selectin生成预测因子Pre1评估体外培养1 d的胸腺组织切片质量的价值最高,ROC曲线下面积为0.883。联合CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16生成预测因子Pre2评估体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片质量的价值最高,ROC曲线下面积为0.948。③裸鼠移植实验证实:与对照组相比,质量检测合格的胸腺组织切片能在体内发育成胸腺结构,并有效提升裸鼠外周血中T细胞的比例(P<0.01),而质量检测不合格的胸腺组织切片移植到裸鼠体内无法重建裸鼠的T细胞发育。

结论

移植前胸腺组织切片残留的组成细胞主要为上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞;IL16和L-selectin可作为判定胸腺原料质量的潜在指标。CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12和CXCL16可有效评估胸腺组织切片成品的质量。

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吴玉章,E-mail:
冯泽清,E-mail:
WU Yuzhang,E-mail:
FENG Zeqing,E-mail:
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A:实验技术流程图;B:流式细胞术检测分选和未分选样本的Epcam+上皮细胞和CD45+淋巴细胞比例;C:未分选样本的不同细胞类型占比分布图;D:散点图展示细胞分群及细胞来源;E:气泡图展示不同细胞类型特异性标记基因的表达水平;F:UMAP展示9种主要细胞中代表性标记基因的表达情况

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A:上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞分泌的细胞因子图谱; B:UMAP展示分子标志物基因在不同细胞群体中的表达情况

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a:P<0.000 1,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.05,与第1天比较

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A:质量检测合格组和质量检测不合格组胸腺组织切片的HE染色图像;B:体外培养1和14 d的质量检测合格组胸腺切片与质量检测不合格胸腺组织切片的上清液分子标志物蛋白水平比较(质量检测合格组:n=11,质量检测不合格组:n=7,x¯±s) a:P<0.001,b:P<0.01,与质量不合格组进行比较;C:IL16和L-selectin的单因子及联合评价体外培养1 d的胸腺组织切片质量的ROC曲线;D:CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16的单因子及联合评价体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片质量的ROC曲线

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A:流式细胞术检测移植后16周小鼠外周血中CD3+TCR-β+T、CD4+T、CD8a+T细胞比例(n=3,x¯±s) a:P<0.01,与对照组比较;b:P<0.01,与质量检测合格组比较;B:移植后16周质量检测合格组和质量检测不合格组小鼠胸腺的组织学检测

, figureFileSmall=MQbfpjbynPARN4xDMUJpAA==, figureFileBig=yvt3f+qv/D+2EQASCkyfcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210998728118336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210985654473690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标AUCP95%CI截断点值敏感度特异度
IL160.7920.0420.568~1.0003 280.1500.8180.714
L-selectin0.8050.0330.592~1.0005 455.6900.9090.714
Pre10.8830.0080.724~1.0000.6670.8180.857
), ArticleFig(id=1322210998799421505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210985654473690, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分子标志物单独或联合检测对体外培养1 d的胸腺组织切片质量的评估效能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标AUCP95%CI截断点值敏感度特异度
IL160.7920.0420.568~1.0003 280.1500.8180.714
L-selectin0.8050.0330.592~1.0005 455.6900.9090.714
Pre10.8830.0080.724~1.0000.6670.8180.857
), ArticleFig(id=1322210998858141762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210985654473690, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标AUCP95%CI截断点值敏感度特异度
CCL190.8180.0260.620~1.00030 280.9550.7270.856
CCL210.8700.0100.696~1.0002 863.1500.9090.714
CXCL120.7920.0420.580~1.0001 342.0050.7270.714
CXCL160.8050.0330.589~1.0002 170.4550.9090.714
Pre20.9480.0020.568~1.0000.4910.9090.857
), ArticleFig(id=1322210998925250627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210985654473690, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

分子标志物单独或联合检测对体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片质量的评估效能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标AUCP95%CI截断点值敏感度特异度
CCL190.8180.0260.620~1.00030 280.9550.7270.856
CCL210.8700.0100.696~1.0002 863.1500.9090.714
CXCL120.7920.0420.580~1.0001 342.0050.7270.714
CXCL160.8050.0330.589~1.0002 170.4550.9090.714
Pre20.9480.0020.568~1.0000.4910.9090.857
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体外培养人胸腺组织切片残余细胞类型、分子表达谱与质量评估的研究
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关万青 1 , 罗贵华 2 , 撖菁萱 2 , 向群 2, 3 , 安云飞 4 , 赵录 5 , 糜建红 2 , 冯泽清 2, 3 , 吴玉章 1, 6
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(9): 893-903
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (9) : 893 -903
体外培养人胸腺组织切片残余细胞类型、分子表达谱与质量评估的研究
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关万青1, 罗贵华2, 撖菁萱2, 向群2, 3, 安云飞4, 赵录5, 糜建红2, 冯泽清2, 3 , 吴玉章1, 6
作者信息
  • 1南方医科大学基础医学院免疫学教研室,广东 广州
  • 2重庆国际免疫研究院,重庆
  • 3重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院,重庆;重庆医科大学附属儿童医院
  • 4风湿免疫科
  • 5心胸外科,重庆
  • 6陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院免疫学教研室,重庆
通讯作者:
吴玉章,E-mail:
冯泽清,E-mail:
WU Yuzhang,E-mail:
FENG Zeqing,E-mail:
Residual cell types, molecular expression profiles and quality assessment of in vitro cultured human thymic slices
Wanqing GUAN1, Guihua LUO2, Jingxuan HAN2, Qun XIANG2, 3, Yunfei AN4, Lu ZHAO5, Jianhong MI2, Zeqing FENG2, 3 , Yuzhang WU1, 6
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Immunology,School of Basic Medical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou,Guangdong
  • 2Chongqing International Institute for Immunology,Chongqing
  • 3School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering,Chongqing University of Technology,Chongqing
  • 4Department of Rheumatology and Immunology
  • 5Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing
  • 6Department of Immunology,College of Basic Medical Sciences,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501044
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目的

拟通过单细胞转录组测序技术(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)解析移植前体外培养人胸腺组织切片的残余细胞类型和功能,并利用培养上清液分子标志物的水平特征建立胸腺组织切片质量评估方法。

方法

收集2023年5月至2024年1月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院心胸外科接受心脏外科手术的18例先天心脏病患者废弃的胸腺制备成胸腺组织切片。体外培养14 d后,通过scRNA-seq鉴定残余的细胞类型,联合基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析残余细胞的功能,并查阅胸腺组织切片培养的相关文献筛选出指示胸腺细胞功能的分子标志物。采用ELISA检测上清液分子标志物的蛋白水平变化,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC),以曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)判定上清液分子标志物对胸腺组织切片质量的评估价值。将分子标志物判定为质量检测合格与质量检测不合格的胸腺组织切片移植至6~8周龄Balb/c-nude雄性小鼠(体质量14~17 g)皮下(对照组不移植胸腺组织切片),通过流式细胞术和组织学检测分析移植后免疫重建效果。

结果

①scRNA-seq数据显示,胸腺组织切片中含有11种细胞,主要细胞为上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞。GO和KEGG富集分析显示,上皮细胞与趋化作用、上皮细胞发育、细胞基质粘附、紧密连接等条目相关;成纤维细胞主要与细胞外基质组织、上皮细胞增殖、负向调控细胞迁移、肌动蛋白细胞骨架调节等条目相关;T细胞主要与T细胞分化、T细胞活化的调控、T细胞凋亡、T细胞受体信号等条目相关。②筛选出CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16、IL16、SELL作为指示胸腺细胞功能的分子标志物,与第1天相比,CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12和CXCL16蛋白分泌量伴随体外培养显著增加(P<0.05),IL16和L-selectin(SELL表达分泌的蛋白)蛋白分泌量伴随体外培养显著下降(P<0.05)。联合IL16和L-selectin生成预测因子Pre1评估体外培养1 d的胸腺组织切片质量的价值最高,ROC曲线下面积为0.883。联合CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16生成预测因子Pre2评估体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片质量的价值最高,ROC曲线下面积为0.948。③裸鼠移植实验证实:与对照组相比,质量检测合格的胸腺组织切片能在体内发育成胸腺结构,并有效提升裸鼠外周血中T细胞的比例(P<0.01),而质量检测不合格的胸腺组织切片移植到裸鼠体内无法重建裸鼠的T细胞发育。

结论

移植前胸腺组织切片残留的组成细胞主要为上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞;IL16和L-selectin可作为判定胸腺原料质量的潜在指标。CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12和CXCL16可有效评估胸腺组织切片成品的质量。

人胸腺组织切片  /  残余细胞类型  /  分子标志物  /  质量评估
Objective‍

‍To analyze the composition and function of residual cells in pre-transplantation human thymic slices by single-cell transcriptomics sequencing (scRNA-seq), and established a quality assessment method for thymic slices based on the expression levels of molecular markers in the culture supernatant.

Methods‍

The discarded thymus from 18 patients with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical treatment in Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University from May 2023 to January 2024 were collected and prepared into thymic slices. After the slices were cultured in vitro for 14 d, scRNA-seq was employed to identify the residual cell types, and gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the biological function of the residual cells. Then based on the literature concerning thymic slice culture, the molecular markers indicating thymocyte function were screened out. ELISA was applied to detect the changes in protein levels of molecular markers in the supernatant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted and assess the value of the molecular markers in the supernatant in evaluating the quality of thymic slices with area under the curve (AUC). Then, the qualified and unqualified thymic slices determined by our obtained molecular markers were transplanted subcutaneously into male nude mice (6~8 weeks old, weighing 14~17 g), respectively, and the male nude mice without transplantation of the thymic slices served as control group. Flow cytometry and histologic analysis were utilized to observe the immune reconstitution after transplantation.

Results‍

① scRNA-seq identified 11 cell types in thymic slices, dominated with epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and T cells. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that epithelial cells were involved in enrichment entries related to chemotaxis, epithelial cell development, cell matrix adhesion and tight junction; fibroblasts were involved in enrichment entries related to extracellular matrix, epithelial cell proliferation, negative regulation of cell migration, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton; T cells were mainly related to T cell differentiation, regulation of T cell activation, T cell apoptosis, and T cell receptor signaling. ② Molecular markers, CCL19, CCL21,CXCL12, CXCL16, IL16 and SELL were identified to indicate thymocyte function. Compared with the levels of the first day, the protein secretions of CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12 and CXCL16 were significantly increased during in vitro culture (P<0.05), while the protein secretions of IL16 and L-selectin (protein form of SELL) were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The combined predictor Pre1 from subset of cytokines (IL16and L-selectin) had the highest value in the quality assessment of thymic slices after 1 d of culture (AUC=0.883), and the combined predictor Pre2 from subset of cytokines (CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12 and CXCL16) had the highest value in the quality assessment after 14 d of culture (AUC=0.948). ③ Transplantation in nude mice indicated that the qualified thymic slices could develop to thymus structure in vivo, and effectively increase the proportion of T cells in peripheral blood (P<0.01), while the unqualified thymic slices could not obtain the reconstitution of T cell development.

Conclusion‍

The main residual component cells in thymic slices are epithelial cells, fibroblasts and T cells. IL16 and L-selectin can be used as potential indicators to determine the quality of donor thymic samples. CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12 and CXCL16 can effectively evaluate the quality of thymic slices before transplantation.

human thymic slices  /  residual cell type  /  molecular markers  /  quality assessment
关万青, 罗贵华, 撖菁萱, 向群, 安云飞, 赵录, 糜建红, 冯泽清, 吴玉章. 体外培养人胸腺组织切片残余细胞类型、分子表达谱与质量评估的研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (9) : 893 -903 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501044
Wanqing GUAN, Guihua LUO, Jingxuan HAN, Qun XIANG, Yunfei AN, Lu ZHAO, Jianhong MI, Zeqing FENG, Yuzhang WU. Residual cell types, molecular expression profiles and quality assessment of in vitro cultured human thymic slices[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (9) : 893 -903 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501044
胸腺是机体重要的中枢免疫器官,是T细胞发育和成熟的关键场所[1-2]。T细胞在胸腺中的发育是由胸腺定植前体细胞迁移到胸腺后,经历T细胞谱系决定、T细胞受体基因重排,在皮质区和髓质区依次完成阳性选择和阴性选择,生成既可以识别自身主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)分子递呈的抗原、又能对自身外周组织抗原耐受的CD4+/CD8+T细胞,因此胸腺对于建立机体的自身免疫耐受至关重要。胸腺发育成熟的T细胞进一步输出到外周,应对纷繁复杂的危险信号。胸腺功能随年龄增长而逐渐退化,衰老的胸腺上皮细胞可分泌因子抑制胸腺细胞的发育与输出[3],导致T细胞输出下降、外周T细胞库的多样性下降、T细胞的功能紊乱,是老年人免疫功能低下的重要原因[4]。此外,胸腺功能退化还与肿瘤、感染和自身免疫疾病的发病率增加密切相关[5],因此逆转人体的胸腺功能一直是免疫学研究的前沿热点。
20世纪90年代,MARKERT等[6]利用废弃的胸腺组织在体外制备出0.5~1.0 mm厚度的组织切片,经体外培养后,胸腺组织切片中的T淋巴细胞会逐渐凋亡,最后仅保留胸腺基质细胞和组织架构。他们进一步将胸腺组织切片移植到完全型迪格奥尔格综合征(complete DiGeorge’s syndrome,cDGS)患儿的大腿肌肉后,重建了cDGS患者的胸腺功能和外周免疫力[7-9],此技术已于2021年获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批复。由于胸腺组织切片在移植前需经历体外培养14~21d,因此,针对胸腺组织切片成品的质量评估是移植前的关键环节。先前的质量评估方案主要依赖组织学检测,通过HE染色评估胸腺组织切片中残留淋巴细胞的含量、组织骨架的完整性和胸腺小体的数量,同时通过免疫组化评估CD3+T细胞和CK14+上皮细胞的含量[10-11]。但是此方案存在3个问题:①组织学检测评估时间较长,影响后续手术安排;②每次检测均需要消耗组织切片;③仅依靠组织学检测并不能准确反应组织切片中有效细胞的功能。因此,临床需要开发一个快速评估胸腺组织切片质量的方案。
本研究拟通过单细胞转录组测序技术(single-cell RNA sequencing,scRNA-seq)解析胸腺组织切片中促进胸腺重建的主效细胞和功能基因,筛选指示胸腺细胞功能的分子标志物,并利用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)评价分子标志物对胸腺组织切片质量的评估价值,建立上清液分子标志物评估体系。
Trypsin-EDTA购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,人Fc段受体封闭剂、生物素抗人CD45抗体购自美国Biolegend公司,PBS溶液、胎牛血清、台盼蓝染液购自美国Gibco公司,抗生物素磁珠购自德国Miltenyi公司,CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16、IL16、L-selectin ELISA试剂盒购自美国R&D system公司,BV421抗鼠CD3、PerCP-Cy5.5抗鼠CD4、PE抗鼠CD8a、FITC抗鼠CD45、APC抗鼠TCR-β、BV421抗人Epcam、PerCP-Cy5.5抗人CD45等流式抗体购自美国BD公司,免疫组织化学抗体抗人CK5、抗人CK14、HRP标记二抗购自美国Invitrogen公司,DAB显色试剂盒购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司,抗鼠CD3、抗鼠CD4和抗鼠CD8a购自英国Abcam公司。
收集2023年5月至2024年1月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院心胸外科的18例先天性心脏病患者在接受心脏外科手术时所废弃的胸腺组织。患者均签署书面知情同意书,允许废弃胸腺组织用于科学研究,废弃胸腺组织的使用通过了重庆医科大学附属儿童医院伦理委员会伦理审查[(2023)年伦审(研)第(178)号]。参照实验室前期的方法[12]在重庆国际免疫研究院细胞平台实验室将供体胸腺样本(胸腺原料)制备成胸腺组织切片,经体外培养14 d后进行成品放行,胸腺组织切片成品可依据组织学标准分为质量检测合格组与质量检测不合格组[10]。质量检测合格的标准为:①胸腺组织切片仍存在胸腺小叶结构,主要通过胸腺小体区分皮质区和髓质区;②淋巴细胞清除率达80%以上;③单个视野可观察到2个及以上的胸腺小体。不符合上述任一条件的即纳入质量检测不合格组。
取体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片成品置于5 mL 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA中,并使用手术剪刀将组织切片剪切为组织匀浆,以释放细胞,然后经70 μm细胞滤网过筛后,在4 ℃下以150×g离心5 min,收集细胞沉淀,重悬于添加有2%胎牛血清的PBS中,得到单细胞悬液。使用人Fc段受体封闭剂(1∶200)封闭5 min,并经生物素抗人CD45抗体(1∶400)孵育5 min以及抗生物素磁珠标记15 min后,通过磁珠分选仪(德国Miltenyi公司)分选,负选去除CD45+免疫细胞。
使用0.4%台盼蓝溶液对细胞活性进行检测,细胞活性大于85%后方可进行上机测序。使用10×Genomics单细胞测序进行cDNA的扩增与文库构建及上机测序。通过10×Genomics测序得到的数据,进行生物信息学分析,基于10×标准输出文件创建Seurat对象,对原始数据进行清洗与质控后使用主成分分析将数据降维并在无监督的情况下进行聚类分析。采用统一流形逼近与投影(uniform manifold approximation and projection,UMAP)将数据可视化,根据以往文献报道的细胞群体标志基因[13-17]对所得到的主要细胞类群进行鉴定,其中T细胞为CD3E、上皮细胞为EPCAM、成纤维细胞为COL1A1、B细胞为CD79A、树突状细胞为ITGAX、巨噬细胞为LYZ、内皮细胞为CD34、平滑肌细胞为IGFBP4、血管平滑肌细胞为ACTA2,继而分析差异基因的表达,使用clusterProfiler包对差异表达基因进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析。
收集质量检测合格组的胸腺组织切片体外培养1、5、9和14 d的上清液,分析上清液分子标志物的蛋白水平变化趋势。收集质量检测合格组与质量检测不合格组胸腺组织切片体外培养1和14 d的上清液,比较质量检测合格组与不合格组的分子标志物蛋白水平差别。采用ELISA检测CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16、IL16、L-selectin的表达水平,操作步骤按试剂盒说明书进行,检测各孔450 nm处的光密度值[OD(450)],按照标准曲线计算实验结果。
实验所用Balb/c-nude雄性小鼠9只,6~8周龄,体质量14~17 g,购自成都药康生物科技有限公司[动物许可证号:SYXK(渝)022-0001],按照随机数字表法分为(n=3):质量检测合格组、质量检测不合格组和对照组。在陆军军医大学实验动物中心中饲养小鼠和进行手术移植。采用2%异氟烷对小鼠进行麻醉,在裸鼠后背形成1.0~1.5 cm的皮肤切口;移植体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片,质量检测合格组植入质量检测合格胸腺组织切片,质量检测不合格组植入质量检测不合格胸腺组织切片,对照组小鼠不移植胸腺组织切片;用可吸收缝合线缝合后背皮肤,以防止皮肤张开;移植手术结束后给予抗生素水喂养1周,自由饮水摄食,分笼饲养16周。所有实验方案已获得陆军军医大学动物伦理委员会的审批(AMUWEC20230393)。
取体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片,以及移植术后16周,2%异氟烷麻醉处理后,断颈处死小鼠并取移植部位组织,浸入4%多聚甲醛中固定,经脱水浸蜡、石蜡包埋、连续切片后,进行常规HE染色,检测胸腺组织切片以及移植物的组织结构。
移植术后16周小鼠的移植物进行石蜡切片的制备,制备过程同HE染色过程中的制片方法,切片厚度为3 μm,石蜡切片经65 ℃烤片、脱蜡、水化后,使用3%H2O2灭活内源性过氧化物酶,用10%山羊血清室温封闭1 h。4 ℃孵育CD3(1∶200)、CD4(1∶2 000)、CD8a(1∶2 000)、CK5(1∶100)、CK14(1∶800)过夜以及室温孵育二抗1 h后,用DAB显色试剂盒进行显色。苏木素染液复染细胞核,经0.5%盐酸乙醇分色、自来水冲洗返蓝、脱水后,滴加中性树脂封片,进行图像采集。
体外培养14 d的人胸腺组织切片消化后得到的单细胞悬液与抗体CD45、Epcam常温孵育15 min。孵育后的样品均用BD FACS LSRFortessaTMX-20流式细胞仪检测CD45+免疫细胞和Epcam+上皮细胞的比例。
胸腺组织切片移植小鼠16周后,采集裸鼠尾静脉血并与抗体CD3、CD8a、CD4、CD45、TCR-β常温孵育15 min。孵育后的样品均用BD FACS LSRFortessaTMX-20流式细胞仪检测CD3+TCR-β+T、CD4+T和CD8a+T细胞在CD45+细胞中的比例。
数据处理采用GraphPad Prism 10.0软件,符合正态分布的计量资料用x¯±s表示,每组实验至少重复3次。对于2组独立样本的计量资料的比较,使用独立样本t检验进行分析;对于组内不同时间点的计量资料的比较,采用重复测量的方差分析,使用Turkey检验进行第一个时间点与组内其余时间点的比较;对于多组独立样本的计量资料的比较,采用one-way ANOVA分析,并使用Turkey检验进行组间两两比较,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。利用SPSS 27.0软件绘制单一以及联合分子标志物的ROC曲线,构建Logistic回归方程对多种分子标志物进行联合评估,计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),判断单一及联合分子标志物的评估价值。
为了鉴定胸腺组织切片残余的细胞类型,对体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片进行了scRNA-seq(图1A)。通过酶消化获得单细胞悬液,其中2个样本使用磁珠负选以去除CD45+免疫细胞,使得Epcam+上皮细胞的比例从11.3%提高至47.0%(图1B)。UMAP分析显示胸腺组织切片主要由11类细胞群构成,包括T细胞、B细胞、自然杀伤T细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞、上皮细胞、成纤维细胞、平滑肌细胞和血管平滑肌细胞。未负选样本中,T细胞占比59.95%、上皮细胞占比7.20%、成纤维细胞占比14.16%(图1C),CD45+负选后的样本主要为上皮细胞和成纤维细胞(图1D)。图1E、F显示标记基因在特定细胞群体中高表达,进一步证明细胞注释的准确性。以上结果表明上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞是胸腺组织切片的主要组成细胞群体。
对上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞3个细胞群体,通过分子功能、细胞组分、生物过程数据库进行GO富集分析,结果显示,上皮细胞主要富集包括趋化作用、上皮细胞发育、细胞基质粘附、MHC-Ⅱ类蛋白复合体等条目(图2A);成纤维细胞主要富集包括细胞外基质组织、上皮细胞增殖、负向调控细胞迁移等条目(图2B);T细胞主要富集包括T细胞分化、T细胞活化的调控、T细胞凋亡等条目(图2C);同时将差异基因进行KEGG富集分析,上皮细胞主要与紧密连接、细胞粘附分子等条目相关(图2D);成纤维细胞主要与肌动蛋白细胞骨架调节、细胞外基质受体相互作用等条目相关(图2E);T细胞主要与T细胞受体信号、趋化因子信号等条目相关(图2F)。以上结果表明,体外培养能有效维持胸腺组织切片中上皮细胞和成纤维细胞的生物学功能,是胸腺功能重建的主效细胞。
为了筛选胸腺上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞功能的分子标志物,深度挖掘这3个细胞群体中分泌相关基因的表达,将与细胞因子产生相关的通路进行锚定,并从中筛选出46个基因。其中CCL19、CXCL16、CCL20、CCL21和MIF等17个基因主要在上皮细胞中表达;MMP1、IL6、FGF7、IGFBP5和CXCL12等16个基因主要在成纤维细胞中表达;IL16、TNFSF8、ITGB2和SELL等13个基因主要在T细胞中表达。结合胸腺组织切片培养上清液中细胞因子的功能,进一步从中筛选出了6个特征性基因:CCL19、CCL21、CXCL16、CXCL12、IL16和SELL作为胸腺功能的分子标志物(图3A)。UMAP图显示CCL21和CXCL16主要表达在上皮细胞,CXCL12特异表达在成纤维细胞,CCL19主要表达在上皮细胞,部分表达在成纤维细胞。IL16和SELL特异性表达在T细胞(图3B),以上结果提示这些分子标志物可望作为胸腺组织切片的功能指示物。
为了探究体外培养过程中分子标志物的动态变化,进一步检测了培养上清液中分子标志物的分泌情况。ELISA结果显示,CCL19、CCL21、CXCL16在第5、9和14天的含量均显著高于第1天(P<0.05,图4A~C),CXCL12在第9和14天的含量均显著高于第1天(P<0.05,图4D),IL16在培养第5、9和14天的含量均显著低于第1天(P<0.01),L-selectin(SELL表达分泌的蛋白)在培养第9和14天的含量显著低于第1天(P<0.05,图4E、F)。以上结果表明,伴随体外培养,上清液中CCL21、CCL19、CXCL16和CXCL12的分泌量呈上升趋势,而IL16和L-selectin的分泌量呈下降趋势。
为了验证分子标志物对胸腺组织切片质量的评估效能,依据组织学检测将体外培养14 d的胸腺组织切片分为质量检测合格组和质量检测不合格组,其中质量检测合格组的胸腺组织切片T细胞清除率达90%以上,上皮网络保存完整;而质量检测不合格组的胸腺组织切片出现无胸腺小体、局部组织坏死或者核溶解等现象(图5A)。ELISA检测结果显示,体外培养1 d时,质量检测合格组分泌的IL16和L-selectin显著高于质量检测不合格组(P<0.01)。体外培养14 d时,质量检测合格组分泌的CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16显著高于质量检测不合格组(P<0.01,图5B)。
进一步使用ROC曲线分析分子标志物对胸腺组织切片的质量评估价值。体外培养1 d时,IL16、L-selectin的AUC分别为0.792和0.805,评估价值较高(AUC>0.7,P<0.05),建立Logistic回归方程进行联合评估,纳入IL16(X1)与L-selectin(X2)为协变量,评估公式为Logit(P)=0.001 0X1-0.000 3X2-3.891 0,将2个协变量拟合成联合评估因子Pre1,其AUC为0.883,拟合因子Pre1大于截断值提示胸腺组织切片的质量合格(表1,图5C);体外培养14 d时,单个分子标志物CCL19、CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL16的AUC为0.818、0.870、0.792、0.805,评估价值较高,建立Logistic回归方程进行联合评估,纳入CCL19(X1)、CCL21(X2)、CXCL12(X3)、CXCL16(X4)为协变量,评估公式为Logit(P)=0.001X1+0.005X2-0.001X3+0.004X4-42.803,将4个协变量拟合成联合评估因子Pre2,其AUC为0.948,拟合因子Pre2大于截断值提示胸腺组织切片的质量合格(表2,图5D)。
将基于分子标志物联合评估得到的质量检测合格与不合格的胸腺组织切片分别移植至裸鼠皮下,比较其在裸鼠体内的免疫力重建效果。术后第16周,移植质量检测合格胸腺组织切片的裸鼠,其外周血中CD3+TCR-β+T、CD4+T和CD8a+T淋巴细胞的比例显著高于对照组与质量检测不合格组(P<0.01);移植质量检测不合格胸腺组织切片的裸鼠,其外周血中CD3+TCR-β+T细胞的比例与对照组无差异(图6A)。移植部位的组织学检测显示,质量检测合格组的胸腺组织切片在移植部位发育成完整的胸腺结构,移植部位有网状分布的人CK5+和CK14+上皮细胞,以及大量鼠T淋巴细胞形成的聚集区;而质量检测不合格组的胸腺组织切片在移植部位脂肪化,无法形成胸腺结构,未检测到人的上皮细胞和鼠的T淋巴细胞(图6B)。以上结果表明,只有分子标志物评估合格的胸腺组织切片能在裸鼠体内发育成胸腺结构,并重建裸鼠的T细胞发育。
本研究利用scRNA-seq鉴定了体外培养胸腺组织切片中残余的细胞类型和生物学功能。结果显示上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和T细胞是胸腺组织切片体外培养后期的主要细胞群体。先前的研究显示:上皮细胞不仅构成胸腺的微环境,同时诱导T细胞的发育和成熟[18-19],其中皮质区上皮细胞调控T细胞的谱系分化和阳性选择[20],髓质区上皮细胞则参与T细胞的阴性选择和建立中枢免疫耐受[21]。本研究发现上皮细胞的差异基因GO富集到细胞基质粘附、上皮细胞发育、趋化作用和MHC-Ⅱ类蛋白复合体条目,表明:①体外培养能有效维持胸腺组织切片中的上皮细胞的活性和功能;②移植的胸腺组织切片能趋化胸腺前体细胞定植,并提供胸腺T细胞发育的信号。同时,胸腺组织切片中存在大量的成纤维细胞。作为重要的胸腺基质细胞,成纤维细胞参与调控胸腺上皮细胞的发育、胸腺细胞的迁移和T细胞的免疫耐受[22]。本研究发现胸腺成纤维细胞的GO富集到上皮细胞增殖和负向调控细胞迁移条目,提示胸腺组织切片移植后,成纤维细胞可能通过与上皮细胞互作,共同促进胸腺功能的重建。
此外,本研究发现胸腺组织切片存在较高比例的T细胞,但是T细胞的GO富集到T细胞凋亡相关的条目,说明残余T细胞正处于凋亡状态。先前临床试验显示残余的T细胞并不影响胸腺组织切片在体内的重建,提示切片中残余的T细胞和细胞碎片可能被受体的吞噬细胞清除[23],移植后其在受者体内产生移植物抗宿主病的风险也很低。
IL16由T淋巴细胞分泌,可激活T淋巴细胞的增殖[24],L-selectin是一种组成性表达于发育中和幼稚T细胞上的Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,其在细胞粘附和迁移过程中脱落[25-26],并重新表达在膜表面[27],过往研究表明上清液中L-selectin的含量与培养期间胸腺组织切片的T细胞的数量有关[28]。本研究发现培养上清液中IL16和L-selectin的蛋白水平随体外培养过程显著降低,提示这2个分子标志物具有双重价值,在培养早期可作为评估胸腺原料的标志物,在培养晚期可作为预测胸腺T细胞清除程度和活力下降的生物标志物。体外培养1 d时,质量检测合格与不合格的胸腺组织切片的上清液IL16和L-selectin水平有显著差异,证明其在培养早期有评估胸腺原料质量的潜力。但在体外培养14 d时,质量检测合格与不合格的胸腺组织切片的上清液IL16和L-selectin水平无显著差异,推测可能是由于后期合格品中T细胞被大量清除,同时不合格品中T细胞因为凋亡大量减少,导致两组中IL16和L-selectin的含量均显著降低,因此这2个因子对14 d的胸腺组织切片的评估价值不高。
CXCL12作为胸腺成纤维细胞的分子标志物,其主要将CD4+CD8+双阳性阶段的未成熟T细胞保留在皮层,参与阳性选择过程[29-30]。胸腺上皮细胞分泌的CCL19和CCL21可通过趋化作用将CD4+CD8+双阳性阶段的未成熟T细胞转移至髓质经历阴性选择[30-32]。CXCL16仅在胸腺髓质上皮细胞表达[30],在T细胞发育中的作用尚不清楚。本研究发现体外培养14 d时,4个因子对胸腺组织切片质量进行评估,AUC均>0.7,且联合后评估价值最高,AUC>0.9,证明联合标志物评估能更准确地评价胸腺组织切片成品中上皮细胞和成纤维细胞的功能。进一步通过裸鼠皮下移植模型证明了评估体系的可靠性,上述评估方法可规避传统组织学诊断存在的破坏样品、消耗胸腺切片以及采样误差等问题,对未来临床上快速准确地进行移植前质量评估具有重要意义。
综上所述,本研究通过scRNA-seq揭示胸腺组织切片中上皮细胞、成纤维细胞、T细胞是主要组成细胞,联合CCL19、CCL21、CXCL16和CXCL12检测对胸腺组织切片成品质量的评估价值较高,联合IL16和L-selectin可作为评估胸腺原料质量的潜在指标,本研究为建立胸腺组织切片的分子标志物评估体系提供了重要的思路。

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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501044
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
  • 修回日期:2025-03-18
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    1南方医科大学基础医学院免疫学教研室,广东 广州
    2重庆国际免疫研究院,重庆
    3重庆理工大学药学与生物工程学院,重庆;重庆医科大学附属儿童医院
    4风湿免疫科
    5心胸外科,重庆
    6陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)基础医学院免疫学教研室,重庆

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吴玉章,E-mail:
冯泽清,E-mail:
WU Yuzhang,E-mail:
FENG Zeqing,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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