Article(id=1322934953364824849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934685818564977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341871825, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1743264000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341871825, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341871825, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341871825, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934685818564977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='489', pageEnd='628', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1743264000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341808037, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341808037, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=602, endPage=612, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934954644087572, articleId=1322934953364824849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Platelet membrane-modified catalase/silica nanoparticles inhibit radiation infection, columnId=1322190400052380037, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Biomedical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To provide an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced infections by preparing platelet membrane-modified catalase/silica nanoparticles (PCNP) capable of targeting leukocytes.

Methods‍

PCNP and catalase/silica nanoparticles (CNP) were prepared by using platelet membrane, catalase (CAT) and silica, and its biological safety was preliminarily evaluated with cell survival test, hemolysis test and acute toxicity test in mice after tail vein administration; The culture medium, FITC labeled (FITC+) PCNP and FITC labeled (FITC+) CNP were co-incubated with human peripheral blood B lymphocytes (AHH-1) and mouse monocyte macrophages (RAW264.7), respectively. Thus, there were control group, FITC+ PCNP group and FITC+ CNP group of AHH-1 and RAW264.7 cells. Laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the intracellular fluorescence intensity of PCNP to evaluate the leukocytes targeting function. AHH-1 cells were divided into control, irradiation, platelet membrane, CNP (100 μg/mL) and PCNP (100 μg/mL) groups. After corresponding co-incubation, the cell media were exposed to6 Gy Co60 γ irradiation. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis were measured to determine the effect of nanoparticles on reducing radiation injury of leukocytes. Twenty C57BL/6 male mice (weighing 18~20 g) were randomly divided into irradiation group (n=10) and 10 mg/kg PCNP group (n=10). In 2 h after corresponding agents were injected into the mice through tail vein, the mice received whole-body irradiation of 5 Gy Co60 γ ray, and then in 2 h later, they were given intraperitoneal injection of multidrug resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii (MDR-AB). The infection inhibitory effect of PCNP after irradiation was evaluated by detecting the bacterial load in main organs.

Results‍

The hydration particle of PCNP is 91.3 nm in size, and does not exhibit significant cytotoxicity or hemolytic toxicity at concentrations <400 µg/mL. Intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg PCNP resulted in normal increase in the body weight but no obvious pathological changes in the major organs such as the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. In AHH-1 and RAW264.7 cells, PCNP showed significant advantages in targeting compared to the FITC+ CNP group [(15.45±3.48)% vs (9.33±2.03)%, P<0.01; (11.25±2.08)% vs (7.06±0.71)%, P<0.001]. PCNP also effectively reduced the generation of ROS [(22.73±3.71)% vs (60.90±9.08)%, P<0.001] and apoptotic rate [(9.84±0.92)% vs (38.96±3.62)%, P<0.001] in AHH-1 cells. In in vitro study, bacterial colonization after irradiation showed that there was significantly less MDR-AB colonies in the spleen of mice intervened with PCNP than those of the irradiation group [(17.50±1.38)×104vs (13.20±2.29)×106 CFU/g, P<0.001].

Conclusion‍

PCNP can effectively inhibit the complications of radiation infection in mice, which is due to its direct protective effect on leukocytes.

, authors=Tainong XIONG1, Chenwenya LI1, Yin CHEN1, Songling HAN1, Cheng WANG1, 2, Junping WANG1, 2, authorsList=Tainong XIONG, Chenwenya LI, Yin CHEN, Songling HAN, Cheng WANG, Junping WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junping WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934964282598179, articleId=1322934953364824849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=血小板膜修饰过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒抑制机体辐射感染, columnId=1322190400245318023, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=生物医学工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

通过制备能够靶向白细胞的血小板膜修饰过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒(platelet membrane modified catalase/silica nanoparticles,PCNP),为辐射感染并发症的防治提供有效策略。

方法

利用血小板膜、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)以及二氧化硅制备PCNP以及过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒(catalase/silica nanoparticles,CNP),并通过细胞存活实验、溶血实验以及小鼠尾静脉给药后急性毒性实验初步评估PCNP生物安全性;培养基、FITC标记的PCNP(FITC+ PCNP)及FITC标记的CNP(FITC+ CNP)分别与人外周血B淋巴细胞(AHH-1)和小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)共孵育,分为对照组、FITC+ PCNP组及FITC+ CNP组,利用激光共聚焦观察细胞内荧光强度来评价PCNP的白细胞靶向功能;将AHH-1分为对照组、辐照组、血小板膜组、CNP(100 μg/mL)组和PCNP(100 μg/mL)组,与培养基、培养基、血小板膜混悬液、CNP或PCNP溶液共孵育后进行6 Gy Co60 γ射线辐照,通过检测羟自由基等活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平及细胞凋亡情况评估纳米粒体外减轻白细胞放射损伤的作用;20只C57BL/6雄性小鼠(体质量18~20 g)简单随机抽样分为(n=10):辐照组与10 mg/kg PCNP组,小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水或PCNP后2 h时进行5 Gy Co60 γ射线全身辐照,辐照后2 h时再腹腔注射多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,MDR-AB),通过检测主要脏器细菌载量评估纳米药物抑制辐照后感染效应。

结果

PCNP水合粒径为91.3 nm,其在低于400 µg/mL的浓度下未表现出明显的细胞毒性及溶血毒性;小鼠尾静脉注射PCNP(20 mg/kg)后体质量正常增长,心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器组织未出现病理改变;在AHH-1和RAW264.7细胞中,与FITC+ CNP组相比,PCNP的靶向性都具有显著优势[(15.45±3.48)% vs (9.33±2.03)%,P<0.01;(11.25±2.08)% vs (7.06±0.71)%,P<0.001];细胞防护能力检测实验中,与辐照组相比,PCNP能有效降低AHH-1细胞ROS水平[(22.73±3.71)% vs (60.90±9.08)%,P<0.001]及凋亡率[(9.84±0.92)% vs (38.96±3.62)%,P<0.001];小鼠辐照后细菌定植实验表明PCNP干预的小鼠脾脏MDR-AB定植数量显著少于辐照组[(17.50±1.38)×104vs (13.20±2.29)×106 CFU/g,P<0.001]。

结论

PCNP能有效抑制机体辐射感染并发症,其对白细胞的直接保护作用可能是抗感染作用的主要机制。

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王军平,E-mail:
WANG Junping,E-mail:
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Small,2020,16(22):e2001704., articleTitle=Platelet membrane-camouflaged magnetic nanoparticles for ferroptosis-enhanced cancer immunotherapy, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322934966337807141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934966350390054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, companyId=1322934966337807141, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Combined Injury), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934966400721703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, companyId=1322934966337807141, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系复合伤研究所)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322934967625458472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934967721927465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, companyId=1322934967625458472, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322934968049083178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, companyId=1322934967625458472, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322934986512409440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2flDWLtr9WsTuQ74OECQnQ==, figureFileBig=NtN3IxkJWmJA4SoMed7iYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934987321910114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PCNP纳米药物理化性质表征 (x¯±s)

A:CNP和PCNP的透射电镜图像(n=3);B:CNP和PCNP的水合粒径(n=3);C:不同纳米粒的表面电位检测结果(n=10);D:SDS-PAGE检测结果;E:PCNP在PBS(pH=7.4)中CAT的释放行为曲线

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A:HUVEC细胞存活率(n=3);B:PCNP体外溶血实验(n=3);C:PCNP(20 mg/kg)给药后小鼠体质量变化曲线(n=10); D:PCNP(20 mg/kg)给药后小鼠主要脏器HE染色结果

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A:AHH-1细胞及RAW264.7细胞与纳米粒共孵育后的激光共聚焦图 蓝色:示DAPI,绿色:示FITC;B:流式细胞计数检测FITC+ AHH-1细胞结果;C:流式细胞计数检测FITC+ RAW264.7细胞结果;D:AHH-1细胞及RAW264.7细胞中FITC+细胞百分率统计结果(n=6,x¯±s) a:P<0.001,与对照组比较; b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,与CNP组比较

, figureFileSmall=hk5o3SA160nH3DKhEwyKig==, figureFileBig=FyCuvyDWwGWoYoGarsdhaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934990673159017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fI7i8bGBWcAZc5rtgllF5Q==, figureFileBig=2yonkOtZM2OlD6I34H33KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934991071617898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PCNP对白细胞的放射损伤防护效应评价 (x¯±s)

a:P<0.001,b:P<0.01,与辐照组比较;c:P<0.001,与血小板膜组比较;d:P<0.05,与CNP组比较A:DCFH-DA探针检测ROS含量细胞荧光图;B:细胞平均荧光强度统计结果(n=3);C:细胞凋亡检测统计结果(n=5);D:Annexin V/PI双重染色流式细胞检测散点图

, figureFileSmall=fI7i8bGBWcAZc5rtgllF5Q==, figureFileBig=2yonkOtZM2OlD6I34H33KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934991155503979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TCBkhrvsazNLu2WKch7d2g==, figureFileBig=/zUbCQFoeM8r08UeoOxvLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934991998559084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934953364824849, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PCNP在电离辐射损伤小鼠模型中保护白细胞、减轻细菌感染效果评估 (x¯±s)

a:P<0.001,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.05,与辐照组比较A:PCNP静脉注射后小鼠离体脏器荧光成像结果;B:不同剂量PCNP静脉注射后小鼠生存曲线(n=10);C~F:小鼠外周血中白细胞总量、中性粒细胞、单核细胞及淋巴细胞计数结果(n=6);G:小鼠组织匀浆液细菌铺板结果;H~J:小鼠肝脏、脾脏、肾脏组织中细菌计数(n=5)

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血小板膜修饰过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒抑制机体辐射感染
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熊太农 1 , 李陈文娅 1 , 陈银 1 , 韩松伶 1 , 王成 1, 2 , 王军平 1, 2
陆军军医大学学报 | 生物医学工程 2025,47(6): 602-612
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陆军军医大学学报 |生物医学工程 2025 , 47 (6) : 602 -612
血小板膜修饰过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒抑制机体辐射感染
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熊太农1, 李陈文娅1, 陈银1, 韩松伶1, 王成1, 2, 王军平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系复合伤研究所
  • 2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆
通讯作者:
王军平,E-mail:
WANG Junping,E-mail:
Platelet membrane-modified catalase/silica nanoparticles inhibit radiation infection
Tainong XIONG1, Chenwenya LI1, Yin CHEN1, Songling HAN1, Cheng WANG1, 2, Junping WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Combined Injury
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning,Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-03-30 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412071
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目的

通过制备能够靶向白细胞的血小板膜修饰过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒(platelet membrane modified catalase/silica nanoparticles,PCNP),为辐射感染并发症的防治提供有效策略。

方法

利用血小板膜、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)以及二氧化硅制备PCNP以及过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒(catalase/silica nanoparticles,CNP),并通过细胞存活实验、溶血实验以及小鼠尾静脉给药后急性毒性实验初步评估PCNP生物安全性;培养基、FITC标记的PCNP(FITC+ PCNP)及FITC标记的CNP(FITC+ CNP)分别与人外周血B淋巴细胞(AHH-1)和小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)共孵育,分为对照组、FITC+ PCNP组及FITC+ CNP组,利用激光共聚焦观察细胞内荧光强度来评价PCNP的白细胞靶向功能;将AHH-1分为对照组、辐照组、血小板膜组、CNP(100 μg/mL)组和PCNP(100 μg/mL)组,与培养基、培养基、血小板膜混悬液、CNP或PCNP溶液共孵育后进行6 Gy Co60 γ射线辐照,通过检测羟自由基等活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平及细胞凋亡情况评估纳米粒体外减轻白细胞放射损伤的作用;20只C57BL/6雄性小鼠(体质量18~20 g)简单随机抽样分为(n=10):辐照组与10 mg/kg PCNP组,小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水或PCNP后2 h时进行5 Gy Co60 γ射线全身辐照,辐照后2 h时再腹腔注射多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,MDR-AB),通过检测主要脏器细菌载量评估纳米药物抑制辐照后感染效应。

结果

PCNP水合粒径为91.3 nm,其在低于400 µg/mL的浓度下未表现出明显的细胞毒性及溶血毒性;小鼠尾静脉注射PCNP(20 mg/kg)后体质量正常增长,心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器组织未出现病理改变;在AHH-1和RAW264.7细胞中,与FITC+ CNP组相比,PCNP的靶向性都具有显著优势[(15.45±3.48)% vs (9.33±2.03)%,P<0.01;(11.25±2.08)% vs (7.06±0.71)%,P<0.001];细胞防护能力检测实验中,与辐照组相比,PCNP能有效降低AHH-1细胞ROS水平[(22.73±3.71)% vs (60.90±9.08)%,P<0.001]及凋亡率[(9.84±0.92)% vs (38.96±3.62)%,P<0.001];小鼠辐照后细菌定植实验表明PCNP干预的小鼠脾脏MDR-AB定植数量显著少于辐照组[(17.50±1.38)×104vs (13.20±2.29)×106 CFU/g,P<0.001]。

结论

PCNP能有效抑制机体辐射感染并发症,其对白细胞的直接保护作用可能是抗感染作用的主要机制。

射感染  /  过氧化氢酶  /  白细胞靶向  /  血小板膜修饰纳米粒
Objective‍

To provide an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced infections by preparing platelet membrane-modified catalase/silica nanoparticles (PCNP) capable of targeting leukocytes.

Methods‍

PCNP and catalase/silica nanoparticles (CNP) were prepared by using platelet membrane, catalase (CAT) and silica, and its biological safety was preliminarily evaluated with cell survival test, hemolysis test and acute toxicity test in mice after tail vein administration; The culture medium, FITC labeled (FITC+) PCNP and FITC labeled (FITC+) CNP were co-incubated with human peripheral blood B lymphocytes (AHH-1) and mouse monocyte macrophages (RAW264.7), respectively. Thus, there were control group, FITC+ PCNP group and FITC+ CNP group of AHH-1 and RAW264.7 cells. Laser confocal microscopy was used to observe the intracellular fluorescence intensity of PCNP to evaluate the leukocytes targeting function. AHH-1 cells were divided into control, irradiation, platelet membrane, CNP (100 μg/mL) and PCNP (100 μg/mL) groups. After corresponding co-incubation, the cell media were exposed to6 Gy Co60 γ irradiation. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis were measured to determine the effect of nanoparticles on reducing radiation injury of leukocytes. Twenty C57BL/6 male mice (weighing 18~20 g) were randomly divided into irradiation group (n=10) and 10 mg/kg PCNP group (n=10). In 2 h after corresponding agents were injected into the mice through tail vein, the mice received whole-body irradiation of 5 Gy Co60 γ ray, and then in 2 h later, they were given intraperitoneal injection of multidrug resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii (MDR-AB). The infection inhibitory effect of PCNP after irradiation was evaluated by detecting the bacterial load in main organs.

Results‍

The hydration particle of PCNP is 91.3 nm in size, and does not exhibit significant cytotoxicity or hemolytic toxicity at concentrations <400 µg/mL. Intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg PCNP resulted in normal increase in the body weight but no obvious pathological changes in the major organs such as the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. In AHH-1 and RAW264.7 cells, PCNP showed significant advantages in targeting compared to the FITC+ CNP group [(15.45±3.48)% vs (9.33±2.03)%, P<0.01; (11.25±2.08)% vs (7.06±0.71)%, P<0.001]. PCNP also effectively reduced the generation of ROS [(22.73±3.71)% vs (60.90±9.08)%, P<0.001] and apoptotic rate [(9.84±0.92)% vs (38.96±3.62)%, P<0.001] in AHH-1 cells. In in vitro study, bacterial colonization after irradiation showed that there was significantly less MDR-AB colonies in the spleen of mice intervened with PCNP than those of the irradiation group [(17.50±1.38)×104vs (13.20±2.29)×106 CFU/g, P<0.001].

Conclusion‍

PCNP can effectively inhibit the complications of radiation infection in mice, which is due to its direct protective effect on leukocytes.

radiation infection  /  catalase  /  leukocyte targeting  /  platelet membrane-modified nanoparticles
熊太农, 李陈文娅, 陈银, 韩松伶, 王成, 王军平. 血小板膜修饰过氧化氢酶/二氧化硅纳米粒抑制机体辐射感染. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (6) : 602 -612 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412071
Tainong XIONG, Chenwenya LI, Yin CHEN, Songling HAN, Cheng WANG, Junping WANG. Platelet membrane-modified catalase/silica nanoparticles inhibit radiation infection[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (6) : 602 -612 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412071
随着核能与核技术在工业、农业、医疗等领域的广泛应用,人类遭受放射损伤的风险逐渐增加。在短时间内受到大剂量电离辐射后,受照者容易罹患急性放射病。感染是急性放射病常见的并发症之一,也是导致患者后期死亡的主要原因[1]。辐射感染并发症的发生与外周血白细胞减少相关。白细胞是机体免疫系统中的重要组分,可通过病原体吞噬、抗体生成等作用抵御入侵微生物。放射损伤后,机体白细胞数量急剧下降,电离辐射作用于水分子产生的H2O2、ROS在其中发挥重要作用[2]。过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)可催化H2O2分解为水和分子氧,从而减轻H2O2对白细胞的损伤。
纳米粒已广泛应用于体内药物递送、放疗增敏、自由基清除等方面[3-5],其生物利用度高、主/被动靶向等优势使得其在辐射损伤防治药物研发领域具有巨大的应用前景,如食品药品监督管理局业已认定生物安全的二氧化硅纳米粒[6],将CAT精准递送到靶细胞是缓解电离辐射损伤的潜在方案。而传统纳米粒仍存在细胞特异靶向性不高、毒副作用明显等难题,大量研究表明,白细胞表面含有包括P-选择素糖蛋白配体1(P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1,PSGL-1)在内的诸多黏附分子,而血小板膜则富含PSGL-1的配体蛋白P-选择素。利用P-选择素介导的主动靶向性以及自体血小板膜免疫原性低的优势[7]。本研究提出利用血小板膜、CAT以及二氧化硅纳米粒制备能够靶向白细胞并减轻其放射损伤的血小板膜修饰纳米药物,旨在为防治辐射感染并发症提供有效策略。
曲拉通X-100(Triton X-100)购自中国索莱宝有限公司,环己烷、30%氨水、丙酮购自成都市科隆化学品有限公司,正己醇、CAT、四乙氧基硅烷(tetraethoxysilane,TEOS)、双[3(三乙氧基硅基)丙基]-二硫化物](bis [3-( triethoxysilyl ) propyl] disulfide,BTEPDS)、磷钨酸购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司,10%水合氯醛购自北京百奥思诚生物科技有限公司,CCK-8细胞增殖毒性检测试剂盒购自日本同仁化学研究所,Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒、蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、蛋白酶抑制剂、RIPA裂解液购自中国上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司,FITC+ CAT购自西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司,磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司,胎牛血清购自美国Gibco公司,RPMI 1640培养基、DMEM培养基购自美国HyClone公司,马尔文激光粒径仪购自英国马尔文仪器有限公司,高压透射电子显微镜(JEM-F200)购自日本电子株式会社。
健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠,体质量18~20 g,6~8周龄,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,相关动物实验经过陆军军医大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会审核通过(AMUWEC20240068)。人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC细胞)、人外周血B淋巴细胞(AHH-1细胞)、小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7细胞)购自中国科学院细胞库。多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,MDR-AB)由陆军军医大学第一附属医院烧伤实验室赠送。
取1.77 mL Triton X-100、1.8 mL正己醇、7.5 mL环己烷置于圆底烧瓶中,将300 μL CAT水溶液(2.5 mg/mL)、40 μL TEOS和60 μL BTEPDS混合后加入1.5 mL EP管在室温25 KHz超声波振荡10 min。将超声震荡后的混合物加入烧瓶,再加入50 μL 30%氨水水溶液,将水油乳液在室温下200 r/min磁力搅拌器搅拌8 h。向烧瓶中加入20 mL丙酮,离心(25 ℃,18 894×g,5 min)后收集白色沉淀产物,用乙醇和大量去离子水洗涤3次后冻干冷藏。
血小板采集自C57BL/6小鼠血液,采用反复冻融法制备血小板膜囊泡,用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的PBS反复洗涤3次后,将血小板膜囊颗粒悬浮在去离子水中,使用超声波细胞粉碎机(100 W)冰上超声10 min。将1 mL血小板膜囊泡溶液与1 mL CNP(1 mg/mL)进行分散融合,同上超声3 min,放入37 ℃培养箱30 min制得血小板膜覆盖的纳米粒PCNP。在4 ℃条件下以16 099×g离心10 min,得到最终产物PCNP。
CAT水溶液替换为FITC+ CAT水溶液,其余制备步骤同1.3.1和1.3.2。
将制备好的CNP和PCNP溶于水后用马尔纹激光粒径仪测定水合粒径和表面电位,另取少量纳米药物经2%磷钨酸(pH=7.0)染色后,用高压透射电子显微镜拍摄形貌。
为了考察纳米粒中CAT体外释放行为,将PCNP重悬于PBS(pH = 7.4)得到1 mg/mL PCNP混悬液,37 ℃下放置于200 r/min摇床中孵育,分别在0、6、12、24、36、48、60和72 h离心,取上清液使用蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定PCNP混悬液中的累积CAT释放量,并计算得到不同时间点PCNP累积CAT释放百分率。
取制备好的血小板膜囊泡溶液、CNP溶液(1 mg/mL)和PCNP溶液(1 mg/mL)各1 mL分别置于1.5 mL EP管中,加入100 μL RIPA裂解液后涡旋振荡10 s,置于冰上裂解30 min。在4 ℃下以16 099×g离心15 min,收集上清并转移到新的EP管中即为所提蛋白样本。使用SDS-PAGE进行凝胶电泳成像检测。
HUVEC细胞用含胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基重悬后,用血细胞计数板计数,再稀释为5~50×103个/mL的单细胞悬液。在96孔板中接种细胞悬液,每孔100 μL,设置不同浓度PCNP处理组(0、50、100、200、400 μg/mL),每组设计3个复孔。将培养板放入培养箱中预培养24 h左右(37 ℃,5%CO2)。向培养板各孔中加入不同浓度PCNP后放入培养箱中孵育24 h。向每孔中加入10 μL CCK-8溶液并轻摇混匀。将96孔培养板放入培养箱中孵育1 h,用酶标仪测定450 nm处的光密度[D(450)]值。
利用静脉采血法从麻醉后的健康C57BL/6小鼠中取得全血,收集在含有乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)的抗凝管中,摇晃均匀后离心(999×g,室温,15 min)得到红细胞。配制不同浓度的PCNP水溶液(浓度分别为12.5、25.0、50.0、100.0、200.0、400.0 μg/mL),然后分别取1 mL PCNP溶液、1 mL 纯水和1 mL PBS溶液,与20 μL的红细胞混合。37 ℃孵育4 h后室温下离心(999×g)15 min,吸取样本上清液200 μL液用酶标仪检测542 nm光密度[D(542)]值。溶血率计算公式:
溶血率%=OD样本-ODPBSOD纯水-ODPBS×100%
20只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠通过简单随机抽样法分为(n=10):对照组与20 mg/kg PCNP组。分别进行尾静脉注射200 μL生理盐水或PCNP混悬液,观察小鼠基本生活状态及体质量变化,给药14 d后腹腔注射10%水合氯醛(0.03 mL/10 g)麻醉小鼠后处死,收集心、肝、脾、肺、肾组织进行HE染色实验。
实验分为对照组、FITC+ CNP(100 μg/mL)组、FITC+ PCNP(100 μg/mL)组,每组设计3个复孔,在细胞处于对数生长期后分别向AHH-1细胞和RAW264.7细胞分别加入培养基、FITC+ CNP或FITC+ PCNP,孵育12 h后进行激光共聚焦观察及FITC+细胞流式检测。
实验分为对照组、辐照组、血小板膜组、CNP(100 μg/mL)组和PCNP(100 μg/mL) 组,使用24孔板,每组设计3个复孔,各组AHH-1细胞在处于对数生长期分别加入500 μL培养基、培养基、血小板膜混悬液、CNP或PCNP溶液使得各孔终体积为1 mL,放入培养箱中孵育6 h后进行6 Gy Co60 γ射线辐照。照射后24 h时用DCFH-DA对辐照后AHH-1 ROS水平进行测定,并进行荧光定量分析。同时进行凋亡流式测定,绘制Annexin V/PI染色后细胞凋亡及坏死散点图。右上象限为凋亡和坏死细胞数量(Annexin V+/PI+),右下象限为凋亡细胞数量(Annexin V+/PI-),右上和右下象限细胞数目之和(Annexin V+)为凋亡细胞数。
选取12只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠,通过简单随机抽样法分为4组(n=3)。小鼠尾静脉注射10 mg/kg FITC+ PCNP后分别在6、12、18、24 h时腹腔注射水合氯醛麻醉小鼠后处死,取心、肝、脾、肺、肾,使用荧光成像考察PCNP在小鼠体内代谢及组织分布情况。
选取50只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠,通过简单随机抽样法分为(n=10):对照组、辐照组、5 mg/kg PCNP组、10 mg/kg PCNP组和20 mg/kg PCNP组。小鼠静脉注射200 μL生理盐水或不同剂量PCNP(5、10、20 mg/kg)溶液后2 h时进行5 Gy Co60 γ射线全身辐照,辐照后2 h辐照组和不同剂量PCNP组均腹腔注射2.5×107 CFU MDR-AB菌液,对照组不辐照,观察小鼠基本生存状态及存活情况。
选取20只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠,通过简单随机抽样法分为(n=10):辐照组与10 mg/kg PCNP组。小鼠尾静脉注射200 μL生理盐水或PCNP溶液,2 h后进行5 Gy Co60 γ射线全身辐照,而后24 h时断尾取外周血检测血常规。
用无菌枪头挑取单克隆MDR-AB细菌,接种到10 mL灭菌MHB培养基中,37 ℃恒温摇床(200 r/min)活化100 min。取活化后的菌液1 mL至灭菌EP管中,在4 ℃下7 155×g离心5 min,用PBS重悬后测定[D(600)]值并计算出细菌浓度。选取20只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠,通过简单随机抽样法分为(n=10):辐照组与10 mg/kg PCNP组。辐照组采用尾静脉注射200 μL 生理盐水,PCNP(10 mg/kg)组采用尾静脉注射200 μL PCNP(10 mg/kg)。2 h后进行5 Gy Co60 γ射线全身辐照,辐照后2 h辐照组和10 mg/kg PCNP组均腹腔注射2.5×107 CFU MDR-AB菌液。全身辐照后12 h时腹腔注射10%水合氯醛(0.03 mL/10 g)麻醉小鼠后处死小鼠,据相关文献报道方法[8],处死后取肝脏、肾脏、脾脏。分别用无菌PBS 研磨后梯度稀释,取匀浆液5 μL点涂于LB平板上。平板倒扣,37 ℃细菌培养箱培养16 h后进行菌落计数。
采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据统计学分析,研究中所有符合正态分布的计量资料均以x¯±s表示。两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
采用热溶剂法,成功制备出CNP与PCNP。透射电镜显示,CNP外观均呈球形,直径约80 nm(图1A),与水合粒径检测结果78.8 nm保持一致(图1B)。经小鼠血小板膜修饰后的CNP(即PNCP)仍保持球形颗粒形态,水合粒径略微增加到91.3 nm(图1B)。与CNP相比,PCNP表面电位增加到-21.48 mV,与天然血小板膜电位相近(-19.98 mV,图1C)。SDS-PAGE结果显示,PCNP表面携带有血小板膜蛋白(图1D),提示血小板膜修饰的纳米药物PCNP成功合成。在pH=7.4的PBS溶液中,PCNP纳米药物能持续缓慢释放CAT,无明显的突释效应。CAT释放量与时间呈现良好的线性拟合趋势,表明该纳米粒具有良好的药物释放行为(图1E)。
将PCNP与人血管内皮细胞HUVEC共孵育24 h后,利用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活力。PCNP在低于400 µg/mL的浓度下均无明显细胞毒性(图2A)。同样,PCNP亦不具有明显的溶血毒性(图2B)。C57BL/6小鼠尾静脉注射20 mg/kg PCNP后14 d评估体质量变化、脏器损伤等各项指标,实验结果表明PCNP处理后小鼠体质量正常增长(图2C),不会引发死亡及明显的心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器组织病理改变(图2D)。上述结果提示,PCNP具有良好的体内、外生物安全性,为后续功能评估奠定基础。
为了评估血小板膜修饰是否赋予纳米粒靶向白细胞的功能,将FITC+ PCNP和FITC+ CNP分别与AHH-1及RAW264.7共孵育12 h。通过激光共聚焦观察可以发现,FITC+ PCNP具有较高的白细胞吞噬效率(图3A)。收集细胞进行流式细胞计数分析,可见FITC+ PCNP处理组细胞的荧光信号峰面积明显高于FITC+ CNP处理组(图3B、C)。进一步统计FITC+细胞百分率,结果显示PCNP处理的AHH-1细胞中FITC+细胞百分率显著高于CNP处理组[(15.45±3.48)% vs (9.33±2.03)%,P<0.01],同样地,RAW264.7细胞经PCNP处理后FITC+细胞百分率显著高于CNP处理组[(11.25±2.08)% vs (7.06±0.71)%,P<0.001],见图3D。以上结果均表明PCNP具有明确的白细胞靶向功能。
鉴于血小板膜的白细胞靶向功能以及CAT对自由基的清除作用,推测PCNP可能具有减轻白细胞放射损伤的作用。为了验证这一设想,本研究检测了在有无纳米粒干预的条件下,AHH-1细胞接受电离辐射后胞内ROS的产生情况。如图4A所示,相较于对照组细胞,6 Gy Co60 γ射线处理的细胞内ROS大量蓄积。利用100 µg/mL PCNP预孵育细胞后,相较于辐照组可显著减少电离辐射导致的ROS产生[(22.73±3.71)% vs (60.90±9.08)%,P<0.001,图4B]。
电离辐射产生的ROS是导致靶细胞凋亡的重要因素。通过Annexin V/PI双重染色以及细胞流式计数实验,进一步分析了PCNP对白细胞放射损伤的影响。与ROS蓄积情况一致,射线干预可诱导38.96%的AHH-1细胞发生凋亡,PCNP预孵育可显著降低该指标至9.84%[(9.84±0.92)% vs (38.96±3.62)%,P<0.001],而CNP仅能保护14.58%的细胞免受辐射损伤(图4C、D)。上述结果说明,PCNP能够减轻电离辐射所致白细胞内ROS蓄积,从而改善白细胞存活率。
通过小鼠离体脏器荧光成像实验可以发现,PCNP经静脉注射后主要分布在肝脏部位(图5A),并在24 h内即可代谢完全,进一步验证生物安全性的同时也指导了预防给药的时机。为探究PCNP在体内是否具有保护白细胞免受放射损伤的作用,在5 Gy Co60 γ射线全身辐照前2 h给予小鼠不同剂量PCNP尾静脉注射后观察其生存情况。结果表明,静脉注射10 mg/kg PCNP能较好地提高小鼠辐照后感染存活指数,而提高PCNP剂量(20 mg/kg)后并不能继续提高其生存率(图5B)。因此,在之后的动物实验中,PCNP干预剂量均为10 mg/kg。辐照后24 h,PCNP处理组小鼠的白细胞数量相对于辐照组明显增多(P<0.01,图5C)。具体而言,PCNP能够显著增加小鼠外周血中中性粒细胞(P<0.05)、淋巴细胞(P<0.001)以及单核巨噬细胞(P<0.01)的数量(图5D~F)。该结果提示,PCNP体内具有减轻白细胞放射损伤的作用。
在5 Gy Co60 γ射线电离辐照后2 h造成急性放射损伤的基础上,通过腹腔注射的方式将条件致病菌MDR-AB(2.5×107 CFU)注射到小鼠体内,构建辐射并发细菌腹腔感染动物模型。如图5G所示,放射损伤2 h后,收集小鼠肝脏、脾脏、肾脏等主要脏器,匀浆后进行细菌培养。细菌计数后表明,与体内白细胞数量变化趋势相反,PCNP处理组小鼠体内肝脏(P<0.001)、肾脏(P<0.05)及脾脏[(17.50±1.38)×104 vs (13.20±2.29)×106 CFU/g,P<0.001]定植的细菌数量显著减少(图5H~J)。由此可见,PCNP具有抑制辐射感染并发症的作用。
白细胞数量急剧降低是放射损伤早期诊断的重要依据,也是诱发急性放射病患者感染病原微生物的关键因素[9]。目前临床上治疗放射损伤所致白细胞减少常用的药物是重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子,主要通过促进骨髓造血细胞增殖分化形成粒细胞集落,来增加外周血白细胞数量[10]。但是,临床观察发现粒细胞集落刺激因子的使用可能会影响造血干细胞自我更新能力[11]。与此同时,粒细胞集落刺激因子对损伤早期白细胞的降低治疗效果有限。本研究设计了一种具有白细胞靶向、可清除电离辐射诱发自由基超载功能的纳米药物PCNP。静脉注射该纳米药物能够在放射损伤早期有效维持外周血白细胞数量,为辐射感染并发症的防治提供了新方案。
大量研究显示,高能射线电离水分子产生的活性自由基扩散并作用于生物大分子,造成靶分子结构和功能异常是放射损伤的重要机制[12-13]。CAT通过催化过氧化氢分解,可清除体内ROS蓄积,促进靶细胞损伤修复[14]。既往研究发现,利用CAT对自由基的清除作用能够缓解神经[15]、消化[16]等系统的放射损伤症状。PCNP对白细胞的保护作用进一步拓展了CAT在减轻造血系统放射损伤中的应用。自由基超载与细胞凋亡密切相关,后者是电离辐射导致外周血白细胞数量减少的重要方式。淋巴细胞接受γ射线辐照后ROS含量明显增加,凋亡基因Bax上调,而Bcl-2表达减少,细胞凋亡比例显著增加[17]。PCNP清除电离辐射造成的ROS蓄积、减轻淋巴细胞凋亡,反向证明了ROS/凋亡信号通路在驱动放射损伤后外周血白细胞降低中发挥作用。
靶向外周血白细胞是治疗自身免疫性疾病、感染与炎症、肿瘤等疾病的潜在方案[18]。白细胞表面的特异性配体或受体为实现靶向治疗提供了依据。以T细胞瘤为例,靶向T细胞受体β链恒定区1(constant region 1 of T-cell receptor β chain,TRBC1)不仅能够有效杀灭癌细胞,还能保留正常T细胞的免疫潜力[19]。本研究基于主要在中性粒细胞、单核细胞以及淋巴细胞表面表达的PSGL-1与血小板膜表面P-选择素的相互作用来实现白细胞靶向 [20],PCNP能够显著提高放射损伤后外周血中上述细胞的数量。利用P-选择素与癌细胞表面共受体CD44的相互作用,自体血小板膜多被开发应用于制备肿瘤靶向的仿生纳米粒[7,21]。本研究结果进一步拓展了血小板膜在靶向给药领域的应用前景。
综上所述,本研究利用自体血小板膜和CAT设计制备了一种能够靶向外周血白细胞、减轻自由基蓄积效应的纳米药物PCNP。该纳米药物生物安全性好,可显著改善电离辐射所致外周血白细胞数量减少,提高机体免疫力,抑制辐射感染并发症的发生。鉴于临床防治外周血白细胞放射损伤药物极为短缺,PCNP可能是一种潜在的干预措施。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412071
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):军事预防医学系复合伤研究所
    2陆军军医大学(第三军医大学):创伤与化学中毒全国重点实验室,重庆

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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