Article(id=1322211191221498716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=1737820800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169313483, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169313483, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169313483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169313483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210968248107603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='9', pageStart='893', pageEnd='1028', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169260321, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325292291, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865413818536368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210968248107603, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=912, endPage=921, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322211191607374685, articleId=1322211191221498716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Interaction between a novel antimicrobial compound HL-J6 and Staphylococcus aureus PBP1, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To investigate the interaction between a novel antimicrobial compound, HL-J6, and penicillin-binding protein 1 (PBP1) of Staphylococcus aureus.

Methods‍

With MRSA252 genomic DNA as the template and PBP1F and PBP1R as primers, the expression plasmid pET30a-pbp1-39-608 was constructed by amplifying the target gene fragment followed by cloning into the Nde I/Xho I restriction sites of the pET30a vector. Then the obtained plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli for the expression of PBP1-39-608 protein, and the product was purified by affinity chromatography. The inhibitory effect of HL-J6 on the transpeptidase activity of PBP1-39-608 was measured using peptidoglycan side chain backbone peptide, with thiol ester analog S2d as the substrate. The affinity between HL-J6 and PBP1-39-608 was detected using microscale thermophoresis (MST), and the binding interaction was confirmed by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Molecular docking and dynamics simulation were performed using AutoDock Vina and Desmond software, respectively, to elucidate the binding mode of HL-J6 with the PBP1-39-608 protein and the key amino acid residues involved.

Results‍

The recombinant plasmid pET30a-pbp1-39-608 was successfully constructed, and PBP1-39-608 protein was produced after induction and purified, yielding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 65×103. HL-J6 inhibited the transpeptidase activity of PBP1-39-608 in a time-dependent manner (P<0.001). The dissociation constant Kd of the binding between HL-J6 and PBP1-39-608 was 64.92 µmol/L. Molecular docking results showed that HL-J6 bound to the active pocket of PBP1-39-608 by interacting with key residues such as ILE-348, ASN-370, THR-516 and PHE-423, with a binding score of -8.38 kcal/mol (<-5.00 kcal/mol). Dynamics simulation results indicated that the complex became stable after 50 ns.

Conclusion‍

HL-J6 effectively inhibits the transpeptidase activity of Staphylococcus aureus PBP1, and shows stable interaction with the protein.

, authors=Mingqi XU1, 2, Xiangrui SHI3, 4, Wei LIU4, Hao DUAN1, Jing WEI1, Yan DENG2, Yue JIANG2, Yingying GAO1, 5, Haibo LI2, authorsList=Mingqi XU, Xiangrui SHI, Wei LIU, Hao DUAN, Jing WEI, Yan DENG, Yue JIANG, Yingying GAO, Haibo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingying GAO, Haibo LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322211197349376880, articleId=1322211191221498716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=新型抗菌化合物HL-J6与金黄色葡萄球菌PBP1的相互作用研究, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究新型抗菌化合物HL-J6与金黄色葡萄球菌青霉素结合蛋白1(penicillin-binding protein 1,PBP1)的相互作用。

方法

以MRSA252基因组DNA为模板,PBP1F/R为上下游引物,以Nde I/Xho I为酶切位点构建表达质粒pET30a-pbp1-39-608。将质粒转入大肠杆菌中进行表达并通过亲和层析纯化获得PBP1-39-608蛋白;利用肽聚糖侧链主干肽的硫酯类似物S2d作为底物,测定HL-J6对PBP1-39-608转肽酶活性的抑制作用;用微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis,MST)检测HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的亲和力,并通过细胞热转移实验(cell thermal shift assay,CETSA)确证结合作用;分别利用AutoDock Vina和Desmond软件进行分子对接和动力学模拟,明确HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白的结合模式和关键氨基酸残基。

结果

成功构建pET30a-pbp1-39-608重组质粒,诱导表达后,经纯化获得相对分子质量约为65×103的PBP1-39-608蛋白;HL-J6可呈时间依赖性抑制PBP1-39-608的转肽酶活性(P<0.001);HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的结合解离常数Kd约为64.92 µmol/L;分子对接结果显示HL-J6通过与ILE-348、ASN-370、THR-516、PHE-423等主要氨基酸残基相互作用结合在PBP1-39-608的活性口袋,结合评分为-8.38 kcal/mol(<-5.00 kcal/mol);动力学模拟结果显示二者结合后50 ns趋于稳定。

结论

HL-J6可显著抑制金黄色葡萄球菌PBP1的转肽酶活性,并与其存在稳定的相互作用。

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高英英,E-mail:
李海波,E-mail:
GAO Yingying,E-mail:
LI Haibo,E-mail:
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1:pET30a-pbp1-39-608经过Nde I/Xho I双酶切产物;2:重组质粒pET30a-pbp1-39-608;M:DNA分子量标准

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A:PBP1-39-608蛋白诱导表达及破菌后初次离心 M:蛋白质分子量标准;1:未诱导菌对照;2~4:分别为37、25、16 ℃ IPTG诱导后菌沉淀;5~7:分别为37、25、16 ℃ 破菌以5 000 r/min离心后沉淀;8~10:分别为37、25、16 ℃ 破菌以5 000 r/min离心后上清;B:PBP1-39-608蛋白破菌后第2次离心 M:蛋白质分子量标准;1~3:分别为37、25、16 ℃ 破菌以12 000 r/min离心后沉淀;4~6:分别为37、25、16 ℃ 破菌以12 000 r/min离心后上清

, figureFileSmall=2czul0ORdygrtRUSaKSAAw==, figureFileBig=htB4glnYa1rxcrNEoOBsBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208300704711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vn4bYT3kk11o+emwHavCBA==, figureFileBig=LdPlcv6K2V3waHgXu/95vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208376202184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PBP1-39-608蛋白的纯化

A:PBP1-39-608蛋白的镍柱纯化 M:蛋白质分子量标准;1~9:分别为25、40、60、80、100、200、300、500、1 000 mmol/L咪唑洗脱液;B:PBP1-39-608蛋白浓缩超滤后蛋白 M:蛋白质分子量标准;1:最终的蛋白

, figureFileSmall=vn4bYT3kk11o+emwHavCBA==, figureFileBig=LdPlcv6K2V3waHgXu/95vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208451699657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sQmKJb3eijfq4WeuGlmTpw==, figureFileBig=dA4bhhyg9zZYPFecO7G5gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208518808522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=CN, label=图4, caption=HL-J6对PBP1-39-608蛋白转肽酶活性的抑制作用

a:P<0.001,与PBP1+S2d组比较A:HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白不同孵育时间下0 min时吸光度检测;B:HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白不同孵育时间下90 min时吸光度检测;C:HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白共孵育90 min后在0、30、60和90 min时吸光度检测

, figureFileSmall=sQmKJb3eijfq4WeuGlmTpw==, figureFileBig=dA4bhhyg9zZYPFecO7G5gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208594305995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZvNTnwc1OORivs+Fev69Fg==, figureFileBig=nwISqN93plTVJdEUGQN3gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208678192076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=CN, label=图5, caption=HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白亲和力测试

A:MST检测结果 红色框:Kd值和信噪比;B:CETSA检测HL-J6对PBP1-39-608蛋白热稳定性的影响

, figureFileSmall=ZvNTnwc1OORivs+Fev69Fg==, figureFileBig=nwISqN93plTVJdEUGQN3gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208753689549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hHHvOZ2KQRTl/w1tJXG12Q==, figureFileBig=fQiDXnIXbhe8YR0etRcFRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322211208829187022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322211191221498716, language=CN, label=图6, caption=HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白分子对接

A:HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白分子对接三维展示图;B:HL-J6与 PBP1-39-608蛋白分子对接二维展示图

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A:RMSD图;B:HL-J6的RMSF图;C:PBP1-39-608蛋白的RMSF图;D:HL-J6 与PBP1-39-608蛋白的动力学模拟的相互作用图

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新型抗菌化合物HL-J6与金黄色葡萄球菌PBP1的相互作用研究
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徐铭琦 1, 2 , 史祥睿 3, 4 , 刘威 4 , 段浩 1 , 魏静 1 , 邓炎 2 , 江悦 2 , 高英英 1, 5 , 李海波 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(9): 912-921
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (9) : 912 -921
新型抗菌化合物HL-J6与金黄色葡萄球菌PBP1的相互作用研究
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徐铭琦1, 2, 史祥睿3, 4, 刘威4, 段浩1, 魏静1, 邓炎2, 江悦2, 高英英1, 5 , 李海波2
作者信息
  • 1佳木斯大学临床医学院,黑龙江佳木斯;陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)
  • 2药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心
  • 3重庆大学药学院,重庆
  • 4全军免疫学研究所,重庆
  • 5重庆医科大学附属巴南医院检验科,重庆
通讯作者:
高英英,E-mail:
李海波,E-mail:
GAO Yingying,E-mail:
LI Haibo,E-mail:
Interaction between a novel antimicrobial compound HL-J6 and Staphylococcus aureus PBP1
Mingqi XU1, 2, Xiangrui SHI3, 4, Wei LIU4, Hao DUAN1, Jing WEI1, Yan DENG2, Yue JIANG2, Yingying GAO1, 5 , Haibo LI2
Affiliations
  • 1Clinical Medical College,Jiamusi University,Jiamusi,Heilongjiang
  • 2Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy,National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products,Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine
  • 3School of Pharmacy,Chongqing University,Chongqing
  • 4Institute of Immunology,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 5Department of Clinical Laboratory,Banan Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501023
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目的

探究新型抗菌化合物HL-J6与金黄色葡萄球菌青霉素结合蛋白1(penicillin-binding protein 1,PBP1)的相互作用。

方法

以MRSA252基因组DNA为模板,PBP1F/R为上下游引物,以Nde I/Xho I为酶切位点构建表达质粒pET30a-pbp1-39-608。将质粒转入大肠杆菌中进行表达并通过亲和层析纯化获得PBP1-39-608蛋白;利用肽聚糖侧链主干肽的硫酯类似物S2d作为底物,测定HL-J6对PBP1-39-608转肽酶活性的抑制作用;用微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis,MST)检测HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的亲和力,并通过细胞热转移实验(cell thermal shift assay,CETSA)确证结合作用;分别利用AutoDock Vina和Desmond软件进行分子对接和动力学模拟,明确HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白的结合模式和关键氨基酸残基。

结果

成功构建pET30a-pbp1-39-608重组质粒,诱导表达后,经纯化获得相对分子质量约为65×103的PBP1-39-608蛋白;HL-J6可呈时间依赖性抑制PBP1-39-608的转肽酶活性(P<0.001);HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的结合解离常数Kd约为64.92 µmol/L;分子对接结果显示HL-J6通过与ILE-348、ASN-370、THR-516、PHE-423等主要氨基酸残基相互作用结合在PBP1-39-608的活性口袋,结合评分为-8.38 kcal/mol(<-5.00 kcal/mol);动力学模拟结果显示二者结合后50 ns趋于稳定。

结论

HL-J6可显著抑制金黄色葡萄球菌PBP1的转肽酶活性,并与其存在稳定的相互作用。

金黄色葡萄球菌  /  青霉素结合蛋白  /  HL-J6  /  重组蛋白  /  相互作用
Objective‍

To investigate the interaction between a novel antimicrobial compound, HL-J6, and penicillin-binding protein 1 (PBP1) of Staphylococcus aureus.

Methods‍

With MRSA252 genomic DNA as the template and PBP1F and PBP1R as primers, the expression plasmid pET30a-pbp1-39-608 was constructed by amplifying the target gene fragment followed by cloning into the Nde I/Xho I restriction sites of the pET30a vector. Then the obtained plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli for the expression of PBP1-39-608 protein, and the product was purified by affinity chromatography. The inhibitory effect of HL-J6 on the transpeptidase activity of PBP1-39-608 was measured using peptidoglycan side chain backbone peptide, with thiol ester analog S2d as the substrate. The affinity between HL-J6 and PBP1-39-608 was detected using microscale thermophoresis (MST), and the binding interaction was confirmed by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Molecular docking and dynamics simulation were performed using AutoDock Vina and Desmond software, respectively, to elucidate the binding mode of HL-J6 with the PBP1-39-608 protein and the key amino acid residues involved.

Results‍

The recombinant plasmid pET30a-pbp1-39-608 was successfully constructed, and PBP1-39-608 protein was produced after induction and purified, yielding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 65×103. HL-J6 inhibited the transpeptidase activity of PBP1-39-608 in a time-dependent manner (P<0.001). The dissociation constant Kd of the binding between HL-J6 and PBP1-39-608 was 64.92 µmol/L. Molecular docking results showed that HL-J6 bound to the active pocket of PBP1-39-608 by interacting with key residues such as ILE-348, ASN-370, THR-516 and PHE-423, with a binding score of -8.38 kcal/mol (<-5.00 kcal/mol). Dynamics simulation results indicated that the complex became stable after 50 ns.

Conclusion‍

HL-J6 effectively inhibits the transpeptidase activity of Staphylococcus aureus PBP1, and shows stable interaction with the protein.

Staphylococcus aureus  /  penicillin-binding proteins  /  HL-J6  /  recombinant protein  /  interaction
徐铭琦, 史祥睿, 刘威, 段浩, 魏静, 邓炎, 江悦, 高英英, 李海波. 新型抗菌化合物HL-J6与金黄色葡萄球菌PBP1的相互作用研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (9) : 912 -921 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501023
Mingqi XU, Xiangrui SHI, Wei LIU, Hao DUAN, Jing WEI, Yan DENG, Yue JIANG, Yingying GAO, Haibo LI. Interaction between a novel antimicrobial compound HL-J6 and Staphylococcus aureus PBP1[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (9) : 912 -921 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501023
金黄色葡萄球菌作为一种革兰氏阳性菌,对人和多种动物均具有广泛的致病性,能够引发一系列轻重不等的感染性疾病。该菌的感染范围从皮肤及软组织的中度炎症(如疖、痈和蜂窝织炎)到严重系统性感染(如肺炎、菌血症和败血症)的多种临床表现,其中系统性感染在病情严重时可引发致命[1-2]。2023年全国细菌耐药监测报告中显示,金黄色葡萄球菌在革兰氏阳性菌检出率中占据首位,占革兰氏阳性菌的32.9%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)全国平均检出率为29.1%,比2022年上升了0.2%,对人类健康构成了较大威胁[3]。鉴于其高度的环境适应能力和日益增强的抗药性,金黄色葡萄球菌被世界卫生组织列为高度优先病原体[4]。因此,迫切需要发现新的靶点和药物来对抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染。
在前期工作中,本课题组从四川大学华西药学院何菱教授团队合成的一系列新型吲哚苯醌类化合物中筛选到编号为HL-J6的化合物对MRSA具有较强的抗菌活性[5],并对其安全性进行了初步评价。此外,HL-J6在体外表现出强大的抗生物膜活性,且能够杀死生物膜内的MRSA。在皮肤感染的小鼠模型中,HL-J6治疗显著降低了创伤部位MRSA的菌载量,并抑制了伤口处生物膜的形成[6]。通过转录组学、突变菌株测序等技术,本课题组发现,HL-J6对MRSA细胞壁的肽聚糖合成具有抑制作用,且对编码PBP1蛋白的pbpA基因突变的金黄色葡萄球菌对HL-J6具有一定的抵抗作用[7]。
细胞壁对维持金黄色葡萄球菌存活至关重要,肽聚糖是其细胞壁的主要成分。青霉素结合蛋白(penicillin-binding proteins,PBPs)是肽聚糖合成的关键酶类,在甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌中,已经发现了PBP1、PBP2、PBP3和PBP4共4种PBPs[8],在MRSA中还发现有PBP2a,其存在是MRSA对甲氧西林及其他β-内酰胺类抗生素产生耐药性的关键原因之一[9-10]。PBP1蛋白具有转肽酶活性,在金黄色葡萄球菌的细胞周期中起双重作用,它既是细胞分隔中的必需蛋白,又是一种在细胞分裂末期产生关键信号的酶。PBP1可定位在隔膜处,它的缺失会造成细菌体积异常增大、扭曲的轴比和具有完整隔膜的细胞数目的缺乏,阻碍细菌的生长存活[11]。PBP1是一种含有744个氨基酸的多结构域蛋白质,包括N端胞质片段(氨基酸1-11)、跨膜片段(氨基酸12-38)、底座结构域(氨基酸39-244)、转肽酶结构域(氨基酸245-585)、2个PASTA结构域(氨基酸586-713)和C端尾部片段(氨基酸714-744)[12]。PBP1-39-608结构含有转肽酶结构域,具有转肽酶活性,可介导PBP1与肽聚糖的结合[13]。本研究通过体外表达纯化PBP1-39-608蛋白,初步探索HL-J6与金黄色葡萄球菌PBP1的相互作用,为深入阐明HL-J6抗金黄色葡萄球菌的机制奠定基础。
MRSA252标准株(Taxon identifier 282458)购自美国模式培养物集存库(American Type Culture Collection,ATCC)。
Nde Ⅰ酶、Xho Ⅰ酶均购自日本TaKaRa公司,E.coli BL21(DE3)、E.coli DH5α感受态细胞购自北京全式金生物技术有限公司,PBS缓冲液粉末(pH=7.3)购自白鲨生物科技有限公司,DNA Marker Ⅲ分子量标准购自天根生物公司,胰蛋白胨、酵母提取物、硫酸卡那霉素、NaCl、Tris、咪唑、IPTG购自上海生工生物公司,预染蛋白分子量标准(Marker)、ECL发光液购自美国赛默飞公司,SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液(5×)、Tween-20购自碧云天生物公司,SDS-PAGE凝胶配制试剂盒购自达科为生物公司,瞬蓝显色液购自钟鼎生物公司,His(Ni-NTA)亲和层析柱填料购自西安蓝晓科技公司,HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG购自中杉金桥公司,PVDF膜购自瑞士Roche公司,S2d、磷酸氢二钾、4,4'-二吡啶基二硫购自麦克林公司,RED-tris-NTA蛋白标记试剂盒购自德国NanoTemper公司。
提取MRSA252菌株的基因组DNA,使用上游引物:5'-GAGATATACATATGACCGGTCATAGTAATG-3'(下划线为NdeⅠ酶切位点)和下游引物:5'-TGGTGG-TGCTCGAGTTAATGGTGATGATGA-3'(下划线为XhoⅠ酶切位点)进行PCR扩增获得目的基因片段,将目的基因片段与pET30a载体连接,使用DNA连接酶在16 ℃条件下孵育12~16 h,连接酶切产物,而后转入E.coli DH5α感受态细胞,涂布于50 µg/mL LB固体平板并在37 ℃培养12~16 h,次日挑取单菌落进行增菌培养后,提取质粒,进行Nde I/ Xho I双酶切验证,将电泳结果中可见目的基因片段的相应质粒进行DNA测序。
将验证正确的重组质粒(命名为pET30a-pbp1-39-608)转入E.coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,接种在含有50 µg/mL的硫酸卡那霉素的LB固体平板,37 ℃培养12~16 h。第2日挑取单菌落接种至含有40 µg/mL的硫酸卡那霉素的LB液体培养基中,在37 ℃下以220 r/min振摇12~16 h。以1∶100的体积比例进行二次活化至D(600)值为0.6~0.8,加入终浓度为0.2 mmol/L的IPTG进行诱导,其中1瓶37 ℃、220 r/min振摇6 h,另外2瓶分别放入25、16 ℃的摇床中,220 r/min振摇12~16 h。离心收集菌体,裂解缓冲液(PBS,10%甘油,0.5 mol/L NaCl)重悬后超声30 min,在4 ℃下以5 000 r/min离心15 min,除去细胞碎片,以12 000 r/min在4 ℃下离心30 min,除去不溶性蛋白,分别取沉淀和上清进行SDS-PAGE电泳,分析PBP1-39-608重组蛋白的表达形式。
收获1.3.2获得的最佳诱导条件下表达的破菌上清液,上样前先用裂解缓冲液平衡好His(Ni-NTA)亲和层析柱,蛋白上清液与填料充分结合后,用25、40、60、80、100、200、300、500 、1 000 mmol/L的咪唑溶液洗脱杂带和目的蛋白,SDS-PAGE电泳进行检测,将仅含有单一目的条带的组分混合后,使用超滤管将蛋白溶液中的洗脱液替换为PBS,SDS-PAGE电泳检测蛋白纯度后,冻于-80 ℃冰箱进行长期保存。
根据ZHAO等[14]的方法,利用金黄色葡萄球菌肽聚糖侧链主干肽的硫酯类似物S2d作底物,测定PBP1-39-608的转肽酶活性,在终浓度为52 mmol/L的磷酸氢二钾缓冲液(pH=7.0)中,加入终浓度为0.8 mmol/L的4,4'-二吡啶基二硫、2.0 mmol/L化学合成的S2d、50 µg PBP1-39-608和80 µmol/L的HL-J6,在37 ℃孵育相应的时间后,检测各样品吸光度值[A(325)]。
按照RED-tris-NTA 蛋白标记试剂盒的使用说明对200 nmol/L的PBP1-39-608蛋白进行荧光标记。在相互作用测定中,将RED-tris-NTA标记的PBP1-39-608蛋白(50 nmol/L)与梯度稀释的HL-J6(150.0、75.0、18.8、9.4、4.7 µmol/L)在含有0.01 mol/L PBS和0.05% Tween-20的缓冲液中孵育10 min,将样品装入MST标准处理过的二氧化硅玻璃毛细管(MonolithTM NT.115 Series Capillaries,MO-K022)中。在25 ℃下,用微量热泳动仪(NanoTemper Monolith NT.115 system)使用恒定的40%LED/激发功率和中等MST功率进行检测。每次亲和度测定均重复3次。数据采用MO. Affinity Analysis软件进行分析。
PBP1-39-608蛋白稀释成20 µg/mL,分成2组,分别用HL-J6或 DMSO 处理,在室温孵育 1 h,将每组上清液分成9管,每管20 µL,分别在不同温度下孵育5 min。蛋白的温度梯度为37、42、47、52、57、62、67、72 ℃。然后立即浸入冰浴中孵育3 min。将样品在4 ℃下,以12 000 r/min离心20 min,以去除不溶性物质,得到上清液。所有样品通过SDS-PAGE电泳,电泳结束后,230 mA恒流湿法转移至活化好的PVDF膜上,加入5%脱脂奶粉封闭液室温2 h,TBST清洗3次后,加入PBP1-39-608抗体(1∶1 000),4 ℃振摇过夜,第2日TBST洗膜3次后加入HRP标记山羊抗小鼠IgG作为二抗(1∶5 000)室温孵育1 h,再用TBST洗膜后添加ECL化学发光试剂进行显色,使用成像系统显影并获取图像。
将HL-J6导入ChemBio3D Ultra 21.0.0.28进行能量最小化,将Minimum RMS Gradient设置为0.001,将小分子保存为“.pdbqt”格式。在PDB数据库(https://www.rcsb.org)下载目的蛋白的晶体结构,导入PyMol 2.3.0[15]去除蛋白结晶水、原始配体等,将HL-J6和蛋白结构分别导入AutoDockTools 1.5.6进行加氢、计算电荷、分配电荷、指定原子类型并保存为“.pdbqt”格式。
把准备好的受体和配体的“.pdbqt”格式文件导入AutoDockTools 1.5.6,设置对接盒子,利用AutoDockVina 1.2进行分子对接,计算对接结合能并使用PyMol 2.3.0和Discovery Studio软件对分析结果进行作用力分析和可视化。
使用Desmond软件进行分子动力学模拟,采用OPLS_2005力场。溶剂分子采用简单点电荷模型,加入Na+或Cl-以中和模拟体系电量,盒子的Buffer值设置为10⁻¹⁰ m。
在进行动力学模拟之前,对体系进行了能量最小化,在正则系综(简称NVT系综)下缓慢升温至300 K,温度控制采用Berendsen方法,运行2 ns,在等温等压系综(简称NPT系综)下平衡2 ns;在NPT系综下,温度300 K,压力10⁵ Pa,温度控制采用Nose-Hoover chain恒温方法,压力控制采用Martyna-Tobias-Klein恒压方法,进行200 ns的动力学模拟。
采用 GraphPad Prism 10.0进行统计学分析,数据表示为x¯±s,两组数据之间的比较采用t检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
构建表达质粒pET30a-pbp1-39-608后,质粒经双酶切鉴定,片段分子量与预期(1 743 bp)相符(图1),表明重组表达质粒构建成功。
设定IPTG的终浓度为0.2 mmol/L,分别在37、25和16 ℃ 3个温度条件下进行诱导表达。通过SDS-PAGE电泳检测可以观察到诱导后在分子量约65×103处出现目的蛋白条带(图2A),超声破菌后分别取其离心后的上清及沉淀进行SDS-PAGE检测,结果显示,16 ℃温度条件下上清中的可溶性目的蛋白含量最多(图2B),因此选用IPTG终浓度0.2 mmol/L、16 ℃条件进行后续的蛋白表达。
含重组质粒pET30a-pbp1-39-608的转化菌在IPTG终浓度0.2 mmol/L、16 ℃条件下诱导过夜,破菌后通过His(Ni-NTA)亲和层析柱纯化,将各浓度梯度下的咪唑洗脱液进行SDS-PAGE检测,混合含有目标蛋白的洗脱液,用PBS缓冲液进行超滤浓缩换液(图3A),得到可溶性PBP1-39-608蛋白。浓缩后的蛋白经灰度扫描计算其纯度超过95%,浓度约为2.5 mg/mL(图3B)。
以金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁主肽链结构的类似物S2d作为底物,检测HL-J6对PBP1-39-608转肽酶活性的抑制作用。进行PBP1-39-608蛋白与HL-J6预孵育时间的摸索,将二者分别在37 ℃预孵育0、30、60、90、120 min,在预孵育后的第0分钟和第90分钟检测325 nm处吸光度值的变化。经过不同时间的预孵育,在0 min时PBP1+S2d+HL-J6组与PBP1+S2d组吸光度值均没有差异(图4A),且预孵育时间为0和30 min的PBP1+S2d+HL-J6组与PBP1+S2d组之间吸光度值仍然没有差异,然而预孵育60、90、120 min后测得PBP1+S2d+HL-J6组与PBP1+S2d组的吸光度值均有显著差异(P<0.001,图4B),说明HL-J6能够抑制PBP1-39-608蛋白的转肽酶活性。考虑到孵育120 min可能会造成PBP1-39-608蛋白的降解和酶活力下降,最终选用90 min作为优选的预孵育时间。PBP1-39-608蛋白与HL-J6预孵育90 min后,加入S2d,分别在0、30、60、90 min时检测其吸光度值,测定时间为30、60、90 min时PBP1+S2d+HL-J6组与PBP1+S2d组相比均具有显著差异(P<0.001,图4C),说明HL-J6能够呈时间依赖性抑制PBP1-39-608蛋白的转肽酶活性。
本次测试信噪比可达约为28.99(图5A),因此认定此数据可信度高。MST检测结果显示HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的结合解离常数Kd约为64.92 µmol/L,表明二者存在中等强度的亲和力。进一步,利用CETSA实验验证二者的结合作用,与DMSO组相比,HL-J6组能够增强PBP1-39-608蛋白对高温的稳定性,且在72 ℃最为显著(图5B),说明HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白能够直接结合以增加其稳定性。
2.5结果表明HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白具有中等强度的亲和力,但二者结合的模式尚不明确。因此,本研究通过分子对接技术预测HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白的结合位点。通常,如果结合能<-5.00 kcal/mol,表明二者可稳定结合,研究的对接结果显示,其对接评分为-8.38 kcal/mol,提示二者具有较好的结合能力。对接结果显示,HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的ILE-348、THR-420形成了疏水相互作用,与SER-349、ASN-370形成多对氢键,与PHE-423形成了π-Stacking相互作用,与LYS-317形成了π-Cation相互作用(图6A)。同时,采用Discovery Studio软件中receptor-ligand interaction模块分析也提示HL-J6主要与ASN-370、PHE-423、ILE-348和THR-516 等氨基酸残基存在相互作用(图6B)。以上结果提示,HL-J6通过稳定结合在PBP1-39-608蛋白的活性口袋,从而抑制其转肽酶活性。为了确定对接模型的可靠性,本研究将此对接构象作为后续分子动力学模拟的初始构象进行了进一步研究。
基于分子对接结果,进行了200 ns的分子动力学模拟来验证HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白对接模型的可靠性以及二者可能的动态作用关系。通过计算模拟200 ns时间内蛋白的均方根偏差(root mean square deviation,RMSD)值来评估对接模型的稳定性,HL-J6与PBP1-39-608复合结构在50 ns后趋于稳定(图7A)。通过分别计算HL-J6和PBP1-39-608蛋白质残基的均方根波动(root mean square fluctuation,RMSF),揭示氨基酸残基的波动性(图7B、C)。蛋白中有少部分氨基酸构象波动较大(图7C),其主要原因是该部分氨基酸位于蛋白的loop区,本身柔性大且直接暴露在溶剂中,无法与其他部分形成持久的相互作用;蛋白的大部分氨基酸残基构象变化较小,说明蛋白结构在动力学模拟期间较稳定。在动力学模拟过程中,HL-J6稳定地结合在PBP1-39-608活性口袋,说明分子对接模型可靠,可以反映HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的结合模式,且ILE-348、ASN-370、PHE-423和THR-516是HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白结合的主要氨基酸残基(图7D)。
近年来,金黄色葡萄球菌作为一种关键的病原菌,具有一系列毒力因子和对大多数抗生素产生耐药性的能力而备受关注。因新耐药克隆的不断出现,使金黄色葡萄球菌成为“超级细菌”[16-18]。此外,COVID-19大流行导致了金黄色葡萄球菌感染的患病率显著增加[19]。鉴于耐药性问题日益严峻,研发具有创新作用机制的杀菌药物以有效对抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染,已成为当前医学研究与临床实践中的关键任务。
现有抗金黄色葡萄球菌药物主要通过阻断代谢过程起作用,包括细胞壁合成受阻、细胞膜通透性改变、基因转录及蛋白翻译错误、毒力因子失活等[20]。其中,β-内酰胺类抗生素主要机制是阻碍肽聚糖的交联从而抑制细菌细胞壁的合成[21]。β-内酰胺类抗生素通过与PBPs结合,导致细菌生长受到抑制,因此PBPs是对抗金黄色葡萄球菌的关键靶点之一。已有研究表明,哌拉西林类似物的抗菌活性随着其与PBPs亲和力(特别是PBP3)增加而增强[22];β-内酰胺类抗生素导入适当的亲酯性取代基可增强其与PBP2a的亲和力,显著提高抗菌效果[23]。因此,针对PBPs的药物开发与机制研究,为抗金黄色葡萄球菌药物的研发提供了新思路。本课题组前期通过转录组学发现HL-J6可下调金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁的肽聚糖合成和代谢的相关基因[7],同时发现pbpA基因突变对HL-J6具有一定的抵抗作用。pbpA基因主要编码PBPs中的PBP1蛋白,本研究成功构建了PBP1蛋白的重组表达质粒pET30a-pbp1-39-608,并成功诱导、表达和纯化出PBP1-39-608蛋白,验证了HL-J6与PBP1的相互作用。
药物与靶蛋白之间的相互作用是药物研发过程中的关键环节,有助于识别现有药物的新靶点或确定新药的潜在靶点。小分子药物的疗效本质上源于其与靶蛋白的相互作用,而其药效的强弱则取决于这种相互作用的模式及其亲和力的强度[24]。目前,有多种技术应用于检测药物配体与靶蛋白之间的相互作用,如CETSA、MST、生物膜层干涉法、表面等离子共振技术、差示扫描荧光法、等温滴定量热法及质谱法等。其中MST方法不需要固定,在生物溶液中即可测定,样品用量小,10 min之内即可完成测定[25-26]。本研究利用MST检测PBP1-39-608与HL-J6的结合能力,发现PBP1-39-608与HL-J6结合的Kd值为64.92 µmol/L,表明二者存在中等强度的亲和力。CETSA实验可以直接观测药物对蛋白稳定性的影响,从而间接确认药物是否与蛋白发生作用[27],其原理是配体与靶蛋白的结合可以提高蛋白质的热稳定性,使配体参与的蛋白质在相同温度下比天然蛋白质更不易变性和聚集[28]。本研究的CETSA结果表明,梯度加热后HL-J6处理的样本中可溶性蛋白与仅溶剂DMSO对照组相比蛋白质的热稳定性显著提升,进一步证实了HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白存在相互作用,可进一步探索HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白之间相互作用的关键氨基酸残基。
蛋白质的三维构象及其与活性化合物的空间结合模式是理解药物作用机制的核心要素。小分子与蛋白质进行X射线单晶衍射得到共晶结构,为研究小分子与蛋白质的结合提供了直接证据,能够揭示具体的氨基酸结合位点。然而,获得小分子-蛋白质共晶的过程复杂且耗时,通常需要大量的条件筛选,有时甚至难以成功制备共晶[29]。随着计算机技术的发展,通过计算机模拟来预测新的药物-靶点的相互作用成为一种可替代的方案。本研究采用了分子对接和分子动力学模拟技术,二者统称为分子模拟。分子模拟方法主要基于计算机平台,通过该平台可以直观识别分子结构及其相对位置关系,可以准确预测不同分子之间的相互作用关系[30-31]。本研究,通过分子对接预测了HL-J6与PBP1-39-608的结合模式和关键氨基酸残基,通过模拟体内环境,研究了在生理条件下二者复合物体系在动力学模拟期间能量、RMSD、RMSF等参数的变化,模拟结果表明二者形成的复合物具有较好的稳定性且结合能力较强。
综上所述,本研究表明HL-J6可以抑制PBP1-39-608的转肽酶活性,证实了HL-J6与PBP1-39-608蛋白可以进行结合且存在相互作用,利用分子模拟预测了二者结合的关键氨基酸残基。下一步,计划通过液质联用对HL-J6作用前后的肽聚糖进行结构分析,评价其对肽聚糖交联的影响;针对预测的关键氨基酸进行点突变,分别测试突变体与HL-J6的亲和力,深入阐明HL-J6抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生长的关键机制。

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2025年第47卷第9期
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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202501023
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
  • 修回日期:2025-01-26
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    1佳木斯大学临床医学院,黑龙江佳木斯;陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)
    2药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心
    3重庆大学药学院,重庆
    4全军免疫学研究所,重庆
    5重庆医科大学附属巴南医院检验科,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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