Article(id=1322210955371590267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731945600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-19, revisedDate=1739548800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793169257251, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793169257251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793169257251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793169257251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322210840242139234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, year='2025', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='629', pageEnd='748', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793169229803, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793325214855, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322865089049383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, issueId=1322210840242139234, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=734, endPage=741, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322210956663435901, articleId=1322210955371590267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=EN, title=Removal of plaque biofilm by a 3D-printed precision pericoronal irrigator for impacted wisdom teeth: an in vitro study, columnId=1322190400052380037, journalTitle=Journal of Army Medical University, columnName=Biomedical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective‍

To prepare an advanced irrigation device equipped with a specialized nozzle designed to access the pericoronal blind sac of impacted wisdom teeth, and evaluate its efficacy in plaque removal.

Methods‍

3D-printer was utilized to develop pericoronal models simulating mandibular wisdom teeth with high vertical impaction and varying soft tissue coverage (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively) and personalized pericoronal irrigator. The obtained pericoronal models were randomly divided into 3 groups, treated with personalized precision pericoronal flushing, routine flushing and brushing, respectively, and, under a pressures of 45 psi or 75 psi (1 psi=6 894.76 Pa), were performed to clean the test surfaces of plaque-biofilm-obstructed wisdom teeth, respectively. Images of the tooth surfaces were analyzed before and after cleaning, and the cleaning rate was calculated using Python software.

Results‍

For wisdom teeth with 50% and 75% pericoronal soft tissue coverage, at a pressure of 45 psi, the precision pericoronal flushing group demonstrated significantly higher cleaning rate when compared to the brushing and routine flushing groups (P<0.05). At 0% and 25% pericoronal soft tissue coverage, the precision pericoronal flushing and brushing groups exhibited significantly higher cleaning rates than the routine flushing group (P<0.05). Furthermore, at 75 psi, the precision pericoronal flushing group achieved a significantly higher cleaning rate across all 4 levels of pericoronal soft tissue coverage than both the routine flushing and brushing groups (P<0.05). Notably, the precision pericoronal flushing group at 75 psi obtained significantly higher cleaning rate than at 45 psi across 0%, 25%, and 50% pericoronal soft tissue coverage (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

The precision pericoronal irrigation device demonstrates significantly superior cleaning efficacy for vertically impacted mandibular third molars compared to conventional irrigation devices and manual tooth brushing. It is an effective device for preventing and treating pericoronitis.

, authors=Xiaoting WANG1, Zhenxin HUANG1, Weiwei GUO1, Jianye SONG1, Liang ZHOU2, Rouyi WEI1, Kun WANG1, authorsList=Xiaoting WANG, Zhenxin HUANG, Weiwei GUO, Jianye SONG, Liang ZHOU, Rouyi WEI, Kun WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=© 2025 Journal of Army Medical University, copyrightOwner=Editorial Office of Journal of Army Medical University, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322210960903877261, articleId=1322210955371590267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, language=CN, title=3D打印精准智齿冠周冲洗器清除菌斑的体外研究, columnId=1322190400245318023, journalTitle=陆军军医大学学报, columnName=生物医学工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研制一种冲洗头可直达阻生智齿冠周盲袋的精准化冲洗器,评估其对牙冠菌斑的清洁效能。

方法

3D打印4种不同面积比冠周软组织(0%、25%、50%、75%)覆盖的下颌智齿高位垂直阻生牙列模型及个性化精准智齿冠周冲洗器,不同覆盖面积比的模型随机分为3组,精准冠周冲洗组、常规冲洗组及刷牙组。分别在45、75 psi压强(1 psi=6 894.76 Pa)下,对有菌斑生物膜的阻生智齿试验牙面进行清洁,采用Python软件分析清洁前后牙面图像并计算清洁率。

结果

在45 psi压强下,智齿冠周软组织覆盖面积比为50%、75%时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁率均显著高于刷牙组和常规冲洗组(P<0.05);冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%时,精准冠周冲洗组与刷牙组清洁率显著高于常规冲洗组(P<0.05);在75 psi压强下,冠周4种不同面积比软组织覆盖时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁率均显著高于常规冲洗组和刷牙组(P<0.05)。冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%及50%时,精准冠周冲洗组在75 psi压强下的清洁率显著高于在45 psi压强下的清洁率(P<0.05)。

结论

精准冠周冲洗器对垂直阻生智齿的清洁效能显著优于常规冲洗器及刷牙,是一种有效预防及治疗冠周炎的装置。

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汪昆,E-mail:
WANG Kun,E-mail:
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A:清洁前牙面代表示意图;B:清洁后牙面代表示意图;C、D:通过颜色阈值分割对清洁前后牙面图像进行处理代表示意图

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a:P<0.05,与同一覆盖面积比下精准冠周冲洗组比较;b:P<0.05,与同一覆盖面积比下常规冲洗组比较;c:P<0.05,与同一组别下冠周软组织覆盖面积比为75%比较

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a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,c:P<0.001,与同一覆盖面积比下精准冠周冲洗组比较;d:P<0.05,与同一组别下冠周软组织覆盖面积比为75%比较

, figureFileSmall=Yw+aLQlK8oo5dT+Mk1rJBQ==, figureFileBig=B61vSObG/b+xAqFcfv0eJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210970437530321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210955371590267, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xChmNGQoIOXPFsb2WMut9g==, figureFileBig=eVMdGgq7dmAMvvOa9nWIVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210970550776530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210955371590267, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2种压强对精准冠周冲洗器清洁率的影响比较

a:P<0.05,b:P<0.01,与同一覆盖面积比下45 psi精准冠周冲洗组比较

, figureFileSmall=xChmNGQoIOXPFsb2WMut9g==, figureFileBig=eVMdGgq7dmAMvvOa9nWIVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322210970630468307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210955371590267, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别压强分型器具使用方法
精准冠周冲洗组45 psi电动输水装置、口内固位部、冲洗头及连接软管组成固位部卡放于下颌磨牙,启动电动输水装置,冲洗时间为15 s
75 psi
常规冲洗组45 psi电动输水装置将冲洗器喷头放在第二磨牙牙合 面固定点,均使用标准喷头,角度固定为45°,冲洗时间为15 s
75 psi
刷牙组-牙刷按巴斯刷牙法进行后牙区清洁,时间为15 s,刷牙力度为1.5~2.0 N[28]
), ArticleFig(id=1322210970848572116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1319373162502258839, articleId=1322210955371590267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3组压强分型及使用方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别压强分型器具使用方法
精准冠周冲洗组45 psi电动输水装置、口内固位部、冲洗头及连接软管组成固位部卡放于下颌磨牙,启动电动输水装置,冲洗时间为15 s
75 psi
常规冲洗组45 psi电动输水装置将冲洗器喷头放在第二磨牙牙合 面固定点,均使用标准喷头,角度固定为45°,冲洗时间为15 s
75 psi
刷牙组-牙刷按巴斯刷牙法进行后牙区清洁,时间为15 s,刷牙力度为1.5~2.0 N[28]
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3D打印精准智齿冠周冲洗器清除菌斑的体外研究
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王晓婷 1 , 黄珍欣 1 , 郭维维 1 , 宋建业 1 , 周亮 2 , 韦柔漪 1 , 汪昆 1
陆军军医大学学报 | 生物医学工程 2025,47(7): 734-741
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陆军军医大学学报 |生物医学工程 2025 , 47 (7) : 734 -741
3D打印精准智齿冠周冲洗器清除菌斑的体外研究
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王晓婷1, 黄珍欣1, 郭维维1, 宋建业1, 周亮2, 韦柔漪1, 汪昆1
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院口腔科,重庆
  • 2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)野战外科研究部第九研究室,重庆
通讯作者:
汪昆,E-mail:
WANG Kun,E-mail:
Removal of plaque biofilm by a 3D-printed precision pericoronal irrigator for impacted wisdom teeth: an in vitro study
Xiaoting WANG1, Zhenxin HUANG1, Weiwei GUO1, Jianye SONG1, Liang ZHOU2, Rouyi WEI1, Kun WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Stomatology,Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University),Chongqing,China
  • 2No.9 Department,nstitute of Field Surgery,Army Medical Center of PLA/Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing,China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411082
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目的

研制一种冲洗头可直达阻生智齿冠周盲袋的精准化冲洗器,评估其对牙冠菌斑的清洁效能。

方法

3D打印4种不同面积比冠周软组织(0%、25%、50%、75%)覆盖的下颌智齿高位垂直阻生牙列模型及个性化精准智齿冠周冲洗器,不同覆盖面积比的模型随机分为3组,精准冠周冲洗组、常规冲洗组及刷牙组。分别在45、75 psi压强(1 psi=6 894.76 Pa)下,对有菌斑生物膜的阻生智齿试验牙面进行清洁,采用Python软件分析清洁前后牙面图像并计算清洁率。

结果

在45 psi压强下,智齿冠周软组织覆盖面积比为50%、75%时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁率均显著高于刷牙组和常规冲洗组(P<0.05);冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%时,精准冠周冲洗组与刷牙组清洁率显著高于常规冲洗组(P<0.05);在75 psi压强下,冠周4种不同面积比软组织覆盖时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁率均显著高于常规冲洗组和刷牙组(P<0.05)。冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%及50%时,精准冠周冲洗组在75 psi压强下的清洁率显著高于在45 psi压强下的清洁率(P<0.05)。

结论

精准冠周冲洗器对垂直阻生智齿的清洁效能显著优于常规冲洗器及刷牙,是一种有效预防及治疗冠周炎的装置。

3D打印  /  智齿  /  冲洗器  /  菌斑  /  体外研究
Objective‍

To prepare an advanced irrigation device equipped with a specialized nozzle designed to access the pericoronal blind sac of impacted wisdom teeth, and evaluate its efficacy in plaque removal.

Methods‍

3D-printer was utilized to develop pericoronal models simulating mandibular wisdom teeth with high vertical impaction and varying soft tissue coverage (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively) and personalized pericoronal irrigator. The obtained pericoronal models were randomly divided into 3 groups, treated with personalized precision pericoronal flushing, routine flushing and brushing, respectively, and, under a pressures of 45 psi or 75 psi (1 psi=6 894.76 Pa), were performed to clean the test surfaces of plaque-biofilm-obstructed wisdom teeth, respectively. Images of the tooth surfaces were analyzed before and after cleaning, and the cleaning rate was calculated using Python software.

Results‍

For wisdom teeth with 50% and 75% pericoronal soft tissue coverage, at a pressure of 45 psi, the precision pericoronal flushing group demonstrated significantly higher cleaning rate when compared to the brushing and routine flushing groups (P<0.05). At 0% and 25% pericoronal soft tissue coverage, the precision pericoronal flushing and brushing groups exhibited significantly higher cleaning rates than the routine flushing group (P<0.05). Furthermore, at 75 psi, the precision pericoronal flushing group achieved a significantly higher cleaning rate across all 4 levels of pericoronal soft tissue coverage than both the routine flushing and brushing groups (P<0.05). Notably, the precision pericoronal flushing group at 75 psi obtained significantly higher cleaning rate than at 45 psi across 0%, 25%, and 50% pericoronal soft tissue coverage (P<0.05).

Conclusion‍

The precision pericoronal irrigation device demonstrates significantly superior cleaning efficacy for vertically impacted mandibular third molars compared to conventional irrigation devices and manual tooth brushing. It is an effective device for preventing and treating pericoronitis.

3D printing  /  wisdom teeth  /  pericoronal irrigator  /  plaque  /  in vitro study
王晓婷, 黄珍欣, 郭维维, 宋建业, 周亮, 韦柔漪, 汪昆. 3D打印精准智齿冠周冲洗器清除菌斑的体外研究. 陆军军医大学学报, 2025 , 47 (7) : 734 -741 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411082
Xiaoting WANG, Zhenxin HUANG, Weiwei GUO, Jianye SONG, Liang ZHOU, Rouyi WEI, Kun WANG. Removal of plaque biofilm by a 3D-printed precision pericoronal irrigator for impacted wisdom teeth: an in vitro study[J]. Journal of Army Medical University, 2025 , 47 (7) : 734 -741 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411082
第三磨牙,又称智齿,通常在18~26岁萌出[1]。全球范围内智齿阻生的发生率平均为24.40%[2]。智齿阻生是由于人类进化过程中,咀嚼器官发生退化,颌骨长度与牙列所需长度不协调,智齿最后萌出时位置不足所导致[3-5]。阻生智齿由于丧失了咀嚼功能,其周围及盲袋内容易聚集细菌[6-7],同时智齿位于牙弓末端难以有效清洁[8],常引发多种并发症。有研究发现,阻生智齿可致冠周炎、龋损、邻牙牙根吸收及牙周炎等的发生[9-12]。因此,为避免阻生智齿引发的严重危害,及时拔除阻生智齿是预防其相关并发症的首选方案[13]。
然而,有0.5%~31.9%的患者不能拔除阻生智齿[14],主要原因包括:①拔除过程可能损伤邻近结构[15-16];②在偏远地区缺乏专业口腔医师且拔除手术设备不足[17];③患者存在全身禁忌证(血液系统疾病、放疗后、妊娠期及使用抗凝/双膦酸盐等药物)[18] 。对于上述不能拔除阻生智齿的患者,清除智齿盲袋及牙面菌斑是防止发生感染等问题的有效办法。研究表明,菌斑是智齿冠周炎发病的主要原因之一[19-21]。清洁智齿的常用方法包括刷牙、使用常规冲洗器,但这2种方法的清洁效果有限,不能有效降低冠周炎的发生。刷牙的缺点为刷头难以到达牙列尽头的阻生智齿,且刷毛无法伸入盲袋清除菌斑[22]。使用常规冲洗器也存在相同的问题,患者手持冲洗器时,无法将冲洗头准确定位到冠周盲袋。同时,现有的牙间隙清洁辅助工具如牙线、牙缝隙刷等也很难清洁智齿盲袋内菌斑。自行含漱漱口液达不到冲洗的作用。有研究发现,智齿冠周软组织覆盖面积比为75%时,急性冠周炎最易发生[23]。这是因为冠周软组织覆盖面积比越大,盲袋越深,智齿的清洁难度也越大。而智齿又位于牙列最远端,因此,冠周冲洗的关键在于对智齿及盲袋精准定位。
基于此,对于不能拔除智齿的患者,本研究旨在研制一种可直达阻生智齿冠周盲袋的个性化新型精准冲洗器,用于清洁阻生智齿牙面菌斑。通过与常规冲洗器、刷牙2种方法比较去除菌斑效果,评估精准冠周冲洗器的清洁效能,探讨精准冠周冲洗器的优势及其在实际应用中的潜力。
3D打印材料:智齿模型底座(模型树脂,DM12V2)、冲洗头(模型树脂,DM05-V2)、智齿模型牙龈(模型树脂,GM12)、口内固位装置(模型树脂,GM12)均购自中国SINING 3D科技股份有限公司;3D打印软件及设备:Materialise Magics软件(Magics 28)购自比利时鲁汶Materialise Magics公司;Acc Ware软件(V3.2.0.47)、3D扫描仪(Aoralscan3)及3D打印机(AccuFab-D1s)均购自SINING 3D科技股份有限公司。
冠桥用光固化复合树脂(A3B)购自松风齿科器材贸易有限公司,人工牙菌斑(75 mL)购自德国mega公司,牙刷(青蛙软毛牙刷)购自广东雪洁日化用品有限公司,冲牙器(WaterPikGS10-1)购自美国洁碧公司,秒表电子计时器(奕圣YS-810)购自奕圣科技有限公司,相机(CanonEOS5DIV)购自日本Canon公司。
运用Magics软件完成下颌智齿高位垂直阻生牙列模型设计,根据智齿冠周软组织覆盖面积与牙冠面积的比值,将模型分为:冠周软组织0%覆盖、25%覆盖、50%覆盖及75%覆盖[24]。将数字化牙列模型导出为STL格式文件,在Acc Ware软件内对3D模型切片处理并转换为SLP3文件输入3D打印机,设定打印参数(层厚:50 μm,曝光时间:3 s)后打印。将打印的模型用95%乙醇和溶剂清洁液在超声波清洗机中清洗30 min,干燥后,放入光固化箱固化。经支撑位磨除、抛光等表面处理后,于阻生智齿表面均匀涂布冠桥用光固化复合树脂,并进行固化处理,即制作出了高位垂直阻生牙列模型(图1)。
采用Magics软件构建精准冠周冲洗器的三维模型,3D打印流程同上述垂直高位阻生模型的打印流程。精准冠周冲洗器由电动输水装置、口内固位部、冲洗头及连接软管组成(图2A),电动输水装置通过连接软管与冲洗头相连,冲洗头根据智齿盲袋位置设计,直达盲袋内。冲洗头嵌于口内固位部通道内,包括2个盲袋内喷头及喷头不同方向的副孔(图2B)。固位部包括咬合面、组织面、前面及后面四个面(图2C)。使用时固位部卡放于下颌磨牙,这样固位部组织面与下颌磨牙牙尖和牙合 面窝精准匹配,确保就位后冲洗头精确对准智齿盲袋(图3),患者轻咬咬牙合 面使清洁过程中冲洗头稳固就位。启动电动输水装置,冲洗头及副孔可喷出不同方向水柱彻底清除盲袋内和牙面菌斑。本精准冠周冲洗装置已提交专利申请(专利号:2024220433777)。
参考TUNA等[25]、SIRINIRUND等[26]及KHAN等[27]的研究方法,将菌斑生物膜喷雾放在距阻生智齿牙合 面3 cm处,喷2~3次,使牙合 面上均匀形成一薄层。将智齿放在固定位置对牙合 面进行拍照,拍照角度与牙面垂直(相机光圈和快门速度分别设置为f/11和1/250 s),然后将阻生智齿放回模型。分别使用3种清洁工具对左侧阻生智齿进行清洁。巴斯刷牙法及冲洗器的具体使用方法研究者已经过系统专业培训。每种清洁方式结束后均需取出下颌模型内智齿,对菌斑牙面拍照,拍摄角度与牙面垂直,每组实验结束后用75%酒精溶液润湿的纱布擦拭牙面,干燥后进行下一次实验(表1),每种清洁工具在每种牙龈覆盖模型下均重复试验10次。3种工具的清洁效能通过清洁率来评估。清洁率的公式如下:清洁率=牙面清洁区域像素之和/实验前菌斑区域像素之和×100%。图片处理及清洁比计算利用开源计算机视觉库与Python 3.13.0进行分析(图4),设定HSV阈值范围:H(55~255)、S(50~255)、V(55~255)识别染色区域。
数据分析采用SPSS 26.0和GraphPad Prism 10.3.1软件。正态性分析采用Shapro-Wilk检验,符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示。精准冠周冲洗组在2种压强下计量资料的比较采用配对t检验,3组间清洁率差异比较采用单因素ANOVA方差分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
在45 psi压强(1 psi=6 894.76 Pa)下,智齿冠周软组织覆盖面积比为50%、75%时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁率显著高于刷牙组和常规冲洗组,且刷牙组清洁率显著高于常规冲洗组(P<0.05)。智齿冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%时,精准冠周冲洗组与刷牙组间的差异无统计学意义,精准冠周冲洗组与刷牙组清洁率显著高于常规冲洗组。3组在软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%及50%时的清洁率显著高于覆盖面积比为75%时的清洁率(P<0.05,图5)。随冠周软组织覆盖面积比增加,3组的清洁率均持续下降,刷牙组降低率最多(53.49%),其次为常规冲洗组(50.92%),精准冠周冲洗组最少(40.26%)。
在75 psi压强下,冠周不同面积比软组织覆盖时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁率显著高于常规冲洗组和刷牙组(P<0.05);刷牙组与常规冲洗组间的差异无统计学意义。精准冠周冲洗器组与刷牙组在冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%及50%时的清洁率均显著高于覆盖面积比为75%时的清洁率(P<0.05)。常规冲洗组在冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%时的清洁率均显著高于覆盖面积比为75%时的清洁率(P<0.05,图6);随冠周软组织覆盖面积比增大,3组的清洁率均持续下降,刷牙组降低率最多(53.49%),其次为常规冲洗组(42.55%),精准冠周冲洗组最少(37.77%)。
冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%及50%时,75 psi精准冠周冲洗组的清洁率显著高于45 psi精准冠周冲洗组(P<0.05)。冠周软组织覆盖面积比为75%时,两组间的差异无统计学意义。
冲洗器是一种利用高压喷射水流对口腔进行清洁的器具,常规冲洗器的工作原理为脉冲与压强结合,使牙面及牙周组织承受加压和减压两个阶段:加压阶段水流冲入邻间隙和牙周袋内,减压阶段使细菌及食物残渣快速流出[29]。LUGASSY等[30]的研究表明,冲洗器水流到达喷口后产生2个流体动力区域:冲击区和冲洗区。冲击区为水流最开始接触牙面或牙周组织的区域;冲洗区为水流以同心圆式扩散至龈下,稀释并冲散龈下菌斑的区域。冲洗器能使牙周袋内细菌的细胞壁破裂、细胞质减少,影响牙周袋内菌斑的组成 [31]。
对于冠周炎的治疗,有研究者对传统的冲洗注射器进行了改良,将注射器针头改为带斜面的软管,患者使用时需手持冲洗器,通过照镜找出智齿位置[32-33]。患者虽可自行操作,但仍难以准确定位智齿和盲袋。也有研究者通过持握储液瓶并扣压扳手产生冲洗力清洁智齿,但按压时手部的抖动容易使喷头移位[34]。冠周炎临床常规局部疗法处理病程达7d,患者需每日到医院行椅旁冲洗,依从性较差,影响疗效,同时由于针头过于尖锐,容易损伤组织[35]。
本研究中精准冠周冲洗器通过固位部组织面与下颌磨牙牙尖和牙合 面窝精准匹配,实现冲洗头的稳固、精准定位,避免冲洗过程中由于冲力以及使用者手部抖动而造成的喷头偏移。由于冲洗器喷头直达智齿冠周盲袋,清除盲袋内菌斑效果更显著。同时,精准冠周冲洗器制作方便且体积轻巧,使用时无需大幅张开口腔,既保证了患者冲洗过程中的舒适性,又降低了操作难度(无需手持)。BHASKAR等[36]认为,炎症或溃疡的口腔组织建议使用 50~70 psi的冲洗压强。由于精准冠周冲洗器冲洗头出水口总直径(0.80 mm)略大于常规冲洗器喷头直径(0.66 mm),冲洗压强较低,更适用于有炎症的冠周组织。
不同的智齿阻生类型和软组织覆盖面积比会造成不同的食物残留率和细菌定植环境。研究表明,垂直阻生的智齿发生冠周炎的概率最大[37-38]。同时,GALVÃO[39]认为阻生智齿在高位时发生冠周炎的可能性更大。智齿冠周炎的发生还与冠周软组织覆盖率有关,软组织覆盖面积比在51%~75%时最易发生冠周炎[24,40-41],表明冠周软组织覆盖面积比越大,盲袋越深菌斑越不易清洁。基于此,本研究模拟不同冠周软组织覆盖面积比(0%~75%)下的高位垂直阻生下颌智齿模型,探讨精准冠周冲洗器的清洁效能,发现在45、75 psi压强下,冠周软组织覆盖面积比越大,盲袋越深,精准冠周冲洗器对智齿的清洁比常规冲洗器和刷牙2种清洁方式更有优势。
在45 psi压强下,智齿冠周软组织覆盖面积比为50%、75%时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁效果明显优于刷牙组;冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%时,精准冠周冲洗组与刷牙组间清洁率无显著差异,这表明龈瓣较小,盲袋较浅,其深度(约3 mm)与正常龈沟相近,即使食物残渣或细菌嵌入其中,刷毛也可达到盲袋内清除菌斑;冠周软组织覆盖为0%、25%、50%及75%时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁效果均显著高于常规冲洗组,这是由于精准冠周冲洗器是根据智齿的具体位置和冠周软组织的覆盖状况进行个性化冲洗,其通过智齿前方磨牙牙冠解剖形态稳定固位,从而使其不同方向的2个冲洗头精准伸入盲袋内,加之冲洗头内不同方向的副孔可对菌斑进行有效清洁。而使用常规冲洗器时,由于冲力以及手部抖动问题造成喷头偏移,无法准确定位到冠周盲袋,难以进行有效冲洗。同样的在75 psi压强下,冠周4种不同面积比软组织覆盖时,精准冠周冲洗组清洁效果均显著优于常规冲洗组和刷牙组,这是由于随压强增大,精准冠周冲洗组与常规冲洗组清洁效果亦增加,从而使精准冠周冲洗组与刷牙组间的清洁率差异增大,常规冲洗组与刷牙组间的清洁率差异减小。
KATO等[42]通过测量生物膜厚度来评估冲洗器对口腔菌斑生物膜的清洁效能,发现,在压强为15 psi时生物膜厚度降低63.4%,103 psi时降低85.5%,冲洗器在较高压强下的生物膜去除能力更高,这与本研究结果一致。本研究发现,精准冠周冲洗组在75 psi压强下的清洁率显著高于在45 psi压强下的清洁率。同时,3组均随软组织覆盖面积比增加清洁率持续下降,且45 psi压强下,3组的清洁率均在冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%、50%时与覆盖面积比为75%间有显著差异。随冠周软组织覆盖面积比增大,盲袋加深,清洁难度增加,清洁效果明显降低。但在2种压强下,精准冠周冲洗组降低率显著低于常规冲洗组和刷牙组,这表明精准冠周组在盲袋加深时冲洗效果较稳定,其对于龈瓣大,盲袋深的情况有显著优势。
本研究中,冠周无软组织覆盖时,刷牙组的清洁率仅为18.64%。这一结果是由于牙刷在智齿牙面颤动时主要对牙尖区域进行了清洁,而窝沟和部分牙尖斜面则难以触及。对于精准冠周冲洗组,在2种不同压强下,清洁率分别为20.74%和25.52%。这是由于试验牙面范围较大,不仅包括牙合 面,还扩展到部分颊面及舌面的区域。此外,由于菌斑具有较强的黏附性,在水流未直接进行冲击的区域(多为盲袋外的部分颊舌面)清洁效果欠佳,导致整体清洁率未能显著提高,但远离盲袋外的部分颊面与舌面菌斑对智齿冠周的感染影响较小。
对于精准冠周冲洗组而言,冠周软组织覆盖面积比为0%、25%及50%时,75 psi压强下的清洁率均显著高于45 psi压强下的清洁率。冠周软组织覆盖面积比为75%时,2种压强下的清洁率无统计学差异。这表明压强增大,清洁效能亦增加,当冠周软组织覆盖面积比达到极值时,水流冲击力的动能优势可能被软组织的阻力所抵消,导致2种压强下的清洁效果差异不明显。
本研究虽取得了较好的效果,但还存在一定的局限性,本实验为体外研究,无法完全模拟口腔内的复杂环境。未来的研究应考虑在临床环境中进一步验证精准冠周冲洗器的效果。
综上,精准冠周冲洗器在体外研究中显示出比常规冲洗器和刷牙更好的清洁效能,具有潜在的临床应用价值。对于因各种原因不能拔除阻生智齿的患者而言,精准冠周冲洗器可精准清除智齿及盲袋内菌斑,有效预防各种并发症的发生。

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doi: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202411082
  • 接收时间:2024-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-19
  • 修回日期:2025-02-15
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    1陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院口腔科,重庆
    2陆军特色医学中心(第三军医大学大坪医院)野战外科研究部第九研究室,重庆

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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