Article(id=1322934652184428740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322934619896688658, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341800017, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341800017, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341800017, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341800017, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322934619896688658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='285', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740672000000', pubDateStr='2025-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341792320, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341792320, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=350, endPage=359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322934652511584453, articleId=1322934652184428740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Immune-enhancing effect and mechanism of natural plant-derived immunostimulatory molecule ophiopogonin, columnId=1320434418116837551, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Basic Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effect and preliminary mechanism of the plant-derived immunostimulatory molecule, ophiopogonin, on enhancing the immune response of a subunit vaccine with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronavirus spike protein as the antigen.

Methods

CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of ophiopogonin D' (OPD') on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into RBD, RBD/OPD', RBD/Alum, and control groups. The immunization dose was 5 μg of antigen per mouse and 100 μg of adjuvant per mouse, and immunization was carried out according to the intramuscular injection immunization procedure on days 0, 21, and 42. The titers of specific IgG and its subtype antibodies were detected by ELISA. The cytokine levels in the supernatant of splenocytes were detected using ELISA. The number of splenocytes secreting IFN-γ was detected by ELISpot. Laser confocal microscopy was employed to observe the uptake of antigen by BMDCs. The phagocytic ability of BMDCs for antigen was quantitatively analyzed by flow cytometry. The mechanism of its enhanced immune effect was preliminarily explored using transcriptomics technology combined with bioinformatics research.

Results

When the concentration of OPD' was less than 5 μg/mL, the survival rate of BMDCs was 100%. After a single intramuscular injection in mice, except for a slight decrease in body weight, the other biochemical indicators were within corresponding normal ranges. After intramuscular injection immunization of the vaccine, the titers of serum-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a in the RBD/OPD' group were significantly higher than those in the RBD group (P<0.05). Compared with the RBD group, the RBD/OPD' group induced a high-level Th1 cell immune response of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (P<0.01) and had more lymphocytes secreting IFN-γ (P<0.001). Laser confocal microscopy displayed that BMDCs took up more antigens after OPD' treatment, which was further confirmed with flow cytometry in quantitative analysis on antigen uptake rate (P<0.01). Transcriptomics results indicated that there was more significant enrichment of the PPAR signaling pathway in the RBD/OPD' group than the RBD group, suggesting that OPD' may activate the PPAR signaling pathway to exert its adjuvant effect.

Conclusion‍

OPD' effectively enhances the immune response of the RBD subunit vaccine, and its action mechanism may be related to the activation of the PPAR signaling pathway.

, authors=Shulin LIU1, Jing WEI2, Baohang ZHU1, Yan YE1, Jiale PAN3, Anni ZHAO1, Zhen SONG1, Liusheng PENG1, Haibo LI1, Hongwu SUN1, Quanming ZOU1, authorsList=Shulin LIU, Jing WEI, Baohang ZHU, Yan YE, Jiale PAN, Anni ZHAO, Zhen SONG, Liusheng PENG, Haibo LI, Hongwu SUN, Quanming ZOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongwu SUN, Quanming ZOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322934655414042834, articleId=1322934652184428740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=植物源性免疫刺激分子麦冬皂苷的免疫增强效应及初步机制, columnId=1322185528879993170, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=基础医学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究植物源性免疫刺激分子麦冬皂苷对以冠状病毒刺突蛋白受体结合域(receptor binding domain,RBD)为抗原的亚单位疫苗的免疫应答增强效应及初步机制。

方法

用CCK-8法评价麦冬皂苷D’(ophiopogonin D’,OPD’)对骨髓来源的树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cell,BMDCs)的细胞毒性;将Balb/c雌性小鼠按照随机数字表法分成4组:Control组、RBD组、RBD/OPD’组、RBD/Alum组,使用免疫剂量为抗原5 μg/只、佐剂100 μg/只,按照第 0、21、42天肌肉注射免疫程序进行免疫;监测小鼠体质量、生化指标等评价其体内安全性;用ELISA检测特异性IgG及其亚型抗体滴度;用ELISA试剂盒检测脾细胞上清中细胞因子水平; ELISpot检测脾细胞分泌γ干扰素(interferon-gamma ,IFN-γ)的细胞数量;用激光共聚焦显微镜观察BMDCs对抗原的摄取;流式细胞术定量分析BMDCs对抗原的吞噬能力;用转录组学技术结合生物信息学研究方法,初步探究其增强免疫效应的机制。

结果

当OPD’浓度<5 μg/mL时BMDCs存活率为100%;小鼠单次肌肉注射后除体质量略有下降外,生化指标结果均处于正常范围;疫苗肌肉注射免疫后,RBD/OPD’组血清特异性IgG、IgG1和IgG2a滴度与RBD组相比均显著升高(P<0.05);与RBD组相比,RBD/OPD’组Th1细胞免疫应答的细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IFN-γ显著增高(P<0.01),促进淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的细胞数量显著增加(P<0.001);激光共聚焦显微镜发现,OPD’处理后的BMDCs能摄取更多抗原,流式细胞术定量分析结果显示OPD’能显著提高BMDCs的抗原摄取率(P<0.01);转录组学结果显示,与RBD组相比RBD/OPD’组PPAR信号通路显著富集。

结论

麦冬皂苷D’可有效增强RBD亚单位疫苗的免疫应答水平,且其作用机制可能与激活PPAR信号通路有关。

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孙红武,E-mail:
邹全明,E-mail:
ZOU Quanming,E-mail:
SUN Hongwu,E-mail:
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A:OPD’对BMDCs细胞活性的影响;B:免疫后小鼠体质量变化;C:免疫后小鼠尿素氮; D:免疫后小鼠肌酐检测指标; E:免疫后小鼠天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶检测指标; F:免疫后小鼠丙氨酸氨基转移酶检测指标

, figureFileSmall=ufF5J//a0olChSJMJW1Z1A==, figureFileBig=+6tYXlB4+frvtwc4hEnKIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934664985444637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/BmScQzKq9/02xwJXhna7A==, figureFileBig=hnSROrUhkKpWoEJISr7Row==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665081913630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ELISA检测免疫后小鼠血清中特异性抗体及其亚型水平 (n=5)

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,d:P<0.0001,与RBD组比较;e:P<0.05,与RBD/Alum组比较A:二次免疫后第21天IgG水平;B:末次免疫后第14天IgG水平C:末次免疫后第14天IgG1水平;D:末次免疫后第14天IgG2a水平;E:末次免疫后第14天IgG2a/ IgG1比值

, figureFileSmall=/BmScQzKq9/02xwJXhna7A==, figureFileBig=hnSROrUhkKpWoEJISr7Row==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665169994015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HTpOEshkE4uPQ+j00g3TuQ==, figureFileBig=+dvalGIIwaNX11kW6aRtIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665279045920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=CN, label=图3, caption=免疫后小鼠脾细胞刺激上清中细胞因子检测结果图 (n=5)

a:P<0.01,b:P<0.001,c:P<0.0001,与RBD组比较A:IL-1β 检测结果;B:TNF-α检测结果;C:IFN-γ检测结果

, figureFileSmall=HTpOEshkE4uPQ+j00g3TuQ==, figureFileBig=+dvalGIIwaNX11kW6aRtIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665362932001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jyiLaq65XcChX5gU2U6oow==, figureFileBig=ux3s0eu47ILjejT2H6bIHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665455206690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ELISpot检测末次免疫14 d后小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞IFN-γ (n=5)

a:P<0.001,与RBD组比较A:各组中IFN-γ斑点形成细胞;B:免疫后第14天通过 ELISpot 检测刺激脾细胞的IFN-γ斑点形成细胞数量

, figureFileSmall=jyiLaq65XcChX5gU2U6oow==, figureFileBig=ux3s0eu47ILjejT2H6bIHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665555869987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=whkjMiNwMLbez5KfhtZbcA==, figureFileBig=UBgXHYfcoDzq4mbFshc23Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665635561764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=CN, label=图5, caption=抗原在BMDCs的体外摄取

a:P<0.01,与OVA组比较A:APC-OVA被BMDCs摄取的CLSM图;B:BMDCs对APC-OVA摄取的流式曲线图;C:OVA与OVA/RBD在BMDCs内的平均荧光强度

, figureFileSmall=whkjMiNwMLbez5KfhtZbcA==, figureFileBig=UBgXHYfcoDzq4mbFshc23Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665736225061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=z2AkO0IEi5a6XLL/7m7Vjg==, figureFileBig=BAVYO4gNQD1jMGDeNJaltA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322934665832694054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322934652184428740, language=CN, label=图6, caption=转录组分析

A:差异基因表达量聚类热图;B:RBD/OPD’组与RBD组DEGs的火山图;C:差异基因GO富集分析;D:差异基因KEGG富集分析

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植物源性免疫刺激分子麦冬皂苷的免疫增强效应及初步机制
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刘姝琳 1 , 魏静 2 , 朱宝行 1 , 叶演 1 , 潘佳乐 3 , 赵安妮 1 , 宋振 1 , 彭六生 1 , 李海波 1 , 孙红武 1 , 邹全明 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 基础医学 2025,47(4): 350-359
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陆军军医大学学报 |基础医学 2025 , 47 (4) : 350 -359
植物源性免疫刺激分子麦冬皂苷的免疫增强效应及初步机制
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刘姝琳1, 魏静2, 朱宝行1, 叶演1, 潘佳乐3, 赵安妮1, 宋振1, 彭六生1, 李海波1, 孙红武1 , 邹全明1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心
  • 2佳木斯大学临床医学,黑龙江 佳木斯
  • 3重庆理工大学药学院,重庆
通讯作者:
孙红武,E-mail:
邹全明,E-mail:
ZOU Quanming,E-mail:
SUN Hongwu,E-mail:
Immune-enhancing effect and mechanism of natural plant-derived immunostimulatory molecule ophiopogonin
Shulin LIU1, Jing WEI2, Baohang ZHU1, Yan YE1, Jiale PAN3, Anni ZHAO1, Zhen SONG1, Liusheng PENG1, Haibo LI1, Hongwu SUN1 , Quanming ZOU1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy,National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products,Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing
  • 2Clinical Medical School of Jiamusi University,Jiamusi,Heilongjiang
  • 3College of Pharmacy,Chongqing University of Technology,Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412021
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目的

探究植物源性免疫刺激分子麦冬皂苷对以冠状病毒刺突蛋白受体结合域(receptor binding domain,RBD)为抗原的亚单位疫苗的免疫应答增强效应及初步机制。

方法

用CCK-8法评价麦冬皂苷D’(ophiopogonin D’,OPD’)对骨髓来源的树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cell,BMDCs)的细胞毒性;将Balb/c雌性小鼠按照随机数字表法分成4组:Control组、RBD组、RBD/OPD’组、RBD/Alum组,使用免疫剂量为抗原5 μg/只、佐剂100 μg/只,按照第 0、21、42天肌肉注射免疫程序进行免疫;监测小鼠体质量、生化指标等评价其体内安全性;用ELISA检测特异性IgG及其亚型抗体滴度;用ELISA试剂盒检测脾细胞上清中细胞因子水平; ELISpot检测脾细胞分泌γ干扰素(interferon-gamma ,IFN-γ)的细胞数量;用激光共聚焦显微镜观察BMDCs对抗原的摄取;流式细胞术定量分析BMDCs对抗原的吞噬能力;用转录组学技术结合生物信息学研究方法,初步探究其增强免疫效应的机制。

结果

当OPD’浓度<5 μg/mL时BMDCs存活率为100%;小鼠单次肌肉注射后除体质量略有下降外,生化指标结果均处于正常范围;疫苗肌肉注射免疫后,RBD/OPD’组血清特异性IgG、IgG1和IgG2a滴度与RBD组相比均显著升高(P<0.05);与RBD组相比,RBD/OPD’组Th1细胞免疫应答的细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IFN-γ显著增高(P<0.01),促进淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的细胞数量显著增加(P<0.001);激光共聚焦显微镜发现,OPD’处理后的BMDCs能摄取更多抗原,流式细胞术定量分析结果显示OPD’能显著提高BMDCs的抗原摄取率(P<0.01);转录组学结果显示,与RBD组相比RBD/OPD’组PPAR信号通路显著富集。

结论

麦冬皂苷D’可有效增强RBD亚单位疫苗的免疫应答水平,且其作用机制可能与激活PPAR信号通路有关。

麦冬皂苷  /  佐剂  /  免疫应答  /  蛋白疫苗
Objective

To explore the effect and preliminary mechanism of the plant-derived immunostimulatory molecule, ophiopogonin, on enhancing the immune response of a subunit vaccine with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronavirus spike protein as the antigen.

Methods

CCK-8 assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of ophiopogonin D' (OPD') on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Female Balb/c mice were randomly divided into RBD, RBD/OPD', RBD/Alum, and control groups. The immunization dose was 5 μg of antigen per mouse and 100 μg of adjuvant per mouse, and immunization was carried out according to the intramuscular injection immunization procedure on days 0, 21, and 42. The titers of specific IgG and its subtype antibodies were detected by ELISA. The cytokine levels in the supernatant of splenocytes were detected using ELISA. The number of splenocytes secreting IFN-γ was detected by ELISpot. Laser confocal microscopy was employed to observe the uptake of antigen by BMDCs. The phagocytic ability of BMDCs for antigen was quantitatively analyzed by flow cytometry. The mechanism of its enhanced immune effect was preliminarily explored using transcriptomics technology combined with bioinformatics research.

Results

When the concentration of OPD' was less than 5 μg/mL, the survival rate of BMDCs was 100%. After a single intramuscular injection in mice, except for a slight decrease in body weight, the other biochemical indicators were within corresponding normal ranges. After intramuscular injection immunization of the vaccine, the titers of serum-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a in the RBD/OPD' group were significantly higher than those in the RBD group (P<0.05). Compared with the RBD group, the RBD/OPD' group induced a high-level Th1 cell immune response of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (P<0.01) and had more lymphocytes secreting IFN-γ (P<0.001). Laser confocal microscopy displayed that BMDCs took up more antigens after OPD' treatment, which was further confirmed with flow cytometry in quantitative analysis on antigen uptake rate (P<0.01). Transcriptomics results indicated that there was more significant enrichment of the PPAR signaling pathway in the RBD/OPD' group than the RBD group, suggesting that OPD' may activate the PPAR signaling pathway to exert its adjuvant effect.

Conclusion‍

OPD' effectively enhances the immune response of the RBD subunit vaccine, and its action mechanism may be related to the activation of the PPAR signaling pathway.

‍ophiopogonin  /  adjuvant  /  immune response  /  protein vaccine
刘姝琳, 魏静, 朱宝行, 叶演, 潘佳乐, 赵安妮, 宋振, 彭六生, 李海波, 孙红武, 邹全明. 植物源性免疫刺激分子麦冬皂苷的免疫增强效应及初步机制. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (4) : 350 -359 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412021
Shulin LIU, Jing WEI, Baohang ZHU, Yan YE, Jiale PAN, Anni ZHAO, Zhen SONG, Liusheng PENG, Haibo LI, Hongwu SUN, Quanming ZOU. Immune-enhancing effect and mechanism of natural plant-derived immunostimulatory molecule ophiopogonin[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (4) : 350 -359 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412021
疫苗是预防、控制甚至消灭传染病最有效的方法[1],尤其是在新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发后,疫苗发挥了不可替代的作用[2]。当前,以冠状病毒刺突蛋白受体结合域(receptor binding domain,RBD)为抗原的亚单位疫苗[3],因其抗原成分明确、纯度高、安全性好,减少了使用人工减毒、灭活等方法制备的疫苗后可能发生的低热、恶心、头晕等不良反应[4],从而受到研究者的广泛关注。然而,亚单位疫苗依然存在免疫原性弱,制造相对复杂等局限性 [5],因此必须联合佐剂才能使其在人群中产生有效保护。目前,全球上市的佐剂主要为铝佐剂、MF59、AS03、Matrix-M、AddaVaxTM等[6],但上述佐剂难以诱导全面的免疫应答,且价格昂贵、专利和技术被国外大型企业垄断[7],成为我国原创型疫苗研发的瓶颈,因此迫切需要研发具有我国自主知识产权的疫苗佐剂。
天然源性植物免疫刺激分子具有众多独特的优势,如来源广泛,生物相容性好,可促进树突状细胞的成熟和免疫细胞因子的分泌,显著增强免疫应答等,已成为当前研究的热点[8-9]。研究发现,我国传统中药麦冬,具有养阴生津、润肺清心的功效[10],同时在《神农本草经》《医学衷中参西录》等古代医著都对麦冬有美誉,称麦冬“久服轻身,不老不饥”。皂苷由侧接一个或多个寡糖链的亲脂性三萜类核心组成,具有调节细胞介导的免疫系统的能力和低剂量佐剂活性的优点[11]。麦冬皂苷是麦冬提取物中重要的生物活性物质,具有免疫调节、抗氧化、抗炎等作用[12]。目前国内外未见麦冬皂苷D’ (ophiopogonin D’,OPD’)增强新型冠状病毒蛋白疫苗RBD的免疫应答及机制的研究报道。基于此,本研究在研究OPD’体内外安全性基础上,以新型冠状病毒蛋白疫苗RBD为抗原进行肌肉注射免疫。通过检测其特异性抗体、细胞免疫水平,利用转录组学测序等研究其免疫增强效应及其机制,以期为开发植物源性佐剂研究提供科学理论依据,并为开发出高效的疫苗佐剂提供新思路。
SPF级Balb/c小鼠[雌性,6~8周,体质量18~20 g],购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。所有动物实验均获得陆军军医大学动物伦理委员会的批准(AMUWEC20223007),实验所用动物饲养、护理和安乐死均遵循动物实验全程质量控制和实验动物伦理规定
RBD抗原由重庆智飞生物制品股份有限公司提供;RBD肽库由上海波泰生物科技有限公司提供;麦冬皂苷D’购自成都普瑞法科技开发有限公司; AL(OH)3佐剂购自Invivogen公司;酶联免疫吸附板购自Corning 公司; IFN-γ酶联免疫吸附试剂盒、TNF-α酶联免疫吸附试剂盒、IL-1β酶联免疫吸附试剂盒、ELISpot Plus:Mouse IFN-γ(ALP)试剂盒均购自达科为生物技术股份有限公司;全波长酶标仪购自Bio-Rad 公司;ELISpot读板机购自德国艾迪AID公司;所用仪器由陆军军医大学药学与检验医学系国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心及大学中心实验室提供。
体外安全性实验:将麻醉后处死的小鼠置于75%酒精中浸泡消毒,使用无菌器械取出其胫骨及股骨,用1 mL注射器吸取无菌PBS反复冲洗出骨髓,452×g离心5 min后弃去上清,加入红细胞裂解液重悬后裂解5 min,而后加入PBS终止裂解,452×g离心5 min后弃上清,用含20 ng/mL GM-CSF、10 ng/mL IL-4的RPMI 1640完全培养基重悬细胞后培养。第2天和第4 天分别更换半量培养基,第6天收集成熟的骨髓来源的树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,BMDCs),而后调整细胞浓度为2.5×104/mL,以100 μL/孔加入96孔板中,待细胞静息6 h后,加入不同浓度的OPD’培养48 h。弃去上清,每孔加入100 μL 10% CCK-8试剂,置于培养箱避光孵育2 h后,酶标仪读取D(450)后进行统计分析,细胞活性按下述公式计算:细胞活性(%)=[D(450)实验-D(450)空白]/[D(450)对照-D(450)空白] ×100%
体内安全性评价:小鼠免疫后每日上午观察小鼠存活状态并进行体质量监测,第3 天收集小鼠血清采用全自动生化分析仪分别检测血清中尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Scr)以评价其肾脏功能,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)以评价其肝脏功能。
将RBD蛋白(500 μg/mL)和佐剂进行混合(w/w,1∶1)后,放置在4 ℃,旋转混悬仪混悬12 h,放置冰箱备用。
将20只实验小鼠随机分为4组:PBS组(PBS)、RBD组(RBD)、RBD+麦冬皂苷D’组(RBD/OPD’)、RBD+铝佐剂组(RBD/Alum),每组5只。其中RBD为5 μg/只,佐剂100 μg/只,在第0、21、42 天肌肉注射免疫,第56 天处死小鼠。
分别在第二次免疫后第21 天及末次免疫后第14 天,小鼠尾静脉采血收集各组小鼠静脉全血,以832×g离心10 min后,分离并收集血清存放于-80 ℃。用包被液将RBD抗原稀释至10 μg/mL后,100 μL/孔加入ELISA板中,于4 ℃包被过夜后洗板;250 μL/孔加入封闭液(1%BSA PBST),37 ℃封闭2 h后洗板;将免疫后小鼠血清稀释后加入孔板内,而后进行梯度稀释,于37 ℃孵育1 h后洗板;100 μL/孔HRP标记山羊抗小鼠 IgG、IgG1、IgG2a(1:10 000)加入孔板,37 ℃孵育40 min后洗板;100 μL/孔TMB加入孔板,避光显色10 min,而后50 μL/孔加入终止液;酶标仪读取D(450)后进行统计分析。阳性参考血清D(450)≥0.5;阴性参考血清D(450)≤0.1;Cut-off值=阴性参考血清D(450)×0.1;以D(450)≥Cut-off值作为判定阳性的临界值,对应的稀释度就为该样品的抗体滴度。
末次免疫后的第14 天,小鼠采用异氟烷麻醉后,将其处死;分离出脾细胞悬液,并将其细胞浓度调整至1×107 /mL,在24孔板中每孔加入500 μL细胞悬液,而后再加入500 μL 浓度为40 μg/mL的RBD肽库,终浓度为20 μg/mL。将24孔板放置于含有5% CO2、温度为37 ℃的细胞培养箱中。培养48 h后收集细胞上清,452×g离心5 min,分离细胞沉淀并收集上清存放于-80 ℃。使用ELISA试剂盒检测IL-1β、TNF-α、IFN-γ表达水平。
将细胞浓度为1×107 /mL的末次免疫后第14 天小鼠脾细胞悬液100 μL/孔加入预先已活化ELISpot-IFN-γ板中,再加入100 μL浓度为40 μg/mL的RBD肽库进行混合。在阳性对照孔中注入2 μL佛波酯溶液,阴性对照孔加入100 μL RPMI 1640 完全培养基。随后,把平板放置于含有5% CO2、温度为37 ℃的细胞培养箱中培养48 h;弃培养基,250 μL/孔PBS溶液洗涤5次,100 μL/孔加入检测抗体(R4-6A2-biotin,1∶1 000稀释),室温下孵育2 h;250 μL/孔PBS溶液洗涤5次,加入100 μL/孔链霉亲和素-辣根过氧化物酶(1∶1 000),于室温下孵育1 h。250 μL/孔PBS溶液洗涤5次,100 μL/孔加入TMB显色液,当出现明显斑点时,用蒸馏水冲洗板子终止显色反应。待板子晾干后,将其置于ELISpot 读板机中进行斑点读数并采集图片。
将DC2.4以2×105 个/孔接种至共聚焦培养皿中,而后加入APC-OVA、APC-OVA/OPD’,置于含有5% CO2、温度为37 ℃的细胞培养箱中避光培养24 h。弃去培养基后用PBS清洗2次后加入4%多聚甲醛固定细胞15 min;用PBS清洗2次后加入0.2% Triton-X100溶液透化10 min;再次用PBS清洗2次后,用100 nmol/L的鬼笔环肽孵育10 min;用PBS清洗2次后加入DAPI染色液孵育10 min;然后用PBS清洗3次后加入适量PBS溶液,使用共聚焦显微镜观察。
BMDCs以1×106 /孔接种到24孔板中,分别加入PBS、APC-OVA、APC-OVA/ OPD’,置于含有5% CO2、温度为37 ℃的细胞培养箱中避光培养24 h。用1 mLPBS清洗细胞2次后,再用0.5 mLPBS重悬细胞于1.5 mLEP管中,利用流式细胞术检测BMDCs对抗原的摄取。
将6只实验小鼠随机分为2组:RBD、RBD/OPD’,每组3只。其中RBD为5 μg/只,OPD’ 100 μg/只,肌肉注射免疫48 h后处死小鼠取双侧腹股沟引流淋巴结。样本交由广州表观生物科技有限公司进行转录组测序。利用GO 数据库研究差异基因在Gene Ontology中的分布状况,阐明实验中样本差异在基因功能上的体现。利用KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)数据库,通过Pathway显著性富集确定差异表达基因参与的最主要生化代谢途径和信号转导途径。
采用 GraphPad Prism 9.5进行统计学分析,数据表示为x¯±s,两组数据之间的比较采用t检验,多组数据之间的比较采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
安全性是体内评价的重要指标。首先采用BMDCs对OPD’的细胞毒性进行了检测,如图1A所示,OPD’的剂量<5 μg/mL时,其对BMDCs无毒性,存活率为100%。其次评价OPD’体内毒性,对单次肌肉注射后小鼠进行体质量监测结果如图1B所示,OPD’免疫后72 h内小鼠体质量出现小幅下降,而在第96 h后出现回升;通过生化分析仪检测了免疫后小鼠血清中尿素氮、肌酐、丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶,以反映肾脏和肝脏的损伤及毒性情况,如图1C~1F所示,四项生化指标均在正常的安全范围值之内,且各组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。以上结果说明OPD’安全性良好,能应用于后续的疫苗开发工作。
为了探究OPD’在体内诱导抗原特异性免疫应答的能力,在第二次免疫后第21 天及末次免疫后第14 天检测血清中RBD特异性的IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体滴度。如图2A~2D所示,OPD’能够有效促进小鼠产生RBD特异性的IgG、IgG1、IgG2a,且与RBD组相比具有显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.0001)。其中OPD’诱导产生的RBD特异性的IgG和IgG1的水平与Alum相当,而诱导产生RBD特异性的IgG2a的水平显著高于Alum(P<0.05),IgG2a与IgG1的比值也显著高于Alum组(P<0.01,图2E)。以上结果提示,OPD’具有佐剂效应,能够促进Th1和Th2反应,刺激机体产生细胞和体液免疫。
收集免疫后第14天小鼠脾细胞培养上清液,使用ELISA检测脾细胞分泌的细胞因子总量。如图3A-3C所示,RBD/OPD’免疫后小鼠体内分泌特异性IL-1β、TNF-α、IFN-γ的水平显著提高(P<0.01,P<0.001,P<0.0001),表明OPD’能够有效诱导Th1细胞免疫的细胞因子产生,进一步说明OPD’可诱导强效的T细胞免疫应答。
为了检测免疫后小鼠细胞免疫应答能力,在末次免疫后第14天分离出小鼠脾细胞悬液,ELISpot检测其分泌IFN-γ的细胞数量。图4A所示为各组的免疫印记斑点图,经RBD肽库刺激后,RBD/OPD’组相比于RBD组分泌IFN-γ的细胞明显增多,图4B为统计斑点数后所作柱状图,可见RBD/OPD’组小鼠分泌IFN-γ的脾细胞显著高于RBD组(P<0.001)。以上结果表明OPD’作为佐剂可以显著性增强免疫后小鼠脾脏抗原特异性T细胞免疫应答。
探究OPD’发挥佐剂效应的机制,猜想OPD’可能有助于DCs对抗原的摄取,因此采用流式细胞术和激光共聚焦研究了OPD’对BMDCs抗原摄取能力的影响。采用APC标记的模式抗原OVA(APC-OVA)进行细胞内示踪,如图5A所示,游离的APC-OVA有效进入细胞的较少,而将OPD’、APC-OVA和BMDCs共孵育后,更多的抗原能够被BMDCs高效摄取。而后采用流式细胞术定量比较BMDCs对抗原吞噬能力的差异,结果如图5B所示,OVA/OPD’组作用后BMDCs的抗原摄取率显著增加,且差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。
为了进一步探究OPD’增强免疫效应的机制,本研究利用转录组学方法得出以下结果。差异基因(differentially expression genes,DEGs)筛选结果如图6A所示,与RBD组比较,RBD/OPD’组有83个差异DEGs,其中67个上调(LFC>1,P<0.05),16个下调(LFC<-1,P<0.05)。图6B为差异表达基因聚类图,其直观地显示了RBD/OPD’组小鼠和RBD组小鼠之间不同的基因表达谱。将GO注释对应的基因数目进行统计然后按照生物学过程、细胞组分和分子功能分类绘图,结果如图6C所示。而后通过对KEGG通路的分析,如图6D所示,单独RBD组相比RBD/OPD’组中存在PPAR信号的富集,提示OPD’可能激活了 PPAR信号通路。
植物源性有效成分因其良好的生物相容性、安全性和耐受性等特点,被广泛地研究和开发成为免疫调节剂[13]。在评估免疫调节剂免疫效应的研究中,细胞毒性实验是评价其安全性的重要步骤,而其中BMDCs是研究免疫反应、抗原呈递和细胞免疫调控的关键工具[14],本研究结果显示OPD’的剂量小于5 μg/mL时对BMDCs无明显细胞毒性,为后续体外细胞实验提供浓度参考。有报道发现,在关于OPD’毒性影响的研究中,以每只小鼠6.46 mg/kg的剂量通过尾静脉注射OPD’后出现与神经系统相关的不良反应,甚至在7 d后出现死亡情况[15]。然而,本研究中以5 mg/kg的剂量通过肌肉注射给药后,于第3天检测小鼠生化指标评价其肝肾功能,均处于正常检测范围,并且连续观察小鼠状态14 d均未出现明显异常。
特异性抗体是机体获得性免疫应答被激活后发挥预防和清除病原体作用的关键物质基础和手段[16]。IgG作为主要的免疫球蛋白,也是反映机体免疫应答水平的重要指标,IgG1和IgG2a可以间接反映Th2和Th1型细胞免疫应答水平,同时IgG1/IgG2a的比值也可以提示机体在疫苗刺激后所偏向的免疫应答类型[17-19]。实验结果表明,与RBD组相比,RBD/OPD’组的IgG、IgG1和IgG2a水平均显著升高,且IgG1/IgG2a的比值也显著高于RBD组和传统铝佐剂组。上述结果提示,OPD’作为疫苗佐剂可能会诱导机体偏向于Th1型免疫应答。研究表明,新型冠状病毒S蛋白的S1亚基通过RBD与宿主细胞ACE2受体结合,触发S1亚基脱落,S2亚基被宿主蛋白酶裂解后,与宿主细胞膜融合,从而进入宿主细胞。SARS-CoV-2的中和抗体可以通过与RBD结合,从而抑制病毒附着宿主细胞[20- 21]。血清中IgG抗体滴度与中和抗体滴度呈正相关,IgG2a则是在中和病毒感染的过程中起关键作用的亚型[22],其滴度的升高也提示了OPD’可能会上调RBD诱导的中和抗体水平,进而抑制相应病毒对宿主细胞的附着力。细胞因子是由免疫细胞及组织细胞分泌的、具广泛细胞调节作用的可溶性蛋白。通过特异性细胞因子与受体的结合,调节细胞增殖分化、凋亡、炎症等的过程。在阻止病毒入侵的过程中,机体高水平的T细胞应答对于疫苗发挥长期保护发挥了至关重要的作用[23]。T细胞通过释放细胞因子IFN-γ和TNF-α,清除感染的细胞,从而抑制病毒的复制[24]。结果表明,与RBD组相比,RBD/OPD’免疫后,小鼠脾细胞上清中IFN-γ和TNF-α显著升高,提示OPD’作为免疫调节剂可进一步激活机体的T细胞免疫应答。
DC是抗原提呈能力最强的抗原递呈细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC),是唯一能够活化初始Th(Th0)细胞的APC。DC细胞对抗原的摄取、加工处理及递呈是连接天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁[25],是疫苗抗原发挥其特异性免疫保护作用的关键环节[26-27]。因此疫苗佐剂目的之一就是增加以DCs为代表的APCs对疫苗抗原的摄取。在本研究中,OPD’可有效促进DC对抗原的摄取,且显著高于传统铝佐剂,这可能是其发挥佐剂效应的机制。有研究证明PPAR通路在调节免疫细胞,特别是DCs的功能中起着重要作用,其激活可以调节DCs的成熟和功能,从而影响T细胞的激活和免疫应答[28-30],转录组学分析显示,OPD’激活了PPAR信号通路,进一步影响机体免疫应答,发挥其佐剂效应。
综上所述,OPD’作为天然植物源性的免疫刺激分子可高效诱导特异性体液免疫以及细胞免疫应答,作用机制可能与OPD’可促进DC对抗原的摄取及激活PPAR信号通路有关。后续可进一步利用多组学技术探究OPD’增强免疫应答的分子信号作用机制,从而为开发植物源性佐剂研究提供科学理论依据。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412021
  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心
    2佳木斯大学临床医学,黑龙江 佳木斯
    3重庆理工大学药学院,重庆

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孙红武,E-mail:
邹全明,E-mail:
ZOU Quanming,E-mail:
SUN Hongwu,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ljjydxxb/CN/10.16016/j.2097-0927.202412021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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